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US3560204A - Printing by electrical attraction of inks - Google Patents

Printing by electrical attraction of inks Download PDF

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US3560204A
US3560204A US592547A US3560204DA US3560204A US 3560204 A US3560204 A US 3560204A US 592547 A US592547 A US 592547A US 3560204D A US3560204D A US 3560204DA US 3560204 A US3560204 A US 3560204A
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ink
web
printing
drum
coated
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US592547A
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Eugene P Damm Jr
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International Business Machines Corp
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International Business Machines Corp
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G13/00—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G13/26—Electrographic processes using a charge pattern for the production of printing plates for non-xerographic printing processes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G15/00—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern
    • G03G15/06—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing
    • G03G15/10—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a liquid developer
    • G03G15/101—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a liquid developer for wetting the recording material
    • G03G15/102—Apparatus for electrographic processes using a charge pattern for developing using a liquid developer for wetting the recording material for differentially wetting the recording material
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03G—ELECTROGRAPHY; ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY; MAGNETOGRAPHY
    • G03G9/00—Developers

Definitions

  • the web is then passed between a ground electrode and a smooth ink bearing conductive drum charged to a potential on the order of that of the 'unneutralized portions. Liquid ink from the drum is bodily attracted from the drum to the neutralized image areas in an unsupported column.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide for placing an electrostatic charge on the coated surface of a web, neutralizing the charge in an image area, and then utilizing a relatively high voltage to provide a potential difference between the image area and an ink-bearing drum sufiicient for attracting a liquid ink bodily to the neutralized area.
  • Yet another object of this invention is to provide for using a water soluble acid or basic dyestuff as a self-fixing ink in an electrical printing process.
  • Still another object of the invention is to provide for using a photo-sensitive material coated paper as a base in a printing process and for electrically attracting a liquid ink to the coated surface of the paper in predetermined pattern areas.
  • Another important object of the invention is to provide for placing negative electric charge on the zinc oxide coated surface of a paper web, neutralizing the charge in discrete image areas by exposing such areas to selected light images, and attracting a self-fixing Water soluble acid or basic dyestuff ink to the neutralized areas from a negatively charged ink drum.
  • Yet another important object of this invention is to provide in printing processes for establishing an image area on the surface of a coated web having a different surface charge than the surrounding area, and using an ink drum connected to a source of potential of a value sufficient to establish a field for raising an unsupported column of liquid ink to the surface of the Web in the shape of the image.
  • Another important object of the invention is to provide for using in a printing process water soluble ink solutions which are attracted to the coated surface of a web by an electrical image field.
  • electrostatic charge is placed on the coated surface of a zinc oxide coated web of paper.
  • the charge is neutralized in selected image areas by projecting an image thereon by means of a beam of light passing through an image-bearing mask.
  • the Web is thereupon passed between a ground electrode and an ink-bearing drum charged to a potential on the order of the remaining surface charge.
  • the liquid ink is attracted bodily across the gap between the drum and Web in the image neutralized areas to provide well-defined character images with extremely low background effect.
  • the single figure is a schematic diagram of apparatus for printing on a coated web according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the reference numeral 10 denotes generally a web of coated paper having for example a zinc oxide coating 10a on one side.
  • the web 10 is passed between a 3-wire corona unit 12 positioned on the coated front side of the web in conjunction with a ground plate 14 on the back side of the web for placing an electrical charge on the coated surface 10a.
  • the web 10 is then passed through the projection area 15 of a projection system 16 comprising a lamp 17, an image-bearing mask 18 and a lens 20 for projecting onto the coated and changed surface of the web the image or images of characters which are to be printed on the web. This neutralizes the charge on the coated surface in the image area.
