US3625689A

US3625689A - High-contrast photographic elements and method for processing same

Info

Publication number: US3625689A
Application number: US661530A
Authority: US
Inventors: Eugene D Salesin; Thomas E Whiteley
Original assignee: Eastman Kodak Co
Current assignee: Eastman Kodak Co
Priority date: 1967-08-18
Filing date: 1967-08-18
Publication date: 1971-12-07
Anticipated expiration: 1988-12-07
Also published as: DE1797088A1; BE719512A; FR1575382A; GB1228868A

Abstract

HIGH-CONTRAST PHOTOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS COMPRISING A SUPPORT COATED WITH A SILVER HALIDE EMULSION WHICH CONTAINS A DISPERSED POLYMERIZED VINYL COMPOUND AND THE HALIDE COMPRISES AT LEAST ABOUT 85 MOLE PERCENT CHLORIDE, ABOUT 0.1 TO ABOUT 5 MOLE PERCENT IODIDE AND THE BALANCE BROMIDE, AND METHOD FOR PROCESSING SAM IN A CONTINOUS TRANSPORT PROCESSING MACHINE WHEREIN THE DEVELOPER CONTAINS A CARBONYL BISULFITE-AMINE CONDENSATION PRODUCT.

Description

United States Patent 3,625,689 HIGH-CONTRAST PI-IOTOGRAPHIC ELEMENTS AND METHOD FOR PROCESSING SAME Eugene D. Salesin and Thomas E. Whiteley, Rochester,

N.Y., assignors to Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester, N.Y. No Drawing. Filed Aug. 18, 1967, Ser. No. 661,530

Int. Cl. G03c 5/26 US. Cl. 9650 14 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE High-contrast photographic elements comprising a support coated with a silver halide emulsion which contains a dispersed polymerized vinyl compound and the halide comprises at least about 85 mole percent chloride, about 0.1 to about 5 mole percent iodide and the balance bromide, and method for processing same in a continuous transport processing machine wherein the developer contains a carbonyl bisulfite-amine condensation product.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the invention Description of the prior art In the graphic arts field, where it is desired to make photographic line and halftone reproductions, it is customary to employ emulsions having extremely high contrast. In development, the developing areas grow autocatalytically at a very high developing rate to produce an extremely high contrast which is necessary for halftone patterns. Developers for use with extremely high-contrast photographic films are quite different in composition from typical black-and-white film developers. In order to obtain very high contrast and sharp halftone dots, it has been the practice to formulate developers for such films from essentially hydroquinone, an alkali, an alkali metal bromide and a low level of sulfite ion. The low level of sulfite ion partially stabilizes the developer solution for a short period of time and is achieved in all known commercial developers of this type by the use of sodium formaldehyde bisulfite, which acts as a sulfite ion buffer. These developer solutions must be stored in two parts, however, since the sodium formaldehyde bisulfite will dissociate at a high pH to give not only the desired sulfite ion but an equimolar amount of formaldehyde which will react with hydroquinone to destroy its developing power.

In reproducing continuous tone material, it is customary to make a halftone photographic intermediate, usually a film negative, in which the gradations in tone are represented by differing sizes of dots of uniform density. The shape, density and uniformity of the halftone dots 3,625,689 Patented Dec. 7, 1971 ice are closely correlated to the quality of the resulting picture.

