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US2913364A - Method of making paper and paper-making composition - Google Patents

Method of making paper and paper-making composition Download PDF

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Publication number
US2913364A
US2913364A US469823A US46982354A US2913364A US 2913364 A US2913364 A US 2913364A US 469823 A US469823 A US 469823A US 46982354 A US46982354 A US 46982354A US 2913364 A US2913364 A US 2913364A
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alginate
paper
water
fibers
gum
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US469823A
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Miller Aaron
Adolph L Magnuson
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Kelco Co
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Kelco Co
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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
    • D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
    • D21H17/31—Gums
    • D21H17/32—Guar or other polygalactomannan gum
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
    • D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
    • D21H17/30—Alginic acid or alginates

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a new and useful method of manufacturing paper and to a new and useful paper composition.
  • galactomannan gums as aforementioned. Suitable galactomannan gums available commercially are locust bean gum and guar.
  • the water-soluble alginates that may be used in the practice of my method are alginates such as the alginic acid salt of ammonia, magnesium, potassium, sodium or other alkali metals, or the soluble alginates formed with organic base such as mono-, di-, or tri-ethanolamine.
  • alginates such as the alginic acid salt of ammonia, magnesium, potassium, sodium or other alkali metals, or the soluble alginates formed with organic base such as mono-, di-, or tri-ethanolamine.
  • These soluble alginates may be prepared by well-known methods such as disclosed in the following United States patents: 1,814,981, Thornley and Walsh, July 14, 1931; 2,036,922, Clark and Green, April 7, 1936; 2,039,934, Green,,April 7, 1936; and 2,128,551, Le Gloahec,.August Patented Nov. 17, 1961 30, 1938.
  • water-soluble alginic acid compounds may be used such as the alkylene glycol esters of alginic acid.
  • esters may be prepared by means of the methods disclosed in US. Patent 2,426,125 issued to Arnold B. Steiner. In general, we prefer to use such water-soluble alginates as the commercially available sodium alginates.
  • the aforesaid gums or water-soluble alginates may be added in the form of an aqueous solution or dry to the pulp fibers.
  • the water-soluble polyvalent metallic salts hereinafter described may also be added either dry or in solution to the pulp fibers. In general, it is preferable to add the water-soluble algin salt and the gum to the paper-making fibers before the addition of the watersoluble polyvalent metallic salt.
  • the aforesaid materials i.e., water-soluble alginate, water-soluble gum, and watersoluble polyvalent metallic salt, may be added prior to the mechanical treatment of the pulp such as by beaters, Jordans or other refining equipment.
  • the insoluble metallic alginate gel and gum complex it is preferable to add these materials so as to cause the insoluble metallic alginate gel and gum complex to adsorb on the fibers after the beating and/ or refining has been substantially completed.
  • the said materials used to form the insoluble alginate gel and gum may be added with advantage after the Jordans. It is important, however, that the insoluble alginate gel and gum be adsorbed on the fibers prior to the formation of the cellular mat.
  • the water-soluble polyvalent metallic salts that we have found useful for our purpose are those salts that will ionize and react in an aqueous system to form the corresponding insoluble metallic alginates.
  • Such salts are the commercially available barium, calcium, zinc, iron, copper, and aluminum salts.
  • the preferred watersoluble polyvalent metallic salt is a water-soluble aluminum salt.
  • Such a salt may be any water-soluble aluminum sulphate, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, or aluminum acetate.
  • the usual commercially available paper makers alum provides a particularly satisfactory water-soluble aluminum salt.
  • the total quantity of gum and Water-soluble algiuate added to the paper-making fibers should be in the range of 0.2 lb. to 24 lbs. on a dry basis per ton of dry fibers.
  • the gum should be present in a major portion, and the Water-soluble alginate should be present in a minor portion.
