US2693421A - Synthetic monocrystalline rutile - Google Patents
Synthetic monocrystalline rutile Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2693421A US2693421A US82928A US8292849A US2693421A US 2693421 A US2693421 A US 2693421A US 82928 A US82928 A US 82928A US 8292849 A US8292849 A US 8292849A US 2693421 A US2693421 A US 2693421A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- rutile
- single crystal
- titania
- flame
- red
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 59
- WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trioxochromium Chemical compound O=[Cr](=O)=O WGLPBDUCMAPZCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 229910000423 chromium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 27
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[V+5].[V+5] XHCLAFWTIXFWPH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010437 gem Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001751 gemstone Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052594 sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010980 sapphire Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichromium trioxide Chemical compound O=[Cr]O[Cr]=O QDOXWKRWXJOMAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
- C30B29/16—Oxides
- C30B29/22—Complex oxides
- C30B29/26—Complex oxides with formula BMe2O4, wherein B is Mg, Ni, Co, Al, Zn, or Cd and Me is Fe, Ga, Sc, Cr, Co, or Al
Definitions
- This invention relates to red single crystals of synthetic rutile, and to a method for making such crystals.
- Single crystals of rutile have only recently been produced synthetically by periodically passing small amounts of titania powder axially down through an oxy-hydrogen flame onto a support which is aligned axially with such flame, and causing the material melted in the flame to crystallize progressively by gradually moving the flame and support apart axially of the flame.
- the general procedure is similar to the process for making synthetic sapphire disclosed by Verneuil in U. S. Patent 988,230, and similar apparatus is used.
- the crystal is black, opaque, and unsuitable for use as a gemstone.
- the object of the present invention is toproduce a red single crystal of synthetic rutile which is suitable to be cut and used as a gemstone.
- a black single crystal of synthetic rutile is grown from a powder mixture consisting of titania (TiOz) and a minor amount of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide (V205) and chromium oxide (C1203) by fusing the powder in an oxy-hydrogen flame and allowing the fused material to crystallize progressively, in accordance with Verneuils teachings with reference to sapphire.
- the chromium oxide and/or vanadium oxide should be present in an effective amount up to about 1% of the mixture by weight.
- the black rutile crystal is then heated in an atmosphere of oxidizing gas such as oxygen, whereupon it is converted to a red crystal which is suitable for cutting into a gemstone.
- oxidizing gas such as oxygen
- the temperature during this step desirably is maintained above 300 C. but below the melting point of rutile.
- the preferred temperature range is from 600 C. to 1300" C.
- a short thick black rutile boule weighing about 80 carats was grown successfully from a powder mixture consisting of TiOz and about 0.1% of CrzOs. This boule was then oxidized by heating it in a furnace for ten hours at 1150" C. in an atmosphere of oxygen, whereupon the color was converted to red.
- a black rutile boule was grown successfully from a powder mixture consisting of TiOz and about 0.01% V205. This boule was then oxidized for ten hours at 1150 C. in an atmosphere of oxygen, whereupon the color was converted to red.
- a single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titania and an effective amount up to about 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide and chromium oxide.
- a red single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titania and an effective amount upto 1% of chromium oxide.
- a red single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titania and about 0.1% of chromium oxide.
- a red single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of ttania and an effective amount up to 1% of vanadium 0x1 e.
- a red single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titania and about 0.01% of vanadium oxide.
- a method for synthesizing a single crystal of rutile which can be converted to a red color by heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere comprising fusing a powder consisting of titania and an effective amount up to 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide and chromium oxide, and crystallizing the fused material as a single crystal.
- a method for synthesizing a red single crystal of rutile comprising fusing a powder consisting of titania and an effective amount up to 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide and chromium oxide, crystallizing the fused material as a single crystal, and heating the crystallized material in an atmosphere of oxidizing gas.
- a method for synthesizing a red single crystal of rutile comprising fusing a powder consisting of titania and about 0.1% of chromium oxide, crystallizing the fused material as a single crystal, and heating the crystallized material in an atmosphere of oxidizing gas.
- a method for synthesizing a red single crystal of rutile comprising fusing a powder consisting of titania and about 0.01% of vanadium oxide, crystallizing the fused material, and heating the crystallized material in an atmosphere of oxidizing gas.
