US919226A - Method of making types and type-bars. - Google Patents

Description

P. H. RICHARDS.

METHOD OF'MAKING' TYPES AND TYPE BARS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. 30, 1908.

Patented Apr. 20,1909.

3 SHEETS-SHEET 1.

Witnesses.

THE NORRIS PEIEES co, WAsHms'raN, 1:. c.

F. H. MRIGHARDS.

Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

Inventor;

Witnesses:

I. H. RICHARDS.

METHOD OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE BARS.

APPLICATION FILED MAR. so, 1908.

919,226. Patented Apr. 20, 1909.

s sums-sum s.

Witnesses: R Inventor: I

r: NORRIS PETERS ca, WASHINGTON, n. c.

FRANCIS H. RICHARDS, OF HARTFORD, CONNECTICUT.

METHOD OF MAKING TYPES AND TYPE-BARS.

Specification of Letters Iatent.

Patented April 20, 1909.

Application filed March 30, 1908. Serial I60. $24,014.

To all whom it may concern.-

Be it known that l, FRANoIs H. RIoHAnns, a citizen of the United States, residing in Hartford, in the county of Hartford and State of Connecticut, have invented certain new and useful Improvements in Methods of Making Types and Type-Bars, of which the following is a specification, and which is the same as my allowed application, Serial No. 327,402, filed July 23, 1906, so that this application is therefore'a continuation thereof, and which said first application is a renewal of applicationSerial No. 56,637, filed April is, 1901.

This invention relates to the art of making types and typebars, and especially to a method of making from a solid blank or bar of metal a typebar adapted for use in the typographic art for printing a line of characters. And especially in subjecting the material of the blank to fiowage laterally of the blank and upwardly toward the type carrying edge thereof; the material being worked outwardly along a predetermined path, in most instances by r .a series of successive operations which in practice may be rolling movements.

Many efforts have been made to produce from a mass of type-formable material, by the action of a die, a type suitable for use in and which would satisfactorily meet the re quirements of the typographic art in point especially of sharp definition and durability, and to combine a number of types so formed in a line of composed types or typefaces in the endeavor to produce a typebar which would satisfy the demands of the art for successful commercial application.

In carrying out the present improvements, I avoid the necessity of setting of? the typeblocks or blanks before the dies are brought into action and 1 subject each type-formable portion of the typebarlank to repeated actions, which, for the purpose of producing symmetrically-formed types are preferably alternated from side to side of the mass. These repeated actions result in a gradual reduction of the type-block to shape and are 0t such character that they operate to strengthen and finish the base portions of the block where the latter connects with the body of the typebar-blank and to condense and compact the impression and other faces of the type, besides operating to satisfac torily fill the angular portions and hair-line spaces of the die-cavity. By the use of properly shaped dies the material is worked upwardly for quickly filling the die cavity. The excess or surplus material is caused or forced to fiow laterally or crosswise of the blankthat is, in a direction away from an adjacent typeand for the purpose of more effectually protecting this type from the material subjected to the action of the working die I preferably utilize a retaining wall action of the working die and thus reduce the magnitude of the formative stresses necessary to form a type by providing a predetermined and pro-formed line or path of least resistance, along which liowage is induced, and which by its presence serves to protect the type adjacent to the working die, and, by the facility which it offers for the movement of the material, permits the die to be operated beyond the stage in which the material has assumed the condition of a finished type without marring such type. Thus the corresponding steps in the various type-forming operations may be the same in amount and kind for the entire series of dies.

The present invention involves the employment of a space-forming die having an inclined edge and which, operating in advance of the type die proper along the edge of the blank, serves to eifect an early movement of the material under and within the die. 7

