US3859079A - High temperature oxidation resistant alloy - Google Patents
High temperature oxidation resistant alloy Download PDFInfo
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- US3859079A US3859079A US275650A US27565072A US3859079A US 3859079 A US3859079 A US 3859079A US 275650 A US275650 A US 275650A US 27565072 A US27565072 A US 27565072A US 3859079 A US3859079 A US 3859079A
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- titanium
- aluminum
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- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 39
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 title claims description 14
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 14
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004901 spalling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000640 Fe alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910018084 Al-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910018192 Al—Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940037003 alum Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011253 protective coating Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000601 superalloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethyl)silane Chemical compound C[Si](C)(C)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F MTPVUVINMAGMJL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
Definitions
- ABSTRACT A low-cost ferrous alloy having improved hightemperature oxidation-resistance under conditions of 75/124C,2725c/13276/ll()) cyclic heating at temperatures up to about 2500,13 and Consisting essentially of by weight percent, about [58] Field of Search 75/124, 126 D 4.0 to 82% aluminum up to about 10.5% Chromium [56] References Cited about .05 to 2.0% titanium, with the balance iron and incidental impurities, said alloy further characterized UNITED STATES PATENTS by an ffactor 2 9.0, where: 1,621,523 3/1927 Clement 75/124 V 1,641,752 9/1927 Flintermahn 75/124 f(% 041% Cr) 1,833,723 11/1931 Ruder 75/124 3 Claims, lDrawing Figure HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION RESISTANT ALLOY BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
- This invention relates to a low-cost, hightemperature
- high-temperature oxidation-resistant materials were selected from high cost nickel and cobalt superalloys or ceramic materials.
- the prior art moved to lower or less rich alloys.
- U.S. Pat. No. 1,641,752 teaches a ferrous alloy resistant to oxidation at high temperatures, by including therein a high percentage of aluminum. Specifically, said alloy contains'from 12 to 20% aluminum, and about 1 to of a grain refining material, among which the patentee has included titanium and chromium.
- the high temperature oxidationresistance is due at least in part to the formation of a protective coating of oxide of the aluminum on the exposed surfaces of the ferrous alloy.
- such alloys are of limited suitability under cyclic heating and cooling conditions wherein thermal shock results in flaking and spalling of the oxide coating. Accordingly, one of the critical requirements of a suitable alloy is its ability to resist such flaking and spalling.
- FIGURE is a graph of time of exposure to failure vs.ffor,a series of ferrous alloys falling within the alloying ranges noted previously, with time plotted on a logarithmic scale.
- This invention relates to an oxidation resistant ferrous alloy, more particularly to a wrought ferrous alloy suitable for use in applications where ability to withstand thermal shock is critical.
- Typical applications where the latter characteristic is significant are high temperature exhaust systems, such as a thermal reactor in automobiles, jet engines, and in the petrochemical industry. While the mention of same is not intended as a limitation on this invention, it is believed that a brief discussion thereofwill help in understanding the significance of this invention and the contributions offered thereby.
- a thermal reactor is a container into which the hot exhaust gases flow from the automotive, jet or power producing engines, for further combustion. Air is also pumped into the reactor and admixed with said gases.
- the reactor is generally of sufficient size (chamber volume) to give a long enough residence time ofthe admixed gases to permit complete combustion of the residual hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Since the combustion reaction is so strongly exothermic, temper atures may go as high as 2200F., typically about 1800F., in a highly oxidizing environment. Thus, the severe conditions of high temperature, oxidizing environment, and intermittent operation (cyclic heating and cooling), Call for a material capable of meeting these conditions. The alloys of the present invention not only fulfill these conditions, but accomplish it at a low material cost.
- composition of the alloys of this invention fall broadly within the alloying ranges below:
- a preferred composition is one containing at least 5.0% chromium, aluminum between about 6.0 to 8.0% and titanium between about 0.4 to 1.10%.
- the very adherent oxide coating which forms on the alloy of this invention must contain some oxides of titanium.
- the samples were periodically inspected and considered to have failed when either about 30% of the sample surface was covered with a porous black oxide, or when the area around the hole oxidized to the point of v 5 actually failing or by their appearance being unable to ture, the titanium forms a dual function.
