US2895860A - Pressure chill-castings of iron - Google Patents
Pressure chill-castings of iron Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2895860A US2895860A US599906A US59990656A US2895860A US 2895860 A US2895860 A US 2895860A US 599906 A US599906 A US 599906A US 59990656 A US59990656 A US 59990656A US 2895860 A US2895860 A US 2895860A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- casting
- iron
- hours
- temperature
- graphite
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 title claims description 36
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 18
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fe2+ Chemical compound [Fe+2] CWYNVVGOOAEACU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910001296 Malleable iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004512 die casting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005087 graphitization Methods 0.000 description 6
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 235000000396 iron Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 230000035784 germination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001037 White iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 101150057833 THEG gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 244000052616 bacterial pathogen Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910001563 bainite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003628 erosive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001408 paramagnetic relaxation enhancement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
- C22C33/08—Making cast-iron alloys
Definitions
- regu ar y o p duc ien- In fa th die-cas ing o i on in eh llm s is r at a i a e co pa ed w th steel, by t e at stabi i y of the me a ath in the stora e vfu nace, y h lowerin of the casting temperature, and by the considerable reduction in the effects ofhot erosion on the chill-mold.
- 'white iron can be cast without microeshrinkagecracks or blow-holes, thanks to the pressure'le'xerted during the solidification. Cracks are avoided by stripping immediately after the solidification is finished.
- the iron Due to the chill-casting, the iron can have a relatively high silicon content which lowers the tapping temperature while preserving a white structure in the rough-cast pieces. Thus the normal contents in malleable cast irons can be considerably exceeded, reaching values of between 1.5 and 2%. Moreover, higher carbon contents of 2.6 to 3% can be allowed for the same reasons.
- irons containing copper acts as a constituent to improve the casting qualities, as an agent for the nuclear formation of the graphite, and as an additive with a view to suitability for the hardening and tempering heat-treatment.
- the hardening treatment can be carried out, starting from the casting heat, by stripping fairly hot, above 810 and quenching directly in a salt-bath, for example at 180 for 1 minute, then cooling in still air, which makes it possible to obtain chilled castings without the risk of cracks or shrinkage cracks. If the casting comprises narrow parts which have been overcooled, it can, after being stripped, be immersed in a stabilizing bath at 810 one minute, after being salthardened at 180.
- the casting is then subjected to nuclear formation treatment, for example 48 hours at 450, then, with or without intermediate cooling, the casting is subjected to graphitization of the primary cementite; in order for the graphitization to be absolutely complete; it is necessary to maintain it at 875 for 2 to 6 hours, but this time can be reduced to between 40 minutes and two hours by annealing at 900.
- chill-cast irons reheated 810/ 30 minutes, hardened in salt at 180 for 1 minute, cooled in still air, reheated to 450 for 48 hours, cooled in still air then reheated at 875 for 1 hour, and cooled in still air, are lamellar pearlitic and have the following characteristics in test-pieces 4 mm. in diameter, machined from pieces 20 mm. thick:
- compositions and properties of these cast irons by alloys such as: Ni, Mo, Ti, Al, Zr and the like.
- alloys such as: Ni, Mo, Ti, Al, Zr and the like.
- white iron castings are obtained by chill casting predetermined compositions under pressure in suitably determined casting conditions. These castings are subjected to a graphitisation treatment comprising three phases:
- Said treatment may be reduced to periods varying. between a few minutes and 5 hours if the castings:
- a method of obtaining malleable iron of pearlitic structure containing diffused fine particles of graphite which comprises die casting in a chill mold an iron suitable for the formation of pearlitic malleable iron, stripping the casting from the mold while hot, and above 810 C., quenching the casting in a salt bath at a temperature of about 180 C. for about 1 minute, cooling the casting in still air, subjecting the casting to a temperature between 400 to 500 C. for a period of time up and forperiods U to 5 hours, suificient for effecting formation of graphite nuclei, subjecting the casting to graphitization of the primary cementite with heat at a temperature between 850 and 900 C. for 2 to'6 hours.