  • the web 10 is then passed around a roller 22 and through an air gap 24 between a ground electrode 26 and ink-bearing drum 28 which dips into an ink supply 30 contained in a tray 32.
  • a doctor blade 33 is spaced from the drum to establish the desired ink film thickness as the drum rotates.
  • the drum 28 is conductive and is connected to a source of potential at terminal 34 so as to provide an electric field in the air gap 24 corresponding to the character image of the particular neutralized area on the web 10. This field provides for raising the ink bodily from the surface of the drum 28 in an unsupported column having the shape of the neutralized image area to form ink images on the coated surface of the web 10 corresponding to the neutralized image areas. Ink rupture results from the tensile forces set up as the ink drum and paper diverge.
  • a web of zinc oxide coated electrophotographic paper 10 (Bruning No. 32-15 55Premium Copy) has been used with a standard 3-wire corona unit having three 3-mil wires spaced approximately one-fourth of an inch from the web and charged to a potential on the order of -5,000 volts.
  • the lamp 17 comprised a type 1531A General Radio Stroboscopic Flash Unit.
  • the ground electrode 26 had a 60 degree included angle with a 10-n1il fiat surface at the apex, and with an ink film on the order of .0015 inch thick the air gap 24 was on the order of .0032 inch.
  • 600 volts applied to the ink drum 28 of stainless steel paper speed was six inches per second.
  • the air gap through which the liquid ink jumps may be as high as .0032 inch.
  • a 1% solution of any of the above in water provides, because of the amphoteric nature of the zinc oxide, a self-fixing action without the use of resin binders.
  • an electrostatic charge image can be written on dielectric materials or paper coated with a dielectric material, thus rendering the process useful for straight output printing. Images in general would no longer be produced by way of a projected image but would be produced by means of conductive rubber rollers containing raised characters for printing standard forms, or matrix type of write-heads applying electric pulses for printing variable information.
  • the deposited ink could then be transferred from the web to ordinary paper.
  • a non-absorbent photo-conductor such as selenium, or a zinc cadmium sulfide coating
  • carbon black ink which is essentially a colloidal suspension of 35% by weight of carbon black of a particle size '28 mu in water of which 61 grams were diluted to 1000 millimeters with demineralized water. While this ink is satisfactory on ordinary paper, on coated paper it tends to smear when used by itself since there is little or no soaking of the ink into the paper.
  • a resin binder such as polyvinyl alcohol can be added; to remedy this situation.
  • Approximately .25 of Du Pont Evanol 51-05 would be satisfactory.
  • Nonpolar liquids such as toluene or nitrile silicone could be used, but they do not jump the gap as rapidly as the water based solutions. Also their response times are affected somewhat by relative humidity unless polarizing particles such as colloids are used.
  • water soluble inks utilizing acid or basic dyestuifs may be readily attracted electrically to a selectivity charged coated web for providing clearly defined printed character images.
  • the use of a resin binder is avoided when zinc oxide coated paper is used with these dyes as they tenaciously cling to the paper due presumably to the amphoteric nature of the zinc oxide, and produce image fixation without the use of resin binders.
  • a method of printing comprising the steps of,
  • a method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the web comprising a photo-sensitive coated paper.
  • a method of printing as defined in claim 2 characterized by the photosensitive coating comprising a zinc oxide coating.
  • a method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by initially placing a substantially uniform charge on the coated surface and the charge in the image area being neutralized by projecting a light image on selected portions of the charged surface.
  • a method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the coated surface of the paper and the inkcoated drum having an air gap on the order of .0030
  • a method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the ink being a water-based solution.
  • a method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the ink comprising a colloidal suspension of carbon black in water.
  • a method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the ink comprising a solution in water of a dyestuif.
  • a method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the ink comprising a Water-based acid or basic dyestutr'.
  • a method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the attraction of an unsupported column of a water-based ink to a latent image area on a hydro- 40 phobic substrate.
  • a method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the coated surface of the web being amphoteric in nature so that either acid or basic dye inks can be used and the reaction therebetween obviates the necessity for a resin binder.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Printing Methods (AREA)
  • Wet Developing In Electrophotography (AREA)