  • Within these quantities of said materials we have found from 1 to 4 parts of water-soluble alginate to 9 to 6 parts of a galactomannan gum to be particularly effective.
  • the alum or other water-soluble polyvalent metallic salt is required in an amount equal to or in excess of the stoichiometric equivalent of the water-soluble alginate employed. Thus if paper makers alum is used, this amount will be in the range of about 0.1 to 12 lbs. per ton of fibers, although larger amounts are not precluded.
  • the method of this invention has utility in paper prepared both With and without rosin size.
  • the alum or other polyvalent metallic salt used in accordance with my invention must not only be present in the quantity required to precipitate rosin size but in addition in a further amount as aforesaid to form the insoluble metallic alginate gel.
  • a liner board sample was prepared by adding a commercial, medium viscosity, sodium alginate in an,
  • the board so prepared showed a mullen strength increase of 2% over a sample board prepared without the addition of said alginate.
  • Another liner board sample was prepared by adding a commercial, medium viscosity, sodium alginate in an amount equivalent to 8 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis together with a sutficient quantity of alum to cause said alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel.
  • the board so prepared showed a mullen strength increase of 3% over a sample board prepared Without the addition of said alginate.
  • Another liner board sample was prepared by adding a commercial, medium viscosity, sodium alginate in an amount equivalent to 24 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis together with a sufiicient quantity of alum to cause said alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel.
  • the board so prepared showed a mullen strength increase of 13% over a sample board prepared without the addition of said alginate.
  • Still another liner board was prepared by adding a commercial locust bean gum in an amount equivalent to 2 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis.
  • the board so prepared showed no increase in mullen strength over a sample board prepared without the addition of said locust bean gum.
  • a further liner board was prepared by adding a commercial locust bean gum in an amount equivalent to 8 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis.
  • the board so prepared showed a mullen strength increase of 5% over a sample board prepared without the addition of said locust bean gum.
  • a still further liner board was prepared in which a water-soluble alginate, a locust bean gum, and a quantity of alum were added to the paper-making fibers.
  • the total quantity of said gum and alginate was equivalent to 2 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis.
  • the alginate was present in a ratio of 3 parts of alginate to 5 parts of gum.
  • the quantity of alum added was sutficient to cause said alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel.
  • the resulting board showed a fil /2% increase in mullen strength.
  • Another liner board was prepared in which a watersoluble alginate, a locust bean gum, and a quantity of alum were added to the paper-making fibers.
  • the total quantity of said gum and alginate was equivalent to 8 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis.
  • the alginate was present in a ratio of 3 parts of alginate to 5 parts of gum.
  • the quantity of alum added was sufficient to cause said alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel.
  • the resulting board showed a 16% increase in mullen strength.
  • Still another liner board was prepared in which a water-soluble alginate, a locust bean gum, and a quantity of alum were added to the paper-making fibers.
  • the total quantity of said gum and alginate was equivalent to 24 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis.
  • the alginate was present in a ratio of 3 parts of alginate to 5 parts of gum.
  • the quantity of alum added was sufficient to cause said alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel.
  • the resulting board showed a 24% increase in mullen strength.
  • a product particularly suitable for use in the manufacture of paper comprising wood fibers suspended in water and a galactomannan gum and an insoluble metallic alginate gel adsorbed on said fibers.
  • a produce particularly suitable for use in the manufacture of paper comprising wood fibers suspended in water and locust bean gum and an insoluble aluminum alginate gel adsorbed on said fibers.

