Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
  • D04H1/587—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives characterised by the bonding agents used
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/58—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives
  • D04H1/64—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by applying, incorporating or activating chemical or thermoplastic bonding agents, e.g. adhesives the bonding agent being applied in wet state, e.g. chemical agents in dispersions or solutions
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H3/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length
  • D04H3/08—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating
  • D04H3/12—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of yarns or like filamentary material of substantial length characterised by the method of strengthening or consolidating with filaments or yarns secured together by chemical or thermo-activatable bonding agents, e.g. adhesives, applied or incorporated in liquid or solid form
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D06N5/00—Roofing materials comprising a fibrous web coated with bitumen or another polymer, e.g. pitch
  • D06N5/003—Roofing materials comprising a fibrous web coated with bitumen or another polymer, e.g. pitch coated with bitumen

Definitions

• the invention relates to a nonwoven carrier comprising a nonwoven consolidated with a binder, wherein the binder comprises starch and polyvinyl alcohol, wherein the binder does not comprise a crosslinker or a filler.
• the invention also relates to uses of the nonwoven carrier, production methods, bituminous membranes and building materials.
• Bituminous membranes having waterproofing and shielding properties are used in building applications, especially as roofing materials.
• Bituminous membranes comprise a textile carrier, which is impregnated with bitumen.
• the bitumen is applied to the textile carrier in a bath of molten bitumen at approximately 180° ° C. to 200° C., followed by cooling and solidification.
• the main function of the carrier is to confer mechanical stability, and in this regard especially mechanical resistance and dimensional stability, to the bituminous membrane and to “keep the bitumen together”.
• the textile fabric can be a nonwoven, which is consolidated with aqueous binder, such as an acrylic, SBR, polyurethane or natural polymer binder.
• aqueous binder such as an acrylic, SBR, polyurethane or natural polymer binder.
• the binder shall increase the mechanical resistance and dimensional stability of the nonwoven.
• the stability of the nonwoven is increased further by a reinforcement, for example glass fiber yarns or a scrim.
• the nonwoven is impregnated with the aqueous binder solution, followed by drying and solidification, thereby obtaining a nonwoven carrier for bitumen impregnation.
• the nonwoven carriers and bituminous membranes are generally provided in the form of relatively thin flexible sheets, typically with a thickness of a few millimeters, which can be rolled up and unrolled.
• Such binder consolidated nonwoven carriers for bituminous membranes should have special properties, which render them suitable for producing bituminous membranes.
• the nonwoven carrier should not develop dimensional shrinking or stretching when subjected to temperature or mechanical forces. It should easily follow all stresses in the bituminization process (at about 180° ° C. to 200° C.), thereby having a high initial modulus and high dimensional stability (low deformation).
• nonwoven carrier should have a high tearing resistance and elongation at break (determined from tensile test at room temperature). This requirement is important because it is determinant for the technical specification of the membrane like tearing resistance and elongation at break.
• Bituminous membranes are produced in large amounts for building applications. Therefore, they are often produced at large scale in an automated production line, wherein a roll of nonwoven carrier is continuously unwound and guided through a bath of molten bitumen. Subsequently, the product is cooled until the bitumen solidifies and the bituminous membrane product is rolled up. In such a process, it is important that the nonwoven carrier is dimensionally stable, thus being deformed as little as possible. The nonwoven carrier should not be deformed at about 180° C., when it is processed and guided through the hot bath. Otherwise, the sheet material could be damaged or a non-uniform product could be obtained. The binder must remain stable at around 180° C.
• nonwoven carriers for bituminous membranes are flexible, and at the same time have good mechanical properties and high dimensional stability at cold and hot temperature. Even minor improvements of mechanical stability of the nonwoven carriers at cold or hot temperature can provide a significant reduction of damages, such that a more accurate and reliable material is obtained.
• EP 0 354 023 A2 relates to a binder composition for fiber mats, wherein the binder comprises starch, a starch crosslinking agent and an anti-wicking agent.
• the crosslinker can be melamine-formaldehyde or urea-glyoxal condensate.
• the binder may comprise a polymer strength additive, such as polyvinyl alcohol or acrylic polymer.
• the anti-wicking agent is typically a surfactant.
• WO 2015/084372 A1 discloses aqueous binders for impregnating nonwovens, which comprise a polyol in colloid form, such as starch, and a crosslinker.
• the binder may comprise additional polymers.
• the crosslinker is a polyfunctional small molecule, such as glyoxal or citric acid.
• WO2019/050439A2 relates to a heat and sound-insulating material made from mineral fiber.
• the product is a mat obtained from mineral fibers and a binder, which is crosslinked with heavy metal or boron compounds and heavy metal salts.
• EP 3 299 514 A1 relates to textile fabrics impregnated with a binder system comprising ⁇ 30% polyvinyl alcohol, ⁇ 70% starch, a crosslinker, fillers and additives.
• a binder system comprising ⁇ 30% polyvinyl alcohol, ⁇ 70% starch, a crosslinker, fillers and additives.
• specific binder compositions or working examples are not disclosed.
• starch-based binder compositions and nonwovens consolidated therewith which have been described in the art, could still be improved. Often, the binder compositions require various additives and are thus relatively complex. All concrete binder compositions include a crosslinker, and frequently also a catalyst for controlling the crosslinking reaction. The reaction between starch, polyvinyl alcohol and crosslinker has to be initiated, controlled and monitored. An insufficient degree of crosslinking may result in lead low product stability, whereas an overly high degree could render the product too rigid. Thus, it would generally be desirable to consolidate such nonwoven carriers with more simple and reliable binder systems.
• binders for nonwoven fabrics often comprise formaldehyde-based crosslinkers, such as melamine-formaldehyde. Since aldehyde based binders, such as those derived from formaldehyde and glyoxal, can cause health problems, this is not desirable for safety and environmental reasons.
• binder compositions are often relatively expensive, because components or additives are not easily available in large amounts. Since bituminous membranes are industrial products, which are used in large amounts in building applications, less costly binders would be desirable.
• binder compositions that they comprise components or additives, which are not obtainable from natural sources and/or which are not biodegradable. It would be desirable to provide easily available binder compositions which are obtainable from natural sources or biodegradable.
• the nonwoven carrier of some embodiments the invention which is consolidated with the binder, is porous.
• the void fraction of the nonwoven carrier and/or of the nonwoven before binder impregnation is between 60% and 95%, more preferably between 75% and 93%, especially between 80% and 90%.
• the porosity can be calculated from the weight and density of the product and components.
• the molten bitumen can permeate the pores from one side of the nonwoven carrier sheet to the other, such that an intimate and stable composite is obtainable after bitumen solidification.
• the average pore diameter is between 50 ⁇ m and 300 ⁇ m, preferably between 80 ⁇ m and 200 ⁇ m, as preferably determined by ISO 15901-1:2016.
• the nonwoven carrier is a sheet material. Preferably, it is flexible and/or rollable. Some embodiments of the invention provide a roll of the nonwoven carrier and/or of the bituminous membrane. Such a roll can be unrolled and rolled up again conveniently by a user. Flexibility and roll form of the nonwoven carrier are advantageous for efficient processing in an automated, continuous process. Flexibility and roll form of the bituminous membrane are advantageous for application and processing at a building site or the like.
• the nonwoven carrier is consolidated with an aqueous binder.
• aqueous binder This is a solution or dispersion of the polymers and optionally additives in water, which is applied to the nonwoven, typically by impregnation in a bath, dried and solidified, and bonds the nonwoven fibers together.
• the nonwoven binder enhances the stability of the nonwoven.
• the nonwoven is not consolidated with the aqueous binder in a manner such that the binder is crosslinked.
• Crosslinking of starch and polyvinyl alcohol does not occur in a crosslinker-free binder under standard conditions, at which a nonwoven is impregnated, dried and the binder is solidified.
• at least some degree of crosslinking may occur although no crosslinker is present. Therefore, it is preferred that the nonwoven carrier, during or after binder consolidation, is not subjected to conditions at which crosslinking would occur.
• a very high or very low pH, pressure, temperature and/or water depletion is/are not adjusted; that the aqueous binder does not comprise highly reactive additives; or that the nonwoven carrier is not subjected to a highly reactive environment, such as reactive radiation or plasma.
• the starch and polyvinyl alcohol are not crosslinked, or at least not substantially crosslinked.
• substantially means that although conditions are adjusted such that no crosslinking should occur, an unavoidable and negligible small number of covalent bonds may be formed, for example due to impurities or structural anomalies of the raw materials.
• not substantially crosslinked could mean that less than 2% or less than 0.5% of the starch and/or polyvinyl alcohol molecules are covalently bonded to each other.
• the amount of crosslinking can be determined by removing the binder from the nonwoven carrier, molecular analysis, for example by MALDI TOF, and comparison to the aqueous binder solution.
• the starch can be modified starch or native (natural) starch.
• Native starch is directly obtained from natural origin without any physical or chemical treatment.
• the origin of the modified or native starch is natural.
• the origin is plants, preferably vegetables.
• the starch origin is tubers, such as potatoes, manioc, maranta, batata, grain such as wheat, corn (maize), rye, rice, barley, millet, oats, sorghum, fruits such as chestnuts, acorns, beans, peas, and other legumes, bananas, or plant pulp, e.g. sago palm.
• the starch is corn starch, which is preferably modified.
• the starch is chemically modified.
• the term “chemically modified” refers to partly hydrolysed starch and starch with chemically modified side chains and/or functional groups.
• the chemically modified starch can be alkaline-modified starch, bleached starch, oxidized starch, acetylated starch, hydroxypropylated starch, starch ether, hydroxyethyl starch, cationic starch or carboxymethylated starch.
• the chemically modified starch is partly hydrolysed starch.
• Partly hydrolysed starch is characterized by lower polysaccharide chain lengths compared to the corresponding natural starch. It was found that partly hydrolysed starch can confer advantageous properties to the nonwoven carriers.
• the starch may have an average molecular weight between 500 g/mol and 25,000 g/mol, especially between 2,500 g/mol and 20,000 g/mol, as determined by MALDI-TOF.
• viscosity may be a more suitable parameter for selecting the type of starch in the binder composition than molecular weight, because viscosity depends not only from molecular weight, but also other properties such as the three dimensional structure of the starch molecules.
• the starch is physically modified.
• Starch can be subjected to a physical treatment, for example under heat and/or mechanical shearing, which changes the physical structure.
• a modification is considered physical, if no chemical reaction occurs, such as cleavage of polysaccharide chains. Physical modification can render the starch more homogeneous, which can improve the binder properties.
• the polyvinyl alcohol has a saponification degree (degree of hydrolysis) of at least 90 mol %, more preferably of at least 95 mol % or at least 98 mol %.
• the degree of saponification indicates which degree of acetate groups from a precursor polymer is converted into hydroxyl groups.
• a high degree of saponification is advantageous, because the binder is more uniform and can thereby confer higher stability to the nonwoven carrier.
• a simple binder composition can improve product uniformity, reproducibility and quality control.
• Another advantage of binders without crosslinker is that excessive aqueous binder from the production process can be reused. In contrast, an aqueous binder which is crosslinked cannot be used again and has to be discarded. Thus, some embodiments of the present invention can reduce waste and provides a more sustainable nonwoven carrier.
• binder without crosslinker can confer even better mechanical properties, including dimensional stability, to a substrate than a comparable binder with crosslinker. For example, it was found that a binder without crosslinker can have lower hot deformation, which is especially important for the bituminization process. This was unexpected, because it is generally assumed in the art that crosslinkers increase the dimensional stability by formation of a polymer network.
• the binder does not comprise structural polymers different from starch and polyvinyl alcohol.
• the binder does not comprise an additional structural polymer which is commonly used in nonwoven binders, such as acrylic polymers, SBR, polyurethane, polyamides, polyester, or copolymers thereof, or other natural polymers, such as proteins, gelatin or alginate.
• the binder does not comprise other polymers at all, and thus also not as functional additives. Since nonwoven carriers with high mechanical stability can be obtained only with starch and polyvinyl alcohol as structural polymers, it is not necessary to include additional structural polymers. This is also advantageous for ease of the production process, quality control and cost reasons.
• the binder may comprise additives.
• the total amount of additives is relatively low. Preferably, it is less than 15 wt. %, more preferably less than 10 wt. %, or less than 5 wt. %, all wt. % relating to total binder dry weight. It is especially preferred that the amount of additives is less than 2 wt %, less than 1 wt. %, or that no additives are present at all. Accordingly, it is preferred that the binder consists fully or substantially of starch and polyvinyl alcohol as the solid components.
• the additives can be functional additives, which confer a desired property to the binder.
• Such functional additives are known in the art and include UV stabilizers, adhesion promoters, colorants and processing aids.
• the additives are not polymers.
• only additives are additives in the aqueous binder solution, which do not become part of the consolidated binder on the nonwoven carrier, such as salts and buffer substances.
• the total amount of additives is low.
• a very simple binder composition based essentially or solely on starch and polyvinyl alcohol can confer highly advantageous properties to the nonwoven carrier.
• the binder solution can be very simple, which is advantageous for large scale production and processing.
• a low amount of additives can also be advantageous for environmental reasons.
• a binder without additives or with only low amount of additives can be recycled more efficiently.
• Such a binder can be recycled from the binder bath and/or can be stripped from the nonwoven carrier and recycled.
• crosslinked binders or binders comprising high levels of synthetic additives cannot be recycled efficiently.
• the binder does not comprise a filler. This can be advantageous, because fillers are often applied in relatively high amounts and can significantly impair the stability of the polymer matrix formed from starch and polyvinyl alcohol. Especially since the binder is not crosslinked, nonwoven carrier stability could be decreased by a filler.
• the binder does not comprise a surfactant, detergent, wetting agent, emulsifier, protective colloid and/or dispersant, preferably none of these additives.
• the binder does not comprise an additive, which is an amphipathic molecule or a non-ionic surfactant.
• the polyvinyl alcohol is provided to the binder in form of an aqueous solution.
• the polyvinyl alcohol it is not provided in the form of a dispersion. In this embodiment, it is provided without additives required for preparing such a dispersion, such as emulsifiers or protective colloids.
• the binder does not comprise an additive which comprises hydrophilic groups, such as hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, amine groups, aldehyde or keto groups and/or ionic groups. More preferably, the binder does no comprise an additive which comprises hydroxyl groups.
• hydrophilic groups may affect hydrogen bonds in the binder structure and thus reduce the stability of the nonwoven carrier.
• the binder comprises
• the binder comprises 50 to 95 wt. %, preferably 72 to 95 wt. % starch, 5 to 50 wt. %, preferably 5 to 28% wt. % polyvinyl alcohol, and 0 to 15 wt. % preferably 0 to 2 wt. % additives, wherein the total of all percentages is 100 wt. % (dry weight). It was found that binder compositions comprising such relatively high amounts of starch can confer high dimensional stability to the nonwoven carrier.
• the binder comprises 30 to 70 wt. % starch, 30 to 70 wt. % polyvinyl alcohol and 0 to 15 wt. %, preferably 0 to 2 wt. % additives, wherein the total of all percentages is 100 wt. % (dry weight). It was found that binder compositions comprising relatively similar amounts of polyvinyl alcohol and starch can confer high dimensional stability to the nonwoven carrier, especially at hot temperature.
• the base weight of the nonwoven, before impregnation with the binder is from 50 to 500 g/m 2 , more preferably from 100 to 300 g/m 2 , especially from 150 to 250 g/m 2 .
• Such base weights are especially suitable for bituminous membranes.
• the nonwoven can be pre-consolidated before impregnation with the binder, especially mechanically, for example by hydroentangling or pre-needling.
• the load of binder (add-on) is from 1% to 50 wt. %, preferably from 5% to 40 wt. %, more preferably from 10% to 30 wt. %, of the nonwoven (dry weight without binder).
• water is the only solvent in the aqueous binder.
• the low hot tensile deformation indicates that the nonwoven carrier can maintain its shape when being pulled through the production line under significant tensile force and loaded with high amounts of bitumen.
• a high maximum glass tensile strength suggests that the nonwoven carrier can withstand a comparably high maximum force in the bitumen impregnation line.
• bituminous membranes can be produced from some embodiments of the inventive nonwoven carriers at higher speed and productivity, but also with higher product quality, i.e. less failures, product irregularities and damages.
• Especially high dimensional stability at hot temperature was observed in example 3 with starch B. Only example 4 provides a level of deformation at hot temperature, which is comparable to the standard binder. However, this is still a good and unexpected result for a binder without crosslinker.
• the pre-gelatinized starch used in example 5 is water soluble and can be instantaneously solubilized in cold water. The results demonstrate that these modifications of starch structure may cause a decrease in binding properties compared to the to-be-cooked starch.
• the viscosity of polyvinyl alcohol having linear polymer chains is directly related to the average molecular weight.
• PVOH 498 and 698 are characterized by low molecular weight and viscosity.
• the hot tensile deformations for PVOH 698, 1098 and 2098 are lower than for the conventional binder.
• the hot glass tensile strength is always significantly higher than with the standard binder.
• the products are highly suitable as nonwoven carriers for producing bituminous membranes. Overall, the results show that the binding properties can be improved, if the PVOH has a higher molecular weight.
• a polyethoxylated monoester of 3,6-sorbitan (example 16) was also used, which is hydrophilic and soluble or dispersible in water and dilute solutions of electrolytes. The solubility in aqueous solution increases with the degree of ethoxylation.
• the binders with the wetting agents were compared to binders of embodiments of the present invention without the additive, respectively (examples 13, 15).
• MD and CD cold tensile strength
• Example 14 cold glass tensile strength
• ethoxylated wetting agent a decrease in cold tensile properties was also observed (example 16).
• the wetting agent has an adverse effect on binder microstructure, since an undesired phase separation in the binder film was observed.
• a homogenous binder film was observed in comparative example 15. This could explain the lower tensile strength of the nonwoven samples in examples 14 and 16.
• standard additives such as surfactants can significantly reduce the stability of the nonwoven carriers.
• nonwovens were consolidated with binders as described in example 2 above, which additionally comprised a crosslinker.
• binders as described in example 2 above, which additionally comprised a crosslinker.
• Three specific types of crosslinker were selected which are preferred in the art, such as EP 3 299 514 A1, for crosslinking starch based binders for nonwoven substrates (see table 6).
• the binders were prepared as described above for example 2, whereby 5% (solid content) of starch B was replaced by 5% (solid content) crosslinker, respectively.
• Nonwovens were impregnated as described above.
• the products were thin porous sheets, which were flexible and rollable.
• the binder compositions and results are summarized in table 7.
• Comparative example 17 is the conventional binder for nonwoven carriers for bituminous roofing membranes, which consists of 70% acrylic/melamine/formaldehyde binder (63% acrylic resin, 7% melamine-formaldehyde crosslinker 1) and 30% starch C, all percentages dry wt. %).
• the results were compared with those obtained for respective binder without crosslinker and melamine/acrylic standard binder.
• Example 17 to 21 Example 17 (comp.) 18 19 (comp) 20 (comp) 21 (comp) starch 30% 70% 65% 65% 65% starch C starch B starch B starch B starch B PVOH — 30% 30% 30% 30% PVOH 1098 PVOH 1098 PVOH 1098 crosslinker melamine FA + — 5% 5% 5% acrylic resin crosslinker 1 crosslinker 2 crosslinker 3 starch viscosity 100 370 370 100 200 (mPa*s) start nonwoven 182 181 181 180 180 grammage (g/sqm) binder add-on (%) 20 20 20 20 20 20 cold tensile tests MD max tensile 660 650 665 616 587 strength (N/50 mm) MD elongation (%) 22 29 17 28 22 MD tenacity 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.28 0.27 (daN/gsqm/50 mm) CD max tensile 450 438 440 423 358 strength (N/50 mm) CD
• the starch/PVOH binder mixture without crosslinker provides the same cold PET tenacity as comparative standard formulation (example 17) based on melamine formaldehyde crosslinker. Moreover, the binder of example 18 provides the lowest hot tensile deformation at 120 N and highest hot glass tensile strength from all examples, which are responsible for the best runability during bitumen impregnation in a continuous production line.
• starch/PVOH+crosslinker 2 and crosslinker 3 binder mixtures confer low cold PET tenacity to the substrate, as compared to starch B/PVOH without crosslinker (example 18) and the standard formulation (comp. example 17).
• the hot tensile deformation (1.84 and 1.92%) is much higher than without crosslinker, and similar as for the standard formulation.
• Nonwoven carriers were produced at large scale with binders comprising starch B and PVOH (98% hydrolysis degree, pH 6, 32 mPa*s viscosity at 23° ° C., determined according to DIN EN ISO 2555 with 4% (w/w) aqueous solution).
• the products were thin porous sheets, which were flexible and rollable.
• the binder compositions and results are summarized in table 9.
• the comparative binder was applied as described above.
• the starch/PVOH binder can confer mechanical properties to the product, which render it highly suitable as a carrier for bituminous membranes.
• the binder does not comprise a crosslinker
• the nonwoven carriers have improved properties compared to the standard with conventional crosslinked acrylic/melamine formaldehyde binder.
• Especially binder formulations comprising at least 50% PVOH can have advantageous mechanical properties.
• the nonwoven carrier is mechanically stable at 180° C.
• the results show that the starch/PVOH binder consolidated nonwovens have a lower deformation and significantly higher glass tensile strength than the standard. This represents a great advantage at the customer line, because lower hot tensile deformation means lower deformation during bitumen impregnation and therefore higher speed and productivity, but also less failures, product irregularities and damages.
• Especially low deformation at hot temperature was observed in examples 24 and 25 with at least 50% of PVOH.
• starch/PVOH binder formulation can display especially better values than standard binder, especially when the quantity of PVOH is higher than 30% wt.
• the recitation of “at least one of A, B and C” should be interpreted as one or more of a group of elements consisting of A, B and C, and should not be interpreted as requiring at least one of each of the listed elements A, B and C, regardless of whether A, B and C are related as categories or otherwise.
• the recitation of “A, B and/or C” or “at least one of A, B or C” should be interpreted as including any singular entity from the listed elements, e.g., A, any subset from the listed elements, e.g., A and B, or the entire list of elements A, B and C

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• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Nonwoven Fabrics (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)

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• 2021
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