US2814555A - Ammonium nitrate and urea explosives - Google Patents
Ammonium nitrate and urea explosives Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2814555A US2814555A US509395A US50939555A US2814555A US 2814555 A US2814555 A US 2814555A US 509395 A US509395 A US 509395A US 50939555 A US50939555 A US 50939555A US 2814555 A US2814555 A US 2814555A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- urea
- ammonium nitrate
- crystals
- absorbent
- weight
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 27
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 title claims description 27
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 title claims description 20
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 19
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000005422 blasting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000005995 Aluminium silicate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000012211 aluminium silicate Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N kaolin Chemical compound O.O.O=[Al]O[Si](=O)O[Si](=O)O[Al]=O NLYAJNPCOHFWQQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000286 fullers earth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Abietic-Saeure Natural products C12CCC(C(C)C)=CC2=CCC2C1(C)CCCC2(C)C(O)=O RSWGJHLUYNHPMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N Rosin Natural products O(C/C=C/c1ccccc1)[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-HUOMCSJISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003086 cellulose ether Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006866 deterioration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 1
- ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-GCMPRSNUSA-N gamma-cyhalothrin Chemical compound CC1(C)[C@@H](\C=C(/Cl)C(F)(F)F)[C@H]1C(=O)O[C@H](C#N)C1=CC=CC(OC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 ZXQYGBMAQZUVMI-GCMPRSNUSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- QHDUJTCUPWHNPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 7-methoxy-2h-indazole-3-carboxylate Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC2=C(C(=O)OC)NN=C21 QHDUJTCUPWHNPK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012254 powdered material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005204 segregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-cinnamyl beta-D-glucopyranoside Natural products OC1C(O)C(O)C(CO)OC1OCC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 KHPCPRHQVVSZAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B31/00—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
- C06B31/28—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate
- C06B31/30—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt the salt being ammonium nitrate with vegetable matter; with resin; with rubber
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
- C06B23/001—Fillers, gelling and thickening agents (e.g. fibres), absorbents for nitroglycerine
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S149/00—Explosive and thermic compositions or charges
- Y10S149/11—Particle size of a component
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S149/00—Explosive and thermic compositions or charges
- Y10S149/11—Particle size of a component
- Y10S149/112—Inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
Definitions
- the invention provides an explosive that shows maximum explosive force and dependable detonation under conditions of use.
- the explosive force in fact is greater with the admixed urea than for the ammonium nitrate alone.
- the invention comprises an explosive mixture of fine ammonium nitrate and urea crystals, the urea being in the proportion of 16-21 parts for 100 of the total explosive.
- the invention comprises such explosive intimately mixed with a few percent of a powdered absorbent for liquid, to decrease bonding between contacting particles of the urea and ammonium nitrate.
- Products so made are safe in handling yet detonatable under confinement by a No. 16 blasting cap. On an equal weight basis, they have the explosive power of 50% dynamite. Their standard (unpacked) density varies from about 0.93 to 0.99.
- the molecular proportions shown are the stoichiometric for giving oxygen balance between the oxidizing material (the nitrate) and the combustible urea.
- Both the urea and the ammonium nitrate used should be in the form of crystals of size to pass substantially completely through a mesh screen and to be retained to the extent of at least 50% on 200 mesh.
- the absorbent of liquid introduced to retard and (for practical purposes prevent) bonding between the contacting surfaces of the urea and nitrate particles is present in very limited proportions and is thoroughly mixed throughout the whole composition. Thus it may constitute l%-3% of the weight of the explosive mixture.
- the amount of urea is so selected within the range 16-21 parts that the amount of ammonium nitrate used is that required for approximate oxygen balance and makes the total weight 100 parts.
- the absorbent for liquid should be stable, powdered or finely divided as used, and chemically inert in storage in contact with the urea and ammonium nitrate. It must be absorbent of moderate amounts at least of liquid, particularly urea-nitrate mix, without liquefaction or bonding so as to maintain a dry condition at the interfaces between the urea and nitrate particles.
