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US3759602A - Inhibiting d-c notching effect in incandescent lamp filaments - Google Patents

Inhibiting d-c notching effect in incandescent lamp filaments Download PDF

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US3759602A
US3759602A US00176022A US3759602DA US3759602A US 3759602 A US3759602 A US 3759602A US 00176022 A US00176022 A US 00176022A US 3759602D A US3759602D A US 3759602DA US 3759602 A US3759602 A US 3759602A
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filament
tungsten
notching
wire
reactive gases
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US00176022A
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J Walter
M Gigliotti
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General Electric Co
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General Electric Co
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01K—ELECTRIC INCANDESCENT LAMPS
    • H01K3/00—Apparatus or processes adapted to the manufacture, installing, removal, or maintenance of incandescent lamps or parts thereof
    • H01K3/02—Manufacture of incandescent bodies

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  • This invention relates to d-c lamp filaments, and more particularly to the elimination therein of the lifeshortening phenomenon known as d-c notching.”
  • Tungsten incandescent lamp filaments of the type used in miniature and sub-miniature lamp sizes are normally operated on direct current attemperatures below 2,400C for purposes of illuminating indicator dials and low intensity lamps.
  • the lamp filaments operating on direct current are subject to a phenomenon known as *d-c notching, which results in a drastic unexpected reduction of filament life. if he lower temperature'of operation would normally lead one to expect an extended life, because of less evaporation of tungsten metal from the wire.
  • the causes of failure in the lower temperature d-c lamp filaments are not at all analogous to those which limit the life of larger type tungsten illuminating lamps operated on alternating current.
  • Incandescent lighting lamps e.g., of the household variety, operate at higher temperatures, i.e., above 2,400C, principally on alter nating current, and the life of such filaments is determined by evaporation of the tungsten metal from the surface of the wire.
  • efforts to lengthen the life of illuminating lamps concentrate on suppressing or slowing down the rate of escape of tungsten by evaporation from the wire filament.
  • Such illuminating lamps are filled with an inert gas it is for the purpose of carrying heat away from the filament, thus slowing the rate of vaporization of the tungsten.
  • the filaments in miniature and sub-miniature lamps usually are sealed after, simply evacuating to a poor vacuum, in an atmosphere of ambient air, e.g. to a pressure not less than mm Hg.
  • the filaments When operated on direct current, the filaments exhibit a serrated faceting and notching effect wherein some of the tungsten material of the wire is transported to another location along the wire, leaving a notch where it has been removed and a build-up of the tungsten at another location along the wire. Failure occurs when the notch causes separation of the filament, and vaporization is not the critical cause of the filament failure. The reason for this faceting, notching and transporting of the material along the wire has been attributed to the presence of oxygen remaining from ambient air in the poor vacuum which they are normally sealed.
  • the faceting effect is caused by eitposure of crystallographic planes of the metal of lowest surface energy to certain reactive gases, particularly oxygen and nitrogen, which are selectively chemisorbed upon certain planes, thus lowering their free surface energy. Elimination of chemically available onygen and nitrogen and other reactive gases by vacuum and flash-heating of the filament helps to overcome this faceting effect.
  • Another feature of the invention involves the recognition that growth of the facets is caused by electromigration.