- the carbon in support the weight any further. an alloy of the type described herein tends to migrate In any case, by these objective standards, it is readily to the grain boundaries as carbides.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacture Of Alloys Or Alloy Compounds (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Abstract
A low-cost ferrous alloy having improved high-temperature oxidation-resistance under conditions of cyclic heating at temperatures up to about 2500*F, and consisting essentially of, by weight percent, about 4.0 to 8.2% aluminum, up to about 10.5% chromium, about .05 to 2.0% titanium, with the balance iron and incidental impurities, said alloy further characterized by an f factor > OR = 9.0, where:
Description
United States Patent 1191 1111 3,859,079
Giles et al. 1 Jan. 7, 1975 [54] HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION 2,941,883 6/1960 lda 75/124 IS N ALLOY 2,987,394 6/1961 Mueller 3,068,094 12/1962 Zackay Inventors: Phlllp M. Glles; Arnold r 3,676,109 7/1972 Cooper 75/124 both of Bethlehem, Pa. [73] Assignee: Bethlehem Steel Corporation, Primary Examiner H yland Bizot Bethlehem Attgrnfy, Agent, or F1rm.loseph .1. O Keefe; W1ll1am B. o [22] Filed: Aug. 9, 1972 [21] Appl. No.: 275,650 ABSTRACT A low-cost ferrous alloy having improved hightemperature oxidation-resistance under conditions of 75/124C,2725c/13276/ll()) cyclic heating at temperatures up to about 2500,13 and Consisting essentially of by weight percent, about [58] Field of Search 75/124, 126 D 4.0 to 82% aluminum up to about 10.5% Chromium [56] References Cited about .05 to 2.0% titanium, with the balance iron and incidental impurities, said alloy further characterized UNITED STATES PATENTS by an ffactor 2 9.0, where: 1,621,523 3/1927 Clement 75/124 V 1,641,752 9/1927 Flintermahn 75/124 f(% 041% Cr) 1,833,723 11/1931 Ruder 75/124 3 Claims, lDrawing Figure HIGH TEMPERATURE OXIDATION RESISTANT ALLOY BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a low-cost, hightemperature oxidation-resistant ferrous alloy suitable for applications where thermal shock, such as cyclic heating and cooling, are experienced. While not intending to unduly limit this invention, applications which can take advantage of the properties hereof are high temperature exhaust systems in automobiles, jet engines, and in the petrochemical industry.
Heretofore, high-temperature oxidation-resistant materials were selected from high cost nickel and cobalt superalloys or ceramic materials. In an effort to lower costs, the prior art moved to lower or less rich alloys. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 1,641,752 teaches a ferrous alloy resistant to oxidation at high temperatures, by including therein a high percentage of aluminum. Specifically, said alloy contains'from 12 to 20% aluminum, and about 1 to of a grain refining material, among which the patentee has included titanium and chromium. The high temperature oxidationresistance is due at least in part to the formation of a protective coating of oxide of the aluminum on the exposed surfaces of the ferrous alloy. However, such alloys are of limited suitability under cyclic heating and cooling conditions wherein thermal shock results in flaking and spalling of the oxide coating. Accordingly, one of the critical requirements of a suitable alloy is its ability to resist such flaking and spalling.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a ferrous alloy which is not only resistant to oxidation at high temperatures, but is resistant to surface flaking and spalling when subjected to thermal shocking as a result of cyclic heating and cooling. More particularly, said invention covers an element balanced alloy consisting essentially of, by weight percent, about 4.0 to 8.2% aluminum, up to about 10.5% chromium, about 0.05 to 2.0% titanium, with the balance iron and incidental impurities. Further, the element balancing is achieved by the formula: f=(% Al) 0.4(% Cr) 2.5(% Ti), where the value offis at least 9.0
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS The FIGURE is a graph of time of exposure to failure vs.ffor,a series of ferrous alloys falling within the alloying ranges noted previously, with time plotted on a logarithmic scale.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT This invention relates to an oxidation resistant ferrous alloy, more particularly to a wrought ferrous alloy suitable for use in applications where ability to withstand thermal shock is critical. Typical applications where the latter characteristic is significant are high temperature exhaust systems, such as a thermal reactor in automobiles, jet engines, and in the petrochemical industry. While the mention of same is not intended as a limitation on this invention, it is believed that a brief discussion thereofwill help in understanding the significance of this invention and the contributions offered thereby.
