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US2648639A - Calcium manganate-aluminum oxide catalyst - Google Patents

Calcium manganate-aluminum oxide catalyst Download PDF

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Publication number
US2648639A
US2648639A US101901A US10190149A US2648639A US 2648639 A US2648639 A US 2648639A US 101901 A US101901 A US 101901A US 10190149 A US10190149 A US 10190149A US 2648639 A US2648639 A US 2648639A
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aluminum oxide
catalyst
hydrocarbons
weight
calcium
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US101901A
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Rufus B Bennett
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Standard Oil Development Co
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Standard Oil Development Co
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Priority to US101901A priority Critical patent/US2648639A/en
Priority to US151538A priority patent/US2687987A/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/32—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • B01J23/34—Manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C5/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms
    • C07C5/32—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing the same number of carbon atoms by dehydrogenation with formation of free hydrogen
    • C07C5/327—Formation of non-aromatic carbon-to-carbon double bonds only
    • C07C5/333—Catalytic processes
    • C07C5/3332—Catalytic processes with metal oxides or metal sulfides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
    • C07C2521/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • C07C2521/04—Alumina
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/02—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • C07C2523/32—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
    • C07C2523/34—Manganese
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S585/00—Chemistry of hydrocarbon compounds
    • Y10S585/8995—Catalyst and recycle considerations
    • Y10S585/906—Catalyst preservation or manufacture, e.g. activation before use