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  • Paper (AREA)

Description

METHOD OF MAKING PAPER AND PAPER- MAKING COMPOSITION Aaron Miller, San Diego, Calif., and Adolph L. Magnuson, Western Springs, 111., assignors to Kelco Company, San Diego, Calif., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application November 18, 1954 Serial No. 469,823
6 Claims. (Cl. 162-178) This invention relates to a new and useful method of manufacturing paper and to a new and useful paper composition.
It is an object of this invention to produce paper from paper-making fibers, said paper being characterized by improved commercial qualities. It is a further object of this invention to minimize mechanical treatment of papermaking materials by the method and use of a certain combination of materials hereinafter described. It is a still further object of this invention to provide a new and useful chemical treatment of the fibers used in paper making with a combination including a metallic alginate gel and a gum that will be substantially retained on said fibers and not lost in the white water. It is still another object of this invention to provide a method of paper making and a paper composition having improved qualities as to retention of fines and/ or other pigment solids. his a further object to produce a paper of improved mullen. It is a still further object to provide an improved commercial method of increasing the mullen of paper without interfering With the drainage of the paper stock and thereby slowing down the paper-making process.
One or more of the foregoing objects may be accomplished by our invention as will be hereinafter set forth. The amount and nature of improvement in the paper due to my method will vary, depending upon the type of fibers employed and the type of paper-making machine, for example, cylinder or Fourdrinier.
It is known to add materials such as galactomannan gums to paper-making fibers for the purpose of improving the mullen of paper produced therefrom. Gums, however, have the characteristic of slowing the stock and making drainage on the paper-making machine more difiicult. This places a limitation on the speed of the machine and limits the amount of gum that can be used. An alginate appears to add little in the way of increased strength when used as a paper-making additive.
In accordance with our method, We treat paper-making fibers with a combination of a galactomannan gum, a water-soluble alginate, and a water-soluble polyvalent metallic salt. The last-mentioned salt causes formation of an insoluble metallic alginate gel which adsorbs together with said gum onto the paper-making fibers. Our method employing the combination comprising an insoluble metallic alginate gel and a gum has a surprising synergistic effect as will be hereinafter noted.
In the practice of this invention, we use galactomannan gums as aforementioned. Suitable galactomannan gums available commercially are locust bean gum and guar.
The water-soluble alginates that may be used in the practice of my method are alginates such as the alginic acid salt of ammonia, magnesium, potassium, sodium or other alkali metals, or the soluble alginates formed with organic base such as mono-, di-, or tri-ethanolamine. These soluble alginates may be prepared by well-known methods such as disclosed in the following United States patents: 1,814,981, Thornley and Walsh, July 14, 1931; 2,036,922, Clark and Green, April 7, 1936; 2,039,934, Green,,April 7, 1936; and 2,128,551, Le Gloahec,.August Patented Nov. 17, 1959 30, 1938. Other water-soluble alginic acid compounds may be used such as the alkylene glycol esters of alginic acid. Such esters may be prepared by means of the methods disclosed in US. Patent 2,426,125 issued to Arnold B. Steiner. In general, we prefer to use such water-soluble alginates as the commercially available sodium alginates.
The aforesaid gums or water-soluble alginates may be added in the form of an aqueous solution or dry to the pulp fibers. The water-soluble polyvalent metallic salts hereinafter described may also be added either dry or in solution to the pulp fibers. In general, it is preferable to add the water-soluble algin salt and the gum to the paper-making fibers before the addition of the watersoluble polyvalent metallic salt. The aforesaid materials, i.e., water-soluble alginate, water-soluble gum, and watersoluble polyvalent metallic salt, may be added prior to the mechanical treatment of the pulp such as by beaters, Jordans or other refining equipment. It is preferable to add these materials so as to cause the insoluble metallic alginate gel and gum complex to adsorb on the fibers after the beating and/ or refining has been substantially completed. Thus, for example, the said materials used to form the insoluble alginate gel and gum may be added with advantage after the Jordans. It is important, however, that the insoluble alginate gel and gum be adsorbed on the fibers prior to the formation of the cellular mat.
