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US3161551A - Ammonium nitrate-containing emulsion sensitizers for blasting agents - Google Patents

Ammonium nitrate-containing emulsion sensitizers for blasting agents Download PDF

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US3161551A
US3161551A US101352A US10135261A US3161551A US 3161551 A US3161551 A US 3161551A US 101352 A US101352 A US 101352A US 10135261 A US10135261 A US 10135261A US 3161551 A US3161551 A US 3161551A
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water
ammonium nitrate
emulsion
weight
blasting agents
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US101352A
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Richard S Egly
Albert E Neckar
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ENERGY SCIENCES & CONSULTANTS Inc A CORP OF MN
Commercial Solvents Corp
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Commercial Solvents Corp
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Assigned to ENERGY SCIENCES & CONSULTANTS, INC., A CORP. OF MN. reassignment ENERGY SCIENCES & CONSULTANTS, INC., A CORP. OF MN. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: INTERNATIONAL MINERALS & CHEMICAL CORPORATION, A CORP. OF N.Y.
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
    • C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
    • C06B47/145—Water in oil emulsion type explosives in which a carbonaceous fuel forms the continuous phase

Definitions

  • Oxygen supplying salts such as ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and potassium nitrate are widely employed as constituents of blasting agents.
  • Ammonium nitrate is considered a blasting material alone; however, it is too insensitive by itself to be initiated readily or to sustain suiiicient propagation. It is necessary therefore, in order to be able to use ammonium nitrate as a blasting agent, to incorporate other materials with the ammonium nitrate for sensitization.
  • sensitizers To produce highly eflicient ammonium nitrate blasting agents, sensitizers must be used which not only provide complete sensitization of each ammonium nitrate particle by covering the entire surface area of the particle but also fill all spaces in between each particle to give added density to the blasting agent both thereby providing increased blast hole pressure, increased power, more complete control, uniformity, and predictability for each blasting operation.
  • the sensitizer in order to enable ammonium nitrate to be used under conditions Where Water is present such as in wet bore holes, it is necessary that the sensitizer provide maximum resistance to water. Water resistance is necessary because the sensitiveness of the ammonium nitrate is altered by the presence of water thus adversely altering the uniformity of its performance.
  • the object of our invention is to produce improved sensitizers for use with oxygen-supplying salts, such as ammonium nitrate, which not only intimately cover each particle of ammonium nitrate and complete fill spaces in between the various particles of ammonium nitrate so as to give greater density to the blasting agent but have good resistance to water thereby enabling them to be used under conditions wherein water is present.
  • oxygen-supplying salts such as ammonium nitrate
  • Emulsions having the above composition when thoroughly mixed with ammonium nitrate in amounts of about one part by weight of emulsion to about 4 to 0.5 parts by weight of ammonium nitrate, produce sensitized blasting agents having an oxygen balance of from about to about l0%. These blasting agents can then be satisfactorily employed under a wide variety of situations including those calling for a water resistant blasting agent.
  • oxygen balance is well known in the explosive art and is defined as 100 times the ratio obtained by dividing the difference between the weight of oxygen actually present and the weight of the oxygen needed to completely oxidize the elements of the composition by the total weight of the composition.
  • the emulsions of our invention can be formed by any suitable means.
  • One such means consists of forming a mixture of from about 4 to about 20 parts by weight of an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate containing from about 60 to about ammonium nitrate by weight with one part by weight of a sensitized liquid organic compound having a low solubility in water which contains small amounts of an emulsifier capable of forming water in oil emulsions and agitating the thus formed mixture until the desired water in oil emulsion is obtained.
  • the organic compounds which can be utilized in our invention must of themselves be sensitizers for oxygen supplying salts, they must be liquid, and they must have a low solubility in water, generally less than 5%.
  • organic compounds can be individually used in the emulsion or mixtures of two or more of them may be utilized. Included among these organic compounds are hydrocarbon fuel oils, tall oil, long chain fatty acids such as oleic acid, nitroalkanes such as 2-nitropropane, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, nitro-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as nitrobenzene, etc., and the like. It is necessary, as above stated, to use small amounts of an emulsifier in order to form an emulsion of desired stability. Any emulsifier which is hydrophobic in nature and will form Water in oil emulsions is suitable for use in our invention.