  • the electrons and electron holes in the tungsten filament move in the wire when a d-c voltage is applied. As they move, they interact with the tungsten atoms and cause the latter to migrate along the wire. If the wire has faceted into different planes with corresponding different difiusion coefficients, then the tungsten atoms will move more swiftly along one plane and accumulate in layers on the other plane where they move more slowly, with a resulting growth of the facets.
  • a heavy inert gas such as argon, krypton or xenon, in
  • the invention comprises a combination of steps for the prevention of faceting of the wire metal and also prevention of the growth of the facets if any do form.
  • facets is inhibited by elimination of the reactive gases from the envelope, and use of a heavy inert gas back-fill inhibits the transport of the tungsten metal along the filament.
  • Elimination of reactive gases, particularly oxygen and nitrogen, may be accomplished by applying a high vacuum.
  • Instantaneous flash heating of the filament also helps drive off the reactive gases, as does baking the bulb envelope, and flushing out the envelope with an inert flush gas.
  • the envelope is then back-filled with a heavy inert gas selected from Group VIIIA of the periodic table, particularly argon, krypton or xenon, up to a pressure of k to 3 atmospheres around the metal filament, and the bulb enclosure around the filament is sealed from the ambient atmosphere.
  • FIG. l is a magnified view (500%) of a prior art tungsten filament which has been subjected to 400 hours of direct current flow at a temperature of 1,750C (brightness temperature) and which exhibits a serious d-c notching condition
  • FIG. 2 is a magnified view (SOOX) of a tunmten' wire specimen similar to that prepared according to the method of the present invention in a bulb evacuated, baked, flushed out and filled with argen, exposed to direct current at l,750C (brightness) after Ltd/()0 hours, showing a substantially decreased d-c notching effect in spite of the longer exposure.
  • a similar tungsten wire is shown which has withstood 1,400 hours on direct current, in a bulb envelope evacuated to 10 mm Hg pressure, baked at 400C for 16 hours while under vacuum, flushed while hot for 30 seconds with hydrogen gas, the filament was flash-heated to incandescence; and the bulb envelope was flushed with argon gas and backfilled with argon to a pressure of one half atmosphere, i.e., 380 mm Hg.
  • the bulbs may be flushed out at least once with a pure heavy inert gas consisting of at least one gas of Group VIIIA of the periodic chart, preferably argon,krypton or xenon.
  • a pure heavy inert gas consisting of at least one gas of Group VIIIA of the periodic chart, preferably argon,krypton or xenon.
  • an additional step may include quick flushing out of the bulb with hydrogen gas during the bakeout, lasting for less than 30 seconds so as not to lose the vacuum seal. This added step may be helpful to remove and flush out residual active gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and halogens. The remaining reactive gases should preferably be less than mm Hg total gases.
  • a further optional penultimate step to help eliminate residual gases is by heating the filament to incandescence, i.e., flashing" the filament.
  • the envelope bulb is then back-filled to a pressure up to 3 atmospheres with the heavy inert gas;
  • the envelope is sealed gas-tight to the ambient atmosphere.
  • nitrogen as well as oxygen is important because the present inventors have found that nitrogen also acts to cause faceting and notching in a manner similar to the presence of oxygen.
  • the gas used to flush and back-fill the envelope is one of the heavier inert gases argon, krypton or xenon in order to inhibit electro-migration.
  • Helium or neon are too light for this purpose.
  • Radon being radioactive, is not used for safety reasons.
  • the method of treating the wire filament to inhibit d-c notching and electromigration metal transport along the wire which includes the steps of:

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  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)

Abstract

Process and product produced thereby wherein the problem of ''''dc notching'''' and resulting premature failure of tungsten, tantalum or molybdenum metal filaments for miniature lamps operating below 2400*C is avoided by steps which include: removal of reactive gases including residual chemically available oxygen and nitrogen by high vacuum, heating the filament to help drive off the reactive gases, flushing out at least once and backfilling the bulb envelope with a heavy inert gas from Group VIIIA of the periodic table.

Description

United States Patent [191 Walter et al. I
[ INHIBITING D-C NOTCHING EFFECT IN INCANDESCENT LAMP FILAMENTS [75] Inventors: John L. Walter, Scotia; Michael F. X.
Gigliotti, Mechanicville, both of NY.
[73] Assignee: General Electric Company,
Schenectady, N.Y.
[ Sept. 18, 1973 1,594,057 7/1926 Fonda 316/24 X 1,630,128 5/1927 Maurer 2,098,907 11/1937 Zabel 2,115,480 4/1938 Claude....
2,235,713 '3/1941 Lemmens et al.
2,482,447 9/ 1949 VanLiempt et al Primary Examiner-Charles W. Lanham Assistant Examiner-J. W. Davie Attorney.l0hn F. Aher n et al.
[57] ABSTRACT Process and product produced thereby wherein the problem of d-c notching and resulting premature failure of tungsten, tantalum or molybdenum metal filaments for miniature lamps operating below 2400C is avoided by steps which include: removal of reactive gases including residual chemically available oxygen and nitrogen by high vacuum, heating the filament to help drive off the reactive gases, flushing out at least once and back-filling the bulb envelope with a heavy inert gas from Group VlllA of the periodic table.
2 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures PATEr-HEU 3,759,602
' Inventor-s:
John L. Walter; Michael EX 6/ ll'o'tti,
y heir- Attorney.
INHIBITING D-C NOTCIilllNG EFFEfIT llN INCANDESCENT LAMP FKLAMENTS This invention relates to d-c lamp filaments, and more particularly to the elimination therein of the lifeshortening phenomenon known as d-c notching."
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Tungsten incandescent lamp filaments of the type used in miniature and sub-miniature lamp sizes are normally operated on direct current attemperatures below 2,400C for purposes of illuminating indicator dials and low intensity lamps. In contrast to the tungsten filaments used in the larger incandescent lamps for lighting purposes, which operate at temperatures above 2,400C, usually on alternating current, the lamp filaments operating on direct current are subject to a phenomenon known as *d-c notching, which results in a drastic unexpected reduction of filament life. if he lower temperature'of operation would normally lead one to expect an extended life, because of less evaporation of tungsten metal from the wire. I-llowever, failure of the d-c lamp occurs due to the formation of sawtooth facets or notching of the filament wires which reduces the wire cross-section at the notch, eventually breaking the continuity of the electric current or mechanical weakening of the filament. Similar effects to those occurring in tungsten have also been observed in filaments made of tantalum or molybdenum.
The causes of failure in the lower temperature d-c lamp filaments are not at all analogous to those which limit the life of larger type tungsten illuminating lamps operated on alternating current. Incandescent lighting lamps, e.g., of the household variety, operate at higher temperatures, i.e., above 2,400C, principally on alter nating current, and the life of such filaments is determined by evaporation of the tungsten metal from the surface of the wire. Thus, efforts to lengthen the life of illuminating lamps concentrate on suppressing or slowing down the rate of escape of tungsten by evaporation from the wire filament. When such illuminating lamps are filled with an inert gas it is for the purpose of carrying heat away from the filament, thus slowing the rate of vaporization of the tungsten.
In contrast thereto, the filaments in miniature and sub-miniature lamps usually are sealed after, simply evacuating to a poor vacuum, in an atmosphere of ambient air, e.g. to a pressure not less than mm Hg. When operated on direct current, the filaments exhibit a serrated faceting and notching effect wherein some of the tungsten material of the wire is transported to another location along the wire, leaving a notch where it has been removed and a build-up of the tungsten at another location along the wire. Failure occurs when the notch causes separation of the filament, and vaporization is not the critical cause of the filament failure. The reason for this faceting, notching and transporting of the material along the wire has been attributed to the presence of oxygen remaining from ambient air in the poor vacuum which they are normally sealed.
The phenomenon of d-c notching seems to involve two phases; namely, (1) formation of small facets; and (2) growth of these facets by electro-migration. These two effects eventually breaking the continuity of the current.
This faceting and notching has in the past been attributed to the presence of oxygen, use of known oxygen wherein the problem of d-c notching and metal transport in filament wires under the effect of direct current can be inhibited or completely eliminated.
According to one feature of the invention, it involves the recognition that the faceting effect is caused by eitposure of crystallographic planes of the metal of lowest surface energy to certain reactive gases, particularly oxygen and nitrogen, which are selectively chemisorbed upon certain planes, thus lowering their free surface energy. Elimination of chemically available onygen and nitrogen and other reactive gases by vacuum and flash-heating of the filament helps to overcome this faceting effect.
