US2944881A - Preparation of rocket propellants - Google Patents
Preparation of rocket propellants Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2944881A US2944881A US644735A US64473557A US2944881A US 2944881 A US2944881 A US 2944881A US 644735 A US644735 A US 644735A US 64473557 A US64473557 A US 64473557A US 2944881 A US2944881 A US 2944881A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- rocket
- acid
- graphite
- preparation
- fuel
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000003380 propellant Substances 0.000 title description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 11
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 7
- NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia chloride Chemical compound [NH4+].[Cl-] NLXLAEXVIDQMFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- TYLZZNHSSSZKLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N C1=CC=CC=C1.F.F.F.F.F.F Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1.F.F.F.F.F.F TYLZZNHSSSZKLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 235000010210 aluminium Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 4
- TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N octane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC TVMXDCGIABBOFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 3
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000019270 ammonium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000003502 gasoline Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical compound C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- VKJKEPKFPUWCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium chlorate Chemical compound [K+].[O-]Cl(=O)=O VKJKEPKFPUWCAS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 239000002760 rocket fuel Substances 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen atom Chemical compound [H] YZCKVEUIGOORGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- YDSWCNNOKPMOTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N mellitic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C(C(O)=O)C(C(O)=O)=C1C(O)=O YDSWCNNOKPMOTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- FYELSNVLZVIGTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[2-(2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-2-ylamino)pyrimidin-5-yl]-5-ethylpyrazol-1-yl]-1-(2,4,6,7-tetrahydrotriazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-5-yl)ethanone Chemical compound C1C(CC2=CC=CC=C12)NC1=NC=C(C=N1)C=1C=NN(C=1CC)CC(=O)N1CC2=C(CC1)NN=N2 FYELSNVLZVIGTI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-OUBTZVSYSA-N Cobalt-60 Chemical compound [60Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-OUBTZVSYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 alkali-metal chlorate Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001408 amides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003863 ammonium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M chlorate Inorganic materials [O-]Cl(=O)=O XTEGARKTQYYJKE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003467 diminishing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000040 hydrogen fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002484 inorganic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910010272 inorganic material Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- 239000010745 number 4 fuel oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003381 solubilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010561 standard procedure Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001117 sulphuric acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011149 sulphuric acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B43/00—Compositions characterised by explosive or thermic constituents not provided for in groups C06B25/00 - C06B41/00
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
- C06B23/005—Desensitisers, phlegmatisers
Definitions
- the residue is fine crystallites of graphite which are not adherent to the jet end of the rocket.
- the layer of adsorbed water between the lattice structure of the graphite intensifies the reaction of the alu- -minum triethyl leading to the complete combustion.
- To instantaneously trigger the explosion of the aluminum triethyl and the graphigen I may add a solution of V ammonium chloride in liquid ammonium thus providing atomic hydrogen according to the following formula.
- ammonium chloride I may use other ammonium salts or amides in liquid ammonium.
- Example I 100 grams of finely divided graphite is mixed with 300 grams of potassium chlorate and suflicien-t red acid (90% nitric acid) to give a liquid mass. It is allowed to stand for four to six days. As the nitric acid is absorbed it is renewed four or five times until a yellow red mass results. It is allowed to dry at room temperature. While heating in awater bath hastens the reaction, it may also be conducted at room temperature. The graphi-gen may be stored in this condition at room temperature. Before use, the graphigen is soaked in benzene hexafluoride (C F for several hours and filled with the rocket cartridge. The aluminum triethyl contained in glass lined 40 jet container sealed under argon is arranged so that a stream of aluminum triethyl may be sprayed on the graphigen simultaneously with a stream of ammonium chloride in liquid ammonium. l
- Detonation may be accomplished also by standard methods commonly practised in the art.
- Yet another aspect of my invention is the use of henzene hexafluoride to promote combustion where other rocket propellant materials are employed.
- I may also use benzene hexafluoride to improve the octane value of gasoline and fuel oils.
- benzene hexafluoride has solubilizing properties which lowers the viscosity of heavier hydrocarbon fuels and promotes better jet extrusion. Where jet extrusion is employed instead of carburation, the. addition of benzene hexafluoride promotes greater velocity of extrusion by lowering the vis- 55 cosity of the hydrocarbon. Simultaneously, it has a cleansing effect on the valve mechanism.
- Example 11 1 cc. benzene hexa-fluoride is added to 100 cc. octane 0 gasoline. The octane value of the gasoline is increased to well over octane.
- Example III To 100 cc. Number4 fuel oil is added 1 cc. benzene 65 hexafluoride. The B.t.u. value is increased approximately 10 percent and the viscosity is lowered.
