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US20220054594A1 - Use of ave0010 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 - Google Patents

Use of ave0010 for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 Download PDF

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US20220054594A1
US20220054594A1 US17/365,282 US202117365282A US2022054594A1 US 20220054594 A1 US20220054594 A1 US 20220054594A1 US 202117365282 A US202117365282 A US 202117365282A US 2022054594 A1 US2022054594 A1 US 2022054594A1
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titration
patients
lixisenatide
treatment
placebo
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US17/365,282
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Gabor BOKA
Patrick Miossec
Louise SILVESTRE
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Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH
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Sanofi Aventis Deutschland GmbH
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A61K38/26—Glucagons
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/22—Hormones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/463—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from amphibians
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/575—Hormones
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2121/00—Preparations for use in therapy

Definitions

  • Subject of the present invention is the use of desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 (AVE0010, lixisenatide) or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.
  • Another subject is a pharmaceutical composition comprising desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally comprising pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, or/and auxiliary substances.
  • Yet another aspect is a method for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 comprising administering desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
  • diabetes type 2 In contrast to diabetes type 1, there is not generally a lack of insulin in diabetes type 2 but in many cases, particularly in progressive cases, the treatment with insulin is regarded as the most suitable therapy, if required in combination with orally administered anti-diabetic drugs.
  • BMI body mass index
  • the compound desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys e -NH 2 (AVE0010, lixisenatide) is a derivative of Exendin-4.
  • AVE0010 is disclosed as SEQ ID NO:93 in WO 01/04156:
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 AVE0010 (44 AS) H-G-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-L-S-K-Q-M-E-E-E-A-V-R-L-F-I-E-W- L-K-N-G-G-P-S-S-G-A-P-P-S-K-K-K-K-K-K-NH 2
  • SEQ ID NO: 2 Exendin-4 (39 AS) H-G-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-L-S-K-Q-M-E-E-E-A-V-R-L-F-I-E-W- L-K-N-G-G-P-S-S-G-A-P-P-S-NH 2
  • Exendins are a group of peptides which can lower blood glucose concentration.
  • the Exendin analogue AVE0010 is characterised by C-terminal truncation of the native Exendin-4 sequence.
  • AVE0010 comprises six C-terminal lysine residues not present in Exendin-4.
  • AVE0010 includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts of AVE0010 A preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salt of AVE0010 employed in the present invention is acetate.
  • a first aspect of the present invention is the use of desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.
  • the subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention suffering from diabetes type 2 may be an obese subject.
  • an obese subject may have a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m 2 .
  • the subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention may be an adult subject.
  • the subject may have an age of at least 18 years of may have an age in the range of 18 to 80 years, or 40 to 80 years, or 50 to 60 years.
  • the subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention preferably does not receive an antidiabetic treatment, for instance by insulin or/and related compounds.
  • the subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention may suffer from diabetes mellitus type 2 for at least 1 year or at least 2 years.
  • diabetes mellitus type 2 has been diagnosed at least 1 year or at least 2 years before onset of therapy by the medicament of the present invention.
  • the subject to be treated may have a HbA 1c value of at least about 8% or at least about 7,5%.
  • the subject may also have a HbA 1c value of about 7 to about 10%.
  • the example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the HbA 1c value in diabetes type 2 patients (see Tables 9, 10).
  • the active agent of the present invention is preferably used for improving glucose tolerance in the treatment of a patient suffering from diabetes type 2. Improving glucose tolerance means that the postprandial plasma glucose concentration is reduced by the active agent of the present invention. Reduction means in particular that the plasma glucose concentration reaches normoglycemic values or at least approaches these values.
  • normoglycemic values are blood glucose concentrations of in particular 60-140 mg/dl (corresponding to 3.3 bis 7.8 mM/L). This range refers in particular to blood glucose concentrations under fasting conditions and postprandial conditions.
  • the subject to be treated may have a fasting plasma glucose concentration of at least 8 mmol/L, at least 8.5 mmol/L or at least 9 mmol/L. These plasma glucose concentrations exceed normoglycemic concentrations.
  • the example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the blood glucose concentration in diabetes type 2 patients (see Table 15).
  • the subject to be treated may have a 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose concentration of at least 10 mmol/L, at least 12 mmol/L, or at least 14 mmol/L. These plasma glucose concentrations exceed normoglycemic concentrations.
  • the example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose concentration in diabetes type 2 patients (see Table 11).
  • the subject to be treated may have a glucose excursion of at least 2 mmol/L, at least 3 mmol/L, at least 4 mmol/L or at least 5 mmol/L.
  • the glucose excursion is in particular the difference of the 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose concentration and the plasma glucose concentration 30 minutes prior to a meal test.
  • a meal test is . . .
  • the example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the glucose excursion in diabetes type 2 patients (see Table 12).
  • Postprandial is a term that is well known to a person skilled in the art of diabetology.
  • the term “postprandial” describes in particular the phase after a meal or/and exposure to glucose under experimental conditions. In a healthy person this phase is characterised by an increase and subsequent decrease in blood glucose concentration.
  • the term “postprandial” or “postprandial phase” typically ends up to 2 h after a meal or/and exposure to glucose.
  • a second aspect of the present invention is the use of desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for inducing weight loss in diabetes type 2 patients or/and for preventing weight gain in diabetes type 2 patients.
  • the example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a weight reduction in diabetes type 2 patients (see Tables 13 and 14).
  • the active agent, the medicament or/and the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used in the treatment of one or more of the medical indications described herein, for example in treatment of diabetes type 2 patients, or for conditions associated with diabetes type 2, such as reduction of the fasting plasma glucose concentration, reduction of the postprandial plasma glucose concentration, improvement of glucose tolerance, weight loss or/and prevention of weight gain.
  • desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 may be administered to a subject in need thereof, in an amount sufficient to induce a therapeutic effect.
  • the compound desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered parenterally, e.g. by injection (such as by intramuscular or by subcutaneous injection). Suitable injection devices, for instance the so-called “pens” comprising a cartridge comprising the active ingredient, and an injection needle, are known.
  • the compound desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered in a suitable amount, for instance in an amount in the range of 10 to 15 ⁇ g per dose or 15 to 20 ⁇ g per dose.
  • desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered in a daily dose in the range of 10 to 20 ⁇ g, in the range of 10 to 15 ⁇ g, or in the range of 15 to 20 ⁇ g.
  • DesPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered by one injection per day.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally comprising pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, or/and auxiliary substances.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be prepared for use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.
  • the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also be prepared for use in inducing weight loss in diabetes type 2 patients or/and for use in preventing weight gain in diabetes type 2 patients.
  • composition of the present invention may also be prepared for use in the treatment of a subject as described herein.
