US3310396A - High-temperature corrosion-resistant austenitic steel - Google Patents
High-temperature corrosion-resistant austenitic steel Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US3310396A US3310396A US374177A US37417764A US3310396A US 3310396 A US3310396 A US 3310396A US 374177 A US374177 A US 374177A US 37417764 A US37417764 A US 37417764A US 3310396 A US3310396 A US 3310396A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- corrosion
- silicon
- niobium
- steel
- lead oxide
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 26
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims description 26
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 title description 17
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 title description 17
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 26
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(2+);methyl n-[[2-(methoxycarbonylcarbamothioylamino)phenyl]carbamothioyl]carbamate;n-[2-(sulfidocarbothioylamino)ethyl]carbamodithioate Chemical compound [Mn+2].[S-]C(=S)NCCNC([S-])=S.COC(=O)NC(=S)NC1=CC=CC=C1NC(=S)NC(=O)OC WPBNNNQJVZRUHP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 6
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 24
- 229910000464 lead oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxolead Chemical compound [Pb]=O YEXPOXQUZXUXJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 5
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004580 weight loss Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- MRMOZBOQVYRSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethyllead Chemical group CC[Pb](CC)(CC)CC MRMOZBOQVYRSEM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 206010037660 Pyrexia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 229910000963 austenitic stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000567 combustion gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002611 lead compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
- C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
Definitions
- austenitic stainless steel having good corrosion-resistant properties at high temperatures, and characterized in that they include, in addition to iron, carbon, a major proportion of chromium, some manganese and nickel, a small proportion of nitrogen as well as silicon.
- a typical range of compositions for such austenitic steels may be given as follows: carbon 0.5-0.7%; chromium -22%; manganese 712%; nickel 3-5 nitrogen 0.5%; and silicon 0.45%.
- An increase of the silicon content also results in improving the resistance to oxidation of said steels, at high temperatures, in the air and combustion-gases free from lead-compounds, and allowing the obtention of a clean molten metal, the forgeability of which is much improved.
- Objects of this invention include the provision of an improved steel composition which will exhibit excellent mechanical and chemical resistance characteristics at high 3,3l0,39 Patented Mar. 21, 1967 temperatures and especially in the presence of lead oxides whether in the solid or the liquid phase; and hence to provide improved corrosion-resistant steels highly suitable for the manufacture of various parts of internal combustion engines, such as exhaust valves, in the automotive, aircraft and related fields.
- the niobium content added to the austenitic steels referred to above is between 0.1 and 1%.
- the experimental work underlying this invention has brought to light the unexpected fact that the addition of as little as 0.2% or even less niobium into an austenitic steel composition of the specified type having a relatively high silicon content, brings about a marked decrease in the corrosion rate of the steel at high temperatures, in a medium of lead oxide molten at 915 C., while retaining or even improving the other requisite characteristics of the steel including its mechanical strength as well as its chemical resistance to molten lead oxide and other'corrosive and/ or oxidizing agents as may be present e.g. in the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, over the whole operative temperature range involved.
- An improved steel composition according to the invention may comprise the following formulation by weight, in addition to iron and the usual impurities in the usually accepted ranges:
- compositions which has shown especially successful results and is hence preferred according to the invention is the following, again by Weight and in addition to iron and the usual impurities:
- test batches Nos. 1, 2 and 3 were not formulated in accordance with the teachings of the invention, whereas batches Nos. 4, 5 and 6 were. 1t will likewise be seen that of the three control samples Nos. 1, 2 and 3, samples Nos. 1 and 2 had a low silicon content (0.25%) and accordingly showed a low weight loss in molten lead oxide.
- the low silicon content in these samples resulted in poor performance from other standpoints, including relatively low resistance to oxidation and poor forging characteristics, so that in spite of the apparently good results of the molten lead oxide corrosion tests shown in the table, the parts were comparatively unsatisfactory.
