US2372873A - Hardening of gelatin - Google Patents
Hardening of gelatin Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US2372873A US2372873A US501856A US50185643A US2372873A US 2372873 A US2372873 A US 2372873A US 501856 A US501856 A US 501856A US 50185643 A US50185643 A US 50185643A US 2372873 A US2372873 A US 2372873A
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- gelatin
- hardening
- emulsion
- layer
- photographic
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 108010010803 Gelatin Proteins 0.000 title description 33
- 229920000159 gelatin Polymers 0.000 title description 33
- 239000008273 gelatin Substances 0.000 title description 33
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 title description 33
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 title description 33
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 20
- -1 nitro aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000001299 aldehydes Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 4
- WQDQLOXQQUFECI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitropropanedial Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C(C=O)C=O WQDQLOXQQUFECI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000007859 condensation product Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 2
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 2
- LEQAOMBKQFMDFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N glyoxal Chemical compound O=CC=O LEQAOMBKQFMDFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- OIDPCXKPHYRNKH-UHFFFAOYSA-J chrome alum Chemical compound [K]OS(=O)(=O)O[Cr]1OS(=O)(=O)O1 OIDPCXKPHYRNKH-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- 238000000586 desensitisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940015043 glyoxal Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004848 polyfunctional curative Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
- G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
- G03C1/06—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein with non-macromolecular additives
- G03C1/30—Hardeners
- G03C1/301—Aldehydes or derivatives thereof, e.g. bisulfite addition products
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the hardening of gelatin and is particularly directed to the hardening of gelatin and like emulsions employed as an emulsion layer in photographic films, plates or papers.
- gelatin is widely employed in the preparation of photographic films, plates or paper in the form of gelatin emulsions.
- layers of gelatin emulsion are coated on the photographic films, plates, papers and the like to serve as antihalation layers, to act as filter layers, to separate two sensitized layers and for numerous other purposes.
- the present invention is particularly directed to an improvement in aldehyde types of harden-.
- gelatin hardeners of certain aldehyde derivatives which will cause no fogging or loss of speed of sensitized gelatin layers whileproducing a substantial increase in the melting point of the gelatin.
- m'tro aldehydes possess the property of hardening gelatin in a manner quite similar to that possessed by the corresponding aldehyde.
- the m'tro aldehydes may be represented by the formula in which R is hydrogen or an alkyl group containing not more than 6 carbon atoms and which may be substituted, X is hydrogen, halogen, or hydroxyl, and :c, y and z are any whole numbers less than 6 including zero.
- nitro aldehydes which I prefer to employ are the lower aliphatic nitro aldehydes, containir'r 8 or less carbon atoms and which in addi- 5o sessed by an which I may employ in practicing the present invention, although it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the use of these specific nitro aldehydes, may be listed nitro pro.- pandial, also called nitromalondialdehyde, which in has the formula I may also employ nitrolactic aldehyde which may be prepared from nitromethane and glyoxal semi-acetal, having the following probable formula:
- nitroaldehydes are particularly effective for hardening gelatin emulsions which are slightly alkaline, i. e., emulsions havin a pH greater than 7, generally between 7 and 8.5.
- Nitropropandial for instance, exerts a greater hardening efiect in alkaline emulsions than it does in emulsions having an satisfactory in an acid emulsion as in an alkaline emulsion.
- the present invention may be most readily described by consideri g several specific examples thereof.
- Example 1 was coated with the thus obtained mixture and the gelatin layer thus obtained was dried. After drying, it was found that the thus hardened gelatin layer had a melting point of 53 (3., which compared with the melting point of 37 C. posunhardened layer of the same gelatin.
- Example 2 V 16 cos. of the same silver halide gelatin emulsion as in Example 1 and having a pH of 8 and 55 containing 10% gelatin was mixed with 1 cc. of
- a composition of matter comprising a solution of gelatin containing a loweraliphatic nitro aldehyde, said solution being adapted for the production of a hardening gelatin layer.
- a photographic material provided with a gelatin silver halide emulsion layer, said layer containing the condensation product of gelatin and a lower aliphatic nitro aldehyde.
- a photographic material provided with a gelatin silver halide emulsion layer, said layer containing the condensation product of gelatin and nitropropandial.
- a photographic material provided with a gelatin silver halide emulsion layer, said layercontainlng the condensation product and nitrolactic aldehyde.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Description
Patented Apr. 3, 1945 HARDENING OF GELATIN Robert H. Zappert, Binghamton, N. Y., assignor to General Aniline & Film Corporation, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware No Drawing. Application September 10, 1943,
Serial No. 501,856
8 Claims.
The present invention relates to the hardening of gelatin and is particularly directed to the hardening of gelatin and like emulsions employed as an emulsion layer in photographic films, plates or papers.
It is common practice to harden photographic gelatin emulsion layers by incorporating in the emulsion a minor amount of a material known to have the property or overcoming the tendency of gelatin to melt or swell during processing, particularly at elevated temperatures. The materials most commonly employed for this purpose are chrome alum or acetate and various aldehydes, particularly formaldehyde.
As is well known in the photographic field, gelatin is widely employed in the preparation of photographic films, plates or paper in the form of gelatin emulsions. In addition, layers of gelatin emulsion are coated on the photographic films, plates, papers and the like to serve as antihalation layers, to act as filter layers, to separate two sensitized layers and for numerous other purposes.