The developer solutions for high-contrast films presently used in continuous transport processing machines also have a number of disadvantages. The photographic quality obtained with a given film is usually inferior to that obtained in careful tray processing. The sensitivity of high-contrast films to developer exhaustion products and variations in local developing agent concentration makes these films vulnerable to directional drag streaks in film halftone areas under conditions of machine processing. These drag streaks occur in areas of high development (50-90% dots) which are adjacent to areas of low development (dot area of 20% or less). The drag streaks are formed by more development occurring because the developer which is dragged in from the area of low development contains more developing agent and less exhaustion products (primarily bromide ion) than the developer that would normally be in that area. The dots in a high-contrast film are also distorted and exhibit size changes depending on the orientation and direction of travel through the machine processor. This dot distortion is manifested by discontinuities or plateaus in the H and D curve of high-contrast films which are processed in continuous transport processing machines. The elimination or reduction of drag streaks and dot distortions would be a considerable advance in the art.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In my invention, there is provided high-contrast photographic elements comprising a support coated with a silver halide emulsion, said silver halide emulsion containing a dispersed polymerized vinyl compound, and said halide comprising at least about mole percent chloride, about 0.1 to about 5 mole percent iodide and the balance bromide. I also provide a continuous process for processing such elements after exposure wherein said element is processed in one continuous motion by transporting it into, through and out of at least one processing solution in the manner shown, for example, by US. Patents 3,025,779 of Russell and Kunz issued Mar. 20, 1962; 3,078,024 of Sardeson issued Feb. 19, 1963; 3,122,086 of Fitch issued Feb. 25, 1964; 3,149,551 of Cramer issued Sept. 22, 1964; 3,156,173 of Meyer issued Nov. 10, 1964; and 3,224,356 of Fleisher and Hixon issued Feb. 21, 1965; and wherein said element is developed in a liquid developer composition comprising a developing agent and a carbonyl bisulfite-amine condensation product.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The developing agents which can be employed in the instant invention can be any of those suitable for the intended purpose. Useful silver halide developing agents, for example, include the dihydroxybenzenes such as hydroquinone; chlorohydroquinone; bromohydroquinone; isopropylhydroquinone; toluhydroquinone; methylhydroquinone; 2,3-dichlorohydroquinone; 2,5-dimethylhydroquinone; 2,3 dibromohydroquinone; 1,4 dihydroxy-2- acetophenone 2,5 dimethylhydroquinone; 2,5-diethylhydroquinone; 2,5-di p phenethylhydroquinone; 2,5-dibenzoylaminohydroquinone; 2,5 diacetaminohydroquinone; etc. Esters of such compounds, e.g., formates and acetates, can also be employed. These developing agents can be used alone or in any combination and can be employed in any concentration which is effective for development. A suitable concentration for the developing agent is from about 0.05 to about 0.50 mole per liter of developer composition and is preferably from about 0.10 to about 0.30 mole per liter of developer composition.

The carbonyl bisulfite-amine condensation products which can be used in the developer composition employed in my invention are preferably formaldehyde bisulfiteamine condensation products such as sodium-Z-hydroxyethylaminomethane sulfonate;

sodium-Z-hydroxypropylaminomethane sulfonate;

sodium-1,1-dimethyl-Z-hydroxyethylaminomethane sulfonate;

sodium-1,1-bis(hydroxymethyl)ethylaminomethane sulfonate;

sodium-tris (hydroxymethyl) methylaminomethane sulfonate;

sodium-3-hydroxypropylaminomethane sulfonate;

sodium-bis( 2-hydroxyethyl) aminomethane sulfonate;

sodium-N,N-bis [2- 1-hydroxy)propyl] aminomethane sulfonate;

sodium-N-isopropyl-N- (2-hydroxyethyl -aminomethane sulfonate; I

sodium-N-ethyl-N- (Z-hydroxyethyl) aminomethane sulfonate; and

sodium-N-methyl-N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -aminomethane sulfonate.

The carbonyl bisulfite-amine condensation products can be used alone or in any combination and can be employed in any concentration which is effective to provide a low level of sulfite ion for the developer composition. A suitable concentration for the carbonyl bisulfite-amine condensation product is from about 0.1 to about 1.0 mole per liter of liquid developer composition and is preferably from about 0.25 to about 0.50 mole per liter of liquid developer composition.

The carbonyl bisulfite-amine condensation product can be added to the developer composition as a separate compound or formed in situ. Methods for preparing these compounds are dislosed, for example, in US. Pat. 2,388,- 816 of Bean issued Nov. 13, 1945. In this specification and claims, it is meant to include within the definition of carbonyl bisulfiteamine condensation product either the compound itself or the individual components which form the compound in situ.

The high-contrast photographic elements of the instant invention comprise a support coated with a silver halide emulsion layer in which the halide comprises at least about 85 mole percent chloride, about 0.1 to about 5 mole percent iodide and the balance bromide. Preferably, the halide in said silver halide emulsion comprises at least about 90 mole percent chloride, about 0.5 to about 2 mole percent iodide and the balance bromide, since such preferred emulsions provide particularly good results in eliminating drag streaks and dot distortions.

