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US7678796B2 - MGluR5 modulators I - Google Patents

MGluR5 modulators I Download PDF

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US7678796B2
US7678796B2 US11/790,417 US79041707A US7678796B2 US 7678796 B2 US7678796 B2 US 7678796B2 US 79041707 A US79041707 A US 79041707A US 7678796 B2 US7678796 B2 US 7678796B2
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methyl
pyrrolidin
triazol
isoxazol
phenyl
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US20070259862A1 (en
Inventor
Andreas Wallberg
Karolina Nilsson
Björn Holm
Mats Nagard
Kenneth Granberg
Abdelmalik Slassi
Louise Edwards
Methvin Isaac
Tao Xin
Tomislav Stefanac
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AstraZeneca AB
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Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to novel compounds, their use in therapy and pharmaceutical compositions comprising said novel compounds.
  • Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). Glutamate produces its effects on central neurons by binding to and thereby activating cell surface receptors. These receptors have been divided into two major classes, the ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, based on the structural features of the receptor proteins, the means by which the receptors transduce signals into the cell, and pharmacological profiles.
  • the metabotropic glutamate receptors are G protein-coupled receptors that activate a variety of intracellular second messenger systems following the binding of glutamate. Activation of mGluRs in intact mammalian neurons elicits one or more of the following responses: activation of phospholipase C; increases in phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis; intracellular calcium release; activation of phospholipase D; activation or inhibition of adenyl cyclase; increases or decreases in the formation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP); activation of guanylyl cyclase; increases in the formation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP); activation of phospholipase A 2 ; increases in arachidonic acid release; and increases or decreases in the activity of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels.
  • PI phosphoinositide
  • cAMP cyclic adenosine monophosphate
  • mGluR1 mGluR1
  • mGluR8 eight distinct mGluR subtypes, termed mGluR1 through mGluR8. Nakanishi, Neuron 13:1031 (1994), Pin et al., Neuropharmacology 34:1 (1995), Knopfel et al., J. Med. Chem. 38:1417 (1995). Further receptor diversity occurs via expression of alternatively spliced forms of certain mGluR subtypes. Pin et al., PNAS 89:10331 (1992), Minakami et al., BBRC 199:1136 (1994), Joly et al., J. Neurosci. 15:3970 (1995).
  • Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtypes may be subdivided into three groups, Group I, Group II, and Group III mGluRs, based on amino acid sequence homology, the second messenger systems utilized by the receptors, and by their pharmacological characteristics.
  • Group I mGluR comprises mGluR1, mGluR5 and their alternatively spliced variants. The binding of agonists to these receptors results in the activation of phospholipase C and the subsequent mobilization of intracellular calcium.
  • Group I mGluRs Attempts at elucidating the physiological roles of Group I mGluRs suggest that activation of these receptors elicits neuronal excitation.
  • Various studies have demonstrated that Group I mGluR agonists can produce postsynaptic excitation upon application to neurons in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and thalamus, as well as other CNS regions. Evidence indicates that this excitation is due to direct activation of postsynaptic mGluRs, but it also has been suggested that activation of presynaptic mGluRs occurs, resulting in increased neurotransmitter release. Baskys, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15:92 (1992), Schoepp, Neurochem. Int. 24:439 (1994), Pin et al., Neuropharmacology 34:1 (1995), Watkins et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 15:33 (1994).
  • Metabotropic glutamate receptors have been implicated in a number of normal processes in the mammalian CNS. Activation of mGluRs has been shown to be required for induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation and cerebellar long-term depression. Bashir et al., Nature 363:347 (1993), Bortolotto et al., Nature 368:740 (1994), Aiba et al., Cell 79:365 (1994), Aiba et al., Cell 79:377 (1994).
  • mGluR activation has been suggested to play a modulatory role in a variety of other normal processes including synaptic transmission, neuronal development, apoptotic neuronal death, synaptic plasticity, spatial learning, olfactory memory, central control of cardiac activity, waking, motor control and control of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Nakanishi, Neuron 13: 1031 (1994), Pin et al., Neuropharmacology 34:1, Knopfel et al., J Med. Chem. 38:1417 (1995).
  • Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors and mGluR5 in particular, have been suggested to play roles in a variety of pathophysiological processes and disorders affecting the CNS. These include stroke, head trauma, anoxic and ischemic injuries, hypoglycemia, epilepsy, neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease and pain. Schoepp et al., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 14:13 (1993), Cunningham et al., Life Sci. 54:135 (1994), Hollman et al., Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 17:31 (1994), Pin et al., Neuropharmacology 34:1 (1995), Knopfel et al., J. Med. Chem.
  • Group I mGluRs appear to increase glutamate-mediated neuronal excitation via postsynaptic mechanisms and enhanced presynaptic glutamate release, their activation probably contributes to the pathology. Accordingly, selective antagonists of Group I mGluR receptors could be therapeutically beneficial, specifically as neuroprotective agents, analgesics or anticonvulsants.
  • the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) is prone to relaxing intermittently. As a consequence, fluid from the stomach can pass into the esophagus since the mechanical barrier is temporarily lost at such times, an event hereinafter referred to as “reflux”.
  • Gastro-esophageal reflux disease is the most prevalent upper gastrointestinal tract disease. Current pharmacotherapy aims at reducing gastric acid secretion, or at neutralizing acid in the esophagus. The major mechanism behind reflux has been considered to depend on a hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter. However, e.g. Holloway & Dent (1990) Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Amer. 19, pp. 517-535, has shown that most reflux episodes occur during transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs), i.e. relaxations not triggered by swallows. It has also been shown that gastric acid secretion usually is normal in patients with GERD.
