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US7799423B2 - Nanostructured friction enhancement using fabricated microstructure - Google Patents

Nanostructured friction enhancement using fabricated microstructure Download PDF

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Publication number
US7799423B2
US7799423B2 US11/281,768 US28176805A US7799423B2 US 7799423 B2 US7799423 B2 US 7799423B2 US 28176805 A US28176805 A US 28176805A US 7799423 B2 US7799423 B2 US 7799423B2
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nano
fibers
substrate
length
contact surface
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US20060202355A1 (en
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Carmel Majidi
Richard Groff
Ronald S. Fearing
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University of California
University of California San Diego UCSD
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Assigned to REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE reassignment REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, THE ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FEARING, RONALD S., GROFF, RICHARD, MAJIDI, CARMEL
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
    • C09J7/00—Adhesives in the form of films or foils
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
    • C09J7/00—Adhesives in the form of films or foils
    • C09J7/10—Adhesives in the form of films or foils without carriers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
    • C09J2301/00—Additional features of adhesives in the form of films or foils
    • C09J2301/30—Additional features of adhesives in the form of films or foils characterized by the chemical, physicochemical or physical properties of the adhesive or the carrier
    • C09J2301/31—Additional features of adhesives in the form of films or foils characterized by the chemical, physicochemical or physical properties of the adhesive or the carrier the adhesive effect being based on a Gecko structure
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/23907—Pile or nap type surface or component
    • Y10T428/23957—Particular shape or structure of pile
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/28—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and having an adhesive outermost layer
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
    • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber

Definitions

  • This application generally relates to the fabrication and utilization of micron-scale structures. More particularly, this application relates to nanostructured friction enhancement using a fabricated nanostructure.
  • Improved adhesives have applications ranging from everyday aspects of life (e.g., tape, fasteners, and toys) to high technology (e.g., removal of microscopic particles from semiconductor wafers, transporting fiber optic devices, and assembly of sub-mm mechanisms, particularly those including micro-fabricated components, or components that cannot tolerate grippers, adhesives, or vacuum manipulators).
  • everyday aspects of life e.g., tape, fasteners, and toys
  • high technology e.g., removal of microscopic particles from semiconductor wafers, transporting fiber optic devices, and assembly of sub-mm mechanisms, particularly those including micro-fabricated components, or components that cannot tolerate grippers, adhesives, or vacuum manipulators.
  • Biological nanohair adhesive systems found, for example, in geckos, feature setae (hairs) with a hierarchical branching structure terminating in small, flat plates, called spatulae. Gecko setae observed in nature are not found in a clumped state, i.e., stuck to one another. Adhesive nano-fibers inspired by these biological examples have traditionally been designed to avoid clumping of the hairs. Previous work provides necessary conditions on hair geometry to avoid clumping, for example 1) under the assumption that a spatula at the end of the hair is capable of providing up to some fixed maximum force (see, Metin Sitti and Ronald S.
  • a fabricated microstructure comprises a substrate and a plurality of nano-fibers attached to the substrate.
  • the nano-fibers have an elasticity modulus E, an interfacial energy per unit length of contact w, a length L, a radius R, and are oriented at an angle ⁇ o relative to the substrate.
  • the length L of the nano-fibers is greater than 0.627 ⁇ o R 2 (E/w) 1/2 with ⁇ o in radians.
  • the method comprises forming a substrate and forming a plurality of nano-fibers attached to the substrate.
  • the nano-fibers can have an elasticity modulus E, an interfacial energy per unit length of contact w, a length L, a radius R, and can be oriented at an angle ⁇ o relative to the substrate.
  • the length L of the nano-fibers can be greater than 0.627 ⁇ o R 2 (E/w) 1/2 with ⁇ o in radians.
  • the method comprises obtaining a substrate having a plurality of nano-fibers attached to the substrate and placing the substrate on the contact surface.
  • the nano-fibers can have an elasticity modulus E, an interfacial energy per unit length of contact w, a length L, a radius R, and can be oriented at an angle ⁇ o relative to the substrate.
  • the length L of the nano-fibers can be greater than 0.627 ⁇ o R 2 (E/w) 1/2 with ⁇ o in radians.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a fabricated microstructure array to adhere in shear to a contact surface.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates clumps of epoxy nano-fibers approximately arranged in a hex-lattice configuration.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates clumps of polyimide nano-fibers arranged in an irregular-lattice configuration.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates that when a nano-fiber adheres in shear to a contact surface, a portion of the length of the nano-fiber makes contact with the contact surface.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of the fabricated microstructure where the tip geometry of the nano-fiber is a T-shaped terminal.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates nano-fibers disposed on a substrate at a certain distance from each another.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a clump of nano-fibers.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates theoretical and experimentally observed clump diameter as a function of nano-fiber length.
  • FIG. 9A illustrates a square lattice configuration
  • FIG. 9B illustrates a hexagonal lattice configuration
  • FIG. 10A illustrates the energies involved with joining a small clump in a square lattice configuration.
  • FIG. 10B illustrates the energies involved with joining a small clump in a hexagonal lattice configuration.
  • a fabricated microstructure array 102 to adhere in shear to a contact surface 108 is depicted.
  • array 102 includes a plurality of nano-fibers 104 attached to a substrate 106 .
  • nano-fibers 104 have an elasticity modulus E, an interfacial energy per unit length of contact w, a length L, and a radius R.
  • nano-fibers 104 are biased at an angle ⁇ o relative to substrate 106 (see, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/197,763, titled ADHESIVE MICROSTRUCTURE AND METHOS OF FORMING SAME, filed on Jul. 17, 2002, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • nano-fibers 104 have a high aspect ratio (ratio of length L to radius R).
  • length L of nano-fibers 104 is greater than 0.627 ⁇ o R 2 (E/w) 1/2 with ⁇ o in radians.
  • the high aspect ratio of nano-fibers 104 allows the ends of nano-fibers 104 to bend to come in intimate contact with contact surface 108 without storing enough elastic strain energy to cause the ends to spring off contact surface 108 .
  • the ends of nano-fibers 104 can be pre-bent, for example by plastic deformation. In this manner, the ends of nano-fibers 104 with a high aspect ratio act as spatulas without requiring specially formed spatular structures.
  • nano-fibers 104 can provide adhesion with a ratio between shear force and normal force of 300 to 1.
  • nano-fibers 104 are disposed on substrate 106 with a high packing density.
  • nano-fibers 104 are disposed on substrate 106 with a linear spacing greater than 0.188(L/R) 2 (w/E) 1/2 .
  • the linear spacing can be greater than 0.445(L/W) 2 (w/E) 1/2 , which allows formation of small clumps. Due to surface forces (van der Waals or capillary action), an individual nano-fiber 104 with a high aspect ratio, though able to support its own weight, may easily become attached to substrate 106 .
  • the high packing density allows nano-fibers 104 to form clumps, which allows individual nano-fibers 104 to mutually support each other.
  • Preload forces can supply enough energy to break apart the clumps and allow nano-fibers 104 to come into contact with contact surface 108 to which array 102 is being applied. It should be recognized that there are design tradeoffs in the aspect ratio of nano-fibers 104 (higher ratios allow nano-fibers 104 to conform to surfaces better, but form bigger clumps) and clump size (bigger clumps keep more nano-fibers 104 supported, but require more energy to break apart to achieve contact with contact surface 108 ).