  • the pharmaceutical composition or/and the medicament described herein may be a liquid composition comprising desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a liquid composition of the present invention may have an acidic or a physiologic pH.
  • An acidic pH preferably is in the range of pH 1-6.8, pH 3.5-6.8, or pH 3.5-5.
  • a physiologic pH preferably is in the range of pH 2.5-8.5, pH 4.0-8.5, or pH 6.0-8.5. Preferably the range is of pH 4.5-5.0.
  • the pH may be adjusted by a pharmaceutically acceptable diluted acid (typically HCl) or pharmaceutically acceptable diluted base (typically NaOH).
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable diluted acid typically HCl
  • pharmaceutically acceptable diluted base typically NaOH
  • the liquid composition of the present invention may comprise a suitable preservative.
  • a suitable preservative may be selected from phenol, m-cresol, benzyl alcohol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid ester.
  • a preferred preservative is m-cresol.
  • the liquid composition of the present invention may comprise a tonicity agent.
  • a suitable tonicity agent may be selected from glycerol, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose, NaCl, calcium or magnesium containing compounds such as CaCl 2 .
  • the concentration of glycerol, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol and glucose may be in the range of 100-250 mM.
  • the concentration of NaCl may be up to 150 mM.
  • a preferred tonicity agent is glycerol.
  • the liquid composition of the present invention may comprise methionine.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention is a method for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 comprising administering desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
  • a further aspect of the present invention is a method for inducing weight loss in diabetes type 2 patients or/and for preventing weight gain in diabetes type 2 patients, said method comprising administering desPro 36 Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys 6 -NH 2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
  • the subject may be the subject defined herein.
  • the pharmaceutical composition or/and medicament as described herein may be administered.
  • FIG. 1 Study design
  • FIG. 2 The overall step-down testing procedure
  • FIG. 3 Kaplan-Meier plot of time to treatment discontinuation due to any reason—Randomized population
  • FIG. 4 Plot of mean change in HbA 1c (%) ⁇ SE from baseline by visit and at endpoint—mITT population. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.
  • FIG. 5 Plot of mean change in body weight (kg) ⁇ SE from baseline by visit and at endpoint—mITT population. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.
  • FIG. 6 Plot of mean change in fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) ⁇ SE from baseline by visit and at endpoint—mITT population. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 1 day.
  • EXAMPLE A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter 12-week study assessing the efficacy and safety of Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with antidiabetic agents
  • Subject of the example is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter 12-week study assessing the efficacy and safety of lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with antidiabetic agents, conducted in 61 centers of 12 countries.
  • the primary objective of the study was to assess the effects of lixisenatide on glycemic control used in a two-step dose titration regimen in comparison to placebo in terms of HbA 1c reduction (absolute change) over a period of 12 weeks.
  • the HbA 1 responder analysis (HbA 1c ⁇ 6.5 or ⁇ 7% at endpoint) using CMH method also showed a significant treatment difference versus placebo for both lixisenatide-treated groups.
  • each of the lixisenatide-treated groups demonstrated a significant improvement over the placebo group.
  • the between-group difference in body weight compared to placebo was not statistically significant for either of the lixisenatide-treated groups due to a similar decrease in placebo group.
  • Both lixisenatide-treated groups demonstrated meaningful improvements over the placebo group in fasting plasma glucose using ANCOVA analysis without multiplicity adjustment.
  • a total of 3 lixisenatide-treated patients (2 [1.7%] in 2-step titration and 1 [0.8%] in 1-step titration) received a rescue therapy, and 3 patients [2.5%] in the placebo group.
  • Lixisenatide (AVE0010) was well tolerated during the 12 weeks of treatment. Incidences of TEAEs (treatment-emergent adverse events) were generally comparable across treatment groups. Only one serious TEAE was reported in a lixisenatide-treated patient (2-step titration), whereas 5 placebo-treated patients reported serious TEAEs. No death was reported in this study. A total of 8 lixisenatide-treated patients (5 [4.2%] in 2-step titration and 3 [2.5%] in 1-step titration) discontinued the treatment, mainly due to gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, while one placebo-treated patient (0.8%) discontinued. There was no obvious difference for GI tolerance in 1-step and 2-step titration lixisenatide-treated patients. The most commonly reported TEAE was nausea (24.2% for lixisenatide 2-step titration, 20.2% for lixisenatide 1-step titration and 4.1% for placebo).
  • the primary objective of this example was to assess the effects of lixisenatide on glycemic control used in a two-step dose titration regimen in comparison to placebo in terms of HbA 1c reduction (absolute change) over a period of 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with antidiabetic agents.
  • the patients were stratified by screening values of glycosylated hemoglobin A 1c (HbA 1c ) ( ⁇ 8%, ⁇ 8%) and body mass index (BMI ⁇ 30 kg/m 2 , ⁇ 30 kg/m 2 ). After a screening period, patients were centrally randomized via interactive voice response system (IVRS) in a 2:1:2:1 ratio to one of the four arms (two-step titration of lixisenatide, two-step titration of placebo, one-step titration of lixisenatide, and one-step titration of placebo).
  • IVRS interactive voice response system
  • the study consisted of 3 periods: 1) an up to 3-week screening period, which included an up to 2-week screening phase and a 1-week single-blind placebo run-in phase; 2) a main 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment period; 3) a 3-day, drug-free post-treatment follow-up period.
  • the study design is described in FIG. 1 .
  • the administration is performed as follows . . .
  • the primary efficacy variable was the absolute change in HbA 1c from baseline to Week 12, which was defined as: HbA 1c value at Week 12—HbA 1c value at baseline.
  • the sample size/power calculation was performed based on the primary efficacy variable, change from baseline to Week 12 in HbA 1c .
  • the modified-ITT population consisted of all patients who were randomized (analyzed “as randomized”), received at least one dose of double-blind investigational product, and had both a baseline assessment and at least one post-baseline assessment of any primary or secondary efficacy variable, irrespective of compliance with the study protocol and procedures.
  • the safety population was the Total Treated population defined as all patients randomized (via the central randomization system according to the protocol) and exposed to at least one dose of the investigational product, regardless of the amount of treatment administered.
  • the primary efficacy variable (change in HbA 1c from baseline to Week 12) was analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA 1c ( ⁇ 8.0, ⁇ 8.0%), randomization strata of screening BMI ( ⁇ 30, ⁇ 30 kg/m 2 ) values, and country as fixed effects and using the baseline HbA 1c values as a covariate.
  • ANCOVA analysis of covariance
  • the two titration placebo arms were included as separate treatment levels, but they were combined as one group when making comparisons using appropriate contrast (eg, to compare two-step titration lixisenatide group with combined placebo [ ⁇ 0.5, ⁇ 0.5, 0, +1] in the order of one-step titration placebo, two-step titration placebo, one-step titration lixisenatide and two-step titration lixisenatide group).