  • TLESRs transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations
  • novel compounds according to the present invention are assumed to be useful for the inhibition of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) and thus for treatment of gastro-esophageal reflux disorder (GERD).
  • TLESRs transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations
  • GERD gastro-esophageal reflux disorder
  • the compounds bind to the aperture-forming alpha sub-units of the channel protein carrying this current—sub-units that are encoded by the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG). Since IKr plays a key role in repolarisation of the cardiac action potential, its inhibition slows repolarisation and this is manifested as a prolongation of the QT interval. Whilst QT interval prolongation is not a safety concern per se, it carries a risk of cardiovascular adverse effects and in a small percentage of people it can lead to TdP and degeneration into ventricular fibrillation.
  • compounds of the present invention have low activity against the hERG-encoded potassium channel.
  • low activity against hERG in vitro is indicative of low activity in vivo.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide compounds exhibiting an activity at metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), especially at the mGluR5 receptor.
  • mGluRs metabotropic glutamate receptors
  • the compounds according to the present invention are predominantly peripherally acting, i.e. have a limited ability of passing the blood-brain barrier.
  • the present invention relates to a compound of formula I:
  • R 1 is halogen or cyano.
  • R 1 is chloro. In a further embodiment, R 1 is fluoro. In a further embodiment, R 1 is cyano. In a further embodiment, R 1 is methyl.
  • R 2 is hydrogen
  • R 3 is hydrogen or fluoro.
  • R 4 is C 1 -C 2 alkyl.
  • R 4 is methyl
  • R 5 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 2 alkyl or C 1 -C 2 alkoxy.
  • R 6 is hydrogen, C 1 -C 2 alkyl or C 1 -C 2 alkoxy.
  • R 7 is hydrogen or fluoro.
  • Y is a bond
  • Y is C.
  • Z is
  • Another embodiment is a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising as active ingredient a therapeutically effective amount of the compound according to formula I, in association with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable diluents, excipients and/or inert carriers.
  • Still other embodiments relate to a method of treatment of mGluR5 mediated disorders, comprising administering to a mammal a therapeutically effective amount of the compound according to formula I.
  • a method for inhibiting activation of mGluR5 receptors comprising treating a cell containing said receptor with an effective amount of the compound according to I.
  • the compounds of the present invention are useful in therapy, in particular for the treatment of neurological, psychiatric, pain, and gastrointestinal disorders.
  • salts of the compounds of formula I are also salts of the compounds of formula I.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts of compounds of the present invention are obtained using standard procedures well known in the art, for example, by reacting a sufficiently basic compound, for example an alkyl amine with a suitable acid, for example, HCl, acetic acid or a methanesulfonic acid to afford a salt with a physiologically acceptable anion.
  • alkali metal such as sodium, potassium, or lithium
  • alkaline earth metal such as a calcium
  • quaternary ammonium salts can be prepared by the addition of alkylating agents, for example, to neutral amines.
  • the compound of formula I may be converted to a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, particularly, an acid addition salt such as a hydrochloride, hydrobromide, phosphate, acetate, fumarate, maleate, tartrate, citrate, methanesulphonate or p-toluenesulphonate.
  • an acid addition salt such as a hydrochloride, hydrobromide, phosphate, acetate, fumarate, maleate, tartrate, citrate, methanesulphonate or p-toluenesulphonate.
  • Halogen as used herein is selected from chlorine, fluorine, bromine or iodine.
  • C 1 -C 3 alkyl is a straight or branched alkyl group, having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, for example methyl, ethyl, n-propyl or isopropyl.
  • C 1 -C 3 alkoxy is an alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, for example methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy or n-propoxy.
  • C 1 -C 3 haloalkoxy is an alkoxy group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, for example methoxy, ethoxy or n-propoxy wherein at least one of the carbon atoms is substituted by a halogen atom.
  • X may be present in any of the two possible orientations.
  • the compounds of the present invention may be formulated into conventional pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers can be either solid or liquid. Solid form preparations include, but are not limited to, powders, tablets, dispersible granules, capsules, cachets, and suppositories.
  • a solid carrier can be one or more substances, which may also act as diluents, flavoring agents, solubilizers, lubricants, suspending agents, binders, or tablet disintegrating agents.
  • a solid carrier can also be an encapsulating material.
  • the carrier is a finely divided solid, which is in a mixture with the finely divided compound of the invention, or the active component.
  • the active component is mixed with the carrier having the necessary binding properties in suitable proportions and compacted in the shape and size desired.
  • a low-melting wax such as a mixture of fatty acid glycerides and cocoa butter is first melted and the active ingredient is dispersed therein by, for example, stirring. The molten homogeneous mixture is then poured into convenient sized moulds and allowed to cool and solidify.
  • Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, magnesium carbonate, magnesium stearate, talc, lactose, sugar, pectin, dextrin, starch, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, low-melting wax, cocoa butter, and the like.
  • composition is also intended to include the formulation of the active component with encapsulating material as a carrier providing a capsule in which the active component (with or without other carriers) is surrounded by a carrier which is thus in association with it. Similarly, cachets are included.
  • Tablets, powders, cachets, and capsules can be used as solid dosage forms suitable for oral administration.
  • Liquid form compositions include solutions, suspensions, and emulsions.
  • sterile water or water propylene glycol solutions of the active compounds may be liquid preparations suitable for parenteral administration.
  • Liquid compositions can also be formulated in solution in aqueous polyethylene glycol solution.
  • Aqueous solutions for oral administration can be prepared by dissolving the active component in water and adding suitable colorants, flavoring agents, stabilizers, and thickening agents as desired.
  • Aqueous suspensions for oral use can be made by dispersing the finely divided active component in water together with a viscous material such as natural synthetic gums, resins, methyl cellulose, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and other suspending agents known to the pharmaceutical formulation art.