  • nano-fibers 104 are disposed on substrate 106 in a square-lattice configuration. As will be described in more detail below, disposing nano-fibers 104 on substrate 106 using a square-lattice configuration allows interaction between clumps of nano-fibers 104 and contact surface 108 to more easily break up the clumps and allow nano-fibers 104 to adhere to contact surface 108 .
  • clumps of epoxy nano-fibers 104 are depicted that are 0.2 microns in diameter, 60 microns in length, with centers spaced 0.3 microns apart in an approximately hex-lattice configuration.
  • clumps of polyimide nano-fibers 104 are depicted that are 0.6 microns in diameter, 20 um in length, with centers approximately 1.8 microns in an irregular-lattice configuration.
  • nano-fiber 104 when a nano-fiber 104 adheres in shear to contact surface 108 , a portion of the length of nano-fiber 104 makes contact with contact surface 108 .
  • nano-fiber 104 must be sufficiently slender (high aspect ratio) in order for such a configuration to be mechanically stable under external loading.
  • nano-fiber 104 can be fabricated with a curve at the end to reduce elastic bending energy required to make side contact with substrate 106 , and increase stability.
  • nano-fiber 104 when nano-fiber 104 adheres in shear to contact surface 108 , nano-fiber 104 is oriented an angle ⁇ o with respect to contact surface 108 , and makes contact with contact surface 108 over a length L ⁇ a, such that a is the length of the unattached portion of nano-fiber 104 .
  • a is the length of the unattached portion of nano-fiber 104 .
  • ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ U t w ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ a + 1 2 ⁇ E ⁇ ( V A ) 2 ⁇ A ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ a - V ⁇ ( V EA ) ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ a ( 6 )
  • the first term represents the increase in free surface energy
  • the second term is the increase in elastic strain energy
  • the final term follows from the work of the external shear load.
  • the shear resistance is n ⁇ square root over (2EAw) ⁇ , where n is the number of nano-fibers 104 in contact with contact surface 108 .
  • n is the number of nano-fibers 104 in contact with contact surface 108 .
  • This assumes that nano-fibers 104 are being dragged parallel to their axis of contact. If nano-fibers 104 are pulled in a direction that is deflected from the contact axis by an angle ⁇ , then the necessary shear for peeling is better approximated by min ⁇ square root over (2EAw) ⁇ , w/(1 ⁇ cos ⁇ ) ⁇ .
  • the stiffness, EI/L 2 of an individual nano-fiber 104 is less than 2w/ ⁇ o 2 in order for it to be able to make contact along its side during pull-off.
  • the critical buckling strength is ⁇ 2 EI/4L 2 , which implies that for compressive loads greater than ⁇ 2 w/2 ⁇ 0 2 , contact surface 108 will make direct contact with substrate 106 .
  • w is typically ⁇ 1 nN
  • the frictional resistance is approximately ⁇ P, where ⁇ is the coefficient of friction and P is the compressive load.
  • ⁇ is between 0.1 and 1.
  • nano-fibers 104 having length L and radius R are disposed on substrate 106 , and are separated by a distance ⁇ from each other. Nano-fibers 104 can bind to each other rather than to contact surface 108 .
  • the distance ⁇ that adjacent nano-fibers 104 must be separated in order to avoid binding can be expressed in terms of the design parameters E, I, w, and L:
  • nano-fibers 104 of radius 100 nm a suitable packing density can be achieved with nano-fibers 104 of radius 100 nm, whereas larger nano-fibers 104 with micron width would need to be exceedingly long for side contact with contact surface 108 , and hence excessively sparse to avoid inter-fiber binding.
  • V 1 2 ⁇ n ( n - 1 ) ⁇ 3 ⁇ ⁇ EIW ad 2 ⁇ L 3 ⁇ 1 2 ⁇ n ⁇ 3 ⁇ ⁇ EIW ad ⁇ 2 ⁇ L 3 . ( 12 ) This is the force needed to begin breaking the clump of nano-fibers 104 . The necessary force increases with clump size, and so it is desirable for the clumps to be as small as possible.
  • the amount of nano-fibers 104 in each clump can be predicted for a specific geometry and spacing of nano-fibers 104 . Assuming that nano-fibers 104 clump in the manner illustrated in FIG. 7 :
  • Planar regular lattices can either be square ( FIG. 9A ) or hexagonal ( FIG. 9B ).
  • FIG. 9A in a square lattice, if the inter-fiber spacing is d s , then the density (nano-fibers 104 per unit area) will be:
  • nano-fibers 104 are normally in the clumped state. With reference to FIG. 1 , square packing will make it easier for interaction with contact surface 108 to break up the clumps and allow nano-fibers 104 to adhere to contact surface 108 .
  • FIG. 10A depicts the energies involved with joining a small clump in a square-lattice configuration.
  • FIG. 10B depicts the energies involved with joining a small clump in a hexagonal-lattice configuration.
  • locations 1002 correspond to the location of the base of nano-fibers.
  • Locations 1004 correspond to the location of the tips of nano-fibers.
  • Arrows 1006 indicate the distance to join the clump.
  • Dots 1008 indicate contacts made with other nano-fibers.
  • the interfacial energy per unit length between a pair of contacting nano-fibers can be reasonably estimated by analogy to JKR contact for spheres.
  • JKR contact for spheres.
  • two parallel cylinders of radius R, Young's modulus E, and Poisson modulus v will make contact over a finite area even in the absence of an external load as long as a sufficient preload is applied and surface energy, ⁇ , is assumed.
  • the total energy, i.e., the sum of strain and surface energy, per unit length for two cylinders contacting with width 2c along their length, is given by:
  • the center-to-center spacing for nano-fibers 104 is ⁇ +2R. From this, the density of nano-fibers 104 in a square packed array is:
  • V array 2 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ER 2 ⁇ w ( ⁇ + 2 ⁇ R ) ( 25 )
  • the ratio of shear to normal remains the same as for the individual hair.

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  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nanotechnology (AREA)
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  • Condensed Matter Physics & Semiconductors (AREA)
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