  • emulsifiers which are operative in our invention are included the oxazolines such as 4,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-heptadecyl-2-oxazoline and 4-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl l-heptadecyl-2-oxazoline, salts of long chain fatty acids such as calcium oleate, magnesium oleate, aluminum oleate, and calcium stearate, sorbitan esters such as polyoxyethylenesorbitanmonooleate, and sorbitan sesquioleate, and ethylene oxide condensates of fatty acids.
  • oxazolines such as 4,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-heptadecyl-2-oxazoline and 4-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl l-heptadecyl-2-oxazoline
  • salts of long chain fatty acids such as calcium oleate, magnesium oleate, aluminum oleate, and calcium stearate
  • sorbitan esters such as polyoxyethylenesorb
  • aqueous ammonium nitrate and liquid organic sensitizers are meant to compose the major part of our emulsions
  • Additives which can be used for these purposes include tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane, sodium nitrate, urea, hydroxyethylcellulose, urea nitrate, etc., and the like.
  • One of the important features of my new invention is the fact that it can be used in wet bore holes without being placed in a sealed bag or cartridge.
  • solid ammonium nitrate can be dropped into the hole and the sensitized emulsion can be poured into the hole to completely cover the ammonium nitrate particles and fill the spaces in between each particle.
  • the continuous phase of the emulsion is an organic compound with little solubility for or in water thus. aiding prevention of contact of water with the ammonium nitrate to be sensitized.
  • Another important feature of our invention is that our sensitizing emulsion compounds are heavier than water thus causing them to force water out ofwet bore holes thereby further preventing contact of water with the ammonium nitrate to be sensitized.
  • Emulsion A Emulsion B capable of forming a water in oil emulsion, the said mixture having an oxygen balance ranging from about to about 10%.
  • a blasting agent comprising a mixture of from about 0.5 to about 4 parts by Weight of a solid oxygen supplying salt selected from the group consisting of ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and potassium nitrate and about 1 part by weight of an emulsion containing from about 50 to about 70% ammonium nitrate, from about to about 35 water, and from about 5 to about of a sensitizing liquid organic compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon fuel oil, long-chain fatty acids, nitroalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrosubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons, said sensitizing liquid organic compound having a solubility of less than 5% in Water, and from about 1 to about 3% of a hydrophobic emulsifier selected from the group consisting of oxazolines, salts of long-chain fatty acids, sorbitan esters, and ethylene oxide condensates of fatty acids, the mixture having an oxygen balance ranging from about +10% to about 10%.
  • composition of claim 2 wherein the oxygen supplying salt is ammonium nitrate.
  • composition of claim 2 wherein the emulsifier is an oxazoline selected from the group consisting of 4,4 bis (hydroxymethyD-l-heptadecyl-Z-oxazoline and 4-methyl-4-hydroxymet-hyl-1-heptadecyl-2-oxazoline.
  • a sensitizer in emulsion form for blasting agents comprising from about 50 to about 70% ammonium nitrate, from about 15 to about water, and from about 5 to about 20% of a sensitizing liquid organic compound having a solubility of less than 5% in water and from about 1 to about 5% of a hydrophobic emulsifier capable of forming a water in oil emulsion.
  • a sensitizer in emulsion form of the water-in-oil type for blasting agents comprising from about 50 to about ammonium nitrate, from about 15 to about 35% water, and from about 5 to about 20% of a scnsitizing liquid organic compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon fuel oil, long-chain fatty acids, nitroalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitro-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, said sensitizing liquid organic compound having a solubility of less than 5% in water, and from about 1 to about 3% of a hydrophobic emulsifier selected from the group consisting of oxazolines, salts of long-chain fatty acids, sorbitan esters, and ethylene oxide condensates of fatty acids.
  • composition of claim 6 wherein the emulsifier is an oxazoline selected from the group consisting of 4,4- bis(hydroxymethyl -l-heptadecyl-Z-oxazoline and 4-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1-heptadecyl-2-oxazoline.
  • a blasting agent comprising a mixture of from about 0.5 to 4 parts by weight of a solid oxygen supplying salt selected from the group consisting of ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate and about 1 part by Weight of an emulsion containing from about 50 to about 70% ammonium nitrate, from about 15 to about 35% water, and from about 5 to about 20% of a sensitizing liquid organic compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon fuel oil, long chain fatty acids, nitroalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, said sensitizing liquid organic compound has a solubility of less than 5% in water, and from about 1 to 5% of a hydrophobic emulsifier capable of forming a water-in-oil emulsion, the said mixture having an oxygen balance ranging from about +10% to about 10%.