The water-soluble polyvalent metallic salts that we have found useful for our purpose are those salts that will ionize and react in an aqueous system to form the corresponding insoluble metallic alginates. Such salts are the commercially available barium, calcium, zinc, iron, copper, and aluminum salts. The preferred watersoluble polyvalent metallic salt is a water-soluble aluminum salt. Such a salt may be any water-soluble aluminum sulphate, aluminum chloride, aluminum nitrate, or aluminum acetate. The usual commercially available paper makers alum provides a particularly satisfactory water-soluble aluminum salt.
The total quantity of gum and Water-soluble algiuate added to the paper-making fibers should be in the range of 0.2 lb. to 24 lbs. on a dry basis per ton of dry fibers. The gum should be present in a major portion, and the Water-soluble alginate should be present in a minor portion. Within these quantities of said materials we have found from 1 to 4 parts of water-soluble alginate to 9 to 6 parts of a galactomannan gum to be particularly effective. The alum or other water-soluble polyvalent metallic salt is required in an amount equal to or in excess of the stoichiometric equivalent of the water-soluble alginate employed. Thus if paper makers alum is used, this amount will be in the range of about 0.1 to 12 lbs. per ton of fibers, although larger amounts are not precluded.
The method of this invention has utility in paper prepared both With and without rosin size. In the event rosin size is used, the alum or other polyvalent metallic salt used in accordance with my invention must not only be present in the quantity required to precipitate rosin size but in addition in a further amount as aforesaid to form the insoluble metallic alginate gel.
To illustrate the effectiveness of the method of this invention, several Kraft liner board samples were prepared on Fourdrinier paper-making machines. The fiber used The various addiwas an unbleached southern Kraft. tives were added after beating the fibers in a Hollander beater and refining through a Noble and Wood Unifiner,
Conducted in accordance with the method of the Technical Association of the American Pulp and Paper Industry. (1) A liner board sample was prepared by adding a commercial, medium viscosity, sodium alginate in an,
amount equivalent to 2 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis together with a sutficient quantity of alum to cause said alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel. The board so prepared showed a mullen strength increase of 2% over a sample board prepared without the addition of said alginate.
-(2) Another liner board sample was prepared by adding a commercial, medium viscosity, sodium alginate in an amount equivalent to 8 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis together with a sutficient quantity of alum to cause said alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel. The board so prepared showed a mullen strength increase of 3% over a sample board prepared Without the addition of said alginate.
(3) Another liner board sample was prepared by adding a commercial, medium viscosity, sodium alginate in an amount equivalent to 24 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis together with a sufiicient quantity of alum to cause said alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel. The board so prepared showed a mullen strength increase of 13% over a sample board prepared without the addition of said alginate.
(4) Still another liner board was prepared by adding a commercial locust bean gum in an amount equivalent to 2 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis. The board so prepared showed no increase in mullen strength over a sample board prepared without the addition of said locust bean gum.
(5) A further liner board was prepared by adding a commercial locust bean gum in an amount equivalent to 8 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis. The board so prepared showed a mullen strength increase of 5% over a sample board prepared without the addition of said locust bean gum.
(6) An effort was made to duplicate the alginate test substituting 24 pounds of locust bean gum. This amount of gum slowed the drainage of the stock to the extent that it was not practical to prepare a test board with this amount of additive.
(7) A still further liner board was prepared in which a water-soluble alginate, a locust bean gum, and a quantity of alum were added to the paper-making fibers. The total quantity of said gum and alginate was equivalent to 2 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis. The alginate was present in a ratio of 3 parts of alginate to 5 parts of gum. The quantity of alum added was sutficient to cause said alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel. The resulting board showed a fil /2% increase in mullen strength.