The silver halide emulsion layer of the high-contrast photographic elements of the instant invention can contain any of the hydrophilic water-permeable binding materials suitable for this purpose in combination with a dispersed polymerized vinyl compound. Suitable binding materials include, for example, gelatin, colloidal albumin, cellulose derivatives, etc. Mixtures of these binding agents can also be employed. The vinyl compound in the silver halide emulsion must be a dispersed polymerized vinyl compound, e.g., a polymeric latex or hydrosol. Such vinyl compounds are to be distinguished from watersoluble polymerized vinyl compounds which will not function in the same manner in my invention. Dispersed polymerized vinyl compounds are disclosed, for example, in US. Pats. 3,142,568 of Nottorf issued July 28, 1964; 3,193,386 of White issued July 6, 1965; 3,062,674 of Houck, Smith and Yudelson issued Nov. 6, 1962; and 3,220,844 of Houck, Smith and Yudelson issued Nov. 30, 1965; and include the water-insoluble polymers of alkyl acrylates and methacrylates, acrylic acid, sulfoalkyl acrylates or methacrylates, interpolymers of alkyl acrylates with acrylic acids, acryloyloxy alkyl sulfonic acids, acetoacetoxyalkyl acrylates such as Z-acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, and the like. These vinyl polymers are generally employed in concentrations in the range of about 20 to about percent, preferably at least 50 percent, by weight, based on the weight of the binding agent. Further details concerning these polymers can be found in copending application Ser. No. 454,683 of Dykstra filed May 10, 1965, now Pat. No. 3,411,911, and application Ser. No. 625,593 of Smith filed Mar. 24, 1967 now Pat. No. 3,488,708.

The silver halide emulsion of the high-contrast photographic elements of the instant invention can be coated on a wide variety of supports. Hydrophilic colloid layers can be coated on one or both sides of the support, if desired. Typical supports are cellulose nitrate film, cellulose ester film, polyvinyl acetal film, polystyrene film, poly(ethylene terephthalate) film, and related films or resinous materials, as well as glass, paper, metal and the like. Supports such as paper, which are coated with aolefin polymers, particularly polymers of a-olefins containing two or more carbon atoms, as exemplified by polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-butene copolymers and the like can also be employed.

The silver halide emulsions of the high-contrast photographic elements of the instant invention can be sensitized using any of the well-known techniques in emulsion making, for example, by digesting with naturally active gelatin or various sulfur, selenium, tellurium compounds and/or gold compounds. The emulsions can be sensitized with salts of noble metals of Group VIII of the Periodic Table which have an atomic weight greater than 100. The emulsions can also contain addenda which increase speed and/ or contrast such as quaternary ammonium salts, ployethylene glycols, thioether sensitizers or combinations thereof.

The silver halide emulsion of the high-contrast photographic elements of the instant invention can conveniently be ortho-sensitized or pan-sensitized with spectral sensitizing dyes. For instance, these emulsions can be spectrally sensitized by treating with a solution of a sensitizing dye in an organic solvent. Sensitizing dyes useful in sensitizing such emulsions are described, for example, in US. Patents 2,526,632 of Brooker and White issued Oct. 24, 1950, and 2,503,776 of Sprague issued Apr. 11, 1950. Spectral sensitizers which can be used are the cyanines, merocyanines, complex (trinuclear) cyanines, complex (trinuclear) merocyanines, styryls, and hemicyanines.

The silver halide emulsion of the high contrast photographic elements of the instant invention can also contain conventional addenda such as gelatin plasticizers, coating aids, antifoggants such as the azaindines and hardeners such as aldehyde hardeners, e.g., formaldehyde, mucochloric acid, glutaraldehyde bistsodium bisulfite), maleic dialdehyde, aziridines, dioxane derivatives and oxypolysaccharides.

Other methods for reducing or eliminating drag streaks and dot distortions in continuous transport processing machines are found in application Ser. No. 661,532 of my co-worker Masseth filed concurrently herewith and entitled Photographic Developer Composition and Process of Using Same; application Ser. No. 661,531 of my coworker Milton filed concurrently herewith and entitled High-Contrast Photographic Elements and Method for Processing Same; and application Ser. No. 661,533 of my co-worker Milton filed concurrently herewith and entitled Method for Processing High-Contrast Photographic Elements.

This invention can be further illustrated by the following examples of preferred embodiments thereof although it will be understood that these examples are included merely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention unless otherwise (B) A coated element similar to (A) is prepared but specifically indicated. with the emulsion containing 90 mole percent chloride, 9

EXAMPLE 1 mole percent bromide and 1 mole percent iodide.