- Test parts Nos. 4, 5 and 6 made in accordance with the teachings of the invention all contained the same high silicon content of 0.60% as in control par-t No. 3, and contained increasing proportions of niobium. It will be seen that the degree of corrosion of the metal in molten lead oxide decreased as a direct function of the increase in niobium content, and that in test part No. 6 containing 0.60% Nb, the corrosion was almost as low as in control sample No. 2, containing only 0.25% Si and 0.40%Nb. Even in test part No. 4 containing only 0.20% Nb, the corrosion was twice as low as in sample No. 3 containing the same amount of silicon but no niobium. At the same time all of the test samples Nos. 4 through 6 made in accordance with the invention exhibited the high allaround characteristics due to the high silicon content therein, including freedom from oxides and blowholes, grain fineness and toughness, good forgeability, and high corrosion resistance especially to lead oxide at high temperatures.
- a corrosion-resistant composition of austenitic steel consisting essentially of, by weight, substantially 0.4- 08% carbon, 18-23% chromium, 712% manganese, 25% nickel, 0.2-05% nitrogen, OAS-0.80% silicon, and from about 0.1 to about l.0% niobium, the balance being substantially iron.
- An austenitic steel composition consisting essentially of substantially 0.4-0.8% carbon, 1-8-23% chromium, 7l2% manganese, 25% nickel, 0.2-0.5% nitrogen, OAS-0.80% silicon, and from about 0.1 to about 1.0% niobium, all by weight, the balance being substantially iron, and characterized by its high corrosion resistance properties in the presence of both solid and molten lead oxide, at high temperatures.
- a high temperature corrosion-resistant austenitic steel composition consisting essentially of substantially 0.500.65% carbon, 20-22% chromium, 8ll% manganese, 3.04.5% nickel, 0.32-0.38% nitrogen, 05-06% silicon, and from about 0.2 to about 0.6% niobium by weight, the balance being substantially iron.
- Exhaust valve for use in an internal combustion engine composed of a high-temperature corrosionresistant austenitic steel consisting essentially of substantially 0.40:8% carbon, l8-23% chromium, 7-l2% manganese, 2-5 nickel, 0.2-0.5% nitrogen, OAS-0.80% silicon, and from about 0.1 to about 1.0% niobium, all by weight, the balance being substantially iron.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
Description
United States Patent 5 Claims. 231. 75-123 This invention relates to corrosion-resistant austenitic steels possessing improved mechanical and chemical resistance properties at high temperatures. The invention is more specially though not exclusively directed to such steels having improvedcorrosion-resistant characteristics in the presence of lead oxide and which will consequently be highly suitable for use in the construction of certain parts of internal combustion engines, including especially the exhaust valves thereof, which are liable to be exposed to the combustion products of lead tetraethyl as present in high-grade present-day fuels.
In recent years there have been developed grades of austenitic stainless steel having good corrosion-resistant properties at high temperatures, and characterized in that they include, in addition to iron, carbon, a major proportion of chromium, some manganese and nickel, a small proportion of nitrogen as well as silicon. A typical range of compositions for such austenitic steels may be given as follows: carbon 0.5-0.7%; chromium -22%; manganese 712%; nickel 3-5 nitrogen 0.5%; and silicon 0.45%.
While it would be desirable to increase the silicon content in such a steel in order to improve its hightemperature oxidation resistance in air and also improve the characteristics of the molten metal especially as to freedom from blowholes, fineness and toughness of grain, and hence its forgeability, tests have shown that an increase in silicon content considerably lowers the chemical resistance of the resulting steel compositions in the presence of molten lead oxides at high temperatures. This is a major inconvenience in cases where the steel is used in the construction of certain parts of internal combustion engines for automobiles and aircraft, which in service are exposed to the lead oxide produced in the combustion of anti-knock fuels containing lead tetraethyl. The lead oxide is frequently present in molten form in certain parts of the engine at a temperature of 915 C., and it has been found that under these conditions the resulting corrosion resistance of the steel drops drastically with an increase of the silicon content therein. Thus, when the silicon content in a steel of the exemplary composition given above is increased from 0.19 to 0.41%, the weight loss on exposure to molten lead oxide rises from 3.53 to 15.85%. Higher percentages of silicon are accompanied by even higher percentages of weight loss in the presence of molten lead oxide.