(8) Another liner board was prepared in which a watersoluble alginate, a locust bean gum, and a quantity of alum were added to the paper-making fibers. The total quantity of said gum and alginate was equivalent to 8 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis. The alginate was present in a ratio of 3 parts of alginate to 5 parts of gum. The quantity of alum added was sufficient to cause said alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel. The resulting board showed a 16% increase in mullen strength.
(9) Still another liner board was prepared in which a water-soluble alginate, a locust bean gum, and a quantity of alum were added to the paper-making fibers. The total quantity of said gum and alginate was equivalent to 24 pounds per ton of fibers on a dry basis. The alginate was present in a ratio of 3 parts of alginate to 5 parts of gum. The quantity of alum added was sufficient to cause said alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel. The resulting board showed a 24% increase in mullen strength.
We claim as our invention:
1. In the process of producing paper from papermaking fibers suspended in water, the improvement comprising admixing with said fibers, prior to the information of a cellular mat therefrom, a galactomannan gum, a Water-soluble alginate and a water-soluble polyvalent metallic salt, the total quantity of said gum and alginate being in the range of 0.2 lb. to 24 lbs. per ton of said fibers on adry basis, the major portion of said quantity being the gum and the quantity of said Water-soluble polyvalent metallic salt being an amount sufiicient to cause the water-soluble alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel.
2. In the process of producing paper from papermaking fibers suspended in water, the improvement comprising admixing with said fibers, prior to the formation of a cellular mat therefrom, a locust bean gum, a watersoluble alginate and a water-soluble polyvalent metallic salt, the total quantity of said gum and alginate being in the range of 0.2 lb. to 24 lbs. per ton of said fibers on a dry basis, the major portion of said quantity being the gum and the quantity of said Water-soluble polyvalent metallic salt being an amount suificient to cause the watersoluble alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel.
3. In the process of producing paper from papermaking fibers suspended in water, the improvement comprising admixing with said fibers, prior to the formation of a cellular mat therefrom, guar, a water-soluble alginate and a water-soluble polyvalent metallic salt, the total quantity of said guar and algniate being in the range of 0.2 lb. to 24 lbs. per ton of said fibers on a dry basis, the major portion of said quantity being the guar and the quantity of said water-soluble polyvalent metallic salt being sufiicient to cause the water-soluble alginate to form an insoluble metallic alginate gel.
4. In the process of producing paper from papermaking fibers suspended in water, the improvement comprising admixing with said fibers, prior to the formation of a cellular mat therefrom, a locust bean gum, a watersoluble alginate and papermakers alum, the total quantity of said gum and alginate being in the range of 0.2 lb. to 24 lbs. per ton of said fibers on a dry basis, the major portion of said quantity being the gum and the quantity of said papermakers alum being an amount sufficient to cause the water-soluble alginate to form an insoluble aluminum alginate gel.
5. A product particularly suitable for use in the manufacture of paper, comprising wood fibers suspended in water and a galactomannan gum and an insoluble metallic alginate gel adsorbed on said fibers.
6. A produce particularly suitable for use in the manufacture of paper, comprising wood fibers suspended in water and locust bean gum and an insoluble aluminum alginate gel adsorbed on said fibers.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 251,062 Minor Dec. 20, 1881 1,847,773 Lionne Mar. 1, 1932 2,258,628 Smith Oct. 14, 1941 2,387,429 Cate Oct. 23, 1945 2,644,750 Frisch et a1 July 7, 1953 FOREIGN PATENTS 664,848 Great Britain Jan. 16, 1952 845,748 Germany Aug. 4, 1952 OTHER REFERENCES Broadbent et al.: Worlds Paper Trade Review, Tech Sup., pages 4956, June 27, 1941. (Copy in Div. 67.)
Rowland: Paper Industry and Paper World, December 1945, page 1398.
TAPPI, February 1950, pages 77-81. (Copy last two in Scientific Library.)
Casey, Pulp and Paper, vol. I, pub. by Interscience Pub., New York, N.Y. (1952), pages 575, 576, 405, 406.