  • a stepwise testing procedure was applied in order to ensure type I error control.
  • the primary endpoint is the absolute change in HbA 1c from baseline to Week 12 using LOCF during the on-treatment period.
  • the on-treatment period for efficacy variables except those from meal challenge test is the time from the first dose of investigational product up to 3 days (except for Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) by central laboratory, which is up to 1 day) after the last dose of investigational product or up to the introduction of rescue therapy, whichever is the earliest.
  • the on-treatment period for efficacy variables from meal challenge test including Post-prandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) and glucose excursion is the time from the first dose to the date of the last dose of investigational product or up to the introduction of rescue therapy, whichever is the earliest.
  • PPG Post-prandial Plasma Glucose
  • glucose excursion is the time from the first dose to the date of the last dose of investigational product or up to the introduction of rescue therapy, whichever is the earliest.
  • Treatment-emergent AEs were defined as AEs that developed or worsened (according to the Investigator opinion) or became serious during the on-treatment period.
  • the on-treatment period was defined as the time from the first dose of double-blind investigational product (IP) up to 3 days after the last injection of IP administration.
  • IP double-blind investigational product
  • the 3-day interval was chosen based on the half-life of the IP (approximately 5 times the half-life).
  • a total of 361 patients were randomized to one of the four treatment groups (61 in the placebo two-step titration group, 61 in the placebo one-step titration group, 120 in the lixisenatide two-step titration group, 119 in the lixisenatide one-step titration group) in 61 centers of 12 countries (Belgium, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Tru, Romania, Russia, Tunisia, Ukraine, and United States). All 361 randomized patients were exposed to double-blind treatment. Two patients were excluded from mITT population for efficacy analyses due to lack of post-baseline efficacy data. Table 1 below provides the number of patients included in each analysis population.
  • Table 2 below provides the summary of patient disposition for each treatment group.
  • the time-to-onset of treatment discontinuation is depicted in FIG. 3 and no particular pattern was observed.
  • Table 3 below provides the summary of baseline and demographic characteristics for each treatment group and overall. The demographic and baseline information were generally similar across treatment groups for the safety population. The study population was balanced between genders, and the median age was 54 years. The majority of the patients were Caucasian (72.9%).
  • Table 4 below describes the diabetic history for each treatment group and overall for the safety population. Diabetic histories were generally comparable across treatment groups.
  • Table 5 presents the descriptive summaries of efficacy variables at baseline for each treatment group and overall for the safety population. Efficacy variables at baseline were generally comparable across treatment groups.
  • Table 1 summarizes the results of the primary efficacy parameter, the change from baseline to endpoint in HbA 1c using LOCF ANCOVA analysis.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the Mean ( ⁇ SE) change from baseline in HbA 1c over time during the 12-week double-blind treatment.
  • HbA 1c seems to reach a plateau after week 8 in the placebo group, while HbA 1c is continuously decreasing in both lixisenatide-treated groups.
  • placebo combined (a) ⁇ 0.54 (0.123) ⁇ 0.66 (0.122) 95% Cl ( ⁇ 0.785 to ( ⁇ 0.903 to ⁇ 0.300) ⁇ 0.423) p-value ⁇ 0.0001 ⁇ 0.0001 (a) Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA 1c ( ⁇ 8.0, ⁇ 8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index ( ⁇ 30, ⁇ 30 kg/m 2 ), and country as fixed effects and baseline HbA 1c value as a covariate. The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.
  • Table 10 summarizes the proportion of patients with treatment response (HbA 1c ⁇ 6.5 or ⁇ 7% at endpoint, respectively). Treatment responses were similar between lixisenatide-treated groups and the treatment difference between each of lixisenatide-treated groups versus placebo was statistically significant.
  • Placebo Combined (a) — 0.0005 0.0095 Number 112 113 114 ⁇ 7.0% 30 (26.8%) 59 (52.2%) 53 (46.5%) ⁇ 7.0% 82 (73.2%) 54 (47.8%) 61 (53.5%) p-value vs. Placebo Combined (a) — ⁇ 0.0001 0.0013 (a) Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) method stratified by randomization strata of screening HbA 1c ( ⁇ 8.0 or ⁇ 8.0 %) and randomization strata of screening body mass index ( ⁇ 30 or ⁇ 30 kg/m 2 ). The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 day.
  • CMH Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel
  • Table 11 summarizes the ANCOVA analyses of 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose, glucose excursion, body weight and FPG, respectively.
  • Table 14 and Table 16 present the proportion of patients with weight loss 5% from baseline to endpoint and the percentage of patients requiring rescue therapy, respectively.
  • FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 demonstrate the Mean ( ⁇ SE) change from baseline in body weight and FPG over time during the 12-week double-blind treatment period.
  • placebo combined (a) ⁇ 3.86 (0.765) ⁇ 4.82 (0.741) 95% Cl ( ⁇ 5.375 to ⁇ 2.353) ( ⁇ 6.287 to ⁇ 3.361) p-value ⁇ 0.0001 ⁇ 0.0001 (a) Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA 1c ( ⁇ 8.0, 8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index ( ⁇ 30, ⁇ 30 kg/m 2 ), and country as fixed effects and baseline 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose value as a covariate. The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation.
  • placebo combined (a) 0.02 (0.344) 0.06 (0.343) 95% Cl ( ⁇ 0.654 to ( ⁇ 0.612 to 0.701) 0.737) p-value 0.9462 0.8549 (a) Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA 1c ( ⁇ 8.0, ⁇ 8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index ( ⁇ 30, ⁇ 30 kg/m 2 ), and country as fixed effects and baseline body weight value as a covariate. The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.
  • inferential testing for FPG was made in an exploratory manner because the preceding test (body weight) failed to show statistically significant between-group difference. Both lixisenatide-treated groups demonstrated meaningful improvement over the placebo group in FPG using ANCOVA analysis without multiplicity adjustment.
  • placebo combined (a) ⁇ 0.87 (0.257) ⁇ 1.08 (0.257) 95% Cl ( ⁇ 1.374 to ( ⁇ 1.586 to ⁇ 0.361) ⁇ 0.577) p-value 0.0008 ⁇ 0.0001 (a) Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA 1c ( ⁇ 8.0, ⁇ 8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index ( ⁇ 30, ⁇ 30 kg/m 2 ), and country as fixed effects and baseline fasting plasma glucose value as a covariate. The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 1 day.
  • Placebo Combined (a) — 0.6518 0.3260 (a) Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) method stratified by randomization strata of screening HbA 1c ( ⁇ 8.0 or ⁇ 8.0 %) and randomization strata of screening BMI ( ⁇ 30 or ⁇ 30 kg/m 2 ).