  • Exemplary compositions intended for oral use may contain one or more coloring, sweetening, flavoring and/or preservative agents.
  • the pharmaceutical composition will include from about 0.05% w (percent by weight) to about 99% w, or from about 0.10% w to 50% w, of a compound of the invention, all percentages by weight being based on the total weight of the composition.
  • a therapeutically effective amount for the practice of the present invention can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using known criteria including the age, weight and response of the individual patient, and interpreted within the context of the disease which is being treated or which is being prevented.
  • the compounds according to the present invention are useful in the treatment of conditions associated with excitatory activation of mGluR5 and for inhibiting neuronal damage caused by excitatory activation of mGluR5.
  • the compounds may be used to produce an inhibitory effect of mGluR5 in mammals, including man.
  • the Group I mGluR receptors including mGluR5 are highly expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system and in other tissues. Thus, it is expected that the compounds of the invention are well suited for the treatment of mGluR5-mediated disorders such as acute and chronic neurological and psychiatric disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and chronic and acute pain disorders.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, as defined hereinbefore, for use in therapy.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, as defined hereinbefore, for use in treatment of mGluR5-mediated disorders.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, as defined hereinbefore, for use in treatment of Alzheimer's disease senile dementia, AIDS-induced dementia, Parkinson's disease, amylotropic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's Chorea, migraine, epilepsy, schizophrenia, depression, anxiety, acute anxiety, opthalmological disorders such as retinopathies, diabetic retinopathies, glaucoma, auditory neuropathic disorders such as tinnitus, chemotherapy induced neuropathies, post-herpetic neuralgia and trigeminal neuralgia, tolerance, dependency, Fragile X, autism, mental retardation, schizophrenia and Down's Syndrome.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I, as defined above, for use in treatment of pain related to migraine, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain disorders such as diabetic neuropathies, arthritis and rheumatiod diseases, low back pain, post-operative pain and pain associated with various conditions including cancer, angina, renal or billiary colic, menstruation, migraine and gout.
  • the invention relates to compounds of formula I as defined hereinbefore, for use in treatment of stroke, head trauma, anoxic and ischemic injuries, hypoglycemia, cardiovascular diseases and epilepsy.
  • the present invention relates also to the use of a compound of formula I as defined hereinbefore, in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of mGluR Group I receptor-mediated disorders and any disorder listed above.
  • One embodiment of the invention relates to the use of a compound according to formula I in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.
  • Another embodiment of the invention relates to the use of a formula I compound for the manufacture of a medicament for inhibition of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations, for the treatment of GERD, for the prevention of gastroesophageal reflux, for the treatment regurgitation, for treatment of asthma, for treatment of laryngitis, for treatment of lung disease, for the management of failure to thrive, for the treatment of irritable bowel disease (IBS) and for the treatment of functional dyspepsia (FD).
  • GERD gastroesophageal sphincter relaxations
  • IBS irritable bowel disease
  • FD functional dyspepsia
  • Another embodiment of the present invention relates to the use of a compound of formula I for treatment of overactive bladder or urinary incontinence.
  • TLESR transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations
  • respiration is herein defined as fluid from the stomach being able to pass into the esophagus, since the mechanical barrier is temporarily lost at such times.
  • GERD gastro-esophageal reflux disease
  • the compounds of formula I above are useful for the treatment or prevention of obesity or overweight, (e.g., promotion of weight loss and maintenance of weight loss), prevention or reversal of weight gain (e.g., rebound, medication-induced or subsequent to cessation of smoking), for modulation of appetite and/or satiety, eating disorders (e.g. binge eating, anorexia, bulimia and compulsive) and cravings (for drugs, tobacco, alcohol, any appetizing macronutrients or non-essential food items).
  • obesity or overweight e.g., promotion of weight loss and maintenance of weight loss
  • prevention or reversal of weight gain e.g., rebound, medication-induced or subsequent to cessation of smoking
  • appetite and/or satiety e.g., eating disorders (e.g. binge eating, anorexia, bulimia and compulsive) and cravings (for drugs, tobacco, alcohol, any appetizing macronutrients or non-essential food items).
  • eating disorders
  • the invention also provides a method of treatment of mGluR5-mediated disorders and any disorder listed above, in a patient suffering from, or at risk of, said condition, which comprises administering to the patient an effective amount of a compound of formula I, as hereinbefore defined.
  • the dose required for the therapeutic or preventive treatment of a particular disorder will necessarily be varied depending on the host treated, the route of administration and the severity of the illness being treated.
  • the term “therapy” and “treatment” includes prevention or prophylaxis, unless there are specific indications to the contrary.
  • the terms “therapeutic” and “therapeutically” should be construed accordingly.
  • the term “antagonist” and “inhibitor” shall mean a compound that by any means, partly or completely, blocks the transduction pathway leading to the production of a response by the ligand.
  • disorder means any condition and disease associated with metabotropic glutamate receptor activity.
  • One embodiment of the present invention is a combination of a compound of formula I and an acid secretion inhibiting agent.
  • a “combination” according to the invention may be present as a “fix combination” or as a “kit of parts combination”.
  • a “fix combination” is defined as a combination wherein the (i) at least one acid secretion inhibiting agent; and (ii) at least one compound of formula I are present in one unit.
  • a “kit of parts combination” is defined as a combination wherein the (i) at least one acid secretion inhibiting agent; and (ii) at least one compound of formula I are present in more than one unit.
  • the components of the “kit of parts combination” may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately.
  • the molar ratio of the acid secretion inhibiting agent to the compound of formula I used according to the invention in within the range of from 1:100 to 100:1, such as from 1:50 to 50:1 or from 1:20 to 20:1 or from 1:10 to 10:1.