Generally, a thermal reactor is a container into which the hot exhaust gases flow from the automotive, jet or power producing engines, for further combustion. Air is also pumped into the reactor and admixed with said gases. The reactor is generally of sufficient size (chamber volume) to give a long enough residence time ofthe admixed gases to permit complete combustion of the residual hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Since the combustion reaction is so strongly exothermic, temper atures may go as high as 2200F., typically about 1800F., in a highly oxidizing environment. Thus, the severe conditions of high temperature, oxidizing environment, and intermittent operation (cyclic heating and cooling), Call for a material capable of meeting these conditions. The alloys of the present invention not only fulfill these conditions, but accomplish it at a low material cost.
The composition of the alloys of this invention fall broadly within the alloying ranges below:
Aluminum 4.0 to 8.2 wt. Titanium .OS to 2.0 wt. Chromium up to 10.5 wt. Carbon up to 0.10 wt. Iron balance,
except that within said ranges the composition must satisfy the formula,f=(% Al) 0.4(% Cr) 2.5(% Ti) B 9, and the titanium content must exceed 4 times the carbon content. A preferred composition is one containing at least 5.0% chromium, aluminum between about 6.0 to 8.0% and titanium between about 0.4 to 1.10%.
While no maximum value forfhas been noted, if desirable one can readily be calculated from the richest composition contained within the limits above. However, it is believed that such a figure would not be significant as to the alloys performance under severe oxidizing conditions. The maximum composition limits, and hence the maximum f, are established by other considerations, such as material cost and processing restrictions.
In this regard, the production of wrought strip and sheet by conventional rolling practices requires that the material be sufficiently ductile for said rolling to be effected. In the case of aluminum containing iron base alloys, the ductility thereof drops below a practical level when the aluminum begins to exceed about 8% by weight. Chromium, when added to an Al-Fe alloy, should not exceed about 10% by weight, as the risk of breakage and other processing problems increases. Finally, with respect to carbon it should be kept to a low value, preferably less than about 0.04% typically less than 0.03%. But in no case should it exceed 25% of the titanium.
It should be apparent by this time that the significant features of this invention are achieved by a proper balance of the alloys composition such that the value of f, heretofore defined, exceeds about 9.0. With such an alloy, it will be observed that upon exposing said alloy to a highly oxidizing atmosphereat high temperatures, there develops an adherent oxide coating. This coating is predominantly oxides of aluminum, titanium and combinations thereof, with little or no iron oxide. This iron oxide free coating resists flaking, spalling and thermal shock so as to protect the alloy from catastrophic oxidation. As used herein, catastrophic oxidation is the presence of black oxide coating in an amount greater than 30% of the surface area exposed atmosphere. 1
The very adherent oxide coating which forms on the alloy of this invention must contain some oxides of titanium. Thus, while it may not be apparent at this juncto the oxidizing The samples were periodically inspected and considered to have failed when either about 30% of the sample surface was covered with a porous black oxide, or when the area around the hole oxidized to the point of v 5 actually failing or by their appearance being unable to ture, the titanium forms a dual function. The carbon in support the weight any further. an alloy of the type described herein tends to migrate In any case, by these objective standards, it is readily to the grain boundaries as carbides. By adding titanium, apparent from the tabular and graphic data that a sig- 8 t g Carbide former, the Carbon is readily e P nificant improvement resulted when the composition of as titanium carbide and is uniformly dispersed through- 10 the alloy was balanced to anfvalue of about 9.0, and out the alloy. Thus, sufficient tltanlum must be Present titanium was present in an amount of at least, 0.05%. to handle the carbon as well as to be free to assist in Note specifically samples Q and R where fexceeded r g the adhere"t Oxide coating which resistfi P 9.0 but the titanium was'lacking. A comparison of Samlhg and flakihg- The slghlfieahce 0f the mahlum 1S ples Q and T, whose difference is essentially the addiclearly illustrated 1n the data to follow. tion of about 0.49% Ti, shows nearly a thirteen (13) To demonstrate the effectiveness of the ferrous alloys fold improvement in oxidation resistance with said titaof this invention to resist oxidation at high temperature, nium. attention is directed to the following table and accom- We claim: panying FIGURE, which dramatically illustrate the sul. A ferrous alloy resistant to catastrophic oxidation perior results achieved in balancing the composition under conditions of repeated cyclic heating and cooling thereof, so as to reflect a value for f of at least 9.0. between the temperatures of 2,200 F. and 200 F., said TABLE Time-to-Failure (Hours) at Sample C Al Cr Ti f 2200 F.