  • CMH Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel
  • Table 17 below presents the overall summary of patients who had adverse events during the double-blind treatment.
  • Table 18, and Table 19 show serious TEAEs, and TEAEs leading to treatment discontinuation, respectively.
  • the proportion of patients who had TEAEs was generally comparable between the placebo group and the lixisenatide-treated groups.
  • the incidence of serious TEAE was low, with 5 occurrences (4.1%) in the placebo group, 1 (0.8%) in the lixisenatide two-step titration group and 0 in the lixisenatide one-step titration group. No death was reported in this study. More patients in lixisenatide-treated group (5 [4.2%] for two-step titration; 3 [2.5%] for one-step titration) discontinued treatment than in the placebo group (1 [0.8%]), mainly due to gastrointestinal disorders.
  • Table 25 presents the incidences of TEAEs during the double-blind treatment occurring in at least 1% of patients in any treatment group.
  • Nausea was the most frequently reported TEAE in the lixisenatide-treated group: 29 patients (24.2%) for two-step titration and 24 patients (20.2%) for one-step titration.
  • Five placebo-treated patients (4.1%) reported nausea.
  • the second most frequently reported TEAE in the lixisenatide-treated patients was headache (10 patients (8.3%) for two-step titration and 9 patients (7.6%) for one-step titration) followed by vomiting (9 patients [7.5%] for two-step titration and 8 patients [6.7%] for one-step titration).
  • the corresponding number of patients (%) in the placebo group was 14 (11.5%) for headache and none for vomiting.
  • On-treatment period the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3 days after the last dose administration.
  • MedDRA version: 12.1 n (%) number and percentage of patients with at least one serious TEAE. Note: Table sorted by SOC internationally agreed order and HLGT, HLT, PT alphabetic order.
  • On-treatment period the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3days after the last dose administration.
  • MedDRA version: 12.1 n (%) number and percentage of patients with at least one TEAE leading to permanent treatment discontinuation. Note: Table sorted by SOC internationally agreed order and HLGT, HLT, PT alphabetic order.
  • ARAC allergic reaction assessment committee
  • On-treatment period the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3 days after the last dose administration. *Regardless of baseline.
  • the number (n) represents the subset of the total number who met the criterion in question at least once during treatment.
  • the denominator (/N1) for each parameter within a treatment group is the number of patients for the treatment group who had that parameter assessed post-baseline by baseline PCSA status. For PCSA including condition based only on change from baseline, the denominator is restricted on patients having a baseline and a post-baseline values.
  • MedDRA version: 12.1 n (%) number and percentage of patients with at least one TEAE. Note: Table sorted by SOC internationally agreed order and HLGT, HLT, PT by alphabetic order. Only SOC with at least one PT 1% in the placebo combined group or any lixisenatide one- or two-step titration group are presented.

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Abstract

The present invention refers to the use of Lixisenatide or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2, for inducing weight loss in diabetes type 2 patients or/and for preventing weight gain in diabetes type 2 patients.

Description

  • Subject of the present invention is the use of desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 (AVE0010, lixisenatide) or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2. Another subject is a pharmaceutical composition comprising desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally comprising pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, or/and auxiliary substances. Yet another aspect is a method for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 comprising administering desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
  • In a healthy person the release of insulin by the pancreas is strictly coupled to the concentration of blood glucose. An increased level of blood glucose, as appears after meals, is rapidly counterbalanced by a respective increase in insulin secretion. In fasting condition the plasma insulin level drops to a basal value which is sufficient to ensure the continuous supply of glucose to insulin-sensitive organs and tissues and to keep the hepatic glucose production at a low level at night.
  • In contrast to diabetes type 1, there is not generally a lack of insulin in diabetes type 2 but in many cases, particularly in progressive cases, the treatment with insulin is regarded as the most suitable therapy, if required in combination with orally administered anti-diabetic drugs.
  • An increased glucose level in the blood over several years without initial symptoms represents a significant health risk. It could clearly be shown by the large-scale DCCT study in the USA (The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group (1993) N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 977-986) that chronically increased levels of blood glucose are a main reason for the development of diabetes complications. Examples for diabetes complications are micro and macrovascular damages that possibly manifest themselves in retinopathies, nephropathies or neuropathies and lead to blindness, renal failure and the loss of extremities and are accompanied by an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. It can thus be concluded that an improved therapy of diabetes primarily has to aim keeping blood glucose in the physiological range as closely as possible.
  • A particular risk exists for overweight patients suffering from diabetes type 2, e.g. patients with a body mass index (BMI) 30. In these patients the risks of diabetes overlap with the risks of overweight, leading e.g. to an increase of cardiovascular diseases compared to diabetes type 2 patients being of a normal weight. Thus, it is particularly necessary to treat diabetes in these patients while reducing the overweight.
  • The compound desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lyse-NH2(AVE0010, lixisenatide) is a derivative of Exendin-4. AVE0010 is disclosed as SEQ ID NO:93 in WO 01/04156:
  • SEQ ID NO: 1: AVE0010 (44 AS)
    H-G-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-L-S-K-Q-M-E-E-E-A-V-R-L-F-I-E-W-
    L-K-N-G-G-P-S-S-G-A-P-P-S-K-K-K-K-K-K-NH2
    SEQ ID NO: 2: Exendin-4 (39 AS)
    H-G-E-G-T-F-T-S-D-L-S-K-Q-M-E-E-E-A-V-R-L-F-I-E-W-
    L-K-N-G-G-P-S-S-G-A-P-P-P-S-NH2
  • Exendins are a group of peptides which can lower blood glucose concentration. The Exendin analogue AVE0010 is characterised by C-terminal truncation of the native Exendin-4 sequence. AVE0010 comprises six C-terminal lysine residues not present in Exendin-4.
  • In the context of the present invention, AVE0010 includes pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. The person skilled in the art knows pharmaceutically acceptable salts of AVE0010. A preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salt of AVE0010 employed in the present invention is acetate.
  • A first aspect of the present invention is the use of desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.
  • The subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention suffering from diabetes type 2 may be an obese subject. In the present invention, an obese subject may have a body mass index of at least 30 kg/m2.
  • The subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention may be an adult subject. The subject may have an age of at least 18 years of may have an age in the range of 18 to 80 years, or 40 to 80 years, or 50 to 60 years. The subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention preferably does not receive an antidiabetic treatment, for instance by insulin or/and related compounds.
  • The subject to be treated by the medicament of the present invention may suffer from diabetes mellitus type 2 for at least 1 year or at least 2 years. In particular, in the subject to be treated, diabetes mellitus type 2 has been diagnosed at least 1 year or at least 2 years before onset of therapy by the medicament of the present invention.