  • the two drugs may be administered separately in the same ratio.
  • acid secretion inhibiting agents are H2 blocking agents, such as cimetidine, ranitidine; as well as proton pump inhibitors such as pyridinylmethylsulfinyl benzimidazoles such as omeprazole, esomeprazole, lansoprazole, pantoprazole, rabeprazole or related substances such as leminoprazole.
  • the compounds of formula I are useful as pharmacological tools in the development and standardisation of in vitro and in vivo test systems for the evaluation of the effects of inhibitors of mGluR related activity in laboratory animals such as cats, dogs, rabbits, monkeys, rats and mice, as part of the search for new therapeutic agents.
  • Another aspect of the present invention provides processes for preparing compounds of formula I, or salts or hydrates thereof. Processes for the preparation of the compounds in the present invention are described herein.
  • a transformation of a group or substituent into another group or substituent by chemical manipulation can be conducted on any intermediate or final product on the synthetic path toward the final product, in which the possible type of transformation is limited only by inherent incompatibility of other functionalities carried by the molecule at that stage to the conditions or reagents employed in the transformation.
  • Such inherent incompatibilities, and ways to circumvent them by carrying out appropriate transformations and synthetic steps in a suitable order will be readily understood to the one skilled in the art of organic synthesis. Examples of transformations are given below, and it is to be understood that the described transformations are not limited only to the generic groups or substituents for which the transformations are exemplified.
  • Aldehydes of formula VI wherein Y is as defined in formula I may be used in the preparation of isoxazoles.
  • Commercially available acid derivatives of formula II wherein Y is bond C, S, SO, SO 2 , N—R(R is either R 3 or R 7 as defined in formula I) and N-G 2 (G 2 is a protecting group orthogonal to G 1 ) may undergo N-protection to yield compounds of formula III wherein G 1 is a protecting group such as Boc or Fmoc using methods well known in the art.
  • the acid moiety in compounds of formula III may be transformed into an alkyl ester of formula IV, such as for example the methyl or ethyl ester, which may be transformed to aldehydes of formula VI using a mild reducing agent such as DIBAL-H in a solvent such as toluene at low temperature, for example ⁇ 78° C. Higher temperatures or stronger reducing agents may result in formation of the primary alcohols of formula V, either exclusively or as a mixture with the aldehydes of formula VI.
  • Other functional groups such as the primary alcohol in compounds of formula V, the nitrile in compounds of formula VII and Weinreb amide moiety in compounds of formula VIII may be transformed into aldehydes of formula VI utilizing procedures established in the art.
  • acids of formula II may be converted into nitriles of formula VII by methods known in the art, for example by conversion of the acid to the primary amide followed by dehydration to the nitrile.
  • Aldehydes of formula VI may be converted to oximes of formula IX by treatment with hydroxylamine, in a solvent such as pyridine, at a temperature between 0° C. to room temperature, scheme 2.
  • Isoxazoles of formula X may be prepared by chlorination of oximes of formula IX using a reagent such as N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS), followed by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with the appropriately R-substituted acetylenes, wherein R may be an aryl, substituted aryl or a masking group (eg. alkyl stannane) (Steven, R. V. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 1039).
  • the isoxazole intermediate X can subsequently be deprotected to give XI by standard methods.
  • Isoxazoles of formula X wherein R is a masking group may be prepared in this manner and the masking group transformed into the desired R group by cross-coupling reactions.
  • R is a masking group
  • cross-coupling reactions For example, the use of trialkylstannylacetylenes would result in a trialkylstannyl isoxazole which may undergo reactions such as for example Stille type cross coupling to introduce aryl substituents by coupling to an appropriate aryl halide.
  • Carboxylic acids of formula III may be used in the preparation of the corresponding 3-R substituted [1,2,4]oxadiazoles of formula XII by activation of the acid moiety, addition of a suitable R-substituted hydroxyamidine to form an ester, followed by cyclization to the oxadiazole XIII.
  • a suitable R-substituted hydroxyamidine to form an ester
  • cyclization to the oxadiazole XIII See Tetrahedron Lett., 2001, 42, 1495-98, Tetrahedron Lett., 2001, 42, 1441-43, and Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1999, 9, 1869-74].
  • the acid may be activated as the mixed anhydride using an alkyl chloroformate such as isobutyl chloroformate, in the presence of a base such as triethylamine in a suitable solvent such as THF.
  • a suitable solvent such as THF.
  • other well known methods of activating the acid may be employed, including in situ activation of the acid using a reagent such as EDCI, DCC, DIC or HBTU, with or without the presence of co-reagents such as HOBt or DMAP, in suitable solvents such as DMF, DCM, THF, or MeCN at a temperature from ⁇ 20 to 100° C.
  • the cyclization may be accomplished by heating in a solvent such as pyridine or DMF, under microwave irradiation or by employing catalysts such as TBAF.
  • R-substituted hydroxyamidines are available from nitriles by addition of hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of a base such as NaOH, NaHCO 3 or Na 2 CO 3 , to generate the free hydroxylamine, in a solvent such as ethanol or methanol or the like, at temperatures between room temperature and 100° C.
  • Nitriles of formula VII may be used in the preparation of the corresponding tetrazoles of formula XVIII by treatment with an azide, such as NaN 3 , LiN 3 , trialkylyltinazide or trimethylsilylazide, preferrably with a catalyst such as dibutyltin oxide or ZnBr 2 , in solvents such as DMF, water or toluene at a temperature of 50 to 200° C. by conventional heating or microwave irradiation [See J. Org. Chem. 2001, 7945-7950; J. Org. Chem. 2000, 7984-7989 or J. Org. Chem. 1993, 4139-4141].