On the other hand, it has been found that in the presence of lead oxide at a temperature below the melting point thereof, at a temperature of, for instance, 750 C., the corrosion resistance of the steel would actually be increased with an increase in silicon content beyond the range indicated above.
An increase of the silicon content also results in improving the resistance to oxidation of said steels, at high temperatures, in the air and combustion-gases free from lead-compounds, and allowing the obtention of a clean molten metal, the forgeability of which is much improved.
Objects of this invention include the provision of an improved steel composition which will exhibit excellent mechanical and chemical resistance characteristics at high 3,3l0,39 Patented Mar. 21, 1967 temperatures and especially in the presence of lead oxides whether in the solid or the liquid phase; and hence to provide improved corrosion-resistant steels highly suitable for the manufacture of various parts of internal combustion engines, such as exhaust valves, in the automotive, aircraft and related fields.
In accordance with the invention, it has been found that in austenitic steels of the type referred to, it becomes possible to increase considerably the silicon content therein with the consequent beneficial results indicated above, provided there is added to the steel composition a small but significant amount of a highly oxidizable element, specifically niobium.
Preferably, the niobium content added to the austenitic steels referred to above is between 0.1 and 1%.
The experimental work underlying this invention has brought to light the unexpected fact that the addition of as little as 0.2% or even less niobium into an austenitic steel composition of the specified type having a relatively high silicon content, brings about a marked decrease in the corrosion rate of the steel at high temperatures, in a medium of lead oxide molten at 915 C., while retaining or even improving the other requisite characteristics of the steel including its mechanical strength as well as its chemical resistance to molten lead oxide and other'corrosive and/ or oxidizing agents as may be present e.g. in the exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine, over the whole operative temperature range involved.
An improved steel composition according to the invention may comprise the following formulation by weight, in addition to iron and the usual impurities in the usually accepted ranges:
Percent Carbon 0.4-0.8 Chromium 18-23 Nickel 2.0-5.0 Manganese 7-12 Nitrogen 0.2-0.5 Silicon 0.45-0.80 Niobium 0.1-1.0
A range of compositions which has shown especially successful results and is hence preferred according to the invention is the following, again by Weight and in addition to iron and the usual impurities:
Percent Carbon 0.50-0.65 Chromium 20-22 Nickel 3.0-4.5 Manganese 8.0-11.0 Nitrogen 0.32-0.38 Silicon 5.5-0.6 Niobium 02-06 Percent Fe usual impurities about 63.40-64.60 C 0.55 Cr 21.0 Mn 9.50 Ni 4.00 N 0.35
Total weight Test. batch, No. Added Si, Added Nb, loss in molten percent percent lead oxide at 915 C percent 0. 25 0. 1. 0 0. 0. O. 8 0. (i0 0. O0 3. 2 0. 0. 20 1. 6 0. 60 0. 40 1. 2 0. 60 0. 60 1. 0
It will be noted from the above table that the test batches Nos. 1, 2 and 3 were not formulated in accordance with the teachings of the invention, whereas batches Nos. 4, 5 and 6 were. 1t will likewise be seen that of the three control samples Nos. 1, 2 and 3, samples Nos. 1 and 2 had a low silicon content (0.25%) and accordingly showed a low weight loss in molten lead oxide. As will be understood however from earlier explanat-ions, the low silicon content in these samples resulted in poor performance from other standpoints, including relatively low resistance to oxidation and poor forging characteristics, so that in spite of the apparently good results of the molten lead oxide corrosion tests shown in the table, the parts were comparatively unsatisfactory. In test sample No. 3, it was attempted to overcome these defects through a marked increase in the silicon content, herein 0.60%, though without any niobium addition. Immediately the degree of corrosion of the part in molten lead oxide was found to increase by a factor of more than three, specifically was 3.2%.