  • The subject to be treated may have a HbA1c value of at least about 8% or at least about 7,5%. The subject may also have a HbA1c value of about 7 to about 10%. The example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the HbA1c value in diabetes type 2 patients (see Tables 9, 10).
  • The active agent of the present invention is preferably used for improving glucose tolerance in the treatment of a patient suffering from diabetes type 2. Improving glucose tolerance means that the postprandial plasma glucose concentration is reduced by the active agent of the present invention. Reduction means in particular that the plasma glucose concentration reaches normoglycemic values or at least approaches these values.
  • In the present invention, normoglycemic values are blood glucose concentrations of in particular 60-140 mg/dl (corresponding to 3.3 bis 7.8 mM/L). This range refers in particular to blood glucose concentrations under fasting conditions and postprandial conditions.
  • The subject to be treated may have a fasting plasma glucose concentration of at least 8 mmol/L, at least 8.5 mmol/L or at least 9 mmol/L. These plasma glucose concentrations exceed normoglycemic concentrations. The example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the blood glucose concentration in diabetes type 2 patients (see Table 15).
  • The subject to be treated may have a 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose concentration of at least 10 mmol/L, at least 12 mmol/L, or at least 14 mmol/L. These plasma glucose concentrations exceed normoglycemic concentrations. The example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose concentration in diabetes type 2 patients (see Table 11).
  • The subject to be treated may have a glucose excursion of at least 2 mmol/L, at least 3 mmol/L, at least 4 mmol/L or at least 5 mmol/L. In the present invention, the glucose excursion is in particular the difference of the 2 hours postprandial plasma glucose concentration and the plasma glucose concentration 30 minutes prior to a meal test. In the context of the present invention, a meal test is . . . The example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a reduction of the glucose excursion in diabetes type 2 patients (see Table 12).
  • “Postprandial” is a term that is well known to a person skilled in the art of diabetology. The term “postprandial” describes in particular the phase after a meal or/and exposure to glucose under experimental conditions. In a healthy person this phase is characterised by an increase and subsequent decrease in blood glucose concentration. The term “postprandial” or “postprandial phase” typically ends up to 2 h after a meal or/and exposure to glucose.
  • A second aspect of the present invention is the use of desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the manufacture of a medicament for inducing weight loss in diabetes type 2 patients or/and for preventing weight gain in diabetes type 2 patients. The example of the present invention demonstrates that treatment by AVE0010 results in a weight reduction in diabetes type 2 patients (see Tables 13 and 14).
  • The active agent, the medicament or/and the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be used in the treatment of one or more of the medical indications described herein, for example in treatment of diabetes type 2 patients, or for conditions associated with diabetes type 2, such as reduction of the fasting plasma glucose concentration, reduction of the postprandial plasma glucose concentration, improvement of glucose tolerance, weight loss or/and prevention of weight gain.
  • In the present invention, desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 may be administered to a subject in need thereof, in an amount sufficient to induce a therapeutic effect.
  • The compound desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered parenterally, e.g. by injection (such as by intramuscular or by subcutaneous injection). Suitable injection devices, for instance the so-called “pens” comprising a cartridge comprising the active ingredient, and an injection needle, are known. The compound desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered in a suitable amount, for instance in an amount in the range of 10 to 15 μg per dose or 15 to 20 μg per dose.
  • In the present invention, desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered in a daily dose in the range of 10 to 20 μg, in the range of 10 to 15 μg, or in the range of 15 to 20 μg. DesPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be administered by one injection per day.
  • Yet another aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and optionally comprising pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants, or/and auxiliary substances.
  • The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may be prepared for use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.
  • The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also be prepared for use in inducing weight loss in diabetes type 2 patients or/and for use in preventing weight gain in diabetes type 2 patients.
  • The pharmaceutical composition of the present invention may also be prepared for use in the treatment of a subject as described herein.
  • In the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition or/and the medicament described herein may be a liquid composition comprising desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The skilled person knows liquid compositions of AVE0010 suitable for parenteral administration. A liquid composition of the present invention may have an acidic or a physiologic pH. An acidic pH preferably is in the range of pH 1-6.8, pH 3.5-6.8, or pH 3.5-5. A physiologic pH preferably is in the range of pH 2.5-8.5, pH 4.0-8.5, or pH 6.0-8.5. Preferably the range is of pH 4.5-5.0.
  • The pH may be adjusted by a pharmaceutically acceptable diluted acid (typically HCl) or pharmaceutically acceptable diluted base (typically NaOH).
  • The liquid composition of the present invention may comprise a suitable preservative. A suitable preservative may be selected from phenol, m-cresol, benzyl alcohol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid ester. A preferred preservative is m-cresol.
  • The liquid composition of the present invention may comprise a tonicity agent. A suitable tonicity agent may be selected from glycerol, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol, glucose, NaCl, calcium or magnesium containing compounds such as CaCl2. The concentration of glycerol, lactose, sorbitol, mannitol and glucose may be in the range of 100-250 mM. The concentration of NaCl may be up to 150 mM. A preferred tonicity agent is glycerol.
  • The liquid composition of the present invention may comprise methionine. Yet another aspect of the present invention is a method for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 comprising administering desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
  • A further aspect of the present invention is a method for inducing weight loss in diabetes type 2 patients or/and for preventing weight gain in diabetes type 2 patients, said method comprising administering desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 or/and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof to a subject in need thereof.
  • In the method of the present invention, the subject may be the subject defined herein.
  • In the method of the present invention, the pharmaceutical composition or/and medicament as described herein may be administered.
  • The invention is further illustrated by the following example and figures.
    • FIGURE LEGENDS
  • FIG. 1: Study design
  • FIG. 2: The overall step-down testing procedure
  • FIG. 3: Kaplan-Meier plot of time to treatment discontinuation due to any reason—Randomized population
  • FIG. 4: Plot of mean change in HbA1c (%)±SE from baseline by visit and at endpoint—mITT population. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.
  • FIG. 5: Plot of mean change in body weight (kg)±SE from baseline by visit and at endpoint—mITT population. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.
  • FIG. 6: Plot of mean change in fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)±SE from baseline by visit and at endpoint—mITT population. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 1 day.
    •
  • EXAMPLE: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter 12-week study assessing the efficacy and safety of Lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with antidiabetic agents
    • SUMMARY
  • Subject of the example is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter 12-week study assessing the efficacy and safety of lixisenatide in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with antidiabetic agents, conducted in 61 centers of 12 countries. The primary objective of the study was to assess the effects of lixisenatide on glycemic control used in a two-step dose titration regimen in comparison to placebo in terms of HbA1c reduction (absolute change) over a period of 12 weeks.
