US3384567A

US3384567A - Electrolyte guide member

Info

Publication number: US3384567A
Application number: US501643A
Authority: US
Inventors: James D Andrews; Walter C Kunz
Original assignee: General Electric Co
Current assignee: General Electric Co
Priority date: 1965-10-22
Filing date: 1965-10-22
Publication date: 1968-05-21
Anticipated expiration: 1985-05-21
Also published as: SE333438B; DE1565553A1; NL6608162A; DE1565553C3; GB1147952A; BE712508A; NL150406B; CH475363A; DE1565553B2; US3489544A; US3556758A

Description

May 21, 1968 J, D, ANDREWS ET AL 3,384,567

ELECTROLYTE GUIDE MEMBER 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Filed Oct. 22, 1965 irrazx/f/ May 21, 1968 J. D. ANDREWS ET ELECTROLYTE GUIDE MEMBER 3 Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Oct. 22, 1965 3 Sheets-Sheet 5 INVENTO Ji/Iffj a i/meiz i g BY W4 7i? 6. Km z 25 569% 4f7 IfA/i[-- J. D. ANDREWS ET AL ELEOTROLYTE-GUIDE MEMBER May 21, 1968 Filed Oct. 22, 1965 United States Patent 3,384,567 ELECTROLYTE GUIDE MEMBER James D. Andrews and Walter C. Kunz, Cincinnati, Ohio, assignors to General Electric Company, a corporation of New York Filed Oct. 22, 1965, Ser. No. 501,643 3 Claims. (Cl. 204-279) This invention relates to electrolytic material removal and, more particularly, to a guide member for directing electrolyte toward a workpiece and to a method and apparatus for making such member.

In general, the electrolytic material removal process involves a cathodic tool which cooperates with an anodic workpiece through an electrolyte contacting both the tool and the workpiece. As electric current is made to flow through the electrolyte, material is removed to deplated from the electrically conductive workpiece. One form of the electrolytic material removal process is more fully described in copending application Ser. No. 474,833, filed July 26, 1965 and assigned to the assignee of the present invention. This method form involves projecting a continuous stream of cathodically charged electrolyte toward an anodic workpiece to remove relatively small, selected portions of the workpiece material. This form can be used to produce very small diameter cavities, slots or holes in a workpiece because the cathode which charges the electrolyte can be maintained external to the workpiece. Therefore, only the cathodically charged electrolyte need be guided appropriately toward the workpiece under proper conditions to allow electrolytic material removal to pro ceed.

The accurate control and dimensional repeatability in a workpiece or groups of workpieces of small dimensioned cavities such as holes of less than about 0.05" diameter, depends on the uniformity and accuracy of means used to guide or direct the charged electrolyte toward or into the workpiece. In one form, such an electrolyte guide means or member comprises a capillary tube made of an electrical non-conductor such as glass. The material is drawn or formed into a nozzle having a capillary end portion. Although the art of drawing, stretching or otherwise shaping of supercooled liquids such as glasses is well known and broadly reported upon, it was found that it was very difficult to control accurately the size, concentricity, dimensions and, in general, the overall quality of fine capillary glass tubes using known technology.

Therefore a principal object of this invention is to provide an improved method for producing accurate and uniform members to guide cathodically charged electrolyte toward an anodic workpiece for use in an electrolytic ma terial removal process.

Another object is to provide an improved apparatus for producing such accurately dimensioned electrolyte guide members.

Still a further object is to provide an improved guide member having an outside diameter of less than about 0.06 and of specific shape and wall thickness to provide improved and efficient operation.

These and other objects and advantages will be more readily understood from the following detailed description and examples which are meant to be exemplary of rather than any limitation on the scope of this invention.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 is a fragmentary sectional view of the electrolyte guide member in which a cathode has been placed;

FIG. 2 is a partially diagrammatic representation of the apparatus of the present invention prior to operation;

FIGS. 3 and 4 are views of a portion of the apparatus of FIG. 2 at various stages of operation;

FIG. 5 is a view of a modified form of the apparatus of "ice FIG. 2 including means to cut the guide member to an appropriate length;

FIG. 6 is a fragmentary sectional view of a glass tube before drawing;

FIG. 7 is a fragmentary sectional View of a guide member drawn from the tube of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a partially sectional view of a guide member particularly shaped for producing a side branch in an existing hole; and

FIG. 9 is a graphical presentation of typical calibration data for two types of apparatus.