A .009 4.20 4.20 .5 B .015 4.04 4.67 .5 C .012 6.00 6.00 23 D .004 4.11 5.03 6.l3 23 E .003 4.07 4.97 .28 6.76 23 F .015 4.02 1.10 6.77 .5 G .020 5.02 4.96 7.00 23 H .016 5.98 .54 7.33 23 J .019 4.93 4.94 .25 7.52 47 K .022 4.01 9.66 7.87 23 L .009 8.12 8.12 63 M .008 8.10 .28 8.80 1087 N .013 8.00 .52 9.30 1771 P .037 6.92 3.08 .53 9.46 1565 Q .016 5.97 9.74 9. 7 111 R .019 7.92 5.00 9.92 229 s .015 8.01 1.02 10.56 2631 T .016 5.92 9.75 .49 11.04 2998 u .007 6.18 10.32 .53 11.63 I 3300 where: l'= wt) Al .4 wt) Cr 2.5 wt) Ti. Mo, P. S, Sn .0l% Cu, Mn, V .02% Ni .03%
The procedure used to determine time-to failure at ferrous alloy composed of, by weight percent, a maxi- 2200F. was as follows: mum of 0.04% carbon, aluminum between about 4.0
The samples nominally 1 inch X 2 inches X 0050 and 8.2%, chromium up to about 10.5%, titanium beinch, were hung on silicon carbide bars using chromel .tween and 119%; and the balance substimtlany wire through a hole drilled in one end thereof. The bars except that Sam ferrous alloy charactenzed by were then placed in an exposed-element, electrically a Value off of at least about whe;re: heated furnace at 2200 i 20 F. Twice daily, the silif (%Al) 04(%Cr) and (%T') con carbide bars with the samples attached were re- 4(%C) moved from the furnace where the samples were alh alloy cialmed m clam 1 wherem Sald lowed to air cool in still air for about 20 minutes at mlum 18 present 3 an of at which time the temperature had dropped to about T alloy clalmed m clam l i' Said alum! 200F. The samples were then returned to the furnace. g g; is present m an amount between about and The long term average cycle time was about vl5 hours. I
Claims (3)
1. A FERROUS ALLOY RESISTANT TO CATASTROPHIC OXIDATION UNDER CONDITIONS OF REPEATED CYCLIC HEATING AND COOLING BETWEEN THE TEMPERATURES OF 2,200*F. AND 200*F., SAID FERROUS ALLOY COMPOSED OF, BY WEIGHT PERCENT, A MAXIMUM OF 0.04% CARBON, ALUMINUM BETWEEN ABOUT 4.0 AND 8.2%, CHROMIUM UP TO ABOUT 10.5%, TITANIUM BETWEEN 0.4 AND 1.10%; AND THE BALANCE SUBSTANTIALLY IRON, EXCEPT THAT SAID FERROUS ALLOY IS CHARACTERIZED BY A VALUE OF F OF AT LEAST ABOUT 9.0 WHERE: F = (%A1) + 0.4(%CR) + 2.5(%TI), AND (%TI) > 4(%C).