- The coated elements are then exposed on an intensity Effect of dispersed polymerized vinyl compo 5 scale sensitometer and then processed in a Kodalith Roller Transport 324 Film processor employing the (A) A fine-grain silver chlorobromoiodide gelatin emulfollowing developer:

sion containing 90 mole percent chloride, 9 mole percent bromide and 1 mole percent iodide is chemically sensi- Grams 9 wltllisulfur a gold compounds and coated on a Sodium 3-hydroxyethylaminomethane sulfonate 322 polyethylene terephthalate support at a coverage of 456 10 Hydroquinone bromide 90 milligrams. of silver per square foot'and 452 milligrams potassium bromide 63 per square foot. A gelatin overcoat is coated Water to make11iter over the emulsion layer at a coverage of 82.6 milligrams pH k 10 0 1 per square. foot. n i

(B) Ajcoated element similar to (A) is prepared but 15 1 PH adjusted with Sodium Carbonatewith 296frnilligrams per square foot of copoly(methyl The following results are obtained at a development acrylate-sulfopropyl acrylate) and 296 milligrams of gelatime of 2 minutes: tin per square foot in the emulsion layer.

(C) A coated element similar to (A) is prepared but with 296-,milligrams per square foot of copoly(methyl acrylate-sulfopropyl acrylate-Z-acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate)land 296 milligrams of gelatin per square foot in Coated element Curve Shape the emuls on layer. A Ont ol n i did 1 H T a e elements are then exposed, 118mg tungsten B (Emailsiofiifiai::::::::::::::::::::I: 3 b i e? illumination, to a step wedge through a magenta contact screen. The elements are then processed in a Kodalith Roller Transport 324 Film Processor, of the type shown in US. Pat. 3,025,779 of Russell and Kunz, issued 20 -1 9 2 employing the f ll ing developer which It can be seen from the above results that by introducing is disclosed and claimed i my coworker Masseths iodide into the silver halide crystal, a considerable imgj application Sen 5 1 53 fil d concurrently provement is obtained in both effective contrast and curve herewithand entitled Photographic Developer Composhape WheIE Such elemeflts contain a polymerized Vinyl sitioh and-Process of Using compound in the emulsion and when such elements are processed in a continuous transport processing machine Grams employing a developer which contains a carbonyl bisulfitesod uml-bi s-(Z-hydroxyethyl) am n Sulfo' amine condensation product. This result is very surprising nglte in view of prior art teachings that iodide in the crystal is s l S not desirable in lith-type emulsions. See, for example, Boric ac d 75 US. Pat. 3,178,289 of Sottysiak issued Apr. 13, 1965, Hydroqu none 40 column 1, lines 69-71, and column 2, lines 1-3: Potassium bromlde L6 These emulsions should be free of iodide, although 2,2 -imrnodlethanp small concentrations of iodide can be tolerated so long Water to make 1 liter. as they do not exceed 0.5 percent of iodide based on the pH I amount of silver nitrate used in the preparation of the 1 Sodium formaldehyde bisulfite and 2,2-iminidietl1anol can silver halide emulsions. be used to' form this compound in situ.

The coated elements are processed using the various E MPLE 3 development times llsted below with the following results: (A) A fine-grain silver chlorobromoiodide gelatin emul- Relative speed change Etfective contrast 1 1 I 3 I l I 1 Drag Curve Coated element l/ dev. 1A dev. 2 dev. 2/ dev. l/ dev. 1%dev. 2dev. 2%dev. streaks shape A g 100 +114 +176 +317 0.8 2.4 3.1 2.95 s v P 550 e +18 +35 +51 8.0 8.2 9.2 8.5 ivi od tir iiiellI Gail 468 +26 +48 +66 7.0 8.6 9.5 9.5 Do Do.

l s l rthe straight line between two points which are 0.3 Log E apart on the D vs. Log E curve, where the lower point has a density of 0.1 above fog- The above results indicates that the time-development sion contaming 90 mole percent chloride, 9 mole percent H and 1 curves of coated elements (B) a (C) are bromide and 1 mole percent iodide is chemically sensiclo ser together and their Spa g mor Uniform than the tized as in Example 1 and coated on a polyethylene control as evidenced by the relative epeed change. Coated terephthalate Support at a Coverage of 456 milligrams of elements and also have T Y Improved effec' silver per square foot, 296 milligrams of gelatin per square tive contrast than control, i F F reduced foot and 296 milligrams of co o1 meth l acr late-suland the p001 Curve Shape of the control ehmmated' fopropyl acrylate-2-acetoacetox3 etli 3 met l iacryl ate) per EXAMPLE 2 square foot. A gelatin overcoat is coated over the emul- Effect of iodide content sion layer at a coverage of 83 milligrams per square foot.

(B) A coated element similar to (A) is prepared but with 80 mole percent chloride, 19 mole percent bromide and 1 mole percent iodide.