- a method for growing a single crystal of rutile which can be converted to a red color by heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere comprising periodically passing axially through a flame and melting therein a powdered composition consisting of titania and an effective amount up to 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide and chromium oxide, accumulating and crystallizing the material so melted as a single crystal on a support aligned axially with such flame, and moving such flame and support apart axially of such flame.
- a method for making a red single crystal of rutile comprising periodically passing axially through a flame and melting therein a powdered composition consisting of titania and an effective amount up to 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide and chromium oxide, accumulating and crystallizing the material so melted as a single crystal on a support aligned axially with such flame, moving such flame and support apart axially of such flame, and subsequently heating the crystallized material in an atmosphere of oxygen at a temperature between 300 C. and 1300 C.
- a single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titanium dioxide and 0.1% of an oxide of vanadium.
- a single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titanium dioxide and 0.1% of an oxide of chromium.
- a composition of matter for synthesizing single crystals of rutile consisting of a fusible powdered mixture of titania and an effective amount up to about 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of chromium oxide and vanadium oxide.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
Description
United States Patent Cfifice 2,693,421 Patented Nov. 2, 1954 SYNTHETIC MONOCRYSTALLINE RUTILE William G. Eversole and Wilfred Drost, Kenmore, N. Y., assignors, by mesne assignments, to Union Carbide and Carbon Corporation, a corporation of New York No Drawing. Application March 22, 1949, Serial No. 82,928
14 Claims. (Cl. 106-42) This invention relates to red single crystals of synthetic rutile, and to a method for making such crystals.
Single crystals of rutile have only recently been produced synthetically by periodically passing small amounts of titania powder axially down through an oxy-hydrogen flame onto a support which is aligned axially with such flame, and causing the material melted in the flame to crystallize progressively by gradually moving the flame and support apart axially of the flame. The general procedure is similar to the process for making synthetic sapphire disclosed by Verneuil in U. S. Patent 988,230, and similar apparatus is used. When pjure titania powder is used, the crystal is black, opaque, and unsuitable for use as a gemstone.
The object of the present invention is toproduce a red single crystal of synthetic rutile which is suitable to be cut and used as a gemstone.
In accordance with the present invention, a black single crystal of synthetic rutile is grown from a powder mixture consisting of titania (TiOz) and a minor amount of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide (V205) and chromium oxide (C1203) by fusing the powder in an oxy-hydrogen flame and allowing the fused material to crystallize progressively, in accordance with Verneuils teachings with reference to sapphire. Preferably the chromium oxide and/or vanadium oxide should be present in an effective amount up to about 1% of the mixture by weight.
The black rutile crystal is then heated in an atmosphere of oxidizing gas such as oxygen, whereupon it is converted to a red crystal which is suitable for cutting into a gemstone. The temperature during this step desirably is maintained above 300 C. but below the melting point of rutile. The preferred temperature range is from 600 C. to 1300" C.
In an example of the invention, a short thick black rutile boule weighing about 80 carats was grown successfully from a powder mixture consisting of TiOz and about 0.1% of CrzOs. This boule was then oxidized by heating it in a furnace for ten hours at 1150" C. in an atmosphere of oxygen, whereupon the color was converted to red.
In a second example a black rutile boule was grown successfully from a powder mixture consisting of TiOz and about 0.01% V205. This boule was then oxidized for ten hours at 1150 C. in an atmosphere of oxygen, whereupon the color was converted to red.
What is claimed is:
1. A single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titania and an effective amount up to about 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide and chromium oxide.
2. A red single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titania and an effective amount upto 1% of chromium oxide.
3. A red single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titania and about 0.1% of chromium oxide.
4. A red single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of ttania and an effective amount up to 1% of vanadium 0x1 e.
5. A red single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titania and about 0.01% of vanadium oxide.
6. A method for synthesizing a single crystal of rutile which can be converted to a red color by heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere, said method comprising fusing a powder consisting of titania and an effective amount up to 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide and chromium oxide, and crystallizing the fused material as a single crystal.
7. A method for synthesizing a red single crystal of rutile comprising fusing a powder consisting of titania and an effective amount up to 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide and chromium oxide, crystallizing the fused material as a single crystal, and heating the crystallized material in an atmosphere of oxidizing gas.
