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US2396900A - Utilization of hydrocarbons - Google Patents

Utilization of hydrocarbons Download PDF

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Publication number
US2396900A
US2396900A US433923A US43392342A US2396900A US 2396900 A US2396900 A US 2396900A US 433923 A US433923 A US 433923A US 43392342 A US43392342 A US 43392342A US 2396900 A US2396900 A US 2396900A
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hydrocarbons
bacteria
vessel
hydrocarbon
gas
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US433923A
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Jr Millard S Taggart
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Standard Oil Development Co
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Standard Oil Development Co
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/26—Processes using, or culture media containing, hydrocarbons
    • C12N1/28—Processes using, or culture media containing, hydrocarbons aliphatic
    • C12N1/30—Processes using, or culture media containing, hydrocarbons aliphatic having five or less carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M35/00—Means for application of stress for stimulating the growth of microorganisms or the generation of fermentation or metabolic products; Means for electroporation or cell fusion
    • C12M35/02—Electrical or electromagnetic means, e.g. for electroporation or for cell fusion
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12M—APPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M35/00—Means for application of stress for stimulating the growth of microorganisms or the generation of fermentation or metabolic products; Means for electroporation or cell fusion
    • C12M35/04—Mechanical means, e.g. sonic waves, stretching forces, pressure or shear stimuli
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/8215—Microorganisms
    • Y10S435/822—Microorganisms using bacteria or actinomycetales
    • Y10S435/832—Bacillus

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to a method for the utilization of hydrocarbons, particularly those gaseous hydrocarbons which react with dimculty and, therefore, have hitherto been useful primarily as fuel.
  • gases which always represent a loss. Ordinarily, for want of a better outlet, these gases are burned for fuel in the refinery operations.
  • the present invention is based on the discovery that hydrocarbons of the parafiinic type can be converted by bacterial action into useful products.
  • hydrocarbons of the parafiinic type can be converted by bacterial action into useful products.
  • bacteria There are a number of bacteria, which may be referred to generally as Bacillus pamflinicus, of which Bacillus methrmicus and Bacillus ethanicus may be mentioned as examples, which have the property of consuming hydrocarbons.
  • Bacillus pamflinicus of which Bacillus methrmicus and Bacillus ethanicus may be mentioned as examples, which have the property of consuming hydrocarbons.
  • hydrocarbon consuming bacteria are aerobic in character, so that it is necessary to supply oxygen with the hydrocarbons in carrying out the method of the present invention.
  • the reaction seems to be accelerated by an increase in pressure, and the formation of the higher bodies is favored by exposing the reaction mass to ultra violet light,
  • the reaction requires the presence of mineral food for the bacteria.
  • mineral foods are generally selected from the well known plant foods, such as calcium and potassium salts of nitric and phosphoric acids.
  • a suitable salt mixture for the growth of the bacteria is calcium sulfate, magnesium ammonium phosphate and di-potassium phosphate.
  • the presence of minute amounts of heavy metal salts favors the production of the heavy waxy bodies; Since the reaction is ordinarily carried out in an aqueous medium, the desired amount of heavy metal salt may be in corporated by adding to the solution a quantity of heavy metal salt, such as lead sulfide, which has only a slight solubility in water.
  • a quantity of heavy metal salt such as lead sulfide
  • the suitable heavy metal salts may be mentioned various salts of mercury and bismuth, tin, zinc and the like. Care must be taken in the use of these accelerators, since when they are present in more than minute amounts they tend to poison the bacteria.
  • numeral l represents a well, which may be a distillate well, producing naphtha and light gaseous hydrocarbons through a producing string 2.
  • This hydrocarbon mixture is usually processed at the surface to separate the distillate from the gaseous hydrocarbons, preferably by a method which leaves the gaseous hydrocarbons substantially at the well head pressure.
