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US2532876A - Electromagnetic artificial muscle - Google Patents

Electromagnetic artificial muscle Download PDF

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Publication number
US2532876A
US2532876A US790326A US79032647A US2532876A US 2532876 A US2532876 A US 2532876A US 790326 A US790326 A US 790326A US 79032647 A US79032647 A US 79032647A US 2532876 A US2532876 A US 2532876A
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United States
Prior art keywords
particles
rubber
artificial muscle
paramagnetic metal
magnetic field
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Expired - Lifetime
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US790326A
Inventor
Asche Robert
Hubscher Jean Jacques
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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J9/00—Working-up of macromolecular substances to porous or cellular articles or materials; After-treatment thereof
    • C08J9/0066—Use of inorganic compounding ingredients
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/02—Elements
    • C08K3/08—Metals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61F—FILTERS IMPLANTABLE INTO BLOOD VESSELS; PROSTHESES; DEVICES PROVIDING PATENCY TO, OR PREVENTING COLLAPSING OF, TUBULAR STRUCTURES OF THE BODY, e.g. STENTS; ORTHOPAEDIC, NURSING OR CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES; FOMENTATION; TREATMENT OR PROTECTION OF EYES OR EARS; BANDAGES, DRESSINGS OR ABSORBENT PADS; FIRST-AID KITS
    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
    • A61F2/02—Prostheses implantable into the body
    • A61F2/08—Muscles; Tendons; Ligaments
    • A61F2002/0894—Muscles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2021/00—Use of unspecified rubbers as moulding material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
    • B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
    • B29K2105/16—Fillers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2995/00—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds
    • B29K2995/0003—Properties of moulding materials, reinforcements, fillers, preformed parts or moulds having particular electrical or magnetic properties, e.g. piezoelectric
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S206/00—Special receptacle or package
    • Y10S206/818—Magnet
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S264/00—Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
    • Y10S264/58—Processes of forming magnets

Definitions

  • This invention is concerned with a composite product made up of paramagnetic particles and rubber-like insulating substances precluding any contact between the' said particles. It will be appreciated that if the product be arranged in a magnetic field the paramagnetic metal particles will be subjected to forces that the rubber-dike substance can only resist by yielding thereto.
  • the product may be manufactured in very many ways depending on the result aimed at;
  • microscopic particles of paramagnetic metal may be incorporated e. g. in the state of a powder into a mass of natural or synthetic rubber, preferably of porous character for the sake of greater elasticity and deformability; alternatively, coarser particles may be used in the form of granules, grains, balls or even small masses; paramagnetic metal sheets may also be piled together with the interposition of rubber sheets; it is also contemplated to locate the paramagnetic metal superficially or in any other manner suitable for the obtainment of the most varied deformations once the product obtained is interposed in a magnetic field.
  • the magnetic field intended to produce the desired deformations may be obtained by means of magnetic devices arranged without the composite product.
  • the said magnetic devices are arranged within the product itself and embedded in the same; they may consist e. g. of one or several electric coils adapted to partake of the deformations of the product in which they are embedded; of course, it is preferable to sub- Ject them to a preparatory treatment, e. g. by brass-electroplating or otherwise, by which adhesion is secured between them and the rubber.
  • Such a rubber-paramagnetic metal-coil aggregate provides an artificial muscle controlled by an electric current; where magnets are used as the metal particles, polarized deformations are obtained, which means that the direction of the deformation is the polarity of the current.
  • the coils may be short-circuited and no current input or output terminal needs be accessible from the outside.
  • the paramagnetic particles may be particles of iron, nickel, cobalt and of their alloys and oxides. which are magnetically permeable.
  • An artificial muscle composed of paramagnetic metal particles and an elastic material possessing rubber-like as well as insulating properties that separates the said particles in combination with means to create a magnetic field adapted to influence the said paramagnetic metal particles, said elastic material possessing rubber-like properties having a cellular form.
  • An artificial muscle composed of paramagnetic metal-particles and an elastic material possessing rubber-like as well as insulating properties that separates the said particles in combination with means to create a magnetic fleld adapted to influence the said paramagnetic metal mass i are paramag- 2 and a coil '3; the only emerging coil input and output terminals 4 .particles, said elastic material possessing rubberlike properties containing cells by which its deformability is increased.
  • An artificial muscle composed of paramagnetic metal particles and an elastic material possessing rubber-like as well as insulating properties that separates the said particles in combination with means to create a magnetic field adapted to influence the said paramagnetic metal particles, said elastic material possessing rubber. like properties consisting of sponge rubber.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)