  • an azide such as NaN 3 , LiN 3 , trialkylyltinazide or trimethylsilylazide
  • a catalyst such as dibutyltin oxide or ZnBr 2
  • catalytic amounts of Pd(II)-compounds such as Pd(OAc) 2 or a Pd(0) complex such as Pd(dba) 2 or, together with catalytic amounts of Cu(II)-carboxylates, such as Cu(II)-phenylcyclopropylcarboxylate, and bidentate ligands, such as BINAP or DPPF, are used in solvents such as t-BuOH at a temperature of 50 to 100° C.
  • cupric acetate may be employed in the presence of N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylguanidine in a suitable solvent such as THF with heating at a temperature of 40-60° C.
  • Iodonium salts of formula XVI may be obtained from, for example, the respective boronic acids by treatment with hypervalent iodine substituted aromatics, such as hydroxyl(tosyloxy)iodobenzene or PhI(OAc) 2 ⁇ 2TfOH, in dichloromethane or the like [See Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 5393-5396].
  • Triarylbismuth diacetates may be prepared from aryl magnesium bromides with bismuth trichloride in a suitable solvent such as refluxing THF to give the triarylbismuthane, which is then oxidized to the diacetate using an oxidizing agent such as sodium perborate in acetic acid [Synth. Commun. 1996, 4569-75].
  • the deprotected amines of formula XI, XIII, XVIII and XIX may be subjected to a sequence of thiourea formation, methylation and triazole formation to deliver compounds of formula I wherein the R1 and/or R2 are selected as defined in formula I.
  • Thioureas of formula XX are available from well established methods using for example an isothiocyanate R 4 SCN (MeNCS shown in Scheme 5), or 1,1-thiocarbonyl-diimidazole in the presence of RNH 2 , in a solvent such as methanol, ethanol and the like, at a temperature between room temperature and 100° C., and are typically carried out at 60° C.
  • Alkylation of the thiourea intermediates can be performed using an alkylating agent such as iodomethane (shown in Scheme 5) or iodoethane, in a solvent such as DMF, acetone, CH 2 Cl 2 , at room temperature or elevated temperatures to give the isothiourea of formula XXI.
  • an alkylating agent such as iodomethane (shown in Scheme 5) or iodoethane, in a solvent such as DMF, acetone, CH 2 Cl 2 , at room temperature or elevated temperatures to give the isothiourea of formula XXI.
  • a solvent such as DMF, acetone, CH 2 Cl 2
  • Compounds of formula XXI may react with an acyl hydrazine or with hydrazine followed by an acylating agent to form an intermediate which may be cyclized to the 3-aminotriazoles of formula I by heating at 0 to 150° C. in a suitable solvent such as pyridine or DMF.
  • Microwave heating was performed in a Smith Synthesizer Single-mode microwave cavity producing continuous irradiation at 2450 MHz (Personal Chemistry AB, Uppsala, Sweden).
  • Example 1.1 To the title compound of Example 1.1 (5.4 g, 22.1 mmol) in toluene (50 mL) at ⁇ 78° C. was added 1.5 M DIBAL in toluene (33.8 mL, 50.7 mmol) drop-wise over 40 minutes. Methanol (120 mL) was then added drop-wise at ⁇ 78° C. over 10 minutes. The reaction mixture was moved to an ice-bath where 10% wt citric acid (500 mL) was added and then mixture was stirred for an additional 1 hour.
  • Example 2.1 To the title compound of Example 2.1 (3.0 g, 14.1 mmol) in MeOH/H 2 O (30 mL/30 mL) in an ice-bath was added Na 2 CO 3 (895 mg, 8.4 mmol) and hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.2 g, 16.9 mmol). After stirring for 30 minutes, the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for an additional 4 hours. The reaction mixture was concentrated to half volume and then extracted with ethyl acetate (2 times), washed with saturated brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to give the title product as a colorless oil (3.1 g, 97%).
  • Example 3.1 To the title compound of Example 3.1 (3.1 g, 13.7 mmol) in DMF (30 mL) at 40° C. was added N-chlorosuccinimide (2.0 g, 15.1 mmol) in 3 portions. After stirring for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and then the organic layer washed with water (3 times) and brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to give the title product (3.1 g, 85%).
  • Example 7.1 To the title compound of Example 7.1 (153 mg, 0.47 mmol) in THF (2 mL) at room temperature were added sodium tert-butoxide (45 mg, 0.47 mmol) and CH 3 I (0.044 mL, 0.70 mmol). After stirring the reaction mixture for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was diluted with water and then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na 2 SO 4 , filtered and concentrated to give the title product as a light yellow solid (150 mg, 94%).
  • Example 7.4 Title compound of Example 7.4 (0.385 g, 1.20 mmol) and methyl iodide (0.30 g, 2.1 mmol) in MeOH (5.0 mL) were stirred at 80° C. for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated and partitioned with CH 2 Cl 2 and sodium carbonate. The organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated to afford the title product (0.40 g, 88%) as an amber oil.
  • N-Methylmorpholine (9.85 g, 97.5 mmol) and isobutyl chloroformate (13.33 g, 97.5 mmol) was added to (R)-pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylic acid 1-tert-butyl ester (20.0 g, 92.9 mmol) in THF (200 mL) at ⁇ 78° C. and stirred for 1 h.
  • Ammonium hydroxide (58 mL) was added slowly as the reaction warmed up to RT and stirred for a further 2 h.
  • the reaction mixture was partitioned between DCM and water. The organic extracts were washed with 1 M HCl, dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated to afford the title product (10.8 g, 54%) as a colourless semisolid.