The electrolyte guide member of the present invention in one form is a dielectric hollow member having walls which define a small bore or capillary portion at one end terminating in a working tip. The capillary portion has a wall thickness of no more than about 0.0020" and is of a length sufiicient to penetrate a desired distance into or through the workpiece. The capillary portion has an inside diameter sufficiently large to provide an electrolyte stream capable of producing the size cavity desired. Its outside diameter is selected to allow electrolyte to flow from the cavity being produced. If the outside diameter is greater than about 0.06", the process in which this member is used is less efficient than other material removal methods. However, when the wall thickness of such a capillary portion is greater than 0.0020", the metal removal rate is greatly reduced. A body portion of larger overall dimensions and which can act as an electrolyte reservoir joins the capillary portion through a transition section generally of varying wall thickness. The transition section together with the capillary portion are sometimes referred to in this specification as the nozzle. Thus the guide member includes a capillary portion of 0.06" or less outside diameter with the wall thickness of 0.0020" or less.

The starting material used in the improved method of making the guide member is a hollow tube of a dielectric material, such as a supercooled liquid which is solid at room temperature. The material most frequently used in the evaluation of this invention is a tube of a borosilicate type .of glass. The tube is rotated while there is applied a tube stretching force, preferably of fixed magnitude, axially along the tube. The tube stretching force is less than that force which will produce plastic deformation in the tube at room temperature. As the force is applied, a selected portion of the tube is heated at a first heating rate to soften that portion sufficiently to allow the tube stretching force to elongate the tube to a first axial length. The elongation of the tube results in the formation of a necked-down or double nozzle area at the area of heat application between the ends of the tubes. After this first axial length has been reached, the selected portion of the tube can be heated at a second heating rate which is less than the first heating rate. The second heating rate slows the rate of elongation to more accurately control further lengthening of the reduced area portion of the tube. When a second axial length has been reached, which is greater than the first axial length, application of heat is terminated. The tube is continued to be rotated until the tube has cooled sufficiently to terminate elongation. Application of the tube stretching force is then stopped. A capillary portion thus produced between the two ends of the tube is joined with the remainder of the tube through a pair of transition sections, one on each end of the capillary portion. If only one of the transition sections or portions was heated, the transition sections will not be of the same shape. In such case, the one which joins that portion of the tube to which the tube stretching force was applied generally is less desirable. The capillary poition is cut at a selected point and the undesirable transition section and attached tube is then discarded. The remaining portion including a capillary end portion joined to the remainder of the tube through a transition portion is an electrolyte guide member, the original tube end and the nozzle end of which can be trimmed further to a desired length.

The improved apparatus which can be used in the practice of the above method includes tube holding means, means to apply a tube stretching force to the tube, means to rotate the tube, sensing means to measure the length of the tube and heating means, responsive to the sensing means, capable of applying a plurality of heating conditions to a selected portion of the tube between the ends of the tube.

The improved electrolyte guide member, shown generally at 2% in FIG. 1 includes a capillary portion 22 joined with a body portion 24 larger in dimensions and internal volume by a transition section 26. Because in this example the capillary portion is made integral with the body portion in accordance with the method of this invention, the transition section is funnel-shaped. Capillary portion 22 includes working tip 28 the walls of which define an opening 30 from which charged electrolyte is emitted in a stream toward the workpiece. Within body portion 24 can be included a cathode 32 such as in the form of the metal tube shown in FIG. 1. The capillary portion 22 has a wall thickness W of 0.0020" or less. The capillary portion C is of a length sufiicient to give direction to an electrolyte which is charged by passing over cathode 32 and is of sufiicient length to penetrate a required distance into a workpiece or through a workpiece if such type of operation is planned. The transition section generally has an axial length T which is at least 0.15 in order to allow for a smooth transition from the body portion 24 to the capillary portion 22.

The method aspect of the present invention by which the electrolyte guide member of FIG. 1 is made, assures uniformity of wall thickness and the uniform circular cross section of the capillary portion. This controlled geometry assures repeatability of the size and shape of the cavity to be produced. Uniformity of guide members, one to the other, in the production of such articles as plates through which plastic filaments are drawn is significant to the quality of the final product.

In this method, and through the use of the apparatus shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5, a tube 34 of a dielectric material such as glass is rotated by a rotatable tube holding means such as chuck 36 driven by motor 38. The rotation of motor 38 is initiated by switch 40 controlling the flow of power from a power source, not shown, As the tube is rotated, a tube stretching force of a magnitude less than that which will produce plastic deformation of t the tube at room temperatureis applied to one end of the tube 34 such as by weight 42 clamped to one end of the tube prior to the start of rotation.