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to' a dehydrogenation catalyst and amethod for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons employing the same. More particularly, the invention is directed to the dehydrogenation of paramnic. hydrocarbons.
  • the mainobject of the present invention to provide anew catalyst suitable for dehydrogenation of parafiinic hydrocarbons to olefin-ic hydrocarbons.
  • Another object of the present invention is. to provide a rugged and heat resistant catalyst which may be used in dehydrogenating paraffins toolefins.
  • a still further object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst comprising oxygen-containing compounds of calcium and manganesa.
  • Still another object of the present invention is- -toprovide a process in which paraffiniehydrocarbons are dehydrogenated to olefinic hydrocarbons by contact with an improved catalyst.
  • the objects of the present invention may be achieved by forming a catalyst composition comprising a major portion of a carrier consisting substantially of aluminum oxide and minor portions of oxygen-containing compounds of calcium and manganese and contacting a heated hydrocarbon such as a parafiinic hydrocarbon with the catalyst at an elevated temperature and pressure under conditions to form a product and recovering theproduct'.
  • the present invention may be described briefly as a composition comprising a base material of aluminum oxide in a major amount and a catalytic material including oxygen-containing compounds of calcium and manganese which may be present as the oxides or a the calcium manganate (CaMnO4).
  • a heated hydrocarbon feed at an elevated temperature and pressure and 2 particularly a paraffinic hydrocarbon feed is-con tacted. with” the improved catalyst under conditions: to forma product containing asubstantial. amount of the dehydrogenat'ed. hydrocarbon which is then removed: from contact with the catalyst: and the dehydrogenated: hydrocarbon recovered therefrom.
  • the catalyst composition ofthe I presentinve'riti'om as stated before, comprises a' major amount of aluminum oxide: and minor amounts osoxygen-containing:compounds of" calcium and manganese.
  • the major amountv of aluminum oxide will ordinarily compriseno-less than- 58% "of the catalyst: composition, while "the minor amounts of'oxygen-containing eompoundsof cal cium and manganese: may c'ontain respectively calcium calculated ascalcium oxide in an'amount inthe range between IAe-a-nd' 14% by weight-of the composition and'manganese calculated as manganese oxide in the range between 5.6: and 28% by weight of the composition.
  • the calcium and; manganese may be present in the compositioni. either in the form of the: calciummanganate or'im the;- fe'rm. or calcium oxide and manganese oxide;
  • a preferred composition consisting of 20% calcium manganate andi aluminum oxide gives satisfactory results in. dehydrogenating paraflin
  • the aluminum oxidev employed in the present invention may contain a small-'amount'of water. In fact an amount or water'in the aluminum oxide. in. the .rangeirom 1% to- 5% by Weight may exert a: beneficialefrect.
  • aluminum oxide those' contain-in'g 1.4 by weight of water'aridof 4a to 8 meshinparticlesize-and those containing. 3.4%. water and passing mesh perform satisfactorily in the presentin vention.
  • the mixture was heat treated in the presence of air for 30 minutes at 300 F. and thereafter the temperature was increased 100 F. every 15 minutes until a temperature of 800 F. was reached; after 5 minutes at 800 F. the temperature was raised rapidly to 1250 F. and maintained at this temperature for approximately 3 hours.
  • the dried and heated catalyst, as described, was then allowed to cool to 230 F. and was then formed into 1 5' inch tablets prior to employment as hydrocarbon conversion catalyst according to the present invention.
  • the aforesaid catalyst composition contained approximately 20% calcium manganate and approximately 80% aluminum oxide. This catalyst was placed in a reactor vessel which was heated to a temperature of 1095 F. Normal heptane at a feed rate of one volume of feed per volume of catalyst per hour was then contacted with the heated catalyst at 1095 F.
  • the improved catalyst composition allowed the production of over 15 by weight of olefins which is considered a very good yield from the paraffinic hydrocarbon.
  • the dehydrogenation operation was conducted at atmospheric pressure and in the absence of extraneously added hydrogen. Introducing hydrogen with the feed and employing operating pressures up to 150 p. s. i. g. may result in the effect of markedly reduced carbon formation Without adversely affecting olefin selectivity.
  • the present invention may be carried out at temperatures from 1075 up to 1400 F. and at pressures from 0 to about 150 p. s. i. g., feed rates from about 0.3 to about volumes of feed per volume of catalyst per hour and hydrogen in an amount from 0 to 3000 stand-- ard cubic feet of hydrogen per barrel of naphtha feed.
  • the carbon deposited on the catalyst may be periodically removed by burning with air employing process cycles from about 1 to about 3 hours under normal operations. However, by introducing steam with the naphtha feed, longer process cycles may be obtained up to as much as 3000 hours with the carbon being removed practically continuously through the water gas reaction which is caused to proceed by the introduction of steam with the feed hydrocarbon.
  • While the present invention has greatest utility in dehydrogenating paraffinic to olefinic hydrocarbons it may also be used in the so-called hydro-forming process in which naphthene hydrocarbons are converted or hydroformed to aromatic hydrocarbons; when such operations are conducted it may be desirable to us lower temperatures in the range from about 900 to 1200 F., pressures in the range given and with hydrogen being added extraneously.
  • the invention is alsoadapted to the conversion of olefins to diolefins and under these conditions it may be desirable to employ higher temperatures in the range given with the introduction of steam with the olefinic hydrocarbon feed to promote the water gas reaction.
  • the hydrocarbons employed as feed stocks may comprise the butanes, butylenes, pentanes, pentyl- 4 enes, methylcyclopentanes, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, hexanes, heptanes, octanes, and other representative olefinic, parafilnic, and naphthenic hydrocarbons.
  • a catalyst composition adapted for converting hydrocarbons consisting essentially of no less than 58% by weight of aluminum oxide and no less than 7 by weight and no more than 42% by weight of a mixture of oxides of calcium and manganese in the range between 1.4% and 14% by weight and in the range between 5.6% and 28% by weight calculated, respectively, as calcium and manganese oxides.
  • a catalyst composition adapted for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons consisting essentially of no less than 58% by weight of an aluminum oxide carrier and no less than 7% by weight and no more than 42% by weight of calcium manganate.
  • a catalyst composition adapted for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons which comprises approximately 20% by weight calcium manganate and approximately by weight of aluminum oxide.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