Abstract

PRINTING IS EFFECTED BY FIRST PLACING AN ELECTRIC CHARGE OVER THE COATED SURFACE OF A ZINC OXIDE COATED WEB OF PAPER. THIS CHARGE IS NEUTRALIZED IN SELECTED IMAGE AREAS BY A PROJECTED LIGHT IMAGE. THE WEB IS THEN PASSED BETWEEN A GROUND ELECTRODE AND A SMOOTH INK BEARING CONDUCTIVE DRUM CHARGED TO A POTENTIAL ON THE ORDER OF THAT OF THE UNNEUTRALIZED PORTIONS. LIQUID INK FROM THE DRUM IS BODILY ATTRACTED FROM THE DRUM TO THE NEUTRALIZED IMAGE AREAS IN AN UNSUPPORTED COLUMN.

Description

Feb. 2, 1971 E. P. DAMM, JR I 3,560,204
PRINTING BY ELECTRICAL ATTRACTION OF INKS Filed Ngv. 7. 1966 INVENTOR EUGENE R DAMM JR.
BY U,
AT TORNE Y United States Patent Oflice Patented Feb. 2, 1971 3,560,204 PRINTING BY ELECTRICAL ATTRACTION OF INKS Eugene P. Damm, Jr., Poughkeepsie, N.Y., assignor to International Business Machines Corporation, Armonk N.Y., a corporation of New York Filed Nov. 7, 1966, Ser. No. 592,547 Int. Cl. G03g 13/10, 13/22 US. Cl. 96-1 11 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Printing is effected by first placing an electric charge over the coated surface of a zinc oxide coated web of paper. This charge is neutralized in selected image areas by a projected light image. The web is then passed between a ground electrode and a smooth ink bearing conductive drum charged to a potential on the order of that of the 'unneutralized portions. Liquid ink from the drum is bodily attracted from the drum to the neutralized image areas in an unsupported column.
Generally stated, it is an object of this invention to provide for an improved method of attraction for liquid ink printing.
More specifically it is an object of this invention to provide for using electrical attraction for attracting a liquid ink to the surface of a coated web.
Another object of the invention is to provide for placing an electrostatic charge on the coated surface of a web, neutralizing the charge in an image area, and then utilizing a relatively high voltage to provide a potential difference between the image area and an ink-bearing drum sufiicient for attracting a liquid ink bodily to the neutralized area.
Yet another object of this invention is to provide for using a water soluble acid or basic dyestuff as a self-fixing ink in an electrical printing process.
Still another object of the invention is to provide for using a photo-sensitive material coated paper as a base in a printing process and for electrically attracting a liquid ink to the coated surface of the paper in predetermined pattern areas.
It is also an object of the invention to provide for placing an electric charge on the zinc oxide coated surface of a Web, removing the charge from an image area of the coating and using an electrical potential for attracting a liquid water soluble dyestuff ink to the image area.
Another important object of the invention is to provide for placing negative electric charge on the zinc oxide coated surface of a paper web, neutralizing the charge in discrete image areas by exposing such areas to selected light images, and attracting a self-fixing Water soluble acid or basic dyestuff ink to the neutralized areas from a negatively charged ink drum.
Yet another important object of this invention is to provide in printing processes for establishing an image area on the surface of a coated web having a different surface charge than the surrounding area, and using an ink drum connected to a source of potential of a value sufficient to establish a field for raising an unsupported column of liquid ink to the surface of the Web in the shape of the image.
Another important object of the invention is to provide for using in a printing process water soluble ink solutions which are attracted to the coated surface of a web by an electrical image field.
In accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, electrostatic charge is placed on the coated surface of a zinc oxide coated web of paper. The charge is neutralized in selected image areas by projecting an image thereon by means of a beam of light passing through an image-bearing mask. The Web is thereupon passed between a ground electrode and an ink-bearing drum charged to a potential on the order of the remaining surface charge. The liquid ink is attracted bodily across the gap between the drum and Web in the image neutralized areas to provide well-defined character images with extremely low background effect.
The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following more particular description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying drawing.
In the drawing:
The single figure is a schematic diagram of apparatus for printing on a coated web according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
Referring to the drawing, the reference numeral 10 denotes generally a web of coated paper having for example a zinc oxide coating 10a on one side. The web 10 is passed between a 3-wire corona unit 12 positioned on the coated front side of the web in conjunction with a ground plate 14 on the back side of the web for placing an electrical charge on the coated surface 10a. The web 10 is then passed through the projection area 15 of a projection system 16 comprising a lamp 17, an image-bearing mask 18 and a lens 20 for projecting onto the coated and changed surface of the web the image or images of characters which are to be printed on the web. This neutralizes the charge on the coated surface in the image area. The web 10 is then passed around a roller 22 and through an air gap 24 between a ground electrode 26 and ink-bearing drum 28 which dips into an ink supply 30 contained in a tray 32. A doctor blade 33 is spaced from the drum to establish the desired ink film thickness as the drum rotates. The drum 28 is conductive and is connected to a source of potential at terminal 34 so as to provide an electric field in the air gap 24 corresponding to the character image of the particular neutralized area on the web 10. This field provides for raising the ink bodily from the surface of the drum 28 in an unsupported column having the shape of the neutralized image area to form ink images on the coated surface of the web 10 corresponding to the neutralized image areas. Ink rupture results from the tensile forces set up as the ink drum and paper diverge.