A heating means such as a tube furnace 44 which in FIGS. 2-5 is hollow and through which the tube projects, is positioned to heat a selectedportion of the tube from which the transition section 26 and capillary portion 22 shown in FIG. 1 are to be formed. Switch 41 initiates current flow to the furnace. The selected portion of the tube can be subjected to a variety of heating conditions through the use of variable transformer 45 controlling power to furnace 44. This controls elongation of the necked-down portion 22 in FIG. 3 which results from a combination of tube stretching force 42 and the heat applied from the heating means or furnace. The heating means 44 is responsive to the total amount of elongation of tube 34. For example, as weight 42 passes between light source 48 and photosensitive element 50, which together form an electric eye mechanism, light beam 52 is broken. This interrupts the flow of electrical current to solenoid 54 which is arranged or biased to withdraw from contact points 56, causing the current passing through transformer 58 to flow through that portion of the circuit including variable resistance 46. In this way the heat applied to tube at 22 by heating means or furnace 44 is reduced or controlled further.

After the reduction in heat application as shown in FIG. 3, tube 34 continues to elongate in capillary portion 22 and transition section 26. However, the elongation is at a slower rate because resistance 46 reduces the rate of heat applied by means or furnace 44. Elongation continues until. a second light beam 50 shown in FIG. 3 between

elements

62 and 64 of a second electric eye is broken as shown in FIG. 4. This causes solenoid 66 to break contact with connection 68 turning off heating means 44. Rotating capillary portion 22 in FIG. 5 continues to elongate until its temperature falls below that point at which tube stretching force or weight 42 no longer can produce plastic deformation of the tube material. If desired, the capillary portion 22 can then be cut while still held in rotating chuck 36 by a cutting means such as a glass scoring tool mounted in a holder 70. This separates portion 22a from 22b. Portion 22b and its attached transition and tube portion is then discarded and portion 22a with its associated transition and tube portion is removed from the holding means 36. Portion 22a which is the electrolyte guide member of the present invention, can be further sized as desired for use. By adjusting the amount and duration of heat applied for each selected tube size, the dimensions of electrolyte guide members can be closely controlled.

The accurate use of the apparatus shown in FIGS. 2 through 5 depends on the apparatus being calibrated for each size tubing used. Calibration includes understanding results from variation in conditions such as furnace temperature, furnace size, spacing between electric eye centers which controls heating rates, tube stretching force, and the like. A summary of typical calibration data for two sets of conditions tested is shown in FIG. 9. In the particular calibrations from which the data of FIG. 9 was obtained, a weight of 0.05 pound to act as a tube stretching force was secured to the tubing at a point above the upper electric eye centerline shown as 52 in the drawing. The tube was rotated at a speed of about 10 r.p.m. under the conditions listed in FIG. 9.

From the data of FIG. 9, it can be seen that once the apparatus is calibrated, an operator can determine the type of operating conditions best suited to make a guide member of a desired size. For example, the apparatus and conditions producing the curve shown in solid in FIG. 9 are more suitable for the manufacture of larger diameter guide members whereas those producing the broken line curve in FIG. 9 are more suitable for manufacturing smaller diameter guide members. Note how the broken linecurve tends to flatten out after the distance between electric eye centerlines is arranged at about 5" or more.

Example 1 In one typical statistical evaluation of the quality and reproducibility of guide members, 82 of such members were made and studied. The tubing used was 0.1197 OD. x 0.083 I.D. Kimble KG 33 borosilicate glass having a strain or softening point of 515 C. The aim was to produce a capillary portion in the range of 0.0054"i0.0002" LB. with a wall thickness of 0.0020" or less. Using the method and apparatus of the present invention, all of the 82 members were within these limits. From a statistical or quality control viewpoint this is within six sigma limits which means that in at least 99.7% of the cases, the member will fall within the desired limits. The furnace used in this example was a tube furnace heated by 5 turns of #18 B&S gage uncovered Ni-Cr wire. The first heating rate was for 1 min. 20 sec. at 15.7 amps and the second heating rate was 22 seconds at 13.5 amps. The voltage was 10 volts and the tube was rotating at 10 rpm.

As was mentioned above, a critical feature of the guide member of the present invention is that the wall thickness shown as W in FIG. 1 is maintained at 0.0020 or less. The walls of the capillary 'portion 22 of the guide member are required to direct a stream of charged electrolyte from a cathode 32 through opening 30 in working tip 28 toward the workpiece. As the working tip penetrates the surface of the workpiece, the walls of the capillary portion become an obstruction to the flow of electrolyte out of the cavity being produced. Therefore, the rate at which the electrolyte guide member is fed toward and into the workpiece depends upon the rate at which the cavity is being produced to allow electrolyte to flow into and out of the cavity in the workpiece. It has been recognized unexpectedly that if the wall thickness of the capillary portion is greater than about 0.0020" the feed rate must be reduced by about half in order to produce a desired cavity. The following example will more clearly illustrate this unusual occurrence.

