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US3549273A - Blade for use in a fluid flow machine - Google Patents

Blade for use in a fluid flow machine Download PDF

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Publication number
US3549273A
US3549273A US775773A US3549273DA US3549273A US 3549273 A US3549273 A US 3549273A US 775773 A US775773 A US 775773A US 3549273D A US3549273D A US 3549273DA US 3549273 A US3549273 A US 3549273A
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United States
Prior art keywords
blade
root
blank
weld
fluid flow
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Expired - Lifetime
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US775773A
Inventor
Jack Raymond Bird
Rodney Trenchard Bryant
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Rolls Royce PLC
Imperial Metal Industries Kynoch Ltd
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Rolls Royce PLC
Imperial Metal Industries Kynoch Ltd
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Publication date
Application filed by Rolls Royce PLC, Imperial Metal Industries Kynoch Ltd filed Critical Rolls Royce PLC
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01DNON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12Blades
    • F01D5/28Selecting particular materials; Particular measures relating thereto; Measures against erosion or corrosion

Definitions

  • a gas turbine engine blade has its root and blade portions respectively made of difierent alloys having the same base metal such as niobium or titanium.
  • This invention concerns a blade for use in a fluid flow machine such, for example, as a gas turbine engine.
  • a fluid flow machine such, for example, as a gas turbine engine.
  • the blade may be a. turbine rotor blade although the invention is also applicable to compressor blades.
  • the term blade is, moreover, used in a wide sense as including nozzle guide vanes.
  • a turbine rotor blade is usually composed of two principal parts, namely a blade portion, against which the impelling gases impinge, and a root portion which anchors the blade to a support and transmits forces from the blade to the support.
  • Blades for gas turbine engines are usually produced by forging and machining suitable alloy material.
  • the choice of alloy for the blade has been a compromise to meet the operating conditions expected for both the root and blade portions, this compromise having regard, for example, to the nature of the impinging gases and to the operating temperatures and stresses.
  • the blade portion must be strong and must be subject to only a limited amount of creep deformation under high centrifugal stresses at elevated temperatures, and the blade portion, even when suitably coated, must be resistant to oxidation by the gases employed.
  • the root portion requires relatively high strength to withstand the high centrifugal bending and vibrational stresses imposed during operation, but is not subject to such high temperatures.
  • the root portion moreover, should also be oxidation-resistant so as to withstand the lower temperatures without it being necessary to provide it with an oxidation-resistant coatmg.
  • a blade for use in a fluid flow machine in which at least part of the root and blade portions of the blade are respectively made of different alloys.
  • the root portion and/or the blade portion may be made up of a number of parts which are respectively made of different alloys.
  • the immediately adjacent parts of the root and blade portions are respectively made of different alloys.
  • each of the alloys may be based upon a common metal.
  • each of the alloys may, for example, be a niobium based or a titanium based alloy.
  • the different parts of the blade are friction welded to each other.
  • the invention also comprises a method of making the said blade comprising welding together the root and blade portions of the blade, at least the adjacent parts of the root and blade portions being respectively made 3,549,273 Patented Dec. 22, 1970 of ditferent alloys having coetficients of expansion such as to prevent the blade from fracturing at the weld.
  • the invention additionally comprises a method of making the said blade comprising forming a weld between a root blank and a blade blank, and forging the blade with the said weld disposed substantially at the junction between the root and blade portions of the blade, at least the adjacent parts of the root and blade blanks being respectively made of different alloys having coeflicients of expansion such as to prevent the blade from fracturing at the weld.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view, partly in section, of a gas turbine engine provided with blades in accordance with the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one of the blades of the engine of FIG. 1,