Description

Dec. 5, 1950 R. ASCHE ETAL ELECTROMAGNETIC ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE Filed Dec. 8, 1947 Cellular rubber conlalning parficles of magneflc malarial Patented Dec. 5, 1950 ELECTROMAGNETIC ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE Robert Asche and Jean Jacques Hubscher, Neuilly sur Seine, France Application December 8, 1947, Serial No. 790,326
In France December 19,
3 Claims.
This invention is concerned with a composite product made up of paramagnetic particles and rubber-like insulating substances precluding any contact between the' said particles. It will be appreciated that if the product be arranged in a magnetic field the paramagnetic metal particles will be subjected to forces that the rubber-dike substance can only resist by yielding thereto.
The product may be manufactured in very many ways depending on the result aimed at;
thus, microscopic particles of paramagnetic metal may be incorporated e. g. in the state of a powder into a mass of natural or synthetic rubber, preferably of porous character for the sake of greater elasticity and deformability; alternatively, coarser particles may be used in the form of granules, grains, balls or even small masses; paramagnetic metal sheets may also be piled together with the interposition of rubber sheets; it is also contemplated to locate the paramagnetic metal superficially or in any other manner suitable for the obtainment of the most varied deformations once the product obtained is interposed in a magnetic field.
However, if the metal particles were capable of movement with respect to the rubber surface with which they are in contact, wear would obviously be experienced in the long run; according to the invention, this inconvenience can be avoided by cementing the said particles to the rubber; eflectively, various methods are now available whereby an adhesion of rubber to metal can be obtained which is almost equal to the ultimate strength of the rubber mass; where such an adhesion is obtained no displacement of the metal particle with respect to the rubber mass is liable to occur.
The magnetic field intended to produce the desired deformations may be obtained by means of magnetic devices arranged without the composite product. Yet, according to a further feature of the invention the said magnetic devices are arranged within the product itself and embedded in the same; they may consist e. g. of one or several electric coils adapted to partake of the deformations of the product in which they are embedded; of course, it is preferable to sub- Ject them to a preparatory treatment, e. g. by brass-electroplating or otherwise, by which adhesion is secured between them and the rubber.
Such a rubber-paramagnetic metal-coil aggregate provides an artificial muscle controlled by an electric current; where magnets are used as the metal particles, polarized deformations are obtained, which means that the direction of the deformation is the polarity of the current.
An embodiment of the subject-matter of the invention is illustrated tically in the memo drawing,
reversedasaresultofachangein Embedded in the rubber netic particles parts are the and 5.
Where an alternating magnetic field set up by the induction of a current within the composite product the coils may be short-circuited and no current input or output terminal needs be accessible from the outside.
The applications of this composite product are quite numerous; by way of example there may be cited: low-frequency resonators tuned in one or several directions of deformation; sound radiators of infra-audible. audible or ultra-audible frequencies, robots consisting of rubber-paramagnetic metal-coil muscles; propelling members, de-icing devices, etc.
The paramagnetic particles may be particles of iron, nickel, cobalt and of their alloys and oxides. which are magnetically permeable.
What we claim as our invention and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
1. An artificial muscle composed of paramagnetic metal particles and an elastic material possessing rubber-like as well as insulating properties that separates the said particles in combination with means to create a magnetic field adapted to influence the said paramagnetic metal particles, said elastic material possessing rubber-like properties having a cellular form.
2. An artificial muscle composed of paramagnetic metal-particles and an elastic material possessing rubber-like as well as insulating properties that separates the said particles in combination with means to create a magnetic fleld adapted to influence the said paramagnetic metal mass i are paramag- 2 and a coil '3; the only emerging coil input and output terminals 4 .particles, said elastic material possessing rubberlike properties containing cells by which its deformability is increased.
3. An artificial muscle composed of paramagnetic metal particles and an elastic material possessing rubber-like as well as insulating properties that separates the said particles in combination with means to create a magnetic field adapted to influence the said paramagnetic metal particles, said elastic material possessing rubber. like properties consisting of sponge rubber.
\ ROBERT ASCHE.
JEAN JACQUES HUBSCHER.
REFERENCES CITED UNITED STATES PATENTS Name Date mu --.-----I Number

Claims (1)