  • A total of 361 patients were randomized to one of the four treatment groups (61 in the placebo two-step titration group, 61 in the placebo one-step titration group, 120 in the lixisenatide two-step titration group, and 119 in the lixisenatide one-step titration group). The placebo one-step and two-step titration groups were combined in analyses. Two patients were excluded from mITT population for efficacy analyses due to a lack of post-baseline efficacy data. Of 361 randomized patients, 331 (91.7%) completed the 12-week double-blind treatment. Thirty patients discontinued the treatment prematurely and 9 of these patients discontinued due to an adverse event. Demographics and baseline characteristics were generally similar across treatment groups.
  • The least square (LS) mean changes from baseline to endpoint in HbA1c were −0.19% for the placebo group, −0.73% for the lixisenatide 2-step titration group (LS mean difference vs. placebo=−0.54%; p-value=<0.0001), and −0.85% for the lixisenatide 1-step titration group (LS mean difference vs. placebo=−0.66%; p-value=<0.0001). The HbA1 responder analysis (HbA1c≤6.5 or <7% at endpoint) using CMH method also showed a significant treatment difference versus placebo for both lixisenatide-treated groups.
  • For 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose levels, each of the lixisenatide-treated groups demonstrated a significant improvement over the placebo group. The between-group difference in body weight compared to placebo was not statistically significant for either of the lixisenatide-treated groups due to a similar decrease in placebo group. Both lixisenatide-treated groups demonstrated meaningful improvements over the placebo group in fasting plasma glucose using ANCOVA analysis without multiplicity adjustment. A total of 3 lixisenatide-treated patients (2 [1.7%] in 2-step titration and 1 [0.8%] in 1-step titration) received a rescue therapy, and 3 patients [2.5%] in the placebo group.
  • Lixisenatide (AVE0010) was well tolerated during the 12 weeks of treatment. Incidences of TEAEs (treatment-emergent adverse events) were generally comparable across treatment groups. Only one serious TEAE was reported in a lixisenatide-treated patient (2-step titration), whereas 5 placebo-treated patients reported serious TEAEs. No death was reported in this study. A total of 8 lixisenatide-treated patients (5 [4.2%] in 2-step titration and 3 [2.5%] in 1-step titration) discontinued the treatment, mainly due to gastrointestinal (GI) disorders, while one placebo-treated patient (0.8%) discontinued. There was no obvious difference for GI tolerance in 1-step and 2-step titration lixisenatide-treated patients. The most commonly reported TEAE was nausea (24.2% for lixisenatide 2-step titration, 20.2% for lixisenatide 1-step titration and 4.1% for placebo).
  • A total of 6 cases (3 [2.5%] in lixisenatide 2-step titration; 1 [0.8%] in lixisenatide 1-step titration; 2 [1.6%] in placebo) of symptomatic hypoglycemia per protocol definition were observed and none of them was severe. No case of elevated lipase or amylase 3 ULN) was observed in any of the treatment groups.
    • 1 Objectives
  • 1.1 Primary Objective
  • The primary objective of this example was to assess the effects of lixisenatide on glycemic control used in a two-step dose titration regimen in comparison to placebo in terms of HbA1c reduction (absolute change) over a period of 12 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes not treated with antidiabetic agents.
  • 1.2 Secondary Objective(s)
  • The secondary objectives of this study were:
      • To assess the effects of lixisenatide on:
        • Glycemic control in comparison to placebo in terms of HbA1c reduction when used in a one-step dose titration regimen over a period of 12 weeks,
        • Body weight at week 12,
        • Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) at week 12,
        • 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose after standardized meal challenge test at week 12 in a subgroup of all the patients in selected sites (approximately 50% of the randomized patients),
      • To assess lixisenatide safety and tolerability over a period of 12 weeks,
      • To assess lixisenatide PK using population PK approach,
      • To assess anti-lixisenatide antibody development.
    2 Trial Design
  • This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, 4-arm, unbalanced design, parallel-group multinational study: two-step titration (120 lixisenatide-treated and 60 placebo-treated patients) and one-step titration (120 lixisenatide-treated and 60 placebo-treated patients). The study was double-blind with regard to active and placebo treatments. The study drug volume (i.e., dose of active drug or matching placebo) and the titration regimens (i.e., one-step and two-step) were not blinded.
  • The patients were stratified by screening values of glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (<8%, ≥8%) and body mass index (BMI<30 kg/m2, ≥30 kg/m2). After a screening period, patients were centrally randomized via interactive voice response system (IVRS) in a 2:1:2:1 ratio to one of the four arms (two-step titration of lixisenatide, two-step titration of placebo, one-step titration of lixisenatide, and one-step titration of placebo).
  • The study consisted of 3 periods: 1) an up to 3-week screening period, which included an up to 2-week screening phase and a 1-week single-blind placebo run-in phase; 2) a main 12-week double-blind, placebo-controlled treatment period; 3) a 3-day, drug-free post-treatment follow-up period.
  • The study design is described in FIG. 1.
  • The administration is performed as follows . . .
    • 3 Primary and Secondary Endpoints
  • 3.1 Primary Endpoint
  • The primary efficacy variable was the absolute change in HbA1c from baseline to Week 12, which was defined as: HbA1c value at Week 12—HbA1c value at baseline.
  • If a patient permanently discontinued the treatment prematurely or received rescue therapy during the 12-week double-blind treatment period or did not have HbA1c value at Week 12, the last post-baseline on-treatment HbA1c measurement during the 12-week double-blind treatment period was to be used as HbA1c value at Week 12 (Last Observation Carry Forward [LOCF] procedure).
  • 3.2 Secondary Endpoints
  • For secondary efficacy variables, the same procedure for handling missing assessments/early discontinuation during the 12-week double-blind treatment period was applied as for the primary efficacy variable.
  • Continuous variables:
      • Change in 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose (million) after a standardized meal test from baseline to Week 12,
      • Change in body weight (kg) from baseline to Week 12,
      • Change in fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) from baseline to Week 12,
      • Change in glucose excursion (mmol/L) (2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose
      • plasma glucose 30 minutes prior to the meal test, before study drug administration) after a standardized meal test from baseline to Week 12.
  • Categorical variables:
      • Percentage of patients with HbA1c<7% at Week 12,
      • Percentage of patients with HbA1c≤6.5% at Week 12,
      • Percentage of patients requiring rescue therapy during the double-blind treatment period,
      • Percentage of patients with . . . 5% weight loss (kg) from baseline at Week 12.
    4 Sample Size Calculation Assumptions
  • The sample size/power calculation was performed based on the primary efficacy variable, change from baseline to Week 12 in HbA1c.