  • Example 10 The title product of Example 10 (10.81 g, 50.45 mmol) and cyanuric chloride (5.58 g, 30.3 mmol) was stirred in DMF (30 mL) for 1 h. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic extracts were washed with aq. sodium carbonate, water, brine dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated to afford the title product (8.34 g, 84%) as a colourless oil.
  • Example 11 The title compound of Example 11 (8.34 g, 42.5 mmol), sodium azide (3.04 g, 46.8 mmol), and ammonium chloride (2.50 g, 46.8 mmol) were stirred in DMF (30 mL) at 100° C. for 12 h. The reaction was concentrate and partitioned with DCM and 3 M HCl. The organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The resulting solid was triturated with ether and filtered to afford the title product (5.31 g, 52%) as a white solid.
  • Example 12 The title compound of Example 12 (4.88 g, 20.4 mmol), title compound of Example 16.2 (11.8 g, 22.4 mmol), sodium tert-butoxide (2.15 g, 22.4 mmol), BINAP (0.508 g, 0.816 mmol), Pd 2 (dba) 3 (0.211 g, 0.204 mmol), copper 2-phenylpropane carboxylate (0.157 g, 0.408 mmol) in t-BuOH (150 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 12 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated on silica gel and purified by column chromatography to afford the title product (4.97 g, 62%) as a yellow oil.
  • Example 13.1 The title compound of Example 13.1 (4.97 g, 12.61 mmol), dppf (0.042 g, 0.076 mmol), zinc cyanide (0.89, 7.57 mmol), Pd 2 (dba) 3 (0.026 g, 0.025 mmol), zinc acetate (0.185 g, 1.01 mmol) and Zn dust (0.066 g, 1.01 mmol) were stirred in DMF (50 mL) and water (1.5 mL) for 12 h at 90° C. and a further 6 h at 120° C. The reaction mixture was partitioned between ethyl acetate and water. The organic extracts were dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated and purified by column chromatography to afford the title product (1.83 g, 43%).
  • Example 17 The title compound of Example 17 (9.35 g, 47.0 mmol) and potassium carbonate (32.0 g, 235.0 mmol) was stirred in MeOH (120 mL) at RT for 15 minutes. The reaction was partitioned between water and hexanes. The organic extracts were washed with water, dried over sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated. The reaction mixture was purified by column chromatography to afford the title product (1.45 g, 56%) as a white solid.
  • Example 19.1 To the title compound of Example 19.1 (1.28 mg, 9.3 mmol) in ethanol (10 mL) was added hydrazine hydrate (0.54 mL, 11.1 mmol) and then heated at 78° C. overnight. The reaction mixture was cooled and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was triturated with ethyl acetate, filtered and dried to give the title product as a yellow solid (870 mg, 68%).
  • Example 22 The title compound of Example 22 was dissolved in water (45 mL). Sodium hydroxide (7.92 g, 198 mmol) was dissolved in water (14 mL) and potassium ferricyanide (22.3 g, 67.6 mmol) was dissolved in water (37 mL). 2 mL aliquots of the sodium hydroxide solution and 4 mL aliquots of the potassium ferricyanide solution were added at 0.5 h intervals. After the addition of both reagents was complete the reaction was heated to 50° C. for 1 h, then cooled to room temperature and acidified with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The title product was then filtered off to be used in the subsequent reaction (2.73 g, 54%).
  • Example 23 The title compound of Example 23 (2.73 g, 17.8 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (25 mL). Potassium carbonate (7.39 g, 53.5 mmol) was added, followed by iodomethane (2.22 mL, 35.6 mmol). The reaction was stirred overnight at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed with water. The combined organics were concentrated to yield the title product, in quantitative yield.
  • Example 26 The mixture obtained in Example 26 ( ⁇ 2.5 g total) was dissolved in dichloromethane (30 mL). Oxalyl chloride (2 M in dichloromethane, 16.3 mL. 32.6 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred for 30 min. The reaction was quenched with methanol, then diluted with dichloromethane and washed with water. The organic phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated, then chromatographed in 20-50% ethyl acetate in hexanes to yield the title product 1.55 g, 26% (2 steps).
  • Example 27 The title compound of Example 27 (775 mg, 4.64 mmol) was dissolved in ethanol (10 mL) and heated to 78° C. Hydrazine hydrate (1.12 mL, 23.2 mmol) was added and the reaction was stirred at 78° C. overnight. The reaction was then cooled to room temperature and the product (white solid) was filtered off (590 mg, 76%).
  • Example 8.5 The title compound of Example 8.5 (101 mg, 0.29 mmol) and the title compound of Example 21.4 (86 mg, 0.43 mmol) in isopropanol (3 mL) in a sealed vial were heated at 100° C. for 5 days. The solvent was removed and the residue was diluted with dichloromethane. Polymer supported isocyanate was added and the mixture was stirred for three hours to remove excess 2,6-dimethoxypyrimidine-4-carbohydrazide. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated. The crude residue was purified by flash chromatography eluted with 100% dichloromethane to 1 M methanol in dichloromethane. Yellow foam solid was obtained as the title product (336 mg, 24%).
  • Enantiomerically pure products were either synthesised as racemates and separated by chiral HPLC or were synthesised from enantiomerically pure starting material. Purification by preparative chiral HPLC was performed using Chiralcel OJ, 250 ⁇ 20 mm, 10 ⁇ m or Chiralpak AS, 250 ⁇ 20 mm, 10 ⁇ m columns eluted with mixtures of EtOH/heptane/TEA or EtOH/TEA. For compounds separated by chiral HPLC the yield is given for synthesis of the racemate.