In the drawings accompanying this specification, Figures 1 and 2 are, respectively, a plan and a side view representing a typebar made according to my present invention. Fig. 3 is a plan view on a somewhat larger scale than that to which Figs. 1 and 2 are drawn, and represents a typebar-blank provided with a number of finished types, setting forth in a conventional way a pair of cutting instruments designed for trimming a blank or a typebar made therefrom to eflect the removal of surplus material from the sides thereof. Fig. 4 is a side elevation of a portion of a typebar blank, showing aportion of its edge provided with types, and illustrates in section the position of the die in forming a type, the die in this figure having penetrated the edge of the blank to some extent; the scale of this figure and the following three figures is the same that to which Fig. 3 is drawn. Fig. 5 is an end view of the blank and die as shown in Fig.4, part being shown in section. Fig. 6 is a view similar to Fig. 5, but represents the die in the position occupied by it at the completion of its type-forming operation. Fig. 7 is a view similar to Fig. 4, but shows the die in a position corresponding to that indicated in Fig. 6, with the type alined. 8 is a side elevation of a typebar-blank, showing a die carrier or wheel and a blankfeeding wedge and its operative element, the scale of the figure being similar to that to which Figs. 1 and 2 are drawn. Fig. 9 is a face view of the die-wheel shown in Fig. 8, with the blank and working die in section (the feeding wedge being omitted in this figure), and the figure indicates also a holder for a blank susceptible of being oscillated, whereby an oscillatory movement may be imparted to a contained blank. Figs. 10, 11, and 12 are, respectively, a plan, a side elevation, and a medial vertical section of a portion of the edge of a typebar-blank provided with a number of types, the scale of these figures being very greatly enlarged. Figs. 13 and 14 are elevational views of adie designed and constructed for carrying out my improved method. Fig. 15 is a plan view looking at the underside of the die. Fig. 16 is mainly a sectional view on the plane of the line a-a in Fig. 13 and looking in the direction of the arrow adjacent to that line.

S1m1lar characters of reference designate corresponding parts in all the figures of the drawlngs.

In carrying out my present improvements,

the type, it may be stated in a general way,

results from the operation of a suitable type-forming die upon a blank forced one against the other to cause the penetration of the latter by the die. The blank, designated in a general way throughout the present specification and drawings by B, may be of any material suitable for the purpose as, for instance, type-metal of proper composition brought into the requisite or desired shape in some suitable way-for example, by casting, rolling or otherwise. I have found,

however, that a process for so operating upon the material as to produce a substantially wrought blank as distinguished from a condition resulting from the casting of the same to shape, or at least a blank having that portion or those portions wrought which are concerned in the formation of the several type-blocks, is best suited to the purposes of the present improvements. Moreover, the blank upon which the types are to be formed may be a continuous ribbon or red, or it may be in the form of a separate piece having a length substantially equal to the length of the finished typebar.

In effecting the penetration of the material of the blank by the die, it is immaterial whether the movement, which I may designate as a transverse feeding movement, is imparted to the blank or die, or to both, but I find it convenient to feed the blank against the die and have represented in a general way in Fig. 8 a feed element for imparting such transverse feeding movement to the blank, the same being illustrated for the purposes of the present specification. The feed element there set forth consists of a wedge 10 shiftable to and fro by suitable means and upon which the blank B is supported, and which is adapted to cooperate with an. in cline w the combination being a suitable one for moving the blank transversely. This rectilinear movement of the die and blank against each other is not the only movement utilized in carrying out my present improve ments for facilitating the filling of the die cavity, for disposing of the excess or surplus material separated or hear ed from the typeblock during the type-forming operation and for producing a compact and dense condition of the various surfaces; but in combination with this movement there is a subsidiary movement imparted to one or both movements, which combined movements operate to produce a type gradually and by a series of reductions and to accomplish the co-incident working out of excess n'iaterial.