1. AN ARTIFICAL MUSCLE COMPOSED OF PARAMAGNETIC METAL PARTICLES AND AN ELASTIC MATERIAL POSSESSING RUBBER-LIKE AS WELL AS INSULATIG PROPERTIES THAT SEPARATES THE SAID PARTICLES IN COMBINATION WITH MEANS TO CREATE A MAGNETIC FIELD ADAPTED TO INFLUENCE THE SAID PARAMAGNETIC METAL PARTICLES,
US790326A 1946-12-19 1947-12-08 Electromagnetic artificial muscle Expired - Lifetime US2532876A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR2532876X 1946-12-19

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Cited By (31)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2638567A (en) * 1950-05-05 1953-05-12 Eugene J Cronin Magnetostriction apparatus
US2660640A (en) * 1949-12-06 1953-11-24 Westinghouse Electric Corp Circuit interrupter
US2746027A (en) * 1951-11-16 1956-05-15 James J Murray Flux-gap variation transducer for hydrophones, microphones, and accelerometers
US2764733A (en) * 1952-05-03 1956-09-25 Magnaflux Corp Method and means for detecting flaws
US2792536A (en) * 1953-10-30 1957-05-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electro-magnetic solenoids and actuators
US2802463A (en) * 1953-06-22 1957-08-13 Reflectone Corp Magnetic brace
US2903109A (en) * 1954-12-27 1959-09-08 Gen Electric Magnetic material force transmitting device
US2921479A (en) * 1951-03-16 1960-01-19 Albert G Thomas Power transmission device
US2939673A (en) * 1953-12-23 1960-06-07 Honeywell Regulator Co Electromechanical elements
US2955692A (en) * 1958-11-24 1960-10-11 Albert G Thomas Magnetic clutch
US2964793A (en) * 1957-11-13 1960-12-20 Leyman Corp Method of making permanent magnets
US3031405A (en) * 1956-12-14 1962-04-24 Lignes Telegraph Telephon Ferromagnetic materials having a rectangular hysteresis cycle
US3033944A (en) * 1957-12-31 1962-05-08 Automatic Elect Lab Magnetostrictive transducer
US3066355A (en) * 1959-05-29 1962-12-04 Raytheon Co Orientation of ferromagnetic particles
US3086247A (en) * 1956-02-13 1963-04-23 Dow Chemical Co Composition comprising expandable thermoplastic material and powdered iron and method for molding same
US3121131A (en) * 1961-05-26 1964-02-11 Leyman Corp Method of improving the elasticity of rubber bonded magnets
US3213208A (en) * 1961-08-14 1965-10-19 Tung Sol Electric Inc Electric to sonic transducer
US3235675A (en) * 1954-12-23 1966-02-15 Leyman Corp Magnetic material and sound reproducing device constructed therefrom
US3320579A (en) * 1966-04-11 1967-05-16 Frank R Abbott Compliant variable reluctance electroacoustic transducer
US3510206A (en) * 1966-03-07 1970-05-05 Richard D Smith Transparent mirror having electromagnetically adjustable reflector elements
US3750067A (en) * 1972-03-16 1973-07-31 Nasa Ferrofluidic solenoid
US3764841A (en) * 1971-08-16 1973-10-09 W Coon Magnetic shielding and x-ray image intensifier tube using same
US4176411A (en) * 1977-11-28 1979-12-04 Runge Thomas M Cardiac assist device employing electrically stimulated artificial muscle
US4399967A (en) * 1980-12-09 1983-08-23 Lockheed Corporation Staggered coil and nose-torquer electromagnetic pulse deicing systems
US4458865A (en) * 1980-12-09 1984-07-10 Lockheed Corporation Nose-torquer electro-impulse deicing systems
US4501398A (en) * 1980-12-09 1985-02-26 Lockheed Corporation Beam balancer electro-impulse deicing systems
US4516102A (en) * 1983-11-02 1985-05-07 Rask Mark C Electrically-powered expansion/contraction apparatus
US4683669A (en) * 1983-04-28 1987-08-04 Greer Jr Thomas J Motor element for facially animated mannequin
US5973440A (en) * 1997-07-07 1999-10-26 Nitzsche; Fred Structural component having means for actively varying its stiffness to control vibrations
US20100277011A1 (en) * 2007-12-28 2010-11-04 Kyushu Institute Of Technology Actuator using magnetic force, and drive device and sensor using the same
US20120229237A1 (en) * 2009-10-27 2012-09-13 Dezheng Zhao Bionic telescopic matrix unit

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2161374A (en) * 1936-05-26 1939-06-06 Moineau Rene Joseph Louis Motor pump or electric generator