Example 2 A nickel base superalloy having a nominal composition, by weight, of 15% Cr; 3.25% Ti; 0.025% B; 4.25% Al; 17% Co; 5% Mo; 0.015% (max) C with the balance nickel and incidental impurities wa used as a workpiece in an electrolytic material removal process through which it was desired to produce a hole having a diameter of about 0.033". An electrolyte guide member of the type shown in FIG. 1 was made so that the capillary portion 22 had a length C of 0.600" with an opening diameter 30 of 0.020" and a wall thickness of 0.0025. With the working tip 28 maintained at a distance of 0.014 from the workpiece surface and with a potential of 600 volts, a current of 1.2 amps was made to pass through an electrolyte. The electrolyte, which was under a pressure of 50 p.s.i.g., was an aqueous solution of sulfuric acid at a concentration of 172 grams per liter. The maximum allowable rate at which the guide member could be fed toward the workpiece without contacting the workpiece was 0.080, per minute. Under these same conditions, using a capillary portion 22 having a wall thickness reduced from 0.0025" to 0.0020" with the other dimensions unchanged, a feed rate of 0.120 per minute was allowable to produce the same size hole. Thus reduction in the wall thickness to 0.0020 from 0.0025" results in a substantial increase in metal removal rate as evidenced by the increase in maximum allowable feed rate from 0.080" to 0.120" per minute.

In the evaluation of the present invention, it has been found that the ratio of the inside diameter to the outside diameter in the capillary portion of the tube 22 of the nozzle closely approximates the ratio of the inside diameter to the outside diameter of the raw tubing. This similarity makes it possible to predict the wall thickness in the drawn portion of the nozzle for a given tube size. Tubing of a particular outside diameter can be preselected r can be prepared such as by centerless grinding to produce a given wall thickness in the finished capillary portion. Thus in order to prepare an electrolyte guide member having a particular wall thickness and of a particular size, raw tubing as shown at 72 in FIG. 6 can be ground or otherwise reduced in outside diameter at a portion 74 so that a guide member as shown in FIG. 7 of a selected wall thickness and size can be produced according to the method of the present invention.

The guide member of the present invention can be used to produce cavities or holes through the side wall of larger holes or depressions in a workpiece such as is shown in FIG. 8 by bending the capillary portion of the guide member to direct the working tip 30 of the capillary portion 22 at a side wall 76 of workpiece 80.

Although the present invention has been described in connection with some specific examples and conditions, it will be recognized by those skilled in the art, the variations and modifications of which the present invention is capable. It is intended by the appended claims to cover all such equivalent variations and modifications.

- What is claimed is:

1. An electrolyte guide member for use in electrolytic material removal to direct a stream of charged electrolyte toward a workpiece, the guide member including:

a hollow capillary portion of a dielectric material terminating in an open working tip from which the charged electrolyte stream flows,

the capillary portion having an outside diameter of no greater than 0.06" and a maximum wall thickness of 00020", a hollow body portion of a dielectric material having an inside diameter substantially greater than that of said capillary and joined to said body portion through an intermediate, funnel shaped transition portion, and an electrode extending into said hollow body adapted to be connected to an electrical source.

2. The electrolyte guide member of claim 1 in which the dielectric material is glass.

3. The guide member of claim 1 in which the cathode is tubular.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,416,929 5/1922 Bailey 204-143 XR 2,937,124 5/1960 Vaughn 204---143 OTHER REFERENCES Micromachining with Virtual Electrodes, The Review of Scientific Instruments vol. 26, No. 10, October 1955. pp. 965-968.

Elektrolytische Formgebung von harten metallischen Gegonstanden, Zeitschrift fiir Metallkunde, vol. 16, pp. 132133, April 1924. Copy in 204-143.

HOWARD S. WILLIAMS, Primary Examiner.

D. R. JORDAN, Assistant Eramincr.

Claims

1. AN ELECTROLYTE GUIDE MEMBER FOR USE IN ELECTROLYTIC MATERIAL REMOVAL TO DIRECT A STREAM OF CHARGED ELECTROLYTE TOWARD A WORKPIECE, THE GUIDE MEMBER INCLUDING: A HOLLOW CAPILLARY PORTION OF A DIELECTRIC MATERIAL TERMINATING IN AN OPEN WORKING TIP FROM WHICH THE CHARGED ELECTROLYTE STREAM FLOWS, THE CAPILLARY PORTION HAVING AN OUTSIDE DIAMETER OF NO GREATER THAN 0.06" AND A MAXIMUM WALL THICKNESS OF 0.0020", A HOLLOW BODY PORTION OF A DIELECTRIC MATERIAL HAVING AN INSIDE DIAMETER SUBSTANTIALLY GREATER THAN THAT OF SAID CAPILLARY AND JOINED TO SAID BODY PORTION THROUGH AN INTERMEDIATE, FUNNEL SHAPED TRANSITION PORTION, AND AN ELECTRODE EXTENDING INTO SAID HOLLOW BODY ADAPTED TO BE CONNECTED TO AN ELECTRICAL SOURCE.