In forming a type upon a blank at such a distance from an already formed and finished type, as required by ordinary composition, the tendency of the formative stresses of the advancing die and of the excess material removed from the blank is to distort and displace the-latter type, a result invariably ensuing unless measures are taken to control the movement of the material and to lessen or control the effects of the formative stresses of the die and those which the fiowage of metal tends to cause. This subsidiary movement adverted to operates in connection with the aforesaid transverse feeding movement to force excess material away from the adjacent type,that is, crosswise or laterally of the blank and. for further protecting the already-formed type, I preferably use a wall or plate adapted to enter into the comparatively narrow space between the finished type and the material under the working die, where it is located during the type-forming operation, serving as a surface against which the moving maerases terial or flowage is received and by which its motion is directed. Such wall, it is evident, so far as the purposes it fulfils are concerned, may be separate from the die and operated independently thereof, but I find it convenient to attach it to the die and operate the two as a unit. The subsidiary movement operating to gradually form a type and work excess material outward transversely or crosswise of the blank preferably reverses in direction alternately, for the reason that such alternating motion is conveniently attained and best adapted to produce a symmetrically-formed. type. In other words, a relative oscillatory motion of comparatively small extent is imparted to the members (the die and the blank) during the operation of type-forming and for the production of this relative mot-ion I find it convenient to oscillate the blank by imparting such motion. to a suitable work-holder in which the blank is supported. Good results being obtained in the character of the types produced by making this. oscillatory motion take place about a fixed axis, although the present invention is by no means limited in its scope to an oscillation about such an axis, as the oscillation may be of a different character, I have represented in Fig. 9 in a conventional way a portion of a holder, designated by H, having a blank-supporting slot h through which the blank is adapted to move under the control the previously mentioned wedge w (which with its cooperative incline 702 is not shown in this figure). This holder H is adapted to be oscillated by some suitable means about an axis in line with the direction of length of the blank, defined, for instance, by a supporting shaft or stud at each end of the holder, a construction indicated in a general way by the circle 7L2. The extent of the oscillatory movement of the holder is also indotted lines 90, x. The best position for this oscillatory axis, as demonstrated by the quality of types produced, appears to be just within or immediately adjacent to what will form the impression face of the finished types. The rapidity, extent, &c1 of these movements that is, the transverse feeding movement and the oscillatory movement and the relation of these various factors to each other, as well as the relation of the two movements one to the other, may be varied in any desired manner. The duration of the oscillatory movement may be embraced, for instance, within the limits of the period during which the members are fed toward and against each other, but preferably the oscillation will commence after the type has been partially formed, and cease just before the feed movement terminates Furthermore, both movements may be uniform throughout their whole duration or either may be varied or they may both be varied. With respect face. die-ated in a general way in this figure by the to an appropriate interrelation, l have found good results to follow from a gradual reduction in the speed of: the transverse feeding movement during the later portion of such movement accompanied by a concurrent oscillatory motion decreasing in amplitude or extent of oscillation during the later stages of the feeding movement, ceasing altogether just prior to the termination of the latter movement.

The flowage induced by the type-formative stresses of the working die naturally takes place along the line of least resistance, and these stresses have a tendency to detrimentally affect, as already adverted to, a linished type within the flowage radius of the forming type, for such sphere of disturbance extends ordinarily some distance beyond the narrow space between the letters of a word as letters are ordinarily spaced. Even though a wall is provided at the side of the die for the protection of this finished type, considerable pressure is exerted. thereon by the metal under the compression of the die, and as this wall must be comparatively thin owing to the comparative narrowness of the space into which it is fed, it is liable to spring and ineffectual ly confine the material endwise of the blank. li urthermore, the formative stresses are liable to be transmitted un der its lower edge, while if in the attempt to prevent this the wall is made comparatively deep, measured in line with the depth of the blank, and is advanced into the latter to reach beyond the flowage radius, since the wall must have some Width, however small it may be, and the blank manifestly opposing i some resistance to penetration, there is created by the wall itself, as it advances, stresses Z of greater or less magnitude tending likewise to produce a distortion of a formed type or As previously pointed out, moreover, some of the types used in the typographic art are more readily formed than othors-that is, are produced by a less amount of work on the part of the forming die with the type finished and the cavity of the die completely filled before the die has advanced into the blank to that extent which is necessary to form other types. Upon the further advancement of the die of this early-finished type the type-body within the die cavity is carried bodily downward, creating a tendency to greater stresses in the material ex tending to greater distances than those due or incident to the strictly type-formative action of the die. Hence, though type may be produced without distorting an adjacent type upon the attempt to sink the former type to the general typographic level of the bar, there may result the distortion of a fin ished type face or faces. If the type-forming movement is continued during the depression of the early-finished type-body, which Will in general be the case, this continued movement also tends to work away or otherwise mar the 1mpress1on face of the type. In any organized system, therefore,

of forming a satisfactory series of consecutive individual type, some provision or mode of operation must exist for nullifying the distorting and destructive tendency of those dies which complete their types above the common level of the types in the finished typeb ar. This destructive tendency I overcome in. carrying the present improvements into effect by inducing flowage along a predetermined and pro-formed path 01' surface of least resistance whereby the formative and other stresses, in so far as they are concerned '11 building up and positioning a type-block surmounted by a finished surface, occasion a movement along a path predetermined in position and interposing between the mass under the working die and the adjacent type an element of protection for the latter.