  • vessel 3 may be assumed to represent a treating plant for the separation of the distillate from the gas, the distillate being withdrawn through an outlet 4 and the gas through an outlet 5. It will be understood, of course, that this separating plant may involve a number of pieces of apparatus and a number of process steps, all
  • the outlet 5 discharges into a vessel 6 in which is arranged a plurality of trays I, each provided line 5 a branch line 9, which is supplied with air air may, if desired, be employed in equal molec-- ular proportions with the hydrocarbons. That is to say, the amount of air supplied may be sufficient to provide one molecule of oxygen for each hydrocarbon molecule. It will be appreciated that the nature of the products 'obtained will depend upon the amount of air supplied, among other factors, and that for the production of any given product the optimum ⁇ amount of air' to be employed can be readily determined by experiment.
  • the bubble caps are so constructed as to provide for a substantial layer of liquid on each tray.
  • This liquid will ordinarily be an aqueous solution of certain salts of the type hereinbefore mentioned, inoculated with hydrocarbon consuming bacteria.
  • the bacteria used for the inoculation may be obtained from soil overlying petroleum deposits .by simple extraction with water.
  • This inoculated solution is introduced into the top of the vessel 6 through a'pipe [2 provided with a valve l3.
  • the gas mixture enters the vessel below the bottom tray and moves upwardly through the vessel while the inoculated solution moves downwardly through the vessel and collects in the bottom.
  • An outlet l4, controlled by a valve I5 is connected to the bottom of the vessel at a point below the normal liquid level therein, for the withdrawal therefrom of fluid which has been subjected to the hydrocarbons and which will contain reaction products.
  • the vessel 6 will be made of suificient height and provided with a sufiicient number of plates to provide a suitable residence time for the reactants. In practice it is preferred to maintain a relatively slow rate of travel of the reacting fluids. For example, the rate of travel of the liquid may be such that any given part of it will remain in the vessel for a period of about an hour. The speed of travel of the gas may be regulated to obtain the greatest consumption of hydrocarbons for a once through operation under the operating conditions employed. It will be understood, of course, that a battery of vessels such pressures are not required, and that the gas 2,396,900 with bubble caps 8. There is connected to the,
  • Any low boiling alcohols formed may. to a certain extent, be carried oil in vaporized form, with the gas leaving the system through line l8. For this reason these gases are passed through a condenser '2l and then into a collection vessel 22,
  • earth or may be used as a fuel.
  • temperature of the liquid can be regulated by introducing a heat exchanger into the feed line l2.
  • the outlet line l4 empties into a settler IE, to the bottom of which line I2 is connected for recirculation of the culture medium through the vessel 6.
  • the oxygenated products at least in so different type of reaction when subjectedto the method of the present invention. These heavier molecules are more or less readily susceptible to conversion to unsaturates bythe withdrawal of hydrogen. Many of the unsaturates so produced are much more valuable than the original parafiins and furthermore are capable of undergobe further compressed and reintroduced into the I,
  • a method for converting normally gaseous parafiinic hydrocarbons into oxygenated organic compounds which comprises contacting said' hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen with an aqueous solution of plant food inoculated with hydrocarbon-consuming bacteria of the group consisting of Bacillus methanicus and Bacillus ethanicus and recovering from said aqueous solution conversion products of said hydrocarbons.
  • a method for converting normally gaseous paraflinic' hydrocarbons into oxygenated organic compounds which comprises passing said ,hydrocarbons counter-currently through a stream of an aqueous solution of plant food inoculated with hydrocarbon-consuming bacteria of the group consisting of Bacillus methamcus and Bacillus etham'cus while subjecting said stream to the actionof ultra-violet light and supplying oxygen for the growth of said bacteria and recovering conversion products of said hydrocarbons from said aqueous stream.
  • a method for handling the gaseous eifiuent from a gas producing well which comprises subjecting said gas to the action of an aqueous solul was produced after said treatment.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Tropical Medicine & Parasitology (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Virology (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)

Description

are 19, W46, M. s. TAGGART, JR 2,396,909
UTILI ZATION OF HYDROCARBONS Filed March 9, 1942 BY WM ATTORNEY Paienie ar. 19, 1946' 2.396.900 UTHJZATION or ROCARBONS Itflllard S. Taggart, Jan, Houston, 'llex., assignor to Standard (iii Development Company, a corporation of Delaware Application March 9, 1942, Serial No. 433,923
7 Claims.
The present invention is directed to a method for the utilization of hydrocarbons, particularly those gaseous hydrocarbons which react with dimculty and, therefore, have hitherto been useful primarily as fuel.