In practice, a web of zinc oxide coated electrophotographic paper 10 (Bruning No. 32-15 55Premium Copy) has been used with a standard 3-wire corona unit having three 3-mil wires spaced approximately one-fourth of an inch from the web and charged to a potential on the order of -5,000 volts. The lamp 17 comprised a type 1531A General Radio Stroboscopic Flash Unit. The ground electrode 26 had a 60 degree included angle with a 10-n1il fiat surface at the apex, and with an ink film on the order of .0015 inch thick the air gap 24 was on the order of .0032 inch. With 600 volts applied to the ink drum 28 of stainless steel, paper speed was six inches per second. The air gap through which the liquid ink jumps may be as high as .0032 inch. By varying experimental conditions printing speeds up to 60 inches per second were obtainable.
Using a zinc oxide coated paper, either acid or basic dyestuffs provides an excellent ink in a water solution. Examples are:
1 Similar to C. I. Acid Blue 127.
A 1% solution of any of the above in water provides, because of the amphoteric nature of the zinc oxide, a self-fixing action without the use of resin binders.
Most of the copying has been accomplished with a zinc oxide coated paper using negatives as the projection medium. However, positives can be used for copying, merely by electrically grounding the ink drum or by putting a potential on the drum opposite to that on the paper.
In line with the use of coated papers, an electrostatic charge image can be written on dielectric materials or paper coated with a dielectric material, thus rendering the process useful for straight output printing. Images in general would no longer be produced by way of a projected image but would be produced by means of conductive rubber rollers containing raised characters for printing standard forms, or matrix type of write-heads applying electric pulses for printing variable information.
By using a non-absorbent photo-conductor such as selenium, or a zinc cadmium sulfide coating, the deposited ink could then be transferred from the web to ordinary paper. This essentially is an off-set technique which permits the use of ordinary paper and the re-use of the conductor web.
Instead of using an acid or basic dyestutf and a water solution as the ink, carbon black ink has been used which is essentially a colloidal suspension of 35% by weight of carbon black of a particle size '28 mu in water of which 61 grams were diluted to 1000 millimeters with demineralized water. While this ink is satisfactory on ordinary paper, on coated paper it tends to smear when used by itself since there is little or no soaking of the ink into the paper. The addition of a resin binder such as polyvinyl alcohol can be added; to remedy this situation. Approximately .25 of Du Pont Evanol 51-05 would be satisfactory. Nonpolar liquids such as toluene or nitrile silicone could be used, but they do not jump the gap as rapidly as the water based solutions. Also their response times are affected somewhat by relative humidity unless polarizing particles such as colloids are used.
From the above description and the accompanying drawing, it will be seen that water soluble inks utilizing acid or basic dyestuifs may be readily attracted electrically to a selectivity charged coated web for providing clearly defined printed character images. The use of a resin binder is avoided when zinc oxide coated paper is used with these dyes as they tenaciously cling to the paper due presumably to the amphoteric nature of the zinc oxide, and produce image fixation without the use of resin binders.
While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to a preferred embodiment thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing and other changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A method of printing comprising the steps of,
producing an electric charge on predetermined areas of the coated surface of a web prior to development, and
then attracting ink as an unsupported column to uncharged portions of the coated surface by transversing the web between aground electrode and in spaced relation relative to a smooth ink-coated conductive drum rotating in the same direction as the web so as to provide a predetermined gap between the drum and the coated surface, said drum being connected to a potential source having a potential such as to provide a potential difference between the drum and said uncharged portions of the coated surface to attract ink from the drum thereto across said gap.
2. A method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the web comprising a photo-sensitive coated paper.
3. A method of printing as defined in claim 2 characterized by the photosensitive coating comprising a zinc oxide coating.
4. A method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by initially placing a substantially uniform charge on the coated surface and the charge in the image area being neutralized by projecting a light image on selected portions of the charged surface.
5. A method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the coated surface of the paper and the inkcoated drum having an air gap on the order of .0030
inch across which the ink is bodily attracted.
6. A method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the ink being a water-based solution.
7. A method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the ink comprising a colloidal suspension of carbon black in water.
8. A method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the ink comprising a solution in water of a dyestuif.
9. A method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the ink comprising a Water-based acid or basic dyestutr'.
10. A method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the attraction of an unsupported column of a water-based ink to a latent image area on a hydro- 40 phobic substrate.
11. A method of printing as defined in claim 1 characterized by the coated surface of the web being amphoteric in nature so that either acid or basic dye inks can be used and the reaction therebetween obviates the necessity for a resin binder.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,084,043 4/1963 Gundlach 96-1 3,232,190 2/1966 Willmott 96--1X 3,256,855 6/1966 Oliphant 117-37LX 3,383,209 5/1968 Cassiers et al. 96l.3 3,435,802 4/ 1969 Nail 117--93.4X
GEORGE F. LEsMEs, Primary Examiner C. E. VAN HORN, Assistant Examiner US. Cl. X.R. 117-37; 252-62.1
US592547A 1966-11-07 1966-11-07 Printing by electrical attraction of inks Expired - Lifetime US3560204A (en)