Another feature of the invention involves the recognition that growth of the facets is caused by electromigration. The electrons and electron holes in the tungsten filament move in the wire when a d-c voltage is applied. As they move, they interact with the tungsten atoms and cause the latter to migrate along the wire. If the wire has faceted into different planes with corresponding different difiusion coefficients, then the tungsten atoms will move more swiftly along one plane and accumulate in layers on the other plane where they move more slowly, with a resulting growth of the facets.
A heavy inert gas, such as argon, krypton or xenon, in
contact withthe planes has the beneficial effect of interfering with the motion of the atoms and inhibits electromigration.
Briefly, the invention comprises a combination of steps for the prevention of faceting of the wire metal and also prevention of the growth of the facets if any do form.
The formation of facets is inhibited by elimination of the reactive gases from the envelope, and use of a heavy inert gas back-fill inhibits the transport of the tungsten metal along the filament. Elimination of reactive gases, particularly oxygen and nitrogen, may be accomplished by applying a high vacuum. Instantaneous flash heating of the filament also helps drive off the reactive gases, as does baking the bulb envelope, and flushing out the envelope with an inert flush gas. The envelope is then back-filled with a heavy inert gas selected from Group VIIIA of the periodic table, particularly argon, krypton or xenon, up to a pressure of k to 3 atmospheres around the metal filament, and the bulb enclosure around the filament is sealed from the ambient atmosphere.
For a better understanding of the invention and the advantages thereof reference may be had to the accompanying drawings of which FIG. l is a magnified view (500%) of a prior art tungsten filament which has been subjected to 400 hours of direct current flow at a temperature of 1,750C (brightness temperature) and which exhibits a serious d-c notching condition; FIG. 2 is a magnified view (SOOX) of a tunmten' wire specimen similar to that prepared according to the method of the present invention in a bulb evacuated, baked, flushed out and filled with argen, exposed to direct current at l,750C (brightness) after Ltd/()0 hours, showing a substantially decreased d-c notching effect in spite of the longer exposure.
As shown in FIG. 1 after 400 hours use on direct current, the prior art problem of faceting and transportation of the metal to higher points along the wire is apparent, leading to eventual failure of the filament wire.
.In' FIG. 2, a similar tungsten wire is shown which has withstood 1,400 hours on direct current, in a bulb envelope evacuated to 10 mm Hg pressure, baked at 400C for 16 hours while under vacuum, flushed while hot for 30 seconds with hydrogen gas, the filament was flash-heated to incandescence; and the bulb envelope was flushed with argon gas and backfilled with argon to a pressure of one half atmosphere, i.e., 380 mm Hg.
In general, the following steps have produced satisfactory results in the preparation of miniature and subminiature d-c incandescent bulbs with tungsten filamerits:
a. Reducing the content of all gases, particularly oxygen and nitrogen by evacuating the surrounding bulb envelope to a pressure of less than l millimeter Hg.
b. During the evacuation, baking the envelope bulb to drive off adsorbed gases at a temperature up to about 400C but below the softening point of the glass bulb.
c. Optionally, the bulbs may be flushed out at least once with a pure heavy inert gas consisting of at least one gas of Group VIIIA of the periodic chart, preferably argon,krypton or xenon.
d. Also optionally, during the baking operation, an additional step may include quick flushing out of the bulb with hydrogen gas during the bakeout, lasting for less than 30 seconds so as not to lose the vacuum seal. This added step may be helpful to remove and flush out residual active gases such as oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and halogens. The remaining reactive gases should preferably be less than mm Hg total gases.
e. A further optional penultimate step to help eliminate residual gases is by heating the filament to incandescence, i.e., flashing" the filament.
f. The envelope bulb is then back-filled to a pressure up to 3 atmospheres with the heavy inert gas; and
g. the envelope is sealed gas-tight to the ambient atmosphere.
The elimination of nitrogen as well as oxygen is important because the present inventors have found that nitrogen also acts to cause faceting and notching in a manner similar to the presence of oxygen.
The gas used to flush and back-fill the envelope is one of the heavier inert gases argon, krypton or xenon in order to inhibit electro-migration. Helium or neon are too light for this purpose. Radon, being radioactive, is not used for safety reasons.
It will be obvious to those skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing disclosure that many modifications and alterations in the specific method steps and products disclosed as non-limiting examples may be made within the general context of the invention, and that numerous modifications, alterations and additions may be made thereto within the true spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.
What we claim as new and desire to secure by Letters Patent of the United States are:
1. In the manufacture of miniature incandescent lamps having wire filaments of tungsten for operation on direct current at temperatures less than 2,400C, the method of treating the wire filament to inhibit d-c notching and electromigration metal transport along the wire, which includes the steps of:
a. exhausting from the bulb enclosure reactive gases including oxygen and nitrogen by applying a vacuum to the lamp bulb to a pressure of less than about 10 millimeters Hg,
b. filling the bulb surrounding said filament with a heavy inert gas selected from Group VlIlA of the periodic table, and
c. sealing said bulb from the ambient atmosphere with less than 10 mm Hg of total reactive gases including chemically available oxygen and chemically available nitrogen within the bulb.
2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the inert gas is argon.