In order to permit the photographic materials which are coated with layers of gelatin emulsion to be satisfactorily processed at even slightly elevated temperatures, forinstance in a warm climate, it is necessary to incorporate in the gelatin some material which will overcome the tendency of the gelatin to melt or swell.
The present invention is particularly directed to an improvement in aldehyde types of harden-.
ing materials and is directed particularly to the use as gelatin hardeners of certain aldehyde derivatives which will cause no fogging or loss of speed of sensitized gelatin layers whileproducing a substantial increase in the melting point of the gelatin.
I have discovered that the nitro aldehydes possess the property of hardening gelatin in a manner quite similar to that possessed by the corresponding aldehyde. The m'tro aldehydes may be represented by the formula in which R is hydrogen or an alkyl group containing not more than 6 carbon atoms and which may be substituted, X is hydrogen, halogen, or hydroxyl, and :c, y and z are any whole numbers less than 6 including zero.
Thus the nitro aldehydes which I prefer to employ are the lower aliphatic nitro aldehydes, containir'r 8 or less carbon atoms and which in addi- 5o sessed by an which I may employ in practicing the present invention, although it is to be understood that the present invention is not limited to the use of these specific nitro aldehydes, may be listed nitro pro.- pandial, also called nitromalondialdehyde, which in has the formula I may also employ nitrolactic aldehyde which may be prepared from nitromethane and glyoxal semi-acetal, having the following probable formula:
I have found that certain of the nitroaldehydes are particularly effective for hardening gelatin emulsions which are slightly alkaline, i. e., emulsions havin a pH greater than 7, generally between 7 and 8.5. Nitropropandial, for instance, exerts a greater hardening efiect in alkaline emulsions than it does in emulsions having an satisfactory in an acid emulsion as in an alkaline emulsion.
The present invention may be most readily described by consideri g several specific examples thereof.
Example 1 was coated with the thus obtained mixture and the gelatin layer thus obtained was dried. After drying, it was found that the thus hardened gelatin layer had a melting point of 53 (3., which compared with the melting point of 37 C. posunhardened layer of the same gelatin.
Example 2 V 16 cos. of the same silver halide gelatin emulsion as in Example 1 and having a pH of 8 and 55 containing 10% gelatin was mixed with 1 cc. of
an aqueous solution containing 15% nitropropandial and a glass plate was coated with a thin layer of the thus obtained mixture. The gelatin layer was dried and after drying had a melting point of 60 C.
It was also found that the nitroaldehyde caused no fogging of the silver halide emulsion and caused no desensitization of the emulsion.
It should be understood that the exact proportion of ingredients in the above examples are illustrative of the preferred amounts whichI employ. However, the exact amounts may be varied within reasonable limits and with due regard to the particular hardening material employed.
I claim:
1. A composition of matter comprising a solution of gelatin containing a loweraliphatic nitro aldehyde, said solution being adapted for the production of a hardening gelatin layer. 7
2. A gelatin layer containing as a hardenin agent a lower aliphatic nitro aldehyde.
3. A photographic material provided with a gelatin silver halide emulsion layer, said layer containing the condensation product of gelatin and a lower aliphatic nitro aldehyde.
gamers 4. A photographic material provided with a gelatin silver halide emulsion layer, said layer containing the condensation product of gelatin and nitropropandial.
5. A photographic material provided with a gelatin silver halide emulsion layer, said layercontainlng the condensation product and nitrolactic aldehyde.
6. In the manufacture of photographic articles of gelatin provided with a hardened gelatin emulsion layer,
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US501856A US2372873A (en) | 1943-09-10 | 1943-09-10 | Hardening of gelatin |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US501856A US2372873A (en) | 1943-09-10 | 1943-09-10 | Hardening of gelatin |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US2372873A true US2372873A (en) | 1945-04-03 |
Family
ID=23995290
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US501856A Expired - Lifetime US2372873A (en) | 1943-09-10 | 1943-09-10 | Hardening of gelatin |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US2372873A (en) |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3146104A (en) * | 1959-12-21 | 1964-08-25 | Eastman Kodak Co | Silver halide sensitized lithographic printing plate |
| DE1211070B (en) * | 1962-07-25 | 1966-02-17 | Eastman Kodak Co | Light-sensitive, photographic silver halide emulsion containing a hardener |
| US3236882A (en) * | 1962-03-29 | 1966-02-22 | Eastman Kodak Co | Preparation of carbodiimides |
| US4515769A (en) * | 1981-12-01 | 1985-05-07 | Borden, Inc. | Encapsulated flavorant material, method for its preparation, and food and other compositions incorporating same |
-
1943
- 1943-09-10 US US501856A patent/US2372873A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3146104A (en) * | 1959-12-21 | 1964-08-25 | Eastman Kodak Co | Silver halide sensitized lithographic printing plate |
| US3236882A (en) * | 1962-03-29 | 1966-02-22 | Eastman Kodak Co | Preparation of carbodiimides |
| DE1211070B (en) * | 1962-07-25 | 1966-02-17 | Eastman Kodak Co | Light-sensitive, photographic silver halide emulsion containing a hardener |
| US4515769A (en) * | 1981-12-01 | 1985-05-07 | Borden, Inc. | Encapsulated flavorant material, method for its preparation, and food and other compositions incorporating same |
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