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2161374A (en) * 1936-05-26 1939-06-06 Moineau Rene Joseph Louis Motor pump or electric generator

Cited By (34)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2660640A (en) * 1949-12-06 1953-11-24 Westinghouse Electric Corp Circuit interrupter
US2638567A (en) * 1950-05-05 1953-05-12 Eugene J Cronin Magnetostriction apparatus
US2921479A (en) * 1951-03-16 1960-01-19 Albert G Thomas Power transmission device
US2746027A (en) * 1951-11-16 1956-05-15 James J Murray Flux-gap variation transducer for hydrophones, microphones, and accelerometers
US2764733A (en) * 1952-05-03 1956-09-25 Magnaflux Corp Method and means for detecting flaws
US2802463A (en) * 1953-06-22 1957-08-13 Reflectone Corp Magnetic brace
US2792536A (en) * 1953-10-30 1957-05-14 Westinghouse Electric Corp Electro-magnetic solenoids and actuators
US2939673A (en) * 1953-12-23 1960-06-07 Honeywell Regulator Co Electromechanical elements
US3235675A (en) * 1954-12-23 1966-02-15 Leyman Corp Magnetic material and sound reproducing device constructed therefrom
US2903109A (en) * 1954-12-27 1959-09-08 Gen Electric Magnetic material force transmitting device
US3086247A (en) * 1956-02-13 1963-04-23 Dow Chemical Co Composition comprising expandable thermoplastic material and powdered iron and method for molding same
US3031405A (en) * 1956-12-14 1962-04-24 Lignes Telegraph Telephon Ferromagnetic materials having a rectangular hysteresis cycle
US2964793A (en) * 1957-11-13 1960-12-20 Leyman Corp Method of making permanent magnets
US3033944A (en) * 1957-12-31 1962-05-08 Automatic Elect Lab Magnetostrictive transducer
US2955692A (en) * 1958-11-24 1960-10-11 Albert G Thomas Magnetic clutch
US3066355A (en) * 1959-05-29 1962-12-04 Raytheon Co Orientation of ferromagnetic particles
US3121131A (en) * 1961-05-26 1964-02-11 Leyman Corp Method of improving the elasticity of rubber bonded magnets
US3213208A (en) * 1961-08-14 1965-10-19 Tung Sol Electric Inc Electric to sonic transducer
US3510206A (en) * 1966-03-07 1970-05-05 Richard D Smith Transparent mirror having electromagnetically adjustable reflector elements
US3320579A (en) * 1966-04-11 1967-05-16 Frank R Abbott Compliant variable reluctance electroacoustic transducer
US3764841A (en) * 1971-08-16 1973-10-09 W Coon Magnetic shielding and x-ray image intensifier tube using same
US3750067A (en) * 1972-03-16 1973-07-31 Nasa Ferrofluidic solenoid
US4176411A (en) * 1977-11-28 1979-12-04 Runge Thomas M Cardiac assist device employing electrically stimulated artificial muscle
US4399967A (en) * 1980-12-09 1983-08-23 Lockheed Corporation Staggered coil and nose-torquer electromagnetic pulse deicing systems
US4458865A (en) * 1980-12-09 1984-07-10 Lockheed Corporation Nose-torquer electro-impulse deicing systems
US4501398A (en) * 1980-12-09 1985-02-26 Lockheed Corporation Beam balancer electro-impulse deicing systems
US4683669A (en) * 1983-04-28 1987-08-04 Greer Jr Thomas J Motor element for facially animated mannequin
US4516102A (en) * 1983-11-02 1985-05-07 Rask Mark C Electrically-powered expansion/contraction apparatus
US5973440A (en) * 1997-07-07 1999-10-26 Nitzsche; Fred Structural component having means for actively varying its stiffness to control vibrations
US20100277011A1 (en) * 2007-12-28 2010-11-04 Kyushu Institute Of Technology Actuator using magnetic force, and drive device and sensor using the same
US8338993B2 (en) * 2007-12-28 2012-12-25 Kyushu Institute Of Technology Actuator using magnetic force, and drive device and sensor using the same
EP2239837A4 (en) * 2007-12-28 2013-03-27 Kyushu Inst Technology ACTUATOR USING MAGNETIC FORCE, AND DRIVING DEVICE AND SENSOR USING THE SAME
US20120229237A1 (en) * 2009-10-27 2012-09-13 Dezheng Zhao Bionic telescopic matrix unit
US8395466B2 (en) * 2009-10-27 2013-03-12 Dezheng Zhao Bionic telescopic matrix unit

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