- a method of obtaining malleable iron of pearlitic structure containing diffused fine particles of graphite which comprises die casting in a chill mold an iron suitable for the formation of pearlitic malleable iron, stripping the casting from the mold while hot, and above 810 C., quenching the casting in a salt bath at a temperature of about 180 C. for about 1 minute, cooling the casting in still air, subjecting the casting to a temperature between 400 to 500 C. for a period of time up 1 to 5 hours, sufiicient for effecting formation of graphite 7 Materials and Methods, vol. 32, Issue No. 6, December nuclei, cooling the casting in still air, subjecting the casting to graphitization of the primary cementite with heat at a temperature between 850 and 900 C. for 2 to 6 hours.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
Description
United grates Patent 21 .58.69 PREs li E QFhYP-QAS NGS 9F 13-91? ucien 'P ras, Billawwrt, ra ce, s ene t R e Natiou a le des Usines Renault, Billancourt, France, French works No Drawing. Application July SerialNo. 599,906
C aim P i t P t-$9 Fram Au us 5 5 Claims. c1. 14 -3 No. 336,188, filed February 10, 1953 and applicants oo-pending patent application Nof555ji285, filed December 27, 1955.
Thus, as stated in said application Serial No. 336,188 7 the combination of the processes of chill-casting, diecasting,'and g'raphiti zatio 'n' with pretreatment for the nuclear formation, leads industrially to new products of h h q l y, hi h output at tnassp es pa t pr e ien and good surface qualit es on t e n s, hi
st eng h of th east iron and. regu ar y o p duc ien- In fa th die-cas ing o i on in eh llm s is r at a i a e co pa ed w th steel, by t e at stabi i y of the me a ath in the stora e vfu nace, y h lowerin of the casting temperature, and by the considerable reduction in the effects ofhot erosion on the chill-mold.
Thus, 'white iron can be cast without microeshrinkagecracks or blow-holes, thanks to the pressure'le'xerted during the solidification. Cracks are avoided by stripping immediately after the solidification is finished.
Due to the chill-casting, the iron can have a relatively high silicon content which lowers the tapping temperature while preserving a white structure in the rough-cast pieces. Thus the normal contents in malleable cast irons can be considerably exceeded, reaching values of between 1.5 and 2%. Moreover, higher carbon contents of 2.6 to 3% can be allowed for the same reasons.
In order to obtain the optimum efiect, it is preferable, according to the invention, to use irons containing copper though without that being an absolute necessity. Copper acts as a constituent to improve the casting qualities, as an agent for the nuclear formation of the graphite, and as an additive with a view to suitability for the hardening and tempering heat-treatment.
In order for the process to have its full effect, it is necessary, according to the invention, to carry out the triple treatment of hardening, nuclear formation and graphitization. The hardening treatment can be carried out, starting from the casting heat, by stripping fairly hot, above 810 and quenching directly in a salt-bath, for example at 180 for 1 minute, then cooling in still air, which makes it possible to obtain chilled castings without the risk of cracks or shrinkage cracks. If the casting comprises narrow parts which have been overcooled, it can, after being stripped, be immersed in a stabilizing bath at 810 one minute, after being salthardened at 180. The casting is then subjected to nuclear formation treatment, for example 48 hours at 450, then, with or without intermediate cooling, the casting is subjected to graphitization of the primary cementite; in order for the graphitization to be absolutely complete; it is necessary to maintain it at 875 for 2 to 6 hours, but this time can be reduced to between 40 minutes and two hours by annealing at 900.
The following table gives the number N per mm. of fine spherules of graphite having an average diameter of 2,895,860 i entesl July 3101.95?
N0. of Casting l 0 per- -Si vMn Cu N/mm 1 I an I In order for the process to attain its full effectiveness, it is preferable tolallow the piece to .cool on leaving the matrix and to reheatit for austenization at 810 for minutesffor example, and hardening in stages, at for 1 minute for examplef The castings are then 'subjected tonuclear formation .trleatmentrfor example .48 hours at 450?, cooled'then'r'elreated to 875 for example, just lqng'enoughfor ,theg'raphitization of the primary cementite, then 'cooledfin still air, failing which, if th'e time ta en is too long, thegraphite undei'goes a coalesc'ence with a redujc oii inlthehumber of" spherules and lowering of the'iriechanical properties. This is' shown by the following ,table'which gives the number of spherules f ai t pe mha n a d m te ess tha 2 In each case, the quantity of cementite is nil, so that the annealing for 1 hours at 875 is sufiicient. It will be seen that here the best result is obtained with the cast iron containing 1.2% copper, which has 40,000 spherules of graphite per mm.