  • a solid oxygen supplying salt selected from the group consisting of ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and potassium
  • a sensitizer in emulsion form for blasting agents comprising from about 50 to about 70% ammonium nitrate, from about 15 to about 35% water, and from about 5 to about 20% of a sensitizing liquid organic compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon fuel oil, long chain fatty acids, nitroalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, said sensitizing liquid organic compound has a solubility of less than 5% in water, and from about 1 to about 5% of a hydrophobic emulsifier capable of forming a water-in-oil emulsion.
  • a sensitizer as defined in claim 5 further including from about 1 to about 25% tris(hydroxymethyl)nitro methane.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)

Description

United States Patent 3,161,551 AMMONIUM NlTRATE-CONTAINING EMULSIGN SENSITIZERS FOR BLASTING AGENTS Richard S. Egly, West Terre Haute, and Albert E. Neekar, Terre Haute, ind, assignors to Commercial Solvents Corporation, New York, N.Y.', a corporation of Maryland No Drawing. Filed Apr. 7, 1961, Ser. No. 101,352 15 Claims. (Cl. 149-45) Our invention relates to blasting agents. More particularly our invention relates to sensitizers for blasting agents in emulsion form.
Oxygen supplying salts such as ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and potassium nitrate are widely employed as constituents of blasting agents. Ammonium nitrate is considered a blasting material alone; however, it is too insensitive by itself to be initiated readily or to sustain suiiicient propagation. It is necessary therefore, in order to be able to use ammonium nitrate as a blasting agent, to incorporate other materials with the ammonium nitrate for sensitization. To produce highly eflicient ammonium nitrate blasting agents, sensitizers must be used which not only provide complete sensitization of each ammonium nitrate particle by covering the entire surface area of the particle but also fill all spaces in between each particle to give added density to the blasting agent both thereby providing increased blast hole pressure, increased power, more complete control, uniformity, and predictability for each blasting operation. In addition, in order to enable ammonium nitrate to be used under conditions Where Water is present such as in wet bore holes, it is necessary that the sensitizer provide maximum resistance to water. Water resistance is necessary because the sensitiveness of the ammonium nitrate is altered by the presence of water thus adversely altering the uniformity of its performance.
None of the known compositions previously used as sensitizers for oxygen supplying salts such as ammonium nitrate have proven entirely satisfactory for broad general use due to their failure to concurrently satisfy the requirements previously named.
The object of our invention is to produce improved sensitizers for use with oxygen-supplying salts, such as ammonium nitrate, which not only intimately cover each particle of ammonium nitrate and complete fill spaces in between the various particles of ammonium nitrate so as to give greater density to the blasting agent but have good resistance to water thereby enabling them to be used under conditions wherein water is present.
We have now found that the foregoing objects are accomplished by forming water in oil emulsions containing from about 50 to about 70% by weight of ammonium nitrate, from about 15 to about 35% water, and from about 5 to about 20% of a liquid organic sensitizer which has low solubility in water. The term oil as used herein is synonymous with liquid organic sensitizers. Emulsions having the above composition, when thoroughly mixed with ammonium nitrate in amounts of about one part by weight of emulsion to about 4 to 0.5 parts by weight of ammonium nitrate, produce sensitized blasting agents having an oxygen balance of from about to about l0%. These blasting agents can then be satisfactorily employed under a wide variety of situations including those calling for a water resistant blasting agent.
The term oxygen balance is well known in the explosive art and is defined as 100 times the ratio obtained by dividing the difference between the weight of oxygen actually present and the weight of the oxygen needed to completely oxidize the elements of the composition by the total weight of the composition.