Description

Patented Aug. 11, 1953 CALCIUM MANGANATEeALUMINUM OXIDE CATALYST Rufus BL Bennett, Baytown; Tern, assignor', By mesne assignments, to Standard Oit-Develo'p-* 'ment Company, Elizabeth; N; .J;,. a: corpnration of Delaware No Drawing. Application J un'e 2811949;
' Serial No. Ill-1,901
The present invention is directed to' a dehydrogenation catalyst and amethod for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons employing the same. More particularly, the invention is directed to the dehydrogenation of paramnic. hydrocarbons.
Prior to the present'invention it has been known to dehydrogenate hydrocarbons and many catalysts and processes therefor have. been suggested by workers in this field. The dehydrogenation of olefins to diolefins. does not present an appreciable problem; however, the dehydrogenation of paraffins to olefins is not so simple since the yields obtainable are low and the conversion o'f. the parafiinic hydrocarbons as. well asselectivity to the desired olefin arevalso low. Furthermore, the: high temperature treatment necessary for the formation of olefins from paraffi-ns requires a catalyst which: is rugged and unsusceptible to attrition and decomposition due to the excessive temperatures necessary to cause substantial conversion of the paraifinic hydrocarbon to the olefinic hydrocarbon.
It is, therefore, the mainobject of the present invention to provide anew catalyst suitable for dehydrogenation of parafiinic hydrocarbons to olefin-ic hydrocarbons.
Another object of the present invention is. to provide a rugged and heat resistant catalyst which may be used in dehydrogenating paraffins toolefins.
A still further object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst comprising oxygen-containing compounds of calcium and manganesa.
Still another object of the present invention is- -toprovide a process in which paraffiniehydrocarbons are dehydrogenated to olefinic hydrocarbons by contact with an improved catalyst.
The objects of the present invention may be achieved by forming a catalyst composition comprising a major portion of a carrier consisting substantially of aluminum oxide and minor portions of oxygen-containing compounds of calcium and manganese and contacting a heated hydrocarbon such as a parafiinic hydrocarbon with the catalyst at an elevated temperature and pressure under conditions to form a product and recovering theproduct'. p
" The present invention may be described briefly as a composition comprising a base material of aluminum oxide in a major amount and a catalytic material including oxygen-containing compounds of calcium and manganese which may be present as the oxides or a the calcium manganate (CaMnO4). A heated hydrocarbon feed at an elevated temperature and pressure and 2 particularly a paraffinic hydrocarbon feed is-con tacted. with" the improved catalyst under conditions: to forma product containing asubstantial. amount of the dehydrogenat'ed. hydrocarbon which is then removed: from contact with the catalyst: and the dehydrogenated: hydrocarbon recovered therefrom.
The catalyst composition: ofthe I presentinve'riti'om as stated before, comprises a' major amount of aluminum oxide: and minor amounts osoxygen-containing:compounds of" calcium and manganese. The major amountv of aluminum oxide will ordinarily compriseno-less than- 58% "of the catalyst: composition, while "the minor amounts of'oxygen-containing eompoundsof cal cium and manganese: may c'ontain respectively calcium calculated ascalcium oxide in an'amount inthe range between IAe-a-nd' 14% by weight-of the composition and'manganese calculated as manganese oxide in the range between 5.6: and 28% by weight of the composition. The calcium and; manganese may be present in the compositioni. either in the form of the: calciummanganate or'im the;- fe'rm. or calcium oxide and manganese oxide; A preferred composition consisting of 20% calcium manganate andi aluminum oxide gives satisfactory results in. dehydrogenating paraflins:
"The aluminum oxidev employed in the present invention may contain a small-'amount'of water. In fact an amount or water'in the aluminum oxide. in. the .rangeirom 1% to- 5% by Weight may exert a: beneficialefrect. As examples of aluminum oxide, those' contain-in'g 1.4 by weight of water'aridof 4a to 8 meshinparticlesize-and those containing. 3.4%. water and passing mesh perform satisfactorily in the presentin vention.
In. order: tov illustrate the invention further an improved catalyst accordance: with the present? invention prepared from Ca(NO3)2, M1102, and iii-1203.. .325-partsof A1203; 11'9 'p'arts of'Ca-(Noan, 4*3'..'l par.t's-of MnOz and parts of 'di'stilledwater-wereplaced. in a jar mill and mailed for: 20 hours. The resulting mixture. was of. a rich, creamy. consistency. After mulling; the mixture was removed from the jar: mil-I, placedza stainless... steel-tray and allowed to cry the presence-of: air over night 'in a dry= ing oven at 230 F. After drying, the mixture was heat treated in the presence of air for 30 minutes at 300 F. and thereafter the temperature was increased 100 F. every 15 minutes until a temperature of 800 F. was reached; after 5 minutes at 800 F. the temperature was raised rapidly to 1250 F. and maintained at this temperature for approximately 3 hours. The dried and heated catalyst, as described, was then allowed to cool to 230 F. and was then formed into 1 5' inch tablets prior to employment as hydrocarbon conversion catalyst according to the present invention. The aforesaid catalyst composition contained approximately 20% calcium manganate and approximately 80% aluminum oxide. This catalyst was placed in a reactor vessel which was heated to a temperature of 1095 F. Normal heptane at a feed rate of one volume of feed per volume of catalyst per hour was then contacted with the heated catalyst at 1095 F. and at atmospheric pressure. A conversion of 54% of the feed was'obtained, with 28% selectivity to olefins. The yield obtained was 15.4% by volume (based on the feed) of olefins and 6.1% by volume of aromatics. 3.7% by weight of carbon was produced in this operation.