  • FIG. 3 is a broken-away sectional view of two united blanks which may be used in the formation of a blade
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of the united blanks after they have been forged to produce a flattened cross section
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the position of a fracture in a tensile test piece formed from the united blank of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a gas turbine engine 10 having in flow series a compressor 11, combustion equipment 12, and a turbine 13, the turbine exhaust gases being directed to atmosphere through an exhaust duct 14.
  • the turbine 13 is provided with a rotor 15 which carries rotor blades 16.
  • each of the rotor blades 16 comprises a fir tree root portion 20 and a separate blade portion 21 which has been welded to the root portion 20 at a weld 22.
  • the root portion 20 and blade portion 21 are respectively made of different alloys which have coefiicients of expansion such as to prevent the blade 16 from fracturing at the weld 22.
  • each of the said alloys is preferably based upon a common metal, such as niobium.
  • the blade portion 20 may be made from a niobium based alloy containing 17% tungsten, 3.5% hafnium and 0.08% carbon (all these percentages being by weight), while the root portion 21 may be made of niobium based alloy containing 10% molybdenum and 10% titanium (all these percentages also being by weight).
  • only the immediately adjacent parts of the root and blade portions may be respectively made of the said different alloys, although preferably the whole of the root and blade portions are respectively made of the said different alloys.
  • both the root portion 20 and the blade portion 21 may, if desired, be made up of a number of parts which have been respectively made of different alloys.
  • each of the blades 16 may be made by forming a weld 22, e.g., a friction weld, between a root blank 23 and a blade blank 24 and forging the blade so that the finished blade has the weld 22 disposed substantially at the junction between the root portion 20 and blade portion 21 of the blade.
  • a weld 22 e.g., a friction weld
  • the blanks 23, 24 are placed coaxially in end-to-end relationship and one of them is held stationary while the other is rotated at high speed while forcing adjacent ends of the blanks together.
  • rotation of the rotating blank is stopped and the adjacent ends are forced together (e.g., under a load of 1.5 tons for blanks 23, 24 having a diameter of to produce the weld 22.
  • This also causes the formation of flash 25 from the softer alloy of the blank 24, and
  • FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate test pieces formed from the united blank.
  • the united blank after having been heated and maintained at .1300 C. in vacuum for one hour, was subsequently forged at 800 C. in air to produce the flattened cross section shown in FIG. 4. Examination of this united blank showed that the weld 22 was sound.
  • a standard tensile test bar 26 was machined from the united blank.
  • a tensile test at 450 C. produced failure at a stress of 29.3 tons per square inch at a point away from the weld 22, indicating that the weld 22 was stronger than the weaker of the parent alloys.
  • a turbine blade forged and machined from the united blank referred to above should not require special heat treatment nor the provision of a coating for its root portion. This is because of the strength and oxidation resistance which the root portion possesses below 600 C., while the blade portion has good stress rupture strength at blade operating temperatures.
  • a blade for use in a gas turbine engine comprising: a root portion and a blade portion united by a friction weld therebetween, said root portion and said blade por- 4 tion being made of different alloys, each of which is a niobium based alloy or a titanium based alloy, and the alloy of said base portion having a coeflicient of expansion compatible with the alloy of said blade portion whereby fracture of the friction weld is prevented.
  • a method of making a blade for use in a gas turbine engine at elevated temperatures and capable of withstanding high stresses, the blade having a root portion united to a blade portion by a weld which resists fracture comprising: forming a root blank of a niobium or titanium based alloy having a predeterminedacoefiicient of expansion, forming a blade blank of a dilferent niobium or titanium based alloy, but having a compatible coeflicient of expansion, friction welding the root blank to the blade blank to form the weld therebetween, and then forging the blade portion from the blade blank and forming a root portion from the root blank so as to dispose the friction weld therebetween.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)