- a rocket fuel consisting essentially of a mixture of henzene hexafiuoride with graphitic acid, said graphitic acid being the partially dried product of the combination of finely-divider!v graphite with an alkali-metal chlorate and an acid medium selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, and nitric acid and sulfuric acid, and said hen: zerie hexafluoride having a concentration. of the order of about 35' 'percent and suificient to form a composite paste with said graphitic acid.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Description
United StateSPatent 1 Claim. (Cl. 52-5 My invention relates to rocket fuels and the like whereby the free energy stored inorganic compound are burned producing a hot gas and an explosive impulse capable of propelling a rocket or other device. This is a continuation in part of my earlierfiled application, Serial No. 606,205, filed August 27, 1956.
While organic compounds have hitherto been employed for such purposes, it has been found that organic residues tend to form at the jet end of the rocket obstructing the outflow and diminishing the efliciency of the combustion as well as the propellant. Incomplete utilization of the fuel leads to abortive results in propulsion. A still further diificulty with rocket fuels is that the explosive s'tate of the fuel is highly dangerous to personnel handling the fuel prior to the launching of the rocket. -Hitherto it was found that the better the fuel, the greater was the problem 30 of handling.
1 have found that these difliculties may be overcome by a unique preparation supplying an organic compound formed during the period of combustion, uniting the most desirable elements of a rocket fuel. ideal reactions desired in a rocket fuel is the interaction of nitrogen, oxygen and fluorine with a possible arrangement of F-iI-F if possible burned with atomic hydrogen. No such compound h-ashitherto been attained.
I have found that this type of reaction can be catalyzed during explosion of my system of compounds embodying graphi-tic acid made into a paste with hydrofluoric acid or benzene hexafiuoride and combusted by aluminum triethyl or its analogues or other spontaneously inflammable metal alkyl or aryl compounds. 7 I 7 To prepare my graphitic acid I may use potassium chlorate and nitric acid or with potassium chlorate, nitric and sulphuric acid. When employing nitric acid of 90% (red acid) a green to brown or red'color results. The graphite is wetted, swells up and disintegrates. The excess potassium is evaporated off leaving a brownish to reddish mass but evaporation is mild enough not 'to diminish the increased volume which the graphite has assumed. Both oxygen and hydrogen are taken up between the aromatic lattice structure of the graphite and an estimated composition of C O with water adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal material. The color of the composition may vary with the amount of water adsorbed. Between the sheets of the lattice structure of the graphite there are also trapped nitrate radicals. The insertion of the oxygen and nitrogen atoms between the graphite sheets forces them apart and alters the spacing to twice or three times the normal 3.4A. To induce greater reactivity of the graphite, I irradiate the graphite with 100 million R to 400 million R by either a cobalt 60 source, high voltage or mention flux. Y
The semi-dry mass is now made into a paste by the Thus, one of the 35 Ce Patented Julyl23-l-960 addition of 'a 35% benzene hexafluoride (GgF The presence of the adsorbed water on the surface of the graphite-lattice inhibits spontaneous explosion by combination of the hydrogen fluoride with thelcarbon. Either 5 theremoval of the adsorbedwater or heat is required to initiate the explosion. compositematerial which I designate graphigen becomes violently explosive when aluminum triethyl is addedin the presence of Carbon monoxide and dioxide are formed. The reaction then proceeds to the formation of mellitic acid which is completely combusted to CO and water. 'In the intense heat, the water is ionized to atomic oxygen and hydrogen.
The residue is fine crystallites of graphite which are not adherent to the jet end of the rocket.
The layer of adsorbed water between the lattice structure of the graphite intensifies the reaction of the alu- -minum triethyl leading to the complete combustion.
To instantaneously trigger the explosion of the aluminum triethyl and the graphigen I may add a solution of V ammonium chloride in liquid ammonium thus providing atomic hydrogen according to the following formula.
NH Cl:NH ++Cl:NH NH +H+ Instead of ammonium chloride I may use other ammonium salts or amides in liquid ammonium.
Example I 100 grams of finely divided graphite is mixed with 300 grams of potassium chlorate and suflicien-t red acid (90% nitric acid) to give a liquid mass. It is allowed to stand for four to six days. As the nitric acid is absorbed it is renewed four or five times until a yellow red mass results. It is allowed to dry at room temperature. While heating in awater bath hastens the reaction, it may also be conducted at room temperature. The graphi-gen may be stored in this condition at room temperature. Before use, the graphigen is soaked in benzene hexafluoride (C F for several hours and filled with the rocket cartridge. The aluminum triethyl contained in glass lined 40 jet container sealed under argon is arranged so that a stream of aluminum triethyl may be sprayed on the graphigen simultaneously with a stream of ammonium chloride in liquid ammonium. l
Detonation may be accomplished also by standard methods commonly practised in the art.