The emulsions of our invention can be formed by any suitable means. One such means consists of forming a mixture of from about 4 to about 20 parts by weight of an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate containing from about 60 to about ammonium nitrate by weight with one part by weight of a sensitized liquid organic compound having a low solubility in water which contains small amounts of an emulsifier capable of forming water in oil emulsions and agitating the thus formed mixture until the desired water in oil emulsion is obtained. The organic compounds which can be utilized in our invention must of themselves be sensitizers for oxygen supplying salts, they must be liquid, and they must have a low solubility in water, generally less than 5%. The thus defined organic compounds can be individually used in the emulsion or mixtures of two or more of them may be utilized. Included among these organic compounds are hydrocarbon fuel oils, tall oil, long chain fatty acids such as oleic acid, nitroalkanes such as 2-nitropropane, aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, nitro-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons such as nitrobenzene, etc., and the like. It is necessary, as above stated, to use small amounts of an emulsifier in order to form an emulsion of desired stability. Any emulsifier which is hydrophobic in nature and will form Water in oil emulsions is suitable for use in our invention. Among the emulsifiers which are operative in our invention are included the oxazolines such as 4,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-heptadecyl-2-oxazoline and 4-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl l-heptadecyl-2-oxazoline, salts of long chain fatty acids such as calcium oleate, magnesium oleate, aluminum oleate, and calcium stearate, sorbitan esters such as polyoxyethylenesorbitanmonooleate, and sorbitan sesquioleate, and ethylene oxide condensates of fatty acids. Generally we have found that about 13% by weight of emulsifier provides suitable stable emulsions. However, it is sometimes necessary in order to provide an emulsion stable over long periods of time to utilize up to 5% by weight of emulsifier.
While aqueous ammonium nitrate and liquid organic sensitizers are meant to compose the major part of our emulsions, We can include from about 1 to about 25% of additives to increase the sensitivity of the emulsion, lower the freezing point, increase the density, increase the viscosity, and add oxidizing or reducing potential to the emulsion composition. Additives which can be used for these purposes include tris(hydroxymethyl)nitromethane, sodium nitrate, urea, hydroxyethylcellulose, urea nitrate, etc., and the like.
One of the important features of my new invention is the fact that it can be used in wet bore holes without being placed in a sealed bag or cartridge. Thus, solid ammonium nitrate can be dropped into the hole and the sensitized emulsion can be poured into the hole to completely cover the ammonium nitrate particles and fill the spaces in between each particle. One important feature of the emulsion is that the continuous phase of the emulsion is an organic compound with little solubility for or in water thus. aiding prevention of contact of water with the ammonium nitrate to be sensitized. Another important feature of our invention is that our sensitizing emulsion compounds are heavier than water thus causing them to force water out ofwet bore holes thereby further preventing contact of water with the ammonium nitrate to be sensitized.
The following are representative emulsions coming within the scope of our invention.
l-heptadecyl-4,4-bis(hydroxymethyl) il-oxazoline 2.0
Ammonium nitrate 60.0 Water 16.2 Benzene 20.8 l-heptadecylAA-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxazoline 2.5 Hydroxyethylc'ellulose a 0.5
v The following table shows the oxygen balance of blasting agents using the above-described emulsifiers with ammoniu'm nitrate.
Table I ANzEmulsion Ratio Emulsion A Emulsion B capable of forming a water in oil emulsion, the said mixture having an oxygen balance ranging from about to about 10%.
2. A blasting agent comprising a mixture of from about 0.5 to about 4 parts by Weight of a solid oxygen supplying salt selected from the group consisting of ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, and potassium nitrate and about 1 part by weight of an emulsion containing from about 50 to about 70% ammonium nitrate, from about to about 35 water, and from about 5 to about of a sensitizing liquid organic compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon fuel oil, long-chain fatty acids, nitroalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitrosubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons, said sensitizing liquid organic compound having a solubility of less than 5% in Water, and from about 1 to about 3% of a hydrophobic emulsifier selected from the group consisting of oxazolines, salts of long-chain fatty acids, sorbitan esters, and ethylene oxide condensates of fatty acids, the mixture having an oxygen balance ranging from about +10% to about 10%.
3. The composition of claim 2 wherein the oxygen supplying salt is ammonium nitrate.
4. The composition of claim 2 wherein the emulsifier is an oxazoline selected from the group consisting of 4,4 bis (hydroxymethyD-l-heptadecyl-Z-oxazoline and 4-methyl-4-hydroxymet-hyl-1-heptadecyl-2-oxazoline.