The type-forming instrumentaliti'es or dies are of suitable form and construction, and for the purpose of reference herein are designated in a general way by D. These die D are, as represented in the drawings attached to the present specification, adapted for the formation of a type block or column designated in a general way by 3 connected integrally to the stock of the blank B and surmounted by the impression face of the type (for so I may term the upper face of the block of the requisite contour to yield ullimately the configuration of the desired printed character). The several dies may be adjusted and brought into proper relation to the blank B, supported in the holder ll, by hand or by mechanism, or by any other means operated or operating to attain the desired sequence in the type composition. The dies, as an instance of a device, for their convenient manipulation, may be mounted upon the periphery of a die-carrier shown in the form of a wheel or disk, and designated in a general way by X (see Figs. 8 and 9), whose shaft C is rotatably mounted upon an appropriate supporting carrier (not shown) which, as indicated in Fig. 9, may be a rotary carrier rotatable about an axis (not shown). The progressive movement of this die wheel X as a selected die D thereon is brought into juxtaposition to the blank, is indicated in a diagrammatic way in Fig. 9 by the dotted circles and arcs with the die represented in. dotted outline, from which it is apparent that, assuming the various parts to be as above set forth, the die moves along a path which is of the nature of a cycloid. In Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7 the die is shown provided with a shank 2 adapted to fit into a corresponding socket in the die wheel by which means the die may be secured to the latter, the die wheel being provided with side flanges 3, 3, between which fits a boss 2 on each shank for effecting the alineinent of the die The die wheel as shown in Fig. 8 has the dies removed from the receiving sockets provided therein, and'it may be here stated that it is while a die is in contact with the blank that the transverse feeding movement and oscillation of the blank takes place.

The previously mentioned retaining wall operating to confine the movement of the material endwise of the blank is, as set forth in the drawings accompanying the present s ecification, made integral with the die-- that is, this wall and the die are made as a single operative tool, the wall being designated by 3. No v, the action to which the material under die, C(lHSlLlGl'Od in its entirety, is subjected as a result of the oscillatory movement, herein described, when the blank is under the compression of the die, may be described as a rolling action. As the die advances into the material of the blank and the latter is oscillated from side to side, more and more of the material is forced into the die cavity and subjected to the forging and swaging action of the walls and faces of the cavity. More and more of the material necessary to build up and form the typeblock, as the edges at the outer portion of the die alternately bite afresh into the blank, is forced or squeezed upward into the die, and under the impact and pressure of the interior faces thereof, as the relative inclination of these faces and the surfaces of the mass changes by reason of the oscillatory movement, the material is forged and wrought to form, thesurface at the bottom of the diecavity serving to swage the upper portion of the type-block to shape. In other words, the action to which the material is subjected is one effecting the gradual reduction thereof, operating to compact the material of the type-block and render the surfaces smooth and unbroken, and to connect them one with the other in a manner precisely conforming to the bounding edges or lines of intersection between the planes of the corresponding faces of the die. Moreover, the forging operation results in the strengthening of the integral connections of the block with the stock of the blank. During this oscillatory movement, also, extending first on one side and then on the other, an outlet is created by reason (-f the slight separation of the material from the faces of the die through which air confined in the latter may escape, and oil, greas or other foreign matter may be squeezed outward, thus assisting in the production of an exact counterpart of the type-forming die.

I find it convenient to remove those porthe same.

tions of the edge of the blank on opposite sides of the forming type-block, as also the material which lies bet .reen the segment of the blank under the die and the adjacent portion of the blank edge, concurrently a ith the formation of the type-block, and l utilize for this purpose the described oscillatory motion to gradually work such material outapard laterally of the blank. The cross ise movement of this material is effectually accomplished by presenting to the material at points where movement or flow is requiredthat is, at the various sides of the die-a relatively fixed surface or surfaces which, as a result of the oscillatory motion, orks the material under it outwardly by pressing on Such surfaces, it is manifest, may be independent of the die, but for the sake of convenience they may be connected therewith and may be, in fact, formed by the surfaces of integral extensions of the type body. They are here so represented (see particularly 4 and 4 the lo 581 edge of the retaining a all already mentioned as serving to confine the material endv; ise of the blank, being also utilized for displacing to some extent the material between the finished type and the type-block under process of formation,

The action to which the excess material is subjected and which operates to effect this movement crossaise of the blank,that is, in a direction. in which it will not interfere ith the finished type,-may evidently be described as a rolling one, resulting in the rolling toward and beyond the sides of the blank of the excess and superabundant material. To facilitate this action, the various parts referred to may be someaehat curved as shown in the resent drawings.