Claims (1)

  1. 2. The method according to claim 1 wherein the inert gas is argon.
US00176022A 1971-08-30 1971-08-30 Inhibiting d-c notching effect in incandescent lamp filaments Expired - Lifetime US3759602A (en)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3868159A (en) * 1972-06-28 1975-02-25 Philips Corp Method of manufacturing an electric incandescent lamp having a longer lifetime and/or a higher light output
US3901573A (en) * 1973-08-27 1975-08-26 Gen Motors Corp Method of processing tungsten halogen light bulbs
US3960422A (en) * 1974-08-05 1976-06-01 Liconix Process for manufacturing a helium metal vapor laser tube

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US453742A (en) * 1891-06-09 Manufacture of incandescent electric lamps
US1180159A (en) * 1913-04-19 1916-04-18 Gen Electric Incandescent electric lamp.
US1594057A (en) * 1924-08-30 1926-07-27 Gen Electric Electric incandescent device
US1630128A (en) * 1925-07-17 1927-05-24 Oscar V Maurer Incandescent lamp
US1895855A (en) * 1929-11-27 1933-01-31 Westinghouse Lamp Co Method of lamp manufacture
US2060657A (en) * 1929-12-16 1936-11-10 Gen Electric Electric lamp
US2098907A (en) * 1936-03-31 1937-11-09 Hygrade Sylvania Corp Incandescent electric lamp and method of manufacture thereof
US2115480A (en) * 1934-01-23 1938-04-26 Pour Les Applic De L Electriei Incandescent electric lamp
US2235713A (en) * 1938-04-01 1941-03-18 Gen Electric Electric incandescent lamp
US2482447A (en) * 1942-02-03 1949-09-20 Gen Electric Electric lamp manufacture

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US453742A (en) * 1891-06-09 Manufacture of incandescent electric lamps
US1180159A (en) * 1913-04-19 1916-04-18 Gen Electric Incandescent electric lamp.
US1594057A (en) * 1924-08-30 1926-07-27 Gen Electric Electric incandescent device
US1630128A (en) * 1925-07-17 1927-05-24 Oscar V Maurer Incandescent lamp
US1895855A (en) * 1929-11-27 1933-01-31 Westinghouse Lamp Co Method of lamp manufacture
US2060657A (en) * 1929-12-16 1936-11-10 Gen Electric Electric lamp
US2115480A (en) * 1934-01-23 1938-04-26 Pour Les Applic De L Electriei Incandescent electric lamp
US2098907A (en) * 1936-03-31 1937-11-09 Hygrade Sylvania Corp Incandescent electric lamp and method of manufacture thereof
US2235713A (en) * 1938-04-01 1941-03-18 Gen Electric Electric incandescent lamp
US2482447A (en) * 1942-02-03 1949-09-20 Gen Electric Electric lamp manufacture

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3868159A (en) * 1972-06-28 1975-02-25 Philips Corp Method of manufacturing an electric incandescent lamp having a longer lifetime and/or a higher light output
US3901573A (en) * 1973-08-27 1975-08-26 Gen Motors Corp Method of processing tungsten halogen light bulbs
US3960422A (en) * 1974-08-05 1976-06-01 Liconix Process for manufacturing a helium metal vapor laser tube

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