It will be noted from the foregoing run that the improved catalyst composition allowed the production of over 15 by weight of olefins which is considered a very good yield from the paraffinic hydrocarbon. It will be further noted that the dehydrogenation operation was conducted at atmospheric pressure and in the absence of extraneously added hydrogen. Introducing hydrogen with the feed and employing operating pressures up to 150 p. s. i. g. may result in the effect of markedly reduced carbon formation Without adversely affecting olefin selectivity. Thus, it is contemplated that the present invention may be carried out at temperatures from 1075 up to 1400 F. and at pressures from 0 to about 150 p. s. i. g., feed rates from about 0.3 to about volumes of feed per volume of catalyst per hour and hydrogen in an amount from 0 to 3000 stand-- ard cubic feet of hydrogen per barrel of naphtha feed.
The carbon deposited on the catalyst may be periodically removed by burning with air employing process cycles from about 1 to about 3 hours under normal operations. However, by introducing steam with the naphtha feed, longer process cycles may be obtained up to as much as 3000 hours with the carbon being removed practically continuously through the water gas reaction which is caused to proceed by the introduction of steam with the feed hydrocarbon.
While the present invention has greatest utility in dehydrogenating paraffinic to olefinic hydrocarbons it may also be used in the so-called hydro-forming process in which naphthene hydrocarbons are converted or hydroformed to aromatic hydrocarbons; when such operations are conducted it may be desirable to us lower temperatures in the range from about 900 to 1200 F., pressures in the range given and with hydrogen being added extraneously. The invention is alsoadapted to the conversion of olefins to diolefins and under these conditions it may be desirable to employ higher temperatures in the range given with the introduction of steam with the olefinic hydrocarbon feed to promote the water gas reaction.
The hydrocarbons employed as feed stocks may comprise the butanes, butylenes, pentanes, pentyl- 4 enes, methylcyclopentanes, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, hexanes, heptanes, octanes, and other representative olefinic, parafilnic, and naphthenic hydrocarbons.
While the invention has been described and illustrated by reference to employing substantially pure hydrocarbons of the several types mentioned, the invention is not restricted thereto, but may be employed on a mixture of hydrocarbons. For example, if a mixture of hydrocarbons comprising paraflinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons is charged the net effect would be to dehydrogenate the parafiins and naphthenes to produce olefins and aromatics which would result in a substantial improvement in octane rating of the gasoline.
The invention has been described and illustrated by reference to a catalyst comprising a major portion of aluminum oxide. It is to be clearly understood that I may employ aluminum oxide in its various commercial forms available on the market and that the alumina may contain other materials besides aluminum oxide. Examples of alumina finding use in the present invention may be found in U. S. 2,217,013 issued to Grosse et al., October 8, 1940.
The nature and objects of the present invention having been fully described and illustrated, what I wish to claim as new and useful and to secure by Letters Patent is:
1. A catalyst composition adapted for converting hydrocarbons consisting essentially of no less than 58% by weight of aluminum oxide and no less than 7 by weight and no more than 42% by weight of a mixture of oxides of calcium and manganese in the range between 1.4% and 14% by weight and in the range between 5.6% and 28% by weight calculated, respectively, as calcium and manganese oxides.
2. A catalyst composition adapted for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons consisting essentially of no less than 58% by weight of an aluminum oxide carrier and no less than 7% by weight and no more than 42% by weight of calcium manganate.
3. A composition in accordance with claim 2 in which the calcium is present as the oxide in a range between 1.4 and 14% by weight of the composition and the manganese is present as the 0xide in an amount in the range between 5.6 and 28% by weight of the composition and the remainder is aluminum oxide.
4. A catalyst composition adapted for dehydrogenating hydrocarbons which comprises approximately 20% by weight calcium manganate and approximately by weight of aluminum oxide.
RUFUS B. BENNETT.
References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,184,235 Groll et a1 Dec. 19, 1939 2,419,997 Houdry May 6, 1947 2,427,707 Brimm Sept. 23, 1947 2,431,427 Schulze et al. Nov. 25, 1947 2,436,721 Laughlin et al Feb. 24, 1948 2,444,509 Ipatieff et al. July 6, 1948 2,517,223 Mantell Aug. 1, 1950