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CH (1) CH477027A (en)
DE (1) DE1597855A1 (en)
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Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3800744A (en) * 1971-12-22 1974-04-02 Xerox Corp Electrostatic latent image developing apparatus
US3889269A (en) * 1972-12-01 1975-06-10 Agfa Gevaert Ag Aqueous ink for use in the ink jet process
US3942266A (en) * 1973-03-05 1976-03-09 Xerox Corporation Method and apparatus for fixing toner images
US4043052A (en) * 1973-03-05 1977-08-23 Xerox Corporation Method and apparatus for fixing toner images
US4126711A (en) * 1974-09-24 1978-11-21 Xerox Corporation Charge pattern development method and apparatus
US4202913A (en) * 1976-04-13 1980-05-13 Philip A. Hunt Chemical Corp. Method for liquid development of latent electrostatic images
DE3006781A1 (en) * 1979-02-23 1980-08-28 Savin Corp METHOD AND COPIER FOR DEVELOPING LATEN CHARGE IMAGES
FR2454647A1 (en) * 1979-04-16 1980-11-14 Hunt Chem Corp Philip A LIQUID METHOD, APPARATUS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR DEVELOPING OR FORMING ELECTROSTATIC IMAGES
US4368669A (en) * 1981-01-02 1983-01-18 Milliken Research Corporation Method and apparatus for non-impact printing on barrier coated substrate
US4454833A (en) * 1983-07-25 1984-06-19 Xerox Corporation Liquid developer apparatus
US4478924A (en) * 1980-11-20 1984-10-23 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Process for transferring a pigment image using a spacer
US4733273A (en) * 1986-07-01 1988-03-22 Xerox Corporation Liquid developing apparatus
EP0458230A3 (en) * 1990-05-24 1993-08-25 Man Roland Druckmaschinen Ag Method and device for toning a ferroelectric material with a liquid film

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS51142963U (en) * 1975-05-09 1976-11-17

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3800744A (en) * 1971-12-22 1974-04-02 Xerox Corp Electrostatic latent image developing apparatus
US3889269A (en) * 1972-12-01 1975-06-10 Agfa Gevaert Ag Aqueous ink for use in the ink jet process
US3942266A (en) * 1973-03-05 1976-03-09 Xerox Corporation Method and apparatus for fixing toner images
US4043052A (en) * 1973-03-05 1977-08-23 Xerox Corporation Method and apparatus for fixing toner images
US4126711A (en) * 1974-09-24 1978-11-21 Xerox Corporation Charge pattern development method and apparatus
US4202913A (en) * 1976-04-13 1980-05-13 Philip A. Hunt Chemical Corp. Method for liquid development of latent electrostatic images
DE3006781A1 (en) * 1979-02-23 1980-08-28 Savin Corp METHOD AND COPIER FOR DEVELOPING LATEN CHARGE IMAGES
FR2454647A1 (en) * 1979-04-16 1980-11-14 Hunt Chem Corp Philip A LIQUID METHOD, APPARATUS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR DEVELOPING OR FORMING ELECTROSTATIC IMAGES
US4478924A (en) * 1980-11-20 1984-10-23 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Process for transferring a pigment image using a spacer
US4368669A (en) * 1981-01-02 1983-01-18 Milliken Research Corporation Method and apparatus for non-impact printing on barrier coated substrate
US4454833A (en) * 1983-07-25 1984-06-19 Xerox Corporation Liquid developer apparatus
US4733273A (en) * 1986-07-01 1988-03-22 Xerox Corporation Liquid developing apparatus
EP0458230A3 (en) * 1990-05-24 1993-08-25 Man Roland Druckmaschinen Ag Method and device for toning a ferroelectric material with a liquid film

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NL158944B (en) 1978-12-15
SE329770B (en) 1970-10-19
GB1177579A (en) 1970-01-14
NL6711950A (en) 1968-05-08
CH477027A (en) 1969-08-15
DE1597855A1 (en) 1970-08-20
JPS5010495B1 (en) 1975-04-22
FR1542890A (en)

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