Claims (1)

1. IN THE PROCESS OF PRODUCING PAPER FROM PAPERMAKING FIBERS SUSPENDED IN WATER, THE IMPROVEMENT COMPRISING ADMIXING WITH SAID FIBERS, PRIOR TO THE INFORMATION OF A CELLULAR MAT THEREFROM, A GALACTOMANNAN GUM, A WATER-SOLUBLE ALGINATE AND A WATER-SOLUBLE POLYVALENT METALLIC SALT, THE TOTAL QUANTITY OF SAID GUM AND ALGINATE BEING IN THE RANGE OF 0.2 LB TO 24 LBS, PER TON OF SAID FIBERS ON A DRY BASIS, THE MAJOR PORTION OF SAID QUANTITY BEING THE GUM AND THE QUANTITY OF SAID WATER-SOLUBLE POLYVALENT METALLIC SALT BEING AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT TO CAUSE THE WATER-SOLUBLE AGINATE TO FORM AN INSOLUBLE METALLIC ALGINATE GEL.
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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3102838A (en) * 1960-02-23 1963-09-03 John A Manning Paper Company I Fiber treatment and resulting product
US3943220A (en) * 1969-09-30 1976-03-09 Johns-Manville Corporation Method of producing fiber strand
US4925530A (en) * 1985-12-21 1990-05-15 The Wiggins Teape Group Limited Loaded paper
US5096754A (en) * 1990-01-25 1992-03-17 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Flat or tubular film based on cellulose hydrate, process for producing same and sausage products made therewith
US5143584A (en) * 1990-02-23 1992-09-01 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Paper and fiber-reinforced packaging film and sausage products produced therefrom, process for producing same
US20080078515A1 (en) * 2006-10-02 2008-04-03 Weyerhaeuser Co. Methods for the preparation of fibrous superabsorbent composite containing cellulose

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US251062A (en) * 1881-12-20 Process of sizing paper
US1847773A (en) * 1928-09-28 1932-03-01 Lionne Ernest Paper making
US2258628A (en) * 1936-12-30 1941-10-14 Paper Chemistry Inst Cellulose product
US2387429A (en) * 1940-10-21 1945-10-23 Kelco Co Glassine paper
GB664848A (en) * 1949-03-18 1952-01-16 P Chemical Company Ltd As Improvements in the manufacture of paper
DE845748C (en) * 1950-03-07 1952-08-04 Zschimmer & Schwarz Process for the treatment of paper stock and paper waste water
US2644750A (en) * 1951-06-26 1953-07-07 Stein Hall & Co Inc Paper making process utilizing modified locust bean gum

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US251062A (en) * 1881-12-20 Process of sizing paper
US1847773A (en) * 1928-09-28 1932-03-01 Lionne Ernest Paper making
US2258628A (en) * 1936-12-30 1941-10-14 Paper Chemistry Inst Cellulose product
US2387429A (en) * 1940-10-21 1945-10-23 Kelco Co Glassine paper
GB664848A (en) * 1949-03-18 1952-01-16 P Chemical Company Ltd As Improvements in the manufacture of paper
DE845748C (en) * 1950-03-07 1952-08-04 Zschimmer & Schwarz Process for the treatment of paper stock and paper waste water
US2644750A (en) * 1951-06-26 1953-07-07 Stein Hall & Co Inc Paper making process utilizing modified locust bean gum

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3102838A (en) * 1960-02-23 1963-09-03 John A Manning Paper Company I Fiber treatment and resulting product
US3943220A (en) * 1969-09-30 1976-03-09 Johns-Manville Corporation Method of producing fiber strand
US4925530A (en) * 1985-12-21 1990-05-15 The Wiggins Teape Group Limited Loaded paper
US5096754A (en) * 1990-01-25 1992-03-17 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Flat or tubular film based on cellulose hydrate, process for producing same and sausage products made therewith
US5143584A (en) * 1990-02-23 1992-09-01 Hoechst Aktiengesellschaft Paper and fiber-reinforced packaging film and sausage products produced therefrom, process for producing same
US20080078515A1 (en) * 2006-10-02 2008-04-03 Weyerhaeuser Co. Methods for the preparation of fibrous superabsorbent composite containing cellulose
US7625463B2 (en) * 2006-10-02 2009-12-01 Weyerhaeuser Nr Company Methods for the preparation of fibrous superabsorbent composite containing cellulose

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