YChile in actuaH practice the various operations to which the material is subjected include those of incising, forging, savaging, and rolling, as set forth above, they are carried on upon a somewhat minute scale (the amplitude of oscillation being designedly insufficient in extent to effect any detrimental alteration in the strength of the matenal) and the quantities of material subjected to these operations like wise comparatively small, yet, in so far as respects the character of the operations and the nature of the results produced they seem entirely analogous, if not identical, with operations of a similar sort, conducted upon a much larger scale. The operations incident to the carrying out of the present invention, although differing in degree from the usually accepted definition of such terms as forging, srraging, rolling, &c., appear to be the same in kind Whether such operations are performed on massy material or upon the edge of a type' bar-blank.

The direction of the aforementioned predetermined path or surface of least resistance is such as to facilitate the fiov age of the metal under the rolling, swaging, forging and other operations to which it is subjected, and as these operations tend to move the material outward toward the sides of the blank, this path or surface extends crosswise of the latter. Such surface is also located under a portion at least of the metal subjected to the type-formative action, and I find it convenient to form successive surfaces along the blank for the consecutive types simultaneously with the production of the types; that is a surface is formed each time a type is produced, having width, ho sever, it may be here premised, insufficient to injuriously weaken the integral connection of the type-block with the stock of the blank. This floWage path or surface is made most advantageously I find in advance of a type, and l. form the same by making the vertical cross space, which will ultimately separate the next consecutive type-block to be made and completed along the blank for the type-block just finished or in the process of completion, sufliciently v.ide when first formed to enter into the field of the next type or character. T hat is to say, this surface is most readily formed by making the spaces or slot at the end of the last formed type wider than this space-will actually be, -2 hen the next type is formed for making the next letter of the composition.

It is evident from the above description that, in so far as the respective formation of the types and these spaces are concerned, each space may be formed independentl of or simultaneously With the formation of a type, and furthern'iore, that these results may be attained by separate and independent tools or devices. I find it convenient, however, to form a space simultaneously with the forming of a type and by a tool connected to the type-forming die, and have shown in the various figures a space forming die in the form of a plate designated in a general Way by 5 on that side of the die nearest the unoperated-upon portion of the edge of the blank, this space-forming die being thicker than the described retaining Wall. Evidently, now, when a selected die is brought over the blank to form a type, the retaining wall Whose thickness determines the width of the space between the finished type-blocks, will not fill the slot made by plate 5, but will leave a space, which space will be filled by the backward shifting of the material of the type-block; such movement lengthwise of the blank being arrested by the retaining Wall and the surface previously made by the lower edge of the plate or spaceforming die and exposed at the edges of the retaining Wall. The type-block is thus, not only integrally connected With the stock of the blank, but is further supported along the pre-formed surface or path of least resistance, the support thus afforded during the formation of the successive type-blocks and afterward being thus an additive or cumulative one, resulting in a unified integral structure.

As the die sinks into the blank and the material is subjected to the forging and rolling action of the die and other faces, the material within the die cavity cants over and shifts endwise of the blank toward the typeblock at the rear, until those portions adjacent to the bottom of the die cavity are restrained from further endwise movement by the retaining wall, while the mass moves bodily more and more lengthwise to overlap the surface at the bottom of the space formed by the space-forming die, ultimately bedding upon this surface (see F), along which and laterally of the blank, the material, as it is subjected to the pressure of the working die, may move more rapidly than in any other direction. As the edge of the space-forming die or plate 5 works out the material under it by an action or operation similar to the rolling one already described, the lower edge of the plate may be curved as shown. Stresses in the mass, therefore, cause a movement which follows this path or surface of least resistance inpreference to developing deforming strains in the material of the adj acent type-block. For further assisting the action of the die and causing a movement of material upward into the cavity of the die at an early stage in the type-forming operation, I provide, according to the present invention, an inclined surface 5 upon the lower edge of the space-forming die or plate 5, at the side of the type-forming die, which operates with a wedge-like action to squeeze or force the material inward and upward during the advance of the die. Such surface extends crosswise from side to side of the die, and as the die penetrates the blank and the oscillatory motion takes place, crowds the material inwardly toward the opposite side of the die, thus setting the metal in motion and enabling it to be rapidly worked up ward toward the bottom of the descending die. Thus an early action of the bottom surfaces of the working die upon the material being formed into a type-block is assured.