Description

BLADE FOR USE IN A FLUID FLOW MACHINE Filed Nov. 14, 1968 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 FIG] .[zvnw ToRS I u: K Pay/M0010 3/120 7200MB fiE/Vc MR 0 QRMNT QMAMM, 4 M GMAW Arr n AIL- v5 Dec.22, 1970 ,R,B. ETAL 3,549,273 1 BLADE FOR USE IN A FLUID FLOW MACHINE Filed Nov. [14, 1968 v z Sheets-Sheet z I LKENTORS Jicx FAyMo/vp (BIRD Poo/v5) 7R EN6H/IRD BRyANT I Arro'ausys United States Patent 3,549,273 BLADE FOR USE IN A FLUID FLOW MACHINE Jack Raymond Bird, Chellaston, and Rodney Trenchard Bryant, Balsham, Cambridge, England, assignors to Imperial Metal Industries (Kynoch) Limited, Birmingham, England, and Rolls-Royce Limited, Derby, England, both British companies Filed Nov. 14, 1968, Ser. No. 775,773 Claims priority, application Great Britain, Nov. 16, 1967,
52,261/67 Int. Cl. Fold 5728 US. Cl. 416241 2 Claims ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A gas turbine engine blade has its root and blade portions respectively made of difierent alloys having the same base metal such as niobium or titanium.
This invention concerns a blade for use in a fluid flow machine such, for example, as a gas turbine engine. Thus, although the invention is not so restricted, the blade may be a. turbine rotor blade although the invention is also applicable to compressor blades. The term blade is, moreover, used in a wide sense as including nozzle guide vanes.
A turbine rotor blade is usually composed of two principal parts, namely a blade portion, against which the impelling gases impinge, and a root portion which anchors the blade to a support and transmits forces from the blade to the support.
Blades for gas turbine engines are usually produced by forging and machining suitable alloy material. The choice of alloy for the blade has been a compromise to meet the operating conditions expected for both the root and blade portions, this compromise having regard, for example, to the nature of the impinging gases and to the operating temperatures and stresses.
For example, the blade portion must be strong and must be subject to only a limited amount of creep deformation under high centrifugal stresses at elevated temperatures, and the blade portion, even when suitably coated, must be resistant to oxidation by the gases employed.
The root portion, on the other hand, requires relatively high strength to withstand the high centrifugal bending and vibrational stresses imposed during operation, but is not subject to such high temperatures. The root portion, moreover, should also be oxidation-resistant so as to withstand the lower temperatures without it being necessary to provide it with an oxidation-resistant coatmg.
According, therefore, to the present invention, there is provided a blade for use in a fluid flow machine in which at least part of the root and blade portions of the blade are respectively made of different alloys.
The root portion and/or the blade portion may be made up of a number of parts which are respectively made of different alloys.
Preferably the immediately adjacent parts of the root and blade portions are respectively made of different alloys.
Each of the alloys may be based upon a common metal. Thus each of the alloys may, for example, be a niobium based or a titanium based alloy.
The different parts of the blade are friction welded to each other.
The invention also comprises a method of making the said blade comprising welding together the root and blade portions of the blade, at least the adjacent parts of the root and blade portions being respectively made 3,549,273 Patented Dec. 22, 1970 of ditferent alloys having coetficients of expansion such as to prevent the blade from fracturing at the weld.
'The invention additionally comprises a method of making the said blade comprising forming a weld between a root blank and a blade blank, and forging the blade with the said weld disposed substantially at the junction between the root and blade portions of the blade, at least the adjacent parts of the root and blade blanks being respectively made of different alloys having coeflicients of expansion such as to prevent the blade from fracturing at the weld.
The invention is illustrated, merely by way of example, in the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view, partly in section, of a gas turbine engine provided with blades in accordance with the present invention,
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one of the blades of the engine of FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 is a broken-away sectional view of two united blanks which may be used in the formation of a blade,
FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic view of the united blanks after they have been forged to produce a flattened cross section, and
FIG. 5 illustrates the position of a fracture in a tensile test piece formed from the united blank of FIG. 4.
In FIG. 1 there is shown a gas turbine engine 10 having in flow series a compressor 11, combustion equipment 12, and a turbine 13, the turbine exhaust gases being directed to atmosphere through an exhaust duct 14.