5. A sensitizer in emulsion form for blasting agents comprising from about 50 to about 70% ammonium nitrate, from about 15 to about water, and from about 5 to about 20% of a sensitizing liquid organic compound having a solubility of less than 5% in water and from about 1 to about 5% of a hydrophobic emulsifier capable of forming a water in oil emulsion.
6. A sensitizer in emulsion form of the water-in-oil type for blasting agents comprising from about 50 to about ammonium nitrate, from about 15 to about 35% water, and from about 5 to about 20% of a scnsitizing liquid organic compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon fuel oil, long-chain fatty acids, nitroalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, and nitro-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, said sensitizing liquid organic compound having a solubility of less than 5% in water, and from about 1 to about 3% of a hydrophobic emulsifier selected from the group consisting of oxazolines, salts of long-chain fatty acids, sorbitan esters, and ethylene oxide condensates of fatty acids.
7. The composition of claim 6 wherein the emulsifier is an oxazoline selected from the group consisting of 4,4- bis(hydroxymethyl -l-heptadecyl-Z-oxazoline and 4-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1-heptadecyl-2-oxazoline.
8. A blasting agent comprising a mixture of from about 0.5 to 4 parts by weight of a solid oxygen supplying salt selected from the group consisting of ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate and about 1 part by Weight of an emulsion containing from about 50 to about 70% ammonium nitrate, from about 15 to about 35% water, and from about 5 to about 20% of a sensitizing liquid organic compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon fuel oil, long chain fatty acids, nitroalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, said sensitizing liquid organic compound has a solubility of less than 5% in water, and from about 1 to 5% of a hydrophobic emulsifier capable of forming a water-in-oil emulsion, the said mixture having an oxygen balance ranging from about +10% to about 10%.
9. A sensitizer in emulsion form for blasting agents comprising from about 50 to about 70% ammonium nitrate, from about 15 to about 35% water, and from about 5 to about 20% of a sensitizing liquid organic compound selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbon fuel oil, long chain fatty acids, nitroalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons, said sensitizing liquid organic compound has a solubility of less than 5% in water, and from about 1 to about 5% of a hydrophobic emulsifier capable of forming a water-in-oil emulsion.
10. The compound of claim 8 wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene.
11. The compound of claim 9 wherein the aromatic hydrocarbon is benzene.
12. The compound of claim 8 wherein the nitrosubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon is nitro benzene.
13. The compound of claim 9 wherein the nitro-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon is nitro benzene.
14. A blasting agent as defined in claim 1 wherein said emulsion contains from about 1 to about 25% tris(hydroxymethyl) nitromethane.
15. A sensitizer as defined in claim 5 further including from about 1 to about 25% tris(hydroxymethyl)nitro methane.
References @itetl in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,063,572 Woodbury et a1 Dec. 8, 1936 2,345,582 Carey Apr. 4, 1944 2,768,073 Davidson Oct. 23, 1956 2,860,041 Griffith Nov. 11, 1958 2,930,685 Cook et al Mar. 29, 1960

Claims (1)

1. A BLASTING AGENT COMPRISING A MIXTURE OF FROM ABOUT 0.5 TO 4 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF A SOLID INORGANIC OXYGEN SUPPLYING SALT FOR AN EXPLOSIVE AND ABOUT 1 PART BY WEIGHT OF AN EMULSION CONTAINING FROM ABOUT 50 TO ABOUT 70% AMMONIUM NITRATE, FROM ABOUT 15 TO ABOUT 35% WATER, AND FROM ABOUT 5 TO ABOUT 20% OF A SENSITIZING LIQUID ORGNAIC COMPOUND HAVING A SOLUBILITY OF LESS THAN 5% IN WATER AND FROM ABOUT 1 TO 5% OF A HYDROPHOBIC EMULSIFIER CAPABLE OF FORMING A WATER IN OIL EMULSION, THE SAID MIXTURE HAVING AN OXYGEN BALANCE RANGING FROM ABOUT +10% TO ABOUT -10%.