The material forced beyond the planes of the sides of the typebar or typebar-blank by the operation of the dies may be trimmed off and removed to bring the sides of the bar into substantially parallelism by some suitable means. Such a means is represented types and typebars which consists in feeding the type blank and the type former together and concurrently therewith subjecting the stock of the blank to a pressure oblique to the direction of the feeding movement to thereby induce flowage laterally of the blank and upwardly toward the type forming edge thereof.

2. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in feeding the type blank and the type former together with a working movement and concurrently therewith subjecting the stock of the blank to a pressure oblique to the direction of the feeding movement to thereby induce flowage upwardly toward the type forming edge of the blank and simultaneously work the material outward laterally of the blank.

3. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in subjecting material to flowage upwardly toward the type carrying edge of the blank and marking material outward by a rolling operation along a predetermined path.

4. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in subjecting material to flowage upwardly toward the type carrying edge of the blank and working material outward by a forging and rolling operation. along a predetermined path.

5. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consistsin subjr ting material to flowage upwardly toward the type carrying edge of the blank and working material outward by a forging, swaging and rolling operation along a predetermined ath.

6. That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in feeding the type blank and the type former together with a working movement and concurrently (herewith subjecting the stock of the blank to a pressure oblique to the direction of the feeding movement to tl'iereby induce flowage upwardly toward the type-forming edge of the blank and simultaneously work the material outward laterally o the blank along a predetermined path and over a surface with which the material is brought into contact during the type forming o .)cration.

'7 That improvement in the art of making types and typebars which consists in subject ing material to fiowage upwardly toward the type carrying edge of the blank and working material outward by a rolling operatimi along a predetermined path, and over a surface with which the material is brought into contact during the type-forming operation.

8. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars which consists in sub jecting material to flowage longitudinally and upwardly toward the type carrying edge of the blank and working material laterally outward by a forging and rolling operation along a predetermined path and over a surface with which the material is brought into contact during the type-formmg operation.

subjecting portions of the edge of a typebarblank to compression, in contact with type- 9. That improvement in the art of making dies having space-forming dies at the sides types and type-bars which consistsin sub ectwider than the ultimate type separating ing material to flowage longitudinally and upwardly toward the type carrying edge f the blank and working material laterally outward along a predetermined. path by a forging, swaging and rolling operation, and over a surface with which the material is brought into contact during the type-ferming operation.

10. That improvement in the art of makin types and type-bars which consists in subjecting opposite ends of a typebar-blank to a'forging operation, compressing the face of such blank in contact with a type-forming die and a space-forming die raving an in clined lower edge and shifting such portion lengthwise of the blank.

11. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars which consists in compressing a portion of the edge of a typebar-blank in cont act with a type-forming die and a space-forming die having an inclined lower edge and shifting such portion lengthwise of the blank.

12. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars which consists in confining edgewise of the blank a portion of the edge thereof, compressing such confined portion in contact with a type-die, a retaining wall and a spaceforming die having an inclined lower edge and shifting said portion lengthwise of the blank.

13. That improvement in the art of mak-' ing typesand type-bars which consists in confining endwise of a blank between two separated lines, a portion of the edge thereof, compressing such confined portion in contact with a type-die, and a space-forming die having an inclined lower edge, and shifting such portion lengthwise of the blank.

14. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars which consists in simultaneously compressing a portion of the edge of a blank in contact with a type-die and a space-forming die having an inclined lower edge and shifting the position of such portion lengthwise of the blank.

15. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars which consists in rolling a portion of the edge of a blank in contact with a type-die and a space-forming die having an inclined lower edge, and shifting such portion lengthwise of the blank.

16. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars which consists in rolling a portion of the edge of a typebarblank crosswise of the blank, while in contact with a type-die and a space-forming die having an inclined lower edge and shifting said portion lengthwise of the blank.

17. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars which consists in space and provided with inclined lower edges to thereby form types and overlap the successive type-blocks.

18.. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars which consists in subjecting portions of the edge of a typebarblank to compression in contact with typedies having space-forming dies wider than the ultimate type separating space and provided with inclined lower edges to thereby form types and overlap successive typeblocks during the formation thereof.

19. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars which consists in rolling portions of the edge ofa typcbar blank in contact with type-dies having space-forming dies wider than the ultimate type separating space and provided with inclined lower edges to thereby form types and overlap the type-blocks during the formation thereof.

20. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars which consists in rolling in contact with type-dies having space-forming dies provided with inclined lower edges, successive portions of the edge of a typebar-blank each of less width than the die space to thereby simultaneously spread out each such portion lengthwise of the blank and fill the die space.

21. That improvement in the art of making types and type-bars which consists in subjecting successive portions of the edge of a typebar-blank to a working movement in contact with combined types and spaceforming dies having inclined lower edges, and thereby forming at each operation a type and a space.

22. That improvement in the art of making a type which consists in feeding a proper die into a blank and concurrently with such feeding movement forcing the stock by an oblique pressure toward the cavity of the die.

23. That improvement in the art of making a line of type which consists in subjecting the successive type blank portions of a main blank successively to the forming action of selectively located dies, each typeforming action resulting from feeding the die into the blank and concurrently with such feeding movement subjecting the stock of the blank to an oblique pressure to force the same toward the cavity of the die.

24. That improvement in the art of making a line of type which consists in subjecting successive type blank portions each to a type formative treatment by forcing the stock of the blank upwardly by means of successive olppositely applied oblique treatment into t 1e die cavity.

25. That improvement in the art of making types and typehars which consists in subjecting successive portions of the edge of a typehar-hlank to successive ohlique actions of a type former on opposite sides thereof.-

26. That improvement in the art of making type upon typehars which consists in suhjecting ach of the successive type iields upon the. l

ing types upon typehars which consists in subjecting material to ilowagc toward the type carrying edge of the and also later ally thereof.

29. That improvement in. the art of making types upon typehars which consists in suhjecting material to 'l'lowagc toward the type carrying edge of the bar in an oblique path and also laterally thereof in a prepared path.

30. That improvement in the art of mak ing types upon tynehars which consists in suli jecting material to flowage toward the type carrying edge of the plank, and working the material outward along a prepared path of low resistance.

3]. That in'rprovenrent in the art of niaking types upon typehars which consists in suh ectmg material to flowage toward the type carrying edge of the lt=lank, and working material outward along a prepared path of L least resistance hy a r ing operation.

That improve t in the art of making types upon typehars which consists in suhjecting material to flowage lay applying pressure crosswise of the and concurrently shifting the portlon suh ected to such plressurc lengthwise thereof and inducing "owage upwardl into the die cavities. V

33. That improvement in the art of making a linotype which consists in successiy l7 subjecting the severaltypc formative portions of a typehar-hlank to llowage toward the type carrying edge of the blank, and working such material along a predetermined path by a forging operation.

34. That improvement in the art of male ing type and typehars Wl'llGl'l consists in ressing a portion of the edge of a type-hlan r and shifting such. portion lengthwise of the hlank for inducing a ilowage toward the type carrying edge thereof.

That improvement in the art of makin types and typehars which consists in pressing a portion of the edge of the ty elrarbank in contact with a type forming c ie and a space forming die having a lower edge inclined toward the die cavity and shifting such portion lengthwise of the har while under pressure crosswise thereof.

That improvement in the art of making a linotype which consists in successively subjecting the several type formative portions of a typehar-hlank to llowage toward the type carrying edge of the blank by ohliquely downwardly ressing the metal and inducing an upware displacement thereof into the die cavities of a downwardly moving die.

37. That improvement in the art of making types and typelrars which consists in successively displacing type forming portions of the metal primarily longitudinally of the blank, hut principally and finally upwardly thereof and into the die cavities of the type former.

38. That improvement in the art of making types and typelir ars which consists in subjecting material to flowage upwardly toward the type carrying edge of the blank and laterally thereof.

39. That improvement in the art of making types and typelsars which consists in subj ecting material to 'llowage upwardlytoward the type carrying edge of the olank and working material outward by a forging operation along a predetermined path.

40. That improvement in the art of making types and typehars which consists in suhjecting material to flowage upwardly toward the type carrying edge of the blank and working material outward along a predetermined laterally disposed path by a forging, swaging and rolling operation.

4:1. 'lhat improvement in the art of making a linotype which consists in successively subjecting the several type formative portions of a tyqaehar-hlank to flow-age toward the type carrying edge of the blank.

Signed at Nos. 9-1.5 \flurray street, New York, .1 this 24th day of March, 1908.

FRANCIS H. RICHARDS.

l/Vitnesses:

HENRY E. GREENWOOD, FRED. J. DOLE.

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