These chill-cast irons, reheated 810/ 30 minutes, hardened in salt at 180 for 1 minute, cooled in still air, reheated to 450 for 48 hours, cooled in still air then reheated at 875 for 1 hour, and cooled in still air, are lamellar pearlitic and have the following characteristics in test-pieces 4 mm. in diameter, machined from pieces 20 mm. thick:
N o. of Casting Ou, Per- E Kg./ R Kg./ A, Percent mm) mm. cent After this treatment, a piece of casting 2162 was reheated to 835, hardened in oil, tempered at 700; it then showed: E=80, R=82, A=2.5% in a machined test-piece 4 mm. in diameter.
It is also possible, after this last tempering at 700, to stop this by oil-hardening and temper it for 2 hours at 500 to induce the structural hardening of the copper.
Finally, it is possible to modify the compositions and properties of these cast irons by alloys such as: Ni, Mo, Ti, Al, Zr and the like. The machinability, after graphitization, with or without hardening and tempering, is particularly easy, due to the graphite.
According to the two aforesaid patent applications, white iron castings are obtained by chill casting predetermined compositions under pressure in suitably determined casting conditions. These castings are subjected to a graphitisation treatment comprising three phases:
(1) Bainite or rather ma'itensite staged prequench;
(2) Germination ofthe-graphiteat temperatures contained between '400 and 500 and for periods contained between 5 and 100 hours; I
(3) Graphitisation of the primary cementite, at temperatures contained between 850 and 900 contained between minutes and 12 hours.
Recent progress has rendered it possible to reduce the period of the germination treatment, as disclosed in the aforesaid co-pending application Serial No. 336,188 appreciably. This application relates to this latter improvement.
Said treatment may be reduced to periods varying. between a few minutes and 5 hours if the castings:
(a) -Are thin (less than about 10 m.);
(b) Contain elements favouring the martensite quench, such as Ni (0.4 to 2%), Mn (brought to 1.5%), or favouring the formation of germs of graphite, such as Al (between 0.03% to 0.05%).
With these special provisions (thin castings, elements favouring the martensite quench), the reduction of the period of the germination treatment in relation to that indica'tedin the patent application Serial No. 336,188 is not accompanied by any reduction in the exceptional mechanical properties which the method of treatment in three phases enables there to be obtained.
I claim:
1. A method of obtaining malleable iron of pearlitic structure containing diffused fine particles of graphite which comprises die casting in a chill mold an iron suitable for the formation of pearlitic malleable iron, stripping the casting from the mold while hot, and above 810 C., quenching the casting in a salt bath at a temperature of about 180 C. for about 1 minute, cooling the casting in still air, subjecting the casting to a temperature between 400 to 500 C. for a period of time up and forperiods U to 5 hours, suificient for effecting formation of graphite nuclei, subjecting the casting to graphitization of the primary cementite with heat at a temperature between 850 and 900 C. for 2 to'6 hours.
2. A method of obtaining malleable iron of pearlitic structure containing diffused fine particles of graphite which comprises die casting in a chill mold an iron suitable for the formation of pearlitic malleable iron, stripping the casting from the mold while hot, and above 810 C., quenching the casting in a salt bath at a temperature of about 180 C. for about 1 minute, cooling the casting in still air, subjecting the casting to a temperature between 400 to 500 C. for a period of time up 1 to 5 hours, sufiicient for effecting formation of graphite 7 Materials and Methods, vol. 32, Issue No. 6, December nuclei, cooling the casting in still air, subjecting the casting to graphitization of the primary cementite with heat at a temperature between 850 and 900 C. for 2 to 6 hours.
3. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein the iron treated contains 0.4% to 2% nickel and 1.5% manganese.