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US3356547A (en) * 1962-08-24 1967-12-05 Dynamit Nobel Ag Water-in-oil explosive emulsion containing organic nitro compound and solid explosive adjuvant
US3409485A (en) * 1967-09-15 1968-11-05 Commercial Solvents Corp Thickened inorganic oxidizer salt slurried explosive containing tris(hydroxymethyl)-nitromethaneand air-entrapping material
US3409484A (en) * 1967-09-15 1968-11-05 Commercial Solvents Corp Thickened inorganic oxidizer salt slurried explosive containing an alkylamine nitrate and an air-entrapping material
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US3442727A (en) * 1967-08-03 1969-05-06 Atlas Chem Ind Emulsified nitric acid blasting composition and method of preparing same
US3447978A (en) * 1967-08-03 1969-06-03 Atlas Chem Ind Ammonium nitrate emulsion blasting agent and method of preparing same
US3409485A (en) * 1967-09-15 1968-11-05 Commercial Solvents Corp Thickened inorganic oxidizer salt slurried explosive containing tris(hydroxymethyl)-nitromethaneand air-entrapping material
US3409484A (en) * 1967-09-15 1968-11-05 Commercial Solvents Corp Thickened inorganic oxidizer salt slurried explosive containing an alkylamine nitrate and an air-entrapping material
US3450582A (en) * 1967-12-18 1969-06-17 Harold W Sheeran Aqueous ammonium nitrate blasting composition containing solid carbonaceous fuel and method of preparing same
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US3770522A (en) * 1970-08-18 1973-11-06 Du Pont Emulsion type explosive composition containing ammonium stearate or alkali metal stearate
US3715247A (en) * 1970-09-03 1973-02-06 Ici America Inc Water-in-oil emulsion explosive containing entrapped gas
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US4609415A (en) * 1984-01-19 1986-09-02 Hercules Incorporated Enhancement of emulsification rate using combined surfactant composition
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US4708753A (en) * 1985-12-06 1987-11-24 The Lubrizol Corporation Water-in-oil emulsions
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US4732626A (en) * 1986-03-10 1988-03-22 Nippon Oil And Fats Co., Ltd. Water-in-oil emulsion explosive composition
US4736683A (en) * 1986-08-05 1988-04-12 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. Dry ammonium nitrate blasting agents
US5527491A (en) * 1986-11-14 1996-06-18 The Lubrizol Corporation Emulsifiers and explosive emulsions containing same
US4840687A (en) * 1986-11-14 1989-06-20 The Lubrizol Corporation Explosive compositions
US4830687A (en) * 1987-11-23 1989-05-16 Atlas Powder Company Stable fluid systems for preparing high density explosive compositions
US4775431A (en) * 1987-11-23 1988-10-04 Atlas Powder Company Macroemulsion for preparing high density explosive compositions
US5047175A (en) * 1987-12-23 1991-09-10 The Lubrizol Corporation Salt composition and explosives using same
US4828633A (en) * 1987-12-23 1989-05-09 The Lubrizol Corporation Salt compositions for explosives
US5129972A (en) * 1987-12-23 1992-07-14 The Lubrizol Corporation Emulsifiers and explosive emulsions containing same
US5336439A (en) * 1987-12-23 1994-08-09 The Lubrizol Corporation Salt compositions and concentrates for use in explosive emulsions
US4863534A (en) * 1987-12-23 1989-09-05 The Lubrizol Corporation Explosive compositions using a combination of emulsifying salts
US5407500A (en) * 1987-12-23 1995-04-18 The Lubrizol Corporation Salt compositions and explosives using same
US4872929A (en) * 1988-08-29 1989-10-10 Atlas Powder Company Composite explosive utilizing water-soluble fuels
US5366571A (en) * 1993-01-15 1994-11-22 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Interior High pressure-resistant nonincendive emulsion explosive
EP0775681A1 (en) 1995-11-24 1997-05-28 ICI Canada Inc. Microemulsion and oil soluble gassing system
US6165297A (en) * 1995-12-29 2000-12-26 Orica Australia Pty Ltd Process and apparatus for the manufacture of emulsion explosive compositions
JP2008111656A (en) * 2007-11-19 2008-05-15 Nippon Kayaku Co Ltd Explosive loading method
US20190210939A1 (en) * 2018-01-09 2019-07-11 Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited Explosive compositions for use in reactive ground and related methods
US10865162B2 (en) * 2018-01-09 2020-12-15 Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited Explosive compositions for use in reactive ground and related methods
US11912635B2 (en) 2018-01-09 2024-02-27 Dyno Nobel Asia Pacific Pty Limited Explosive compositions for use in reactive ground and related methods

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