(C) A coated element similar to (A) is prepared but (A) A silver chlorobromide gelatin emulsion containing 90 mole percent chloride and 10 mole percent bromide is chemically sensitized with sulfur and gold compounds and coated on a polyethylene terephthalate support at a coverage of 470 milligrams of silver per square foot, 300 70 mole Percenf m 29 mole Pefcfillt bromlde milligrams of gelatin per square foot and 300 milligrams and 1 mole Percent lodlde: of a methylacrylate-sulfopropyl acrylate latex per square A coated element slmllaf t0 is P p t foot. A gelatin overcoat is coated over the emulsion with 40 mole pe chloride. 59 mole percent bromide layer at a coverage of 80 milligrams per square foot. and 1 mole percent iodide.

7 The coated elements are then exposed and processed as in Example 1 employing a 1% minute development time with the following results:

Determined by examining the dot areas and assigning a number ranging from 9 (excellent) to 1 (extremely poor).

It can be seen from the above results that high-contrast photographic elements wherein the silver halide emulsion contains a dispersed polymerized vinyl compound and wherein the halide comprises at least 85 mole percent chloride, 0.1 to mole percent iodide and the balance bromide, provides significant increases in relative speed, contrast and dot quality.

Although the invention has been described in considerable detail with particular reference to certain preferred embodiments thereof, variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the invention as described hereinbefore and as defined in the appended claims.

I claim:

1. In a continuous process for processing an exposed, high-contrast photographic element comprising a support coated with a silver halide emulsion wherein said element is processed in one continuous motion by transporting it into, through and out of at least one processing solution, the improvement comprising:

(a) developing said element in a liquid developer composition comprising a developing agent and a carbonyl bisulfite-amine condensation product,

(b) said silver halide containing a dispersed waterinsoluble polymer of an alkyl acrylate, methacrylate, sulfoalkyl acrylate, sulfoalkylmethacrylate or acrylic acid, and

(c) said halide comprising at least about 85 mole percent chloride, about 0.1 to about 5 mole percent iodide and the balance bromide.

2. The process of claim 1 wherein said developing agent is a dihydroxybenzene developing agent and said carbonyl bisulfite-amine condensation product is a formaldehyde-bisulfite-amine condensation product.

3. The process of claim 2 wherein said dihydroxybenzene developing agent is present in a concentration of from about 0.05 to about 0.50 mole per liter of developer composition and said formaldehyde bisulfite-amine condensation product is present in a concentration of from about 0.10 to about 1.0 mole per liter of developer composition. v

4. The process of claim 3 wherein said dihydroxybenzene developing agent is hydroquinone.

5. The process of claim 4 wherein said formaldehyde bisulfite-amine condensation product is sodium-bis(2-hydroxyethyl aminoethane sulfonate.

6. The process of claim 3 wherein said photographic element is transported by rollers.

7. The process of claim 2 wherein said vinyl compound is a water-insoluble polymer of an alkyl acrylate or alkyl methacrylate.

8. The process of claim 5 wherein said dispersed waterinsoluble polymer is a polymer of an alkyl acrylate 'or an alkyl methacrylate.

9. The process of claim 2 wherein said halide comprises about 90' mole percent chloride, about 1 mole percent iodide and about 9 mole percent bromide.

10. The process of claim 5 wherein said halide comprises about 90 mole percent chloride, about 1 mole percent iodide and about 9 mole percent bromide.

11. A high-contrast, photographic element comprising a support coated with a silver halide emulsion, said silver halide emulsion containing a dispersed water-insoluble polymer of an alkyl acrylate, methacrylate, sulfoallg l acrylate, sulfoalkylmethacrylate-or acrylic acid, and said halide comprising at least about mole percent chloride, about 0.1 to about 5 mole percent iodide and the balance bromide.

12. The photographic element of claim 11 wherein said dispersed water-insoluble polymer is a polymer of an alkyl acrylate or alkyl methacrylate.

13. The photographic element of claim 12 wherein said halide comprises about mole percent chloride, about 1 mole percent iodide and about 9 mole percent bromide.

14. The photographic element of claim 11 wherein dispersed water-insoluble polymer is present in an amount ranging from about 20 to about 80 percent by weight based on the weight of total binding agent in said silver halide emulsion.

' References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,411,911 11/1968 Dykstra 96 -87 2,388,816 11/1945 Bean 8-8 3,025,779 3/1962 Russel et al. 9 594 3,030,209 3/1962 Henn et a1. 96 114 NORMAN G. TORCHIN, Primary Examiner E. C. KIMLIN, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 96-66, 87