The turbine 13 is provided with a rotor 15 which carries rotor blades 16.
As shown in FIG. 2, each of the rotor blades 16 comprises a fir tree root portion 20 and a separate blade portion 21 which has been welded to the root portion 20 at a weld 22. The root portion 20 and blade portion 21 are respectively made of different alloys which have coefiicients of expansion such as to prevent the blade 16 from fracturing at the weld 22.
Each of the said alloys is preferably based upon a common metal, such as niobium. Thus the blade portion 20 may be made from a niobium based alloy containing 17% tungsten, 3.5% hafnium and 0.08% carbon (all these percentages being by weight), while the root portion 21 may be made of niobium based alloy containing 10% molybdenum and 10% titanium (all these percentages also being by weight).
If desired, only the immediately adjacent parts of the root and blade portions may be respectively made of the said different alloys, although preferably the whole of the root and blade portions are respectively made of the said different alloys.
Alternatively, both the root portion 20 and the blade portion 21 may, if desired, be made up of a number of parts which have been respectively made of different alloys.
As illustrated diagrammatically in FIG. 3, each of the blades 16 may be made by forming a weld 22, e.g., a friction weld, between a root blank 23 and a blade blank 24 and forging the blade so that the finished blade has the weld 22 disposed substantially at the junction between the root portion 20 and blade portion 21 of the blade.
In order to effect the said friction weld, the blanks 23, 24 are placed coaxially in end-to-end relationship and one of them is held stationary while the other is rotated at high speed while forcing adjacent ends of the blanks together. When a sufliciently high temperature has been generated, rotation of the rotating blank is stopped and the adjacent ends are forced together (e.g., under a load of 1.5 tons for blanks 23, 24 having a diameter of to produce the weld 22. This also causes the formation of flash 25 from the softer alloy of the blank 24, and
there may also be some flash (not shown) from the harder alloy. This flash is then removed and the united blank so produced is then forged to produce the final blade.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate test pieces formed from the united blank. Thus in FIG. 4 the united blank, after having been heated and maintained at .1300 C. in vacuum for one hour, was subsequently forged at 800 C. in air to produce the flattened cross section shown in FIG. 4. Examination of this united blank showed that the weld 22 was sound.
Moreover, as shown in FIG. 5, a standard tensile test bar 26 was machined from the united blank. A tensile test at 450 C. produced failure at a stress of 29.3 tons per square inch at a point away from the weld 22, indicating that the weld 22 was stronger than the weaker of the parent alloys.
A turbine blade forged and machined from the united blank referred to above should not require special heat treatment nor the provision of a coating for its root portion. This is because of the strength and oxidation resistance which the root portion possesses below 600 C., while the blade portion has good stress rupture strength at blade operating temperatures.
We claim:
1. A blade for use in a gas turbine engine, the blade being subjected to elevated temperatures and capable of withstanding high stresses when in use and comprising: a root portion and a blade portion united by a friction weld therebetween, said root portion and said blade por- 4 tion being made of different alloys, each of which is a niobium based alloy or a titanium based alloy, and the alloy of said base portion having a coeflicient of expansion compatible with the alloy of said blade portion whereby fracture of the friction weld is prevented.
2. A method of making a blade for use in a gas turbine engine at elevated temperatures and capable of withstanding high stresses, the blade having a root portion united to a blade portion by a weld which resists fracture, the steps comprising: forming a root blank of a niobium or titanium based alloy having a predeterminedacoefiicient of expansion, forming a blade blank of a dilferent niobium or titanium based alloy, but having a compatible coeflicient of expansion, friction welding the root blank to the blade blank to form the weld therebetween, and then forging the blade portion from the blade blank and forming a root portion from the root blank so as to dispose the friction weld therebetween.
References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,948,793 2/1934 Lewis 25377(M)UX 2,019,329 10/1935 Warren 29--156.8
2,807,435 9/1957 Howlett et a1. 25377(M) FOREIGN PATENTS 535,229 4/1941 Great Britain 159(M) 696,715 9/ 1953 Great Britain 416-223 EVERETTE A. POWELL, JR., Primary Examiner
US775773A 1967-11-16 1968-11-14 Blade for use in a fluid flow machine Expired - Lifetime US3549273A (en)