Test parts Nos. 4, 5 and 6 made in accordance with the teachings of the invention all contained the same high silicon content of 0.60% as in control par-t No. 3, and contained increasing proportions of niobium. It will be seen that the degree of corrosion of the metal in molten lead oxide decreased as a direct function of the increase in niobium content, and that in test part No. 6 containing 0.60% Nb, the corrosion was almost as low as in control sample No. 2, containing only 0.25% Si and 0.40%Nb. Even in test part No. 4 containing only 0.20% Nb, the corrosion was twice as low as in sample No. 3 containing the same amount of silicon but no niobium. At the same time all of the test samples Nos. 4 through 6 made in accordance with the invention exhibited the high allaround characteristics due to the high silicon content therein, including freedom from oxides and blowholes, grain fineness and toughness, good forgeability, and high corrosion resistance especially to lead oxide at high temperatures.
What is claimed is:
1. A corrosion-resistant composition of austenitic steel consisting essentially of, by weight, substantially 0.4- 08% carbon, 18-23% chromium, 712% manganese, 25% nickel, 0.2-05% nitrogen, OAS-0.80% silicon, and from about 0.1 to about l.0% niobium, the balance being substantially iron.
2. An austenitic steel composition consisting essentially of substantially 0.4-0.8% carbon, 1-8-23% chromium, 7l2% manganese, 25% nickel, 0.2-0.5% nitrogen, OAS-0.80% silicon, and from about 0.1 to about 1.0% niobium, all by weight, the balance being substantially iron, and characterized by its high corrosion resistance properties in the presence of both solid and molten lead oxide, at high temperatures.
3. A high temperature corrosion-resistant austenitic steel composition consisting essentially of substantially 0.500.65% carbon, 20-22% chromium, 8ll% manganese, 3.04.5% nickel, 0.32-0.38% nitrogen, 05-06% silicon, and from about 0.2 to about 0.6% niobium by weight, the balance being substantially iron.
4. Cast article for use as a part of an internal combustion engine and composed of a high-temperature corrosion-resistant austenitic steel consisting essentially of substantially 04-08% carbon, 1823% chromium, 7- 12% manganese, 25% nickel, 0.2-0.5% nitrogen, 0.45 0.80% silicon, and from about 0.1 to about 1.0% niobium, all by weight, the balance being substantially iron.
5. Exhaust valve for use in an internal combustion engine, composed of a high-temperature corrosionresistant austenitic steel consisting essentially of substantially 0.40:8% carbon, l8-23% chromium, 7-l2% manganese, 2-5 nickel, 0.2-0.5% nitrogen, OAS-0.80% silicon, and from about 0.1 to about 1.0% niobium, all by weight, the balance being substantially iron.
References Cited by the Examiner UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,225,730 12/1940 Armstrong -l28 3,149,965 9/1964 Jennings 75-128 FOREIGN PATENTS 3.812.814 7/1963 Jana-n.
HYLAND BIZOT, Primary Examiner.