  • 1,6-Dimethyl-2-oxo-1,2-dihydro-pyridine-4-carboxylic acid 1.0 g, 6.5 mmol
  • dry methanol 8 mL
  • chlorotrimethylsilane 2.8 g, 26 mmol
  • the reaction was stirred for 36 hours at room temperature.
  • the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was dissolved in a mixture of dichloromethane/methanol (25 mL) and saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (25 mL) was added.
  • a precipitate formed was filtered off and washed with water and MTBE and air-dried.
  • the filtrate was diluted with methanol/dichloromethane and water and the layers were separated.
  • 6-Oxo-1,6-dihydro-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (1.20 g, 8.63 mmol) was suspended in HCl-bubbled methanol (10 mL). The reaction mixture was heated in a microwave oven to 100° C. for 15 minutes before it was concentrated under reduced pressure. Toluene (50 mL) was added and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. To the residue was added EtOAc (20 mL) and water (15 mL) before pH was adjusted to around 5 with saturated NaHCO 3 —solution. Most of the product was found to be in the water phase and for that reason EtOAc was evaporated under reduced pressure. The product was extracted with DCM (20 mL+3 ⁇ 10 mL). The combined organic phases were dried over magnesium sulphate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the title compound as an off-white powder (1.17 g, 89%).
  • 2,5-Difluoro-benzaldehyde (10 g, 70 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (150 mL) and trichloroacetic acid (20.2 g, 123 mmol) was added. Addition of the sodium trichloroacetate (22.5 g, 121 mmol) was initiated at 21° C. All sodium trichloroacetate was added in portions within 30 min, the temperature was kept at 23-27° C. throughout the whole reaction. One hour later the aldehyde was consumed. The reaction mixture was stirred over night at room temperature. The mixture was cooled to 2° C. and acetic anhydride (20 mL, 211 mmol) was added dropwise within 1 h.
  • Example 36.1 The title compound of Example 36.1 (18.2 g, 59 mmol) was dissolved in acetic acid (95 mL) in a 500 mL two neck flask. Zinc powder (7.6 g, 116 mmol) was added in one portion. The temperature of the mixture reached 60° C. The reaction was complete after 30 min. The mixture was filtered and pentane (200 mL) and water (200 mL) were added. The phases were separated and the water phase washed once again with pentane. The organic phases were combined and washed with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution until pH was neutral, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered and concentration on reduced-pressure evaporator to give a yellow oil. Yield 82%, 10.2 g.
  • Example 37.1 The title compound of Example 37.1 (10.2 g, 48.7 mmol) was dissolved in dry THF (63 mL), cooled on a dry ice/isopropanol bath to ⁇ 55° C. and butyl lithium (2.5 M, 42 mL, 105 mmol) was added within 30 min at a rate that kept the temperature below ⁇ 40° C. LC/MS showed good conversion 20 min after the addition of BuLi and stirring. The mixture was warmed up to 0° C. with the aid of a water bath. At 0° C. the mixture was quenched with potassium hydrogen sulfate (2 M solution) until a neutral aqueous phase was achieved.
  • the properties of the compounds of the invention can be analyzed using standard assays for pharmacological activity.
  • glutamate receptor assays are well known in the art as described in for example Aramori et al., Neuron 8:757 (1992), Tanabe et al., Neuron 8:169 (1992), Miller et al., J. Neuroscience 15: 6103 (1995), Balazs, et al., J. Neurochemistry 69:151 (1997).
  • the methodology described in these publications is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the compounds of the invention can be studied by means of an assay (FLIPR) that measures the mobilization of intracellular calcium, [Ca 2+ ] i in cells expressing mGluR5 or another assay (IP3) that measures inositol phosphate turnover.
  • FLIPR assay
  • IP3 another assay
  • Cells expressing human mGluR5d as described in WO97/05252 are seeded at a density of 100,000 cells per well on collagen coated clear bottom 96-well plates with black sides and experiments are done 24 h following seeding. All assays are done in a buffer containing 127 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl 2 , 0.7 mM NaH 2 PO 4 , 2 mM CaCl 2 , 0.422 mg/mL NaHCO 3 , 2.4 mg/mL HEPES, 1.8 mg/mL glucose and 1 mg/mL BSA Fraction IV (pH 7.4).
  • a 40 ⁇ l addition from the antagonist plate was followed by a 50 ⁇ L addition from the agonist plate.
  • a 30 minute interval separates the antagonist and agonist additions.
  • the fluorescence signal is sampled 50 times at 1 second intervals followed by 3 samples at 5 second intervals immediately after each of the two additions. Responses are measured as the difference between the peak height of the response to agonist, less the background fluorescence within the sample period.
  • IC 50 determinations are made using a linear least squares fitting program.
  • mGluR5d An additional functional assay for mGluR5d is described in WO97/05252 and is based on phosphatidylinositol turnover. Receptor activation stimulates phospholipase C activity and leads to increased formation of inositol 1,4,5,triphosphate (IP 3 ).
  • IP 3 inositol 1,4,5,triphosphate
  • GHEK stably expressing the human mGluR5d are seeded onto 24 well poly-L-lysine coated plates at 40 ⁇ 10 4 cells/well in media containing 1 ⁇ Ci/well [3H] myo-inositol. Cells were incubated overnight (16 h), then washed three times and incubated for 1 h at 37° C.
  • HEPES buffered saline 146 mM NaCl, 4.2 mM KCl, 0.5 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1% glucose, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4
  • glutamate pyruvate transaminase 1 unit/mL
  • HEPES buffered saline containing 10 mM LiCl.
  • Compounds are incubated in duplicate at 37° C. for 15 min, then either glutamate (80 ⁇ M) or DHPG (30 ⁇ M) is added and incubated for an additional 30 min.