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GB52261/67A GB1209478A (en) 1967-11-16 1967-11-16 A method of making a blade for use in a fluid flow machine

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3768147A (en) * 1971-12-20 1973-10-30 Gen Electric Method of friction welding
US3847203A (en) * 1971-06-22 1974-11-12 Secr Defence Method of casting a directionally solidified article having a varied composition
US3982854A (en) * 1971-12-20 1976-09-28 General Electric Company Friction welded metallic turbomachinery blade element
US4921405A (en) * 1988-11-10 1990-05-01 Allied-Signal Inc. Dual structure turbine blade
US20100071352A1 (en) * 2008-09-25 2010-03-25 Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh Variable exhaust gas deflector
US20170268378A1 (en) * 2016-03-16 2017-09-21 MTU Aero Engines AG Adjustable guide vane for turbomachine
EP3238868A1 (en) * 2016-04-27 2017-11-01 MTU Aero Engines GmbH Method for producing a rotor blade for a fluid flow engine
US20180154479A1 (en) * 2016-12-07 2018-06-07 MTU Aero Engines AG Method for producing a blade for a turbomachine

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4265023A (en) * 1979-04-23 1981-05-05 United Technologies Corporation Turbine blade growth measuring apparatus and method
CA1187531A (en) * 1981-03-26 1985-05-21 Ernest P. Garratt Composite threaded tubular connector
US5161950A (en) * 1989-10-04 1992-11-10 General Electric Company Dual alloy turbine disk
GB2271816B (en) * 1992-10-23 1995-07-05 Rolls Royce Plc Linear friction welding of blades

Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1948793A (en) * 1932-05-24 1934-02-27 Aluminum Ind Inc Method of making valves
US2019329A (en) * 1933-09-30 1935-10-29 Gen Electric Method of making turbine buckets
GB535229A (en) * 1939-10-23 1941-04-02 High Duty Alloys Ltd Improvements in and relating to airscrew blades
GB696715A (en) * 1951-02-07 1953-09-09 Metro Cutanit Ltd Improvements in blades for gas turbines and method of manufacture thereof
US2807435A (en) * 1951-06-12 1957-09-24 Fairchild Engine & Airplane Turbine stator blade

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1948793A (en) * 1932-05-24 1934-02-27 Aluminum Ind Inc Method of making valves
US2019329A (en) * 1933-09-30 1935-10-29 Gen Electric Method of making turbine buckets
GB535229A (en) * 1939-10-23 1941-04-02 High Duty Alloys Ltd Improvements in and relating to airscrew blades
GB696715A (en) * 1951-02-07 1953-09-09 Metro Cutanit Ltd Improvements in blades for gas turbines and method of manufacture thereof
US2807435A (en) * 1951-06-12 1957-09-24 Fairchild Engine & Airplane Turbine stator blade

Cited By (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3847203A (en) * 1971-06-22 1974-11-12 Secr Defence Method of casting a directionally solidified article having a varied composition
US3768147A (en) * 1971-12-20 1973-10-30 Gen Electric Method of friction welding
US3982854A (en) * 1971-12-20 1976-09-28 General Electric Company Friction welded metallic turbomachinery blade element
US4921405A (en) * 1988-11-10 1990-05-01 Allied-Signal Inc. Dual structure turbine blade
US20100071352A1 (en) * 2008-09-25 2010-03-25 Fev Motorentechnik Gmbh Variable exhaust gas deflector
US8418449B2 (en) * 2008-09-25 2013-04-16 Fev Gmbh Variable exhaust gas deflector
US20170268378A1 (en) * 2016-03-16 2017-09-21 MTU Aero Engines AG Adjustable guide vane for turbomachine
EP3238868A1 (en) * 2016-04-27 2017-11-01 MTU Aero Engines GmbH Method for producing a rotor blade for a fluid flow engine
US20170314401A1 (en) * 2016-04-27 2017-11-02 MTU Aero Engines AG Method for producing a blade for a turbomachine
US10526902B2 (en) 2016-04-27 2020-01-07 MTU Aero Engines AG Method for producing a blade for a turbomachine
US20180154479A1 (en) * 2016-12-07 2018-06-07 MTU Aero Engines AG Method for producing a blade for a turbomachine
US10583521B2 (en) * 2016-12-07 2020-03-10 MTU Aero Engines AG Method for producing a blade for a turbomachine

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FR1591831A (en) 1970-05-04
DE1808975B2 (en) 1970-12-03
GB1209478A (en) 1970-10-21
DE1808975A1 (en) 1969-08-07

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