Yet another aspect of my invention is the use of henzene hexafluoride to promote combustion where other rocket propellant materials are employed.
I may also use benzene hexafluoride to improve the octane value of gasoline and fuel oils. In addition, benzene hexafluoride has solubilizing properties which lowers the viscosity of heavier hydrocarbon fuels and promotes better jet extrusion. Where jet extrusion is employed instead of carburation, the. addition of benzene hexafluoride promotes greater velocity of extrusion by lowering the vis- 55 cosity of the hydrocarbon. Simultaneously, it has a cleansing effect on the valve mechanism.
Example 11 1 cc. benzene hexa-fluoride is added to 100 cc. octane 0 gasoline. The octane value of the gasoline is increased to well over octane.
Example III To 100 cc. Number4 fuel oil is added 1 cc. benzene 65 hexafluoride. The B.t.u. value is increased approximately 10 percent and the viscosity is lowered.
In this specification I have used the word graphigen 3 I What I claim is:
A rocket fuel consisting essentially of a mixture of henzene hexafiuoride with graphitic acid, said graphitic acid being the partially dried product of the combination of finely-divider!v graphite with an alkali-metal chlorate and an acid medium selected from the group consisting of nitric acid, and nitric acid and sulfuric acid, and said hen: zerie hexafluoride having a concentration. of the order of about 35' 'percent and suificient to form a composite paste with said graphitic acid. I
References Cited in the file of this patent I UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,137,373 Aylesworth Apr. 27, 1915 Webb Oct. 31, 1950 L-awlor Aug. 26, 1952 Cade Apr. 28, 1953 Cairns June 23, 1953 Maisner Aug. 11, 1953 Hutehison May 8, 1956 OTHER REFERENCES
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US644735A US2944881A (en) | 1957-03-08 | 1957-03-08 | Preparation of rocket propellants |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US644735A US2944881A (en) | 1957-03-08 | 1957-03-08 | Preparation of rocket propellants |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2944881A true US2944881A (en) | 1960-07-12 |
Family
ID=24586128
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US644735A Expired - Lifetime US2944881A (en) | 1957-03-08 | 1957-03-08 | Preparation of rocket propellants |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2944881A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3147710A (en) * | 1961-02-27 | 1964-09-08 | Ethyl Corp | Ignition system for solid propellants |
| US3203171A (en) * | 1958-12-18 | 1965-08-31 | Burke | New missile fuel compositions containing halogens and method of propulsion |
Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1137373A (en) * | 1913-05-29 | 1915-04-27 | Condensite Company Of America | Expanded graphite and composition thereof. |
| US2527606A (en) * | 1946-07-24 | 1950-10-31 | Koppers Co Inc | Paradichlorobenzene |
| US2608591A (en) * | 1948-12-07 | 1952-08-26 | Niagara Alkali Company | Substitution chlorination of aromatic compounds with liquid chlorine |
| US2636342A (en) * | 1949-01-04 | 1953-04-28 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method for increasing the thrust of jet engines by the use of rapidly decomposable nitrogen compounds |
| US2643184A (en) * | 1944-01-15 | 1953-06-23 | Us Sec War | Propellent charge for jet-propelled devices |
| US2648190A (en) * | 1948-03-05 | 1953-08-11 | Aerojet General Co | Initiation of propellant decomposition |
| US2744816A (en) * | 1947-10-10 | 1956-05-08 | Ici Ltd | Solid gas-generating charges |
-
1957
- 1957-03-08 US US644735A patent/US2944881A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1137373A (en) * | 1913-05-29 | 1915-04-27 | Condensite Company Of America | Expanded graphite and composition thereof. |
| US2643184A (en) * | 1944-01-15 | 1953-06-23 | Us Sec War | Propellent charge for jet-propelled devices |
| US2527606A (en) * | 1946-07-24 | 1950-10-31 | Koppers Co Inc | Paradichlorobenzene |
| US2744816A (en) * | 1947-10-10 | 1956-05-08 | Ici Ltd | Solid gas-generating charges |
| US2648190A (en) * | 1948-03-05 | 1953-08-11 | Aerojet General Co | Initiation of propellant decomposition |
| US2608591A (en) * | 1948-12-07 | 1952-08-26 | Niagara Alkali Company | Substitution chlorination of aromatic compounds with liquid chlorine |
| US2636342A (en) * | 1949-01-04 | 1953-04-28 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method for increasing the thrust of jet engines by the use of rapidly decomposable nitrogen compounds |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3203171A (en) * | 1958-12-18 | 1965-08-31 | Burke | New missile fuel compositions containing halogens and method of propulsion |
| US3147710A (en) * | 1961-02-27 | 1964-09-08 | Ethyl Corp | Ignition system for solid propellants |
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