  • reaction is terminated by the addition of 0.5 mL perchloric acid (5%) on ice, with incubation at 4° C. for at least 30 min.
  • Samples are collected in 15 mL polyproplylene tubes and inositol phosphates are separated using ion-exchange resin (Dowex AG1-X8 formate form, 200-400 mesh, BIORAD) columns. Inositol phosphate separation was done by first eluting glycero phosphatidyl inositol with 8 mL 30 mM ammonium formate.
  • total inositol phosphates is eluted with 8 mL 700 mM ammonium formate/100 mM formic acid and collected in scintillation vials. This eluate is then mixed with 8 mL of scintillant and [3H] inositol incorporation is determined by scintillation counting. The dpm counts from the duplicate samples are plotted and IC 50 determinations are generated using a linear least squares fitting program.
  • the compounds were active in the assay above with IC 50 values less than 10 000 is nM. In one aspect of the invention, the IC 50 value is less than 1 000 nM. In a further aspect of the invention, the IC 50 value is less than 100 nM.
  • Brain to plasma ratios are estimated in female Sprague Dawley rats.
  • the compound is dissolved in water or another appropriate vehicle.
  • the compound is administrated as a subcutaneous, or an intravenous bolus injection, or an intravenous infusion, or an oral administration.
  • a blood sample is taken with cardiac puncture.
  • the rat is terminated by cutting the heart open, and the brain is immediately retained.
  • the blood samples are collected in heparinized tubes and centrifuged within 30 minutes, in order to separate the plasma from the blood cells.
  • the plasma is transferred to 96-well plates and stored at ⁇ 20° C. until analysis.
  • the brains are divided in half, and each half is placed in a pre-tarred tube and stored at ⁇ 20° C. until analysis. Prior to the analysis, the brain samples are thawed and 3 mL/g brain tissue of distilled water is added to the tubes. The brain samples are sonicated in an ice bath until the samples are homogenized. Both brain and plasma samples are precipitated with acetonitrile. After centrifugation, the supernatant is diluted with 0.2% formic acid. Analysis is performed on a short reversed-phase HPLC column with rapid gradient elution and MSMS detection using a triple quadrupole instrument with electrospray ionisation and Selected Reaction Monitoring (SRM) acquisition.
  • SRM Selected Reaction Monitoring
  • Liquid-liquid extraction may be used as an alternative sample clean-up.
  • the samples are extracted, by shaking, to an organic solvent after addition of a suitable buffer.
  • An aliquot of the organic layer is transferred to a new vial and evaporated to dryness under a stream of nitrogen. After reconstitution of the residuals the samples are ready for injection onto the HPLC column.
  • the compounds according to the present invention are peripherally restricted with a drug in brain over drug in plasma ratio in the rat of ⁇ 0.5. In one embodiment, the ratio is less than 0.15.
  • Rat liver microsomes are prepared from Sprague-Dawley rats liver samples. Human liver microsomes are either prepared from human liver samples or acquired from BD Gentest. The compounds are incubated at 37° C. at a total microsome protein concentration of 0.5 mg/mL in a 0.1 mol/L potassium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, in the presence of the cofactor, NADPH (1.0 mmol/L). The initial concentration of compound is 1.0 ⁇ mol/L. Samples are taken for analysis at 5 time points, 0, 7, 15, 20 and 30 minutes after the start of the incubation. The enzymatic activity in the collected sample is immediately stopped by adding a 3.5 times volume of acetonitrile.
  • the concentration of compound remaining in each of the collected samples is determined by means of LC-MS.
  • the elimination rate constant (k) of the mGluR5 inhibitor is calculated as the slope of the plot of In[mGluR5 inhibitor] against incubation time (minutes).
  • a multilumen sleeve/sidehole assembly (Dentsleeve, Sydney, South Australia) is introduced through the esophagostomy to measure gastric, lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and esophageal pressures.
  • the assembly is perfused with water using a low-compliance manometric perfusion pump (Dentsleeve, Sydney, South Australia).
  • An air-perfused tube is passed in the oral direction to measure swallows, and an antimony electrode monitored pH, 3 cm above the LES. All signals are amplified and acquired on a personal computer at 10 Hz.
  • placebo (0.9% NaCl) or test compound is administered intravenously (i.v., 0.5 mL/kg) in a foreleg vein.
  • a nutrient meal (10% peptone, 5% D-glucose, 5% Intralipid, pH 3.0) is infused into the stomach through the central lumen of the assembly at 100 mL/min to a final volume of 30 mL/kg.
  • the infusion of the nutrient meal is followed by air infusion at a rate of 500 mL/min until an intragastric pressure of 10 ⁇ 1 mmHg is obtained.
  • the pressure is then maintained at this level throughout the experiment using the infusion pump for further air infusion or for venting air from the stomach.
  • the experimental time from start of nutrient infusion to end of air insufflation is 45 min. The procedure has been validated as a reliable means of triggering TLESRs.
  • TLESRs is defined as a decrease in lower esophageal sphincter pressure (with reference to intragastric pressure) at a rate of >1 mmHg/s.
  • the relaxation should not be preceded by a pharyngeal signal ⁇ 2 s before its onset in which case the relaxation is classified as swallow-induced.
  • the pressure difference between the LES and the stomach should be less than 2 mmHg, and the duration of the complete relaxation longer than 1 s.

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20070185100A1 (en) * 2004-02-18 2007-08-09 Astrazeneca Ab Poly-heterocyclic compounds and their use as metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonists
US20080261941A1 (en) * 2006-10-18 2008-10-23 Fay Lorraine Kathleen Biaryl Ether Urea Compounds
US8044052B2 (en) * 2006-10-18 2011-10-25 Pfizer Inc. Biaryl ether urea compounds

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