  • To detect a difference of 0.5% in the change from baseline in HbA1c between one lixisenatide arm and the combined placebo group at Week 12, 120 patients per group (i.e., 120 patients per lixisenatide arm and 2×60 patients for combined placebo group) provided a power of 90%. This calculation assumed a common standard deviation of 1.2% with a 2-sided test at the 5% significance level. The sample size calculations were based upon the two-sample t test and made using nQuery Advisor 5.0.
    • 5 Statistical Methods
  • 5.1 Analysis Populations
  • The modified-ITT population consisted of all patients who were randomized (analyzed “as randomized”), received at least one dose of double-blind investigational product, and had both a baseline assessment and at least one post-baseline assessment of any primary or secondary efficacy variable, irrespective of compliance with the study protocol and procedures.
  • The safety population was the Total Treated population defined as all patients randomized (via the central randomization system according to the protocol) and exposed to at least one dose of the investigational product, regardless of the amount of treatment administered.
  • 5.2 Primary Efficacy Analysis
  • The primary efficacy variable (change in HbA1c from baseline to Week 12) was analyzed using an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA1c (<8.0, ≥8.0%), randomization strata of screening BMI (<30, ≥30 kg/m2) values, and country as fixed effects and using the baseline HbA1c values as a covariate. In the ANCOVA model, the two titration placebo arms were included as separate treatment levels, but they were combined as one group when making comparisons using appropriate contrast (eg, to compare two-step titration lixisenatide group with combined placebo [−0.5, −0.5, 0, +1] in the order of one-step titration placebo, two-step titration placebo, one-step titration lixisenatide and two-step titration lixisenatide group).
  • A stepwise testing procedure was applied in order to ensure type I error control. First, two-step titration lixisenatide arm was compared with the combined placebo group (primary objective). If the test was statistically significant, then one-step titration lixisenatide arm was compared with the combined placebo group (secondary objective).
  • As mentioned in Section 3.1, the primary endpoint is the absolute change in HbA1c from baseline to Week 12 using LOCF during the on-treatment period. The on-treatment period for efficacy variables except those from meal challenge test is the time from the first dose of investigational product up to 3 days (except for Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) by central laboratory, which is up to 1 day) after the last dose of investigational product or up to the introduction of rescue therapy, whichever is the earliest. The on-treatment period for efficacy variables from meal challenge test including Post-prandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) and glucose excursion is the time from the first dose to the date of the last dose of investigational product or up to the introduction of rescue therapy, whichever is the earliest.
  • 5.3 Secondary Efficacy Analysis
  • Once the primary variable was statistically significant at α=0.05 for both comparisons, the testing procedure was performed to test secondary efficacy variables, see FIG. 2.
  • All continuous secondary efficacy variables at Week 12 were analyzed using a similar ANCOVA model as described in Section 5.2 to compare two-step titration lixisenatide arm with combined placebo group and one-step titration lixisenatide arm with combined placebo group.
  • The following categorical secondary efficacy variables at Week 12 were analyzed using a Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) method stratified on randomization strata (screening HbA1c (<8.0, ≥8.0%) and screening BMI (<30 kg/m2, ≥30 kg/m2) values):
      • Percentage of patients with HbA1c<7.0% at Week 12,
      • Percentage of patients with HbA1c≤6.5% at Week 12,
      • Percentage of patients requiring rescue therapy during 12-week treatment period,
  • Number and percentage of patients with 5% weight loss from baseline at Week 12 were presented by treatment groups.
  • 5.4 Safety Analysis
  • Treatment-emergent AEs (TEAEs) were defined as AEs that developed or worsened (according to the Investigator opinion) or became serious during the on-treatment period. The on-treatment period was defined as the time from the first dose of double-blind investigational product (IP) up to 3 days after the last injection of IP administration. The 3-day interval was chosen based on the half-life of the IP (approximately 5 times the half-life).
    • 6 Results
  • 6.1 Study Patients
    • 6.1.1 Patient Accountability
  • Of the 795 patients screened, 434 (54.6%) patients were not randomized into the double-blind treatment. The main reason was HbA1c value at screening visit out of the defined protocol ranges (318 (40.0%) patients).
  • A total of 361 patients were randomized to one of the four treatment groups (61 in the placebo two-step titration group, 61 in the placebo one-step titration group, 120 in the lixisenatide two-step titration group, 119 in the lixisenatide one-step titration group) in 61 centers of 12 countries (Belgium, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Poland, Romania, Russia, Tunisia, Ukraine, and United States). All 361 randomized patients were exposed to double-blind treatment. Two patients were excluded from mITT population for efficacy analyses due to lack of post-baseline efficacy data. Table 1 below provides the number of patients included in each analysis population.
  • TABLE 1
    Analysis populations - Randomized population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined All
    Randomized 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    population (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%)
    Efficacy
    populations
    Modified 61 60 121 120 118 238 359
    Intent-to- (100%) (98.4%) (99.2%) (100%) (99.2%) (99.6%) (99.4%)
    Treat (mITT)
    PK Population  6  1  7 114 117 231 238
    Safety 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    population
    PK = pharmacokinetics.
    Note:
    The Safety and PK population patients are tabulated according to treatment actually received (as treated).
    For the efficacy population, patients are tabulated according to their randomized treatment (as randomized).
    • 6.1.2 Study Disposition
  • Table 2 below provides the summary of patient disposition for each treatment group. Of the 361 randomized patients, 30 (8.3%) patients prematurely discontinued from study treatment, mainly due to reasons classified as “other” (i.e. subject's decision, 18 patients) followed by adverse events (9 patients). The time-to-onset of treatment discontinuation is depicted in FIG. 3 and no particular pattern was observed.
  • TABLE 2
    Patient disposition - Randomized population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    Randomized and 61  61  122  120  119  239 
    treated (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%)
    Did not 4 5 9 10  11  21 
    complete the (6.6%) (8.2%) (7.4%) (8.3%) (9.2%) (8.8%)
    study
    treatment
    period
    Subject's 4 5 9 10  10  20 
    request for (6.6%) (8.2%) (7.4%) (8.3%) (8.4%) (8.4%)
    treatment
    discontinuation
    Reason for
    study
    treatment
    discontinuation
    Adverse 1 0 1 5 3 8
    event (1.6%) (0.8%) (4.2%) (2.5%) (3.3%)
    Lack of 0 1 1 0 0 0
    efficacy (1.6%) (0.8%)
    Poor 0 1 1 1 0 1
    compliance to (1.6%) (0.8%) (0.8%) (0.4%)
    protocol
    Lost to 0 0 0 0 0 0
    follow-up
    Other 3 3 6 4 8 12 
    reasons (4.9%) (4.9%) (4.9%) (3.3%) (6.7%) (5.0%)
    Status at last
    study contact
    Alive 61  61  122  120  119  239 
    (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%)
    Dead 0 0 0 0 0 0
    Lost to follow- 0 0 0 0 0 0
    up
    Note:
    Percentages are calculated using the number of randomized patients as denominator.