P. WEINSTEIN, Assistant Examiner.
Claims (1)
1. A CORROSION-RESISTANT COMPOSITION OF AUSTENITIC STEEL CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF, BY WEIGHT, SUBSTANTIALLY 0.40.8% CARBON, 18-23% CHROMIUM, 7-12% MANGANESE, 2-5% NICKEL, 0.2-0.5% NITROGEN, 0.45-0.80% SILICON, AND FROM ABOUT 0.1 TO ABOUT 1.0% NIOBIUM, THE BALANCE BEING SUBSTANTIALLY IRON.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR938626A FR1369572A (en) | 1963-06-19 | 1963-06-19 | Improvements made to austenitic steels with a view to improving their resistance to high temperatures |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3310396A true US3310396A (en) | 1967-03-21 |
Family
ID=8806409
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US374177A Expired - Lifetime US3310396A (en) | 1963-06-19 | 1964-06-10 | High-temperature corrosion-resistant austenitic steel |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US3310396A (en) |
| FR (1) | FR1369572A (en) |
| NL (1) | NL6406953A (en) |
| SE (1) | SE302047B (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3401036A (en) * | 1967-08-11 | 1968-09-10 | Crucible Steel Co America | Valve steel |
| US3527600A (en) * | 1966-12-10 | 1970-09-08 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Corrosion resistant,heat resisting valve steel |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE58908200D1 (en) * | 1988-02-25 | 1994-09-22 | Trw Motorkomponenten Gmbh & Co | Hard alloy. |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2225730A (en) * | 1939-08-15 | 1940-12-24 | Percy A E Armstrong | Corrosion resistant steel article comprising silicon and columbium |
| US3149965A (en) * | 1956-10-31 | 1964-09-22 | Armco Steel Corp | Valve steel |
-
1963
- 1963-06-19 FR FR938626A patent/FR1369572A/en not_active Expired
-
1964
- 1964-06-10 US US374177A patent/US3310396A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1964-06-17 SE SE7463/64A patent/SE302047B/xx unknown
- 1964-06-18 NL NL6406953A patent/NL6406953A/xx unknown
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2225730A (en) * | 1939-08-15 | 1940-12-24 | Percy A E Armstrong | Corrosion resistant steel article comprising silicon and columbium |
| US3149965A (en) * | 1956-10-31 | 1964-09-22 | Armco Steel Corp | Valve steel |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3527600A (en) * | 1966-12-10 | 1970-09-08 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Corrosion resistant,heat resisting valve steel |
| US3401036A (en) * | 1967-08-11 | 1968-09-10 | Crucible Steel Co America | Valve steel |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| NL6406953A (en) | 1964-12-21 |
| FR1369572A (en) | 1964-08-14 |
| SE302047B (en) | 1968-07-01 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| EP0016225B1 (en) | Use of an austenitic steel in oxidizing conditions at high temperature | |
| US3337331A (en) | Corrosion resistant steel alloy | |
| JPS6128738B2 (en) | ||
| US2495731A (en) | Stainless steel resistant to leaded fuels at high temperatures | |
| US5202088A (en) | Ferritic heat-resisting cast steel and a process for making the same | |
| US3171738A (en) | Austenitic stainless steel | |
| US4767597A (en) | Heat-resistant alloy | |
| US3310396A (en) | High-temperature corrosion-resistant austenitic steel | |
| US2857266A (en) | High temperature resistant alloys | |
| US2891858A (en) | Single phase austenitic alloy steel | |
| JPS5864359A (en) | Heat resistant cast steel | |
| US3834901A (en) | Alloy composed of iron,nickel,chromium and cobalt | |
| US2496247A (en) | High-temperature article | |
| US3459538A (en) | Corrosion resistant low-alloy steel | |
| US2177454A (en) | Alloy steel for internal combustion valves or valve elements | |
| JPS5914099B2 (en) | Duplex stainless steel with excellent hot workability and local corrosion resistance | |
| US3681058A (en) | Low-nickel valve steel | |
| CN107937826B (en) | Stainless steel having excellent oxidation resistance at high temperature | |
| JPS6335758A (en) | Oxide dispersion strengthened high manganese austenitic steel | |
| JPH03236448A (en) | Cr-ni series heat resistant steel | |
| CA1044924A (en) | Austenitic castable high temperature alloy | |
| US3993475A (en) | Heat resisting alloys | |
| US2496245A (en) | Internal-combustion engine valve | |
| SE516583C2 (en) | Austenitic stainless steel with good oxidation resistance | |
| US2163561A (en) | Chrome steel alloy valve element |