8. A method for synthesizing a red single crystal of rutile comprising fusing a powder consisting of titania and about 0.1% of chromium oxide, crystallizing the fused material as a single crystal, and heating the crystallized material in an atmosphere of oxidizing gas.
9. A method for synthesizing a red single crystal of rutile comprising fusing a powder consisting of titania and about 0.01% of vanadium oxide, crystallizing the fused material, and heating the crystallized material in an atmosphere of oxidizing gas.
10. A method for growing a single crystal of rutile which can be converted to a red color by heat treatment in an oxidizing atmosphere, said method comprising periodically passing axially through a flame and melting therein a powdered composition consisting of titania and an effective amount up to 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide and chromium oxide, accumulating and crystallizing the material so melted as a single crystal on a support aligned axially with such flame, and moving such flame and support apart axially of such flame.
11. A method for making a red single crystal of rutile comprising periodically passing axially through a flame and melting therein a powdered composition consisting of titania and an effective amount up to 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of vanadium oxide and chromium oxide, accumulating and crystallizing the material so melted as a single crystal on a support aligned axially with such flame, moving such flame and support apart axially of such flame, and subsequently heating the crystallized material in an atmosphere of oxygen at a temperature between 300 C. and 1300 C.
12. A single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titanium dioxide and 0.1% of an oxide of vanadium.
13. A single crystal of synthetic rutile consisting of titanium dioxide and 0.1% of an oxide of chromium.
14. A composition of matter for synthesizing single crystals of rutile consisting of a fusible powdered mixture of titania and an effective amount up to about 1% of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of chromium oxide and vanadium oxide.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 988,230 Verneuil Mar. 28, 1911 2,311,917 Wainer et a1. Feb. 23, 1943 2,371,660 Wainer Mar. 20, 1945
Claims (1)
1. A SINGLE CRYSTAL OF SYNTHETIC RUTILE CONSISTING OF TITANIA AND AN EFFECTIVE AMOUNT TO ABOUT 1% OF AT LEAST ONE SUBSTANCE SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF VANADIUM OXIDED AND CHROMIUM OXIDE.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US82928A US2693421A (en) | 1949-03-22 | 1949-03-22 | Synthetic monocrystalline rutile |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US82928A US2693421A (en) | 1949-03-22 | 1949-03-22 | Synthetic monocrystalline rutile |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2693421A true US2693421A (en) | 1954-11-02 |
Family
ID=22174355
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US82928A Expired - Lifetime US2693421A (en) | 1949-03-22 | 1949-03-22 | Synthetic monocrystalline rutile |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2693421A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2801182A (en) * | 1953-01-22 | 1957-07-30 | Nat Lead Co | Synthetic rutile composition |
| US5071677A (en) * | 1990-05-24 | 1991-12-10 | Houston Advanced Research Center | Halogen-assisted chemical vapor deposition of diamond |
| US5316795A (en) * | 1990-05-24 | 1994-05-31 | Houston Advanced Research Center | Halogen-assisted chemical vapor deposition of diamond |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US988230A (en) * | 1910-05-10 | 1911-03-28 | Heller & Son L | Process of producing synthetic sapphires. |
| US2311917A (en) * | 1940-06-25 | 1943-02-23 | Titanium Alloy Mfg Co | Process for making electrical conductors consisting of chromium oxide and titanium oxide |
| US2371660A (en) * | 1941-02-07 | 1945-03-20 | Titanium Alloy Mfg Co | Composition and article for electric use |
-
1949
- 1949-03-22 US US82928A patent/US2693421A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US988230A (en) * | 1910-05-10 | 1911-03-28 | Heller & Son L | Process of producing synthetic sapphires. |
| US2311917A (en) * | 1940-06-25 | 1943-02-23 | Titanium Alloy Mfg Co | Process for making electrical conductors consisting of chromium oxide and titanium oxide |
| US2371660A (en) * | 1941-02-07 | 1945-03-20 | Titanium Alloy Mfg Co | Composition and article for electric use |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2801182A (en) * | 1953-01-22 | 1957-07-30 | Nat Lead Co | Synthetic rutile composition |
| US5071677A (en) * | 1990-05-24 | 1991-12-10 | Houston Advanced Research Center | Halogen-assisted chemical vapor deposition of diamond |
| US5316795A (en) * | 1990-05-24 | 1994-05-31 | Houston Advanced Research Center | Halogen-assisted chemical vapor deposition of diamond |
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