It is' quence, this gas is ordinarily burned in the open air. This constitutes very considerable'waste of natural resources which has presented a problem to the oil industry for many years.
In addition to the natural source of these by drocarbon gases, there'is the refinery source. In practically all cracking processes, or other processes involving hydrocarbon conversion, there are produced large quantities of fixed hydrocarbon,
gases, which always represent a loss. Ordinarily, for want of a better outlet, these gases are burned for fuel in the refinery operations.
The present invention is based on the discovery that hydrocarbons of the parafiinic type can be converted by bacterial action into useful products. There are a number of bacteria, which may be referred to generally as Bacillus pamflinicus, of which Bacillus methrmicus and Bacillus ethanicus may be mentioned as examples, which have the property of consuming hydrocarbons. (See U. S. Patents 2,269,889, issued January 13, 1942, to L. W. Blau, and 2,294,425, issued September l, 1942, to R. T. Sanderson.) It was originally assumed that these bacteria, in consuming hydrocarbons, converted them into carbon dioxide and water. It has been found, however, that under suitable conditions the action of the bacteria results in the synthesis from these light hydrocarbons of oxygenated organic compounds of various molecular weights, from low boiling alcohols to waxy acids, esters and alcohols. When the reaction is permitted to proceed to completion the product is predominately a heavy waxy body composed of fatty acids and esters thereof, which may be readily saponified.
These hydrocarbon consuming bacteria are aerobic in character, so that it is necessary to supply oxygen with the hydrocarbons in carrying out the method of the present invention. The
reaction seems to be accelerated by an increase in pressure, and the formation of the higher bodies is favored by exposing the reaction mass to ultra violet light, The reaction requires the presence of mineral food for the bacteria. These mineral foods are generally selected from the well known plant foods, such as calcium and potassium salts of nitric and phosphoric acids. A suitable salt mixture for the growth of the bacteria is calcium sulfate, magnesium ammonium phosphate and di-potassium phosphate.
It has been found that the presence of minute amounts of heavy metal salts, particularly of the water soluble type, favors the production of the heavy waxy bodies; Since the reaction is ordinarily carried out in an aqueous medium, the desired amount of heavy metal salt may be in corporated by adding to the solution a quantity of heavy metal salt, such as lead sulfide, which has only a slight solubility in water. Among the suitable heavy metal salts may be mentioned various salts of mercury and bismuth, tin, zinc and the like. Care must be taken in the use of these accelerators, since when they are present in more than minute amounts they tend to poison the bacteria.
The present invention may be better understood from the following detailed description of the accompanying drawing in which the single figure is a front elevation in diagrammatic form of one type of apparatus suitable for the practice of the present invention.
Referring to the drawing in detail, numeral l represents a well, which may be a distillate well, producing naphtha and light gaseous hydrocarbons through a producing string 2. This hydrocarbon mixture is usually processed at the surface to separate the distillate from the gaseous hydrocarbons, preferably by a method which leaves the gaseous hydrocarbons substantially at the well head pressure. For the purpose of illustration, vessel 3 may be assumed to represent a treating plant for the separation of the distillate from the gas, the distillate being withdrawn through an outlet 4 and the gas through an outlet 5. It will be understood, of course, that this separating plant may involve a number of pieces of apparatus and a number of process steps, all
I of the present invention.
The outlet 5 discharges into a vessel 6 in which is arranged a plurality of trays I, each provided line 5 a branch line 9, which is supplied with air air may, if desired, be employed in equal molec-- ular proportions with the hydrocarbons. That is to say, the amount of air supplied may be sufficient to provide one molecule of oxygen for each hydrocarbon molecule. It will be appreciated that the nature of the products 'obtained will depend upon the amount of air supplied, among other factors, and that for the production of any given product the optimum\amount of air' to be employed can be readily determined by experiment.