2. The alloy claimed in claim 1 wherein said chromium is present in an amount of at least 5.0%.
3. The alloy claimed in claim 1 wherein said aluminum is present in an amount between about 6.0 and 8.0%.
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US275650A US3859079A (en) | 1972-08-09 | 1972-08-09 | High temperature oxidation resistant alloy |
| CA176,888A CA1000530A (en) | 1972-08-09 | 1973-07-19 | High temperature oxidation resistant alloy |
| DE19732339869 DE2339869A1 (en) | 1972-08-09 | 1973-08-07 | HIGH TEMPERATURE AND OXYDATION RESISTANT ALLOY |
| JP48088752A JPS4984916A (en) | 1972-08-09 | 1973-08-07 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US275650A US3859079A (en) | 1972-08-09 | 1972-08-09 | High temperature oxidation resistant alloy |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3859079A true US3859079A (en) | 1975-01-07 |
Family
ID=23053269
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US275650A Expired - Lifetime US3859079A (en) | 1972-08-09 | 1972-08-09 | High temperature oxidation resistant alloy |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3859079A (en) |
| JP (1) | JPS4984916A (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1000530A (en) |
| DE (1) | DE2339869A1 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4316743A (en) * | 1973-10-29 | 1982-02-23 | Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. | High damping Fe-Cr-Al alloy |
| US6560563B1 (en) * | 1998-03-24 | 2003-05-06 | Exergetic Systems Llc | L factor method for determining heat rate of a fossil fired system based on effluent flow |
| US6691054B1 (en) * | 1998-03-24 | 2004-02-10 | Exergetic Systems Llc | F factor method for determining heat rate and emission rates of a fossil-fired system |
| DE102007056144A1 (en) * | 2007-11-16 | 2009-05-20 | Volkswagen Ag | Exhaust manifold or turbocharger housing made of a FeAl steel alloy |
| EP3981895A4 (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2022-09-28 | Posco | Ferrite-based steel sheet having excellent corrosion resistance for exhaust system |
Families Citing this family (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6524405B1 (en) | 2000-02-11 | 2003-02-25 | Hui Lin | Iron base high temperature alloy |
| WO2013178629A1 (en) * | 2012-05-29 | 2013-12-05 | Thyssenkrupp Steel Europe Ag | Heat-resistant fe-al-cr steel |
| DE102013115005B4 (en) * | 2013-12-31 | 2022-01-05 | Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover | Method for generating an oxidized surface of a metal alloy, in particular in the case of components, such components and tools, and the use |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1621523A (en) * | 1917-12-18 | 1927-03-22 | Ludlum Steel Co | Titanium alloy |
| US1641752A (en) * | 1919-10-10 | 1927-09-06 | Gen Electric | Oxidation-resisting material |
| US1833723A (en) * | 1923-06-07 | 1931-11-24 | Gen Electric | Alloy |
| US2941883A (en) * | 1957-10-02 | 1960-06-21 | Martin Co | Alloy especially suited to cladding nuclear fuel elements |
| US2987394A (en) * | 1959-03-25 | 1961-06-06 | John J Mueller | Iron-aluminum base alloys |
| US3068094A (en) * | 1959-01-27 | 1962-12-11 | Ford Motor Co | Alloy of iron, aluminum, and chromium |
| US3676109A (en) * | 1970-04-02 | 1972-07-11 | Cooper Metallurg Corp | Rust and heat resisting ferrous base alloys containing chromium and aluminum |
-
1972
- 1972-08-09 US US275650A patent/US3859079A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1973
- 1973-07-19 CA CA176,888A patent/CA1000530A/en not_active Expired
- 1973-08-07 DE DE19732339869 patent/DE2339869A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1973-08-07 JP JP48088752A patent/JPS4984916A/ja active Pending
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1621523A (en) * | 1917-12-18 | 1927-03-22 | Ludlum Steel Co | Titanium alloy |
| US1641752A (en) * | 1919-10-10 | 1927-09-06 | Gen Electric | Oxidation-resisting material |
| US1833723A (en) * | 1923-06-07 | 1931-11-24 | Gen Electric | Alloy |
| US2941883A (en) * | 1957-10-02 | 1960-06-21 | Martin Co | Alloy especially suited to cladding nuclear fuel elements |
| US3068094A (en) * | 1959-01-27 | 1962-12-11 | Ford Motor Co | Alloy of iron, aluminum, and chromium |
| US2987394A (en) * | 1959-03-25 | 1961-06-06 | John J Mueller | Iron-aluminum base alloys |
| US3676109A (en) * | 1970-04-02 | 1972-07-11 | Cooper Metallurg Corp | Rust and heat resisting ferrous base alloys containing chromium and aluminum |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4316743A (en) * | 1973-10-29 | 1982-02-23 | Tokyo Shibaura Electric Co., Ltd. | High damping Fe-Cr-Al alloy |
| US6560563B1 (en) * | 1998-03-24 | 2003-05-06 | Exergetic Systems Llc | L factor method for determining heat rate of a fossil fired system based on effluent flow |
| US6691054B1 (en) * | 1998-03-24 | 2004-02-10 | Exergetic Systems Llc | F factor method for determining heat rate and emission rates of a fossil-fired system |
| DE102007056144A1 (en) * | 2007-11-16 | 2009-05-20 | Volkswagen Ag | Exhaust manifold or turbocharger housing made of a FeAl steel alloy |
| EP3981895A4 (en) * | 2019-07-31 | 2022-09-28 | Posco | Ferrite-based steel sheet having excellent corrosion resistance for exhaust system |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE2339869A1 (en) | 1974-02-28 |
| CA1000530A (en) | 1976-11-30 |
| JPS4984916A (en) | 1974-08-15 |
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