Claims (1)

  1. 4. A CATALYST COMPOSITION ADAPTED FOR DEHYDROGENATING HYDROCARBONS WHICH COMPRISES APPROXIMATELY 20% BY WEIGHT CALCIUM MANGANATE AND APPROXIMATELY 80% BY WEIGHT OF ALUMINUM OXIDE.
US101901A 1949-06-28 1949-06-28 Calcium manganate-aluminum oxide catalyst Expired - Lifetime US2648639A (en)

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US151538A US2687987A (en) 1949-06-28 1950-03-23 Catalytic conversion of hydrocarbons

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2820062A (en) * 1954-08-11 1958-01-14 Pure Oil Co Preparation of organic thiols
US4310717A (en) * 1980-05-13 1982-01-12 Phillips Petroleum Company Oxidative dehydrogenation and catalyst

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2184235A (en) * 1937-12-06 1939-12-19 Shell Dev Catalytic dehydrogenation of organic compounds
US2419997A (en) * 1943-03-05 1947-05-06 Houdry Process Corp Catalytic dehydrogenation of aliphatic hydrocarbons
US2427707A (en) * 1942-07-03 1947-09-23 Linde Air Prod Co Chemical production of oxygen
US2431427A (en) * 1943-06-21 1947-11-25 Phillips Petroleum Co Alumina base dehydrogenation catalyst
US2436721A (en) * 1945-08-01 1948-02-24 Standard Oil Dev Co Method of dehydrogenating butane
US2444509A (en) * 1941-12-24 1948-07-06 Universal Oil Prod Co Composition of matter
US2517223A (en) * 1948-08-23 1950-08-01 Allied Chem & Dye Corp Preparation of internally oxidized catalysts

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2184235A (en) * 1937-12-06 1939-12-19 Shell Dev Catalytic dehydrogenation of organic compounds
US2444509A (en) * 1941-12-24 1948-07-06 Universal Oil Prod Co Composition of matter
US2427707A (en) * 1942-07-03 1947-09-23 Linde Air Prod Co Chemical production of oxygen
US2419997A (en) * 1943-03-05 1947-05-06 Houdry Process Corp Catalytic dehydrogenation of aliphatic hydrocarbons
US2431427A (en) * 1943-06-21 1947-11-25 Phillips Petroleum Co Alumina base dehydrogenation catalyst
US2436721A (en) * 1945-08-01 1948-02-24 Standard Oil Dev Co Method of dehydrogenating butane
US2517223A (en) * 1948-08-23 1950-08-01 Allied Chem & Dye Corp Preparation of internally oxidized catalysts

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2820062A (en) * 1954-08-11 1958-01-14 Pure Oil Co Preparation of organic thiols
US4310717A (en) * 1980-05-13 1982-01-12 Phillips Petroleum Company Oxidative dehydrogenation and catalyst

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