- materials that meet the requirements for the absorber and illustrate the class of materials to be used are the powdered earthy materials such as clay, kaolin, diatomaceous earth, and fullers earth. Other examples are rosin, methyl cellulose, and like resins and cellulose ethers.
- Example 1 790 g. of crystalline ammonium nitrate and 210 g. of urea were mixed thoroughly and passed several times through a number 10 sieve. The crystals of the nitrate and also of the urea were of size to pass substantially completely through 10 mesh and to be retained to the extent of at least 50% on 200 mesh. In the ballistic pendulum test with a No. 16 blasting cap, complete detonation took place. 10 g. of the mixture had the explosive power of 10.7 g. of TNT. When tamped into a steel pipe, the mixture detonated at the rate of 2,958 meters per second.
- Example 2 810 g. of crystalline ammonium nitrate of kind described, 160 g. of urea, and 30 g. of colloidal kaolin as absorbent of liquid were mixed as described under Example 1. The resulting mixture was found to withstand interparticle bonding and segregation when stored. It was a powerful explosive.
- Example 3 The procedure of Example 2 is followed, with the substitution of any of the absorbents of liquids disclosed herein for the kaolin, on an equal weight basis.
- a blasting explosive consisting essentially of mixed crystals of ammonium nitrate, crystals of urea, and a dry pulverulent absorbent for liquid thoroughly mixed with the said crystals, both the ammonium nitrate and urea being in the form of solid particles of size to pass substantially completely through a IO-mesh screen and to be retained to the extent of at least 50% by Weight on 200 mesh and the proportions of the materials being 16-21 parts by weight of urea and 13 parts of the absorbent for total weight of the urea and ammonium nitrate.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
Description
United States If atent 2,814,555 Patented Nov. 26, 1957 1 2,814,555 AMlVIONIUM NITRATE AND UREA EXPLOSIVES William H. Rinkenbach, Salisbury Township, Lehigh County, and William J. Carroll, Jr., Allentown, Pa., assignors to Trojan Powder Company, a corporation of New York No Drawing. Application May 18, 1955, Serial No. 509,395 2 Claims. (Cl. 52-14) This invention relates to blasting explosives of the nongelatinized type in which ammonium nitrate and urea crystals are the chief constituents.
The invention provides an explosive that shows maximum explosive force and dependable detonation under conditions of use. The explosive force in fact is greater with the admixed urea than for the ammonium nitrate alone.
When ammonium nitrate and urea are well mixed and allowed to stand, as in an explosive in storage, the contacting particles undergo some bonding at their interfaces. This bonding is considered to be due to possibly solid difiusion or solution, with the production of a very thin film of low melting eutectic of the two materials. Whatever the exact mechanism of the change may be, the invention provides also means of overcoming this difficulty.
Briefly stated, the invention comprises an explosive mixture of fine ammonium nitrate and urea crystals, the urea being in the proportion of 16-21 parts for 100 of the total explosive. In the embodiment giving the least deterioration in storage, the invention comprises such explosive intimately mixed with a few percent of a powdered absorbent for liquid, to decrease bonding between contacting particles of the urea and ammonium nitrate.
Products so made are safe in handling yet detonatable under confinement by a No. 16 blasting cap. On an equal weight basis, they have the explosive power of 50% dynamite. Their standard (unpacked) density varies from about 0.93 to 0.99.
The principal reaction occurring at the time of the explosion may be represented as follows:
The molecular proportions shown are the stoichiometric for giving oxygen balance between the oxidizing material (the nitrate) and the combustible urea.
While the proportions for exact oxygen balance are 80 nitrate by weight for 20 of urea, we obtain the desired explosive power when the proportion of urea is within the range 16-21 parts.
Both the urea and the ammonium nitrate used should be in the form of crystals of size to pass substantially completely through a mesh screen and to be retained to the extent of at least 50% on 200 mesh.
The absorbent of liquid introduced to retard and (for practical purposes prevent) bonding between the contacting surfaces of the urea and nitrate particles is present in very limited proportions and is thoroughly mixed throughout the whole composition. Thus it may constitute l%-3% of the weight of the explosive mixture. When used in such low proportion, the amount of urea is so selected within the range 16-21 parts that the amount of ammonium nitrate used is that required for approximate oxygen balance and makes the total weight 100 parts.
The absorbent for liquid should be stable, powdered or finely divided as used, and chemically inert in storage in contact with the urea and ammonium nitrate. It must be absorbent of moderate amounts at least of liquid, particularly urea-nitrate mix, without liquefaction or bonding so as to maintain a dry condition at the interfaces between the urea and nitrate particles. Examples of materials that meet the requirements for the absorber and illustrate the class of materials to be used are the powdered earthy materials such as clay, kaolin, diatomaceous earth, and fullers earth. Other examples are rosin, methyl cellulose, and like resins and cellulose ethers. When such absorbent is combustible, the proportion of ammonium nitrate is increased moderately, to maintain approximate balance between combustible and oxidizing components so that the nitrogen in the gaseous explosion products appears in elemental form. When the absorbent is chemically inert during the explosion, as in the case of the earthy absorbents, there is no significant decrease in the explosive power per unit weight of the actual explosive mixture and also no requirement for extra ammonium nitrate.
The invention will be further illustrated by description in connection with the following specific examples of the practice of it. In these examples and elsewhere herein proportions are expressed as parts by weight except where specifically stated to the contrary.
Example 1 790 g. of crystalline ammonium nitrate and 210 g. of urea were mixed thoroughly and passed several times through a number 10 sieve. The crystals of the nitrate and also of the urea were of size to pass substantially completely through 10 mesh and to be retained to the extent of at least 50% on 200 mesh. In the ballistic pendulum test with a No. 16 blasting cap, complete detonation took place. 10 g. of the mixture had the explosive power of 10.7 g. of TNT. When tamped into a steel pipe, the mixture detonated at the rate of 2,958 meters per second.
Example 2 810 g. of crystalline ammonium nitrate of kind described, 160 g. of urea, and 30 g. of colloidal kaolin as absorbent of liquid were mixed as described under Example 1. The resulting mixture was found to withstand interparticle bonding and segregation when stored. It was a powerful explosive.
Example 3 The procedure of Example 2 is followed, with the substitution of any of the absorbents of liquids disclosed herein for the kaolin, on an equal weight basis.
It is to be understood that it is intended to cover all changes and modifications of the examples of the invention herein chosen for the purpose of illustration which do not constitute departures from the spirit and scope of the invention.
What is claimed is:
1. A blasting explosive consisting essentially of mixed crystals of ammonium nitrate, crystals of urea, and a dry pulverulent absorbent for liquid thoroughly mixed with the said crystals, both the ammonium nitrate and urea being in the form of solid particles of size to pass substantially completely through a IO-mesh screen and to be retained to the extent of at least 50% by Weight on 200 mesh and the proportions of the materials being 16-21 parts by weight of urea and 13 parts of the absorbent for total weight of the urea and ammonium nitrate.
2. The blasting explosive of claim 1 in which the said absorbent is a powdered material selected from the group consisting of clay, kaolin, diatomaceous earth, and fullers earth.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,028,950 OBrein June 11, 1912 2,129,367 Williams et a1. Sept. 6, 1938 2,353,137 Cook et a1. July 11, 1944 2,398,071 Barab Apr. 9, 1946 2,455,205 Whetstone et al. Nov. 30, 1948
Claims (1)
1. A BLASTING EXPLOSIVE CONSISTING ESSENTIALLY OF MIXED CRYSTALS OF AMMONIUM NITRATE, CRYSTALS OF UREA, AND A DRY PULVERULENT ABSORBENT FOR LIQUID THOROUGHLY MIXED WITHH THE SAID CRYSTALS, BOTH THE AMMONIUM NITRATE AND UREA BEING IN THE FORM OF SOLID PARTICLES OF SIZE TO PASS SUBSTANTIALLY COMPLETELY THROUGH A 10-MESH SCREEN AND TO BE RETAINED TO THE EXTENT OF AT LEAST 50% BY WEIGHT ON 200 MESH AND THE PROPORTIONS OF THE MATERIALS BEING 16-21 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF UREA AND1-3 PARTS OF THE ABSORBENT FOR 100 TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US509395A US2814555A (en) | 1955-05-18 | 1955-05-18 | Ammonium nitrate and urea explosives |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US509395A US2814555A (en) | 1955-05-18 | 1955-05-18 | Ammonium nitrate and urea explosives |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2814555A true US2814555A (en) | 1957-11-26 |
Family
ID=24026487
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US509395A Expired - Lifetime US2814555A (en) | 1955-05-18 | 1955-05-18 | Ammonium nitrate and urea explosives |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2814555A (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3064572A (en) * | 1958-01-13 | 1962-11-20 | Union Carbide Corp | Method of and means for providing a charge of water sensitive explosive in a blast hole |
| US3116185A (en) * | 1960-08-18 | 1963-12-31 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method of reducing the caking of nitrogen-containing compound |
| US3447982A (en) * | 1967-04-14 | 1969-06-03 | Commercial Solvents Corp | Ammonium nitrate having diatomaceous earth dispersed therein and method of making same |
| RU2200724C1 (en) * | 2002-01-09 | 2003-03-20 | ООО "Кузбассвзрывцентр" | Fuel for manufacturing granulites |
| RU2343139C2 (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2009-01-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Кузбассвзрывцентр" (ООО "Кузбассвзрывцентр") | Structure of fuel for manufacturing of explosives |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1028950A (en) * | 1911-09-20 | 1912-06-11 | James F O'brien | Explosive. |
| US2129367A (en) * | 1935-07-26 | 1938-09-06 | Ici Ltd | Gelatinous or semigelatinous blasting explosives |
| US2353137A (en) * | 1941-03-17 | 1944-07-11 | New Prod Corp | Change-speed transmission |
| US2398071A (en) * | 1940-07-24 | 1946-04-09 | Barab Jacob | Ammonium nitrate explosives |
| US2455205A (en) * | 1945-08-24 | 1948-11-30 | Ici Ltd | Compositions suitable for use as gas and power producing liquids |
-
1955
- 1955-05-18 US US509395A patent/US2814555A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1028950A (en) * | 1911-09-20 | 1912-06-11 | James F O'brien | Explosive. |
| US2129367A (en) * | 1935-07-26 | 1938-09-06 | Ici Ltd | Gelatinous or semigelatinous blasting explosives |
| US2398071A (en) * | 1940-07-24 | 1946-04-09 | Barab Jacob | Ammonium nitrate explosives |
| US2353137A (en) * | 1941-03-17 | 1944-07-11 | New Prod Corp | Change-speed transmission |
| US2455205A (en) * | 1945-08-24 | 1948-11-30 | Ici Ltd | Compositions suitable for use as gas and power producing liquids |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3064572A (en) * | 1958-01-13 | 1962-11-20 | Union Carbide Corp | Method of and means for providing a charge of water sensitive explosive in a blast hole |
| US3116185A (en) * | 1960-08-18 | 1963-12-31 | Phillips Petroleum Co | Method of reducing the caking of nitrogen-containing compound |
| US3447982A (en) * | 1967-04-14 | 1969-06-03 | Commercial Solvents Corp | Ammonium nitrate having diatomaceous earth dispersed therein and method of making same |
| RU2200724C1 (en) * | 2002-01-09 | 2003-03-20 | ООО "Кузбассвзрывцентр" | Fuel for manufacturing granulites |
| RU2343139C2 (en) * | 2007-03-06 | 2009-01-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Кузбассвзрывцентр" (ООО "Кузбассвзрывцентр") | Structure of fuel for manufacturing of explosives |
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