The bubble caps are so constructed as to provide for a substantial layer of liquid on each tray. This liquid will ordinarily be an aqueous solution of certain salts of the type hereinbefore mentioned, inoculated with hydrocarbon consuming bacteria. The bacteria used for the inoculation may be obtained from soil overlying petroleum deposits .by simple extraction with water. This inoculated solution is introduced into the top of the vessel 6 through a'pipe [2 provided with a valve l3. The gas mixture enters the vessel below the bottom tray and moves upwardly through the vessel while the inoculated solution moves downwardly through the vessel and collects in the bottom. An outlet l4, controlled by a valve I5 is connected to the bottom of the vessel at a point below the normal liquid level therein, for the withdrawal therefrom of fluid which has been subjected to the hydrocarbons and which will contain reaction products.
The vessel 6 will be made of suificient height and provided with a sufiicient number of plates to provide a suitable residence time for the reactants. In practice it is preferred to maintain a relatively slow rate of travel of the reacting fluids. For example, the rate of travel of the liquid may be such that any given part of it will remain in the vessel for a period of about an hour. The speed of travel of the gas may be regulated to obtain the greatest consumption of hydrocarbons for a once through operation under the operating conditions employed. It will be understood, of course, that a battery of vessels such pressures are not required, and that the gas 2,396,900 with bubble caps 8. There is connected to the,
far as they are of high molecular weight, will that on the top of the fluid in vessel I! as a scum and 'can be withdrawn through a line 20.
' Any low boiling alcohols formed may. to a certain extent, be carried oil in vaporized form, with the gas leaving the system through line l8. For this reason these gases are passed through a condenser '2l and then into a collection vessel 22,
' has previously been indicated,'may be'passed through additional units like 6, or, if desired, may
earth, or may be used as a fuel.
In the foregoing illustration the method has been described with reference to a gas producing well. It will be apparent, of course, that the source of gas maybe a cracking unit or other processing unit in a refinery. Again, while in the systemv described the operation is carried out under high pressure, it will be understood that I can be introduced into the system at a pressure like 6 may be employed and the hydrocarbon gas passed through them in parallel or in series, preferably with intermediate regulation of the airhydrocarbon ratio in the latter case.
ature. If the atmosphere happens to be cold, the
temperature of the liquid can be regulated by introducing a heat exchanger into the feed line l2.
The outlet line l4 empties into a settler IE, to the bottom of which line I2 is connected for recirculation of the culture medium through the vessel 6. The oxygenated products, at least in so different type of reaction when subjectedto the method of the present invention. These heavier molecules are more or less readily susceptible to conversion to unsaturates bythe withdrawal of hydrogen. Many of the unsaturates so produced are much more valuable than the original parafiins and furthermore are capable of undergobe further compressed and reintroduced into the I,
ing polymerization in situ to produce heavy hydrocarbon molecules.
The nature and objects of the present invention having been thus described and illustrated, what is claimed as being new and useful and is desired to be secured by Letters Patent is:
1. A method for converting normally gaseous parafiinic hydrocarbons into oxygenated organic compounds which comprises contacting said' hydrocarbons in the presence of oxygen with an aqueous solution of plant food inoculated with hydrocarbon-consuming bacteria of the group consisting of Bacillus methanicus and Bacillus ethanicus and recovering from said aqueous solution conversion products of said hydrocarbons.
2. A method according to claim 1 in which the hydrocarbon gases are passed counter-currently through the aqueous solution.
3. A method for converting normally gaseous paraflinic' hydrocarbons into oxygenated organic compounds which comprises passing said ,hydrocarbons counter-currently through a stream of an aqueous solution of plant food inoculated with hydrocarbon-consuming bacteria of the group consisting of Bacillus methamcus and Bacillus etham'cus while subjecting said stream to the actionof ultra-violet light and supplying oxygen for the growth of said bacteria and recovering conversion products of said hydrocarbons from said aqueous stream.
4. A method according to claim 1 in which the action of the hydrocarbon-consuming bacteria asoasco 3 -on the hydrocarbons is conducted underthe infiuence of ultrae-violet light.
5. A method according to claim 1 conducted under superatmospheric pressure.
6. A method according to claim 1 conducted 5 under superatmospheric pressure in the presence of ultra-violetiight.
7. A method for handling the gaseous eifiuent from a gas producing well which comprises subjecting said gas to the action of an aqueous solul was produced after said treatment.
MILLARD S. TAGGART, JR.
US433923A 1942-03-09 1942-03-09 Utilization of hydrocarbons Expired - Lifetime US2396900A (en)

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Cited By (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2608660A (en) * 1950-06-13 1952-08-26 Heyden Chemical Corp Apparatus for halogenation
US2641566A (en) * 1948-05-15 1953-06-09 Texaco Development Corp Recovery of hydrocarbons
US3070512A (en) * 1960-04-18 1962-12-25 Basic Res Corp Process of splititing steroids
US3070513A (en) * 1960-05-17 1962-12-25 Basic Res Corp Process of splitting steroids
US3482642A (en) * 1966-11-22 1969-12-09 Peter Andrews Surface,material and health protective device
US3622465A (en) * 1967-03-10 1971-11-23 Allied Chem Protein from normal hydrocarbons
US4286660A (en) * 1979-03-23 1981-09-01 Gesellschaft Fur Biotechnologische Forschung Gmbh Process and installation for the flooding of petroleum deposits and oil shale
US4348476A (en) * 1981-01-22 1982-09-07 Exxon Research And Engineering Co. Production of epoxides such as propylene oxide using packed catalytic bed containing moist resting cells exhibiting oxygenase activity
EP0042306A3 (en) * 1980-06-17 1983-02-09 Exxon Research And Engineering Company A low energy continuous process for increasing the oxidative state of an oxidisable organic substrate
US5817504A (en) * 1996-11-01 1998-10-06 Dana Corporation Method and apparatus for accelerated decomposition of petroleum and petro-chemical based compounds within filter media
US5854012A (en) * 1997-12-17 1998-12-29 Dana Corporation Composition, method and apparatus for safe disposal of oil contaminated filter

Cited By (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2641566A (en) * 1948-05-15 1953-06-09 Texaco Development Corp Recovery of hydrocarbons
US2608660A (en) * 1950-06-13 1952-08-26 Heyden Chemical Corp Apparatus for halogenation
US3070512A (en) * 1960-04-18 1962-12-25 Basic Res Corp Process of splititing steroids
US3070513A (en) * 1960-05-17 1962-12-25 Basic Res Corp Process of splitting steroids
US3482642A (en) * 1966-11-22 1969-12-09 Peter Andrews Surface,material and health protective device
US3622465A (en) * 1967-03-10 1971-11-23 Allied Chem Protein from normal hydrocarbons
US4286660A (en) * 1979-03-23 1981-09-01 Gesellschaft Fur Biotechnologische Forschung Gmbh Process and installation for the flooding of petroleum deposits and oil shale
EP0042306A3 (en) * 1980-06-17 1983-02-09 Exxon Research And Engineering Company A low energy continuous process for increasing the oxidative state of an oxidisable organic substrate
US4348476A (en) * 1981-01-22 1982-09-07 Exxon Research And Engineering Co. Production of epoxides such as propylene oxide using packed catalytic bed containing moist resting cells exhibiting oxygenase activity
US5817504A (en) * 1996-11-01 1998-10-06 Dana Corporation Method and apparatus for accelerated decomposition of petroleum and petro-chemical based compounds within filter media
US5958759A (en) * 1996-11-01 1999-09-28 Dana Corporation Composition method and apparatus for safe disposal of oil contaminated filter media
US6121039A (en) * 1996-11-01 2000-09-19 Lasky; William M. Composition, method and apparatus for safe disposal of oil contaminated filter media
US6316249B1 (en) 1996-11-01 2001-11-13 Dana Corporation Composition, method and apparatus for safe disposal of oil contaminated filter media
US5854012A (en) * 1997-12-17 1998-12-29 Dana Corporation Composition, method and apparatus for safe disposal of oil contaminated filter

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