4. A method as defined in claim 2, wherein the iron treated contains 0.4% to 2% nickel and 1.5 manganese.
5. A method as defined in claim 1, wherein the iron treated contains a small amount'of aluminum.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS 1,498,128 Sowers June 17, 1924 2,185,894 Hultgren Ian. 2, 1940 2,331,886 Boegehold Oct. 19, 1943 2,501,059 Kluijtmans Mar. 21, 1950 2,564,885 Sternberg Aug. 21, 1951 2,651,570 Heine Sept. 8, 1953 OTHER REFERENCES
Claims (1)
1. A METHOD OF OBTAINING MALLEABLE IRON OF PEARLITIC STRUCTURE CONTAINING DIFFUSED FINE PARTICLES OF GRAPHITE WHICH COMPRISE DIE CASTING IN A CHILL MOLD AN IRON SUITABLE FOR THE FORMATION OF PEARLITIC MALLEABLE IRON, STRIPPING THE CASTING FROM THE MOLD WHILE HOT, AND ABOVE 810*C. QUENCHING THE CASTING IN A SALT BATH AT TEMPERATURE OF ABOUT 180* C. FOR A PERIOD OF TIME UP THE CASTING IN STILL AIR, SUBJECTING THE CASTING TO A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 400* TO 500* C. FOR A PERIOD OF TIME UP TO 5 HOURS SUFFICENT FOR EFFECTING FORMATION OF GRAPHITE NUCLIE SUBJECTING THE CASTING TO GRAPHITZATION OF THE PRIMARY CEMENTITE WITH HEAT AT A TEMPERATURE BETWEEN 850* AND 900*C. FOR 2 TO 6 HOURS.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR2895860X | 1955-08-05 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2895860A true US2895860A (en) | 1959-07-21 |
Family
ID=9689719
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US599906A Expired - Lifetime US2895860A (en) | 1955-08-05 | 1956-07-25 | Pressure chill-castings of iron |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2895860A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3005736A (en) * | 1958-02-06 | 1961-10-24 | Renault | High-toughness cast-iron for relatively thick castings, and method of producing same |
| US3751243A (en) * | 1971-01-08 | 1973-08-07 | Alcan Res & Dev | Procedure for quenching dross |
Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1498128A (en) * | 1921-07-30 | 1924-06-17 | Sowers Ossa | Process of making malleable iron castings |
| US2185894A (en) * | 1937-01-25 | 1940-01-02 | Hultgren Axel Gustaf Emanuel | Method of producing malleable iron |
| US2331886A (en) * | 1938-09-10 | 1943-10-19 | Gen Motors Corp | Alloy malleable iron |
| US2501059A (en) * | 1946-09-20 | 1950-03-21 | Kluijtmans Christian | Manufacture of black-heart malleable cast iron |
| US2564885A (en) * | 1949-06-28 | 1951-08-21 | Sternberg Jaime De | Injection mechanism for pressure die-casting machines |
| US2651570A (en) * | 1949-11-19 | 1953-09-08 | Wisconsin Alumni Res Found | Manufacture of malleablized white cast iron |
-
1956
- 1956-07-25 US US599906A patent/US2895860A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1498128A (en) * | 1921-07-30 | 1924-06-17 | Sowers Ossa | Process of making malleable iron castings |
| US2185894A (en) * | 1937-01-25 | 1940-01-02 | Hultgren Axel Gustaf Emanuel | Method of producing malleable iron |
| US2331886A (en) * | 1938-09-10 | 1943-10-19 | Gen Motors Corp | Alloy malleable iron |
| US2501059A (en) * | 1946-09-20 | 1950-03-21 | Kluijtmans Christian | Manufacture of black-heart malleable cast iron |
| US2564885A (en) * | 1949-06-28 | 1951-08-21 | Sternberg Jaime De | Injection mechanism for pressure die-casting machines |
| US2651570A (en) * | 1949-11-19 | 1953-09-08 | Wisconsin Alumni Res Found | Manufacture of malleablized white cast iron |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3005736A (en) * | 1958-02-06 | 1961-10-24 | Renault | High-toughness cast-iron for relatively thick castings, and method of producing same |
| US3751243A (en) * | 1971-01-08 | 1973-08-07 | Alcan Res & Dev | Procedure for quenching dross |
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