    • 6.1.3 Demographics and Baseline Characteristics
  • Table 3 below provides the summary of baseline and demographic characteristics for each treatment group and overall. The demographic and baseline information were generally similar across treatment groups for the safety population. The study population was balanced between genders, and the median age was 54 years. The majority of the patients were Caucasian (72.9%).
  • TABLE 3
    Demographics and patient characteristics at screening - Safety population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined All
    (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239) (N = 361)
    Age (years)
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Mean (SD) 54.5 53.6 54.1 53.3 53.8 53.5 53.7
    (11.2) (10.9) (11.0) (9.7) (10.9) (10.3) (10.5)
    Median 55.0 53.0 54.5 54.0 53.0 54.0 54.0
    Min:Max 31:75 33:85 31:85 21:78 20:82 20:82 20:85
    Age Group
    (years) [n (%)]
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    <50 20 20 40 44 34 78 118
    (32.8%) (32.8%) (32.8%) (36.7%) (28.6%) (32.6%) (32.7%)
    ≥50 to <65 30 34 64 64 69 133 197
    (49.2%) (55.7%) (52.5%) (53.3%) (58.0%) (55.6%) (54.6%)
    ≥65 to <75 8 5 13 11 11 22 35
    (13.1%) (8.2%) (10.7%) (9.2%) (9.2%) (9.2%) (9.7%)
    ≥75 3 2 5 1 5 6 11
    (4.9%) (3.3%) (4.1%) (0.8%) (4.2%) (2.5%) (3.0%)
    Sex [n (%)]
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Male 36 24 60 63 63 126 186
    (59.0%) (39.3%) (49.2%) (52.5%) (52.9%) (52.7%) (51.5%)
    Female 25 37 62 57 56 113 175
    (41.0%) (60.7%) (50.8%) (47.5%) (47.1%) (47.3%) (48.5%)
    Race [n (%)]
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Caucasian/White 43 47 90 88 85 173 263
    (70.5%) (77.0%) (73.8%) (73.3%) (71.4%) (72.4%) (72.9%)
    Black 2 1 3 0 3 3 6
    (3.3%) (1.6%) (2.5%) (2.5%) (1.3%) (1.7%)
    Asian/Oriental 14 10 24 27 29 56 80
    (23.0%) (16.4%) (19.7%) (22.5%) (24.4%) (23.4%) (22.2%)
    Other 2 3 5 5 2 7 12
    (3.3%) (4.9%) (4.1%) (4.2%) (1.7%) (2.9%) (3.3%)
    Ethnicity [n (%)]
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Hispanic 15 16 31 25 22 47 78
    (24.6%) (26.2%) (25.4%) (20.8%) (18.5%) (19.7%) (21.6%)
    Non Hispanic 46 45 91 95 97 192 283
    (75.4%) (73.8%) (74.6%) (79.2%) (81.5%) (80.3%) (78.4%)
    Screening HbA1c
    (%)
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Mean (SD) 8.15 8.20 8.18 8.11 8.20 8.16 8.16
    (0.87) (0.91) (0.89) (0.91) (0.84) (0.87) (0.88)
    Median 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.95 8.00 8.00 8.00
    Min:Max 7.0:10.0 7.0:10.0 7.0:10.0 7.0:10.0 7.0:9.9 7.0:10.0 7.0:10.0
    Randomized
    strata
    of screening
    HbA1c (%)
    [n (%)]
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    <8 30 30 60 60 58 118 178
    (49.2%) (49.2%) (49.2%) (50.0%) (48.7%) (49.4%) (49.3%)
    ≥8 31 31 62 60 61 121 183
    (50.8%) (50.8%) (50.8%) (50.0%) (51.3%) (50.6%) (50.7%)
    Screening BMI
    (kg/m2)
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Mean (SD) 31.70 31.81 31.76 32.34 31.65 31.99 31.91
    (6.64) (6.79) (6.69) (6.72) (6.62) (6.66) (6.66)
    Median 30.80 31.18 30.96 31.13 30.89 31.05 31.05
    Min:Max 20.1:56.0 20.6:58.7 20.1:58.7 20.6:50.3 20.8:53.7 20.6:53.7 20.1:58.7
    Randomized
    strata of
    screening BMI
    (kg/m2) [n (%)]
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    <30 25 26 51 50 49 99 150
    (41.0%) (42.6%) (41.8%) (41.7%) (41.2%) (41.4%) (41.6%)
    ≥30 36 35 71 70 70 140 211
    (59.0%) (57.4%) (58.2%) (58.3%) (58.8%) (58.6%) (58.4%)
    BMI = Body Mass Index.
  • Table 4 below describes the diabetic history for each treatment group and overall for the safety population. Diabetic histories were generally comparable across treatment groups.
  • TABLE 4
    Disease characteristics at screening- Safety population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined All
    (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239) (N = 361)
    Duration of
    diabetes (years)
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Mean (SD) 2.49 2.47 2.48 2.59 2.48 2.53 2.52
    (2.44) (2.87) (2.66) (3.51) (3.82) (3.66) (3.35)
    Median 1.46 1.03 1.37 1.42 1.11 1.30 1.33
    Min:Max 0.2:9.6 0.2:12.5 0.2:12.5 0.2:21.5 0.2:23.9 0.2:23.9 0.2:23.9
    Age at onset of
    T2D (years)
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Mean (SD) 51.97 51.18 51.57 50.69 51.30 51.00 51.19
    (11.27) (11.17) (11.18) (9.53) (11.27) (10.41) (10.67)
    Median 53.00 51.00 52.00 51.00 51.00 51.00 51.00
    Min:Max 30.0:75.0 28.0:83.0 28.0:83.0 21.0:76.0 17.0:82.0 17.0:82.0 17.0:83.0
    Prior use of GLP-
    1 receptor
    agonist [n (%)]
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Yes 1 1 2 0 1 1 3
    (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (0.8%) (0.4%) (0.8%)
    No 60 60 120 120 118 238 358
    (98.4%) (98.4%) (98.4%) (100%) (99.2%) (99.6%) (99.2%)
    Diabetic
    retinopathy [n (%)]
    Number 59 59 118 118 119 237 355
    Yes 1 1 2 3 3 6 8
    (1.7%) (1.7%) (1.7%) (2.5%) (2.5%) (2.5%) (2.3%)
    No 53 53 106 110 106 216 322
    (89.8%) (89.8%) (89.8%) (93.2%) (89.1%) (91.1%) (90.7%)
    Diabetic sensory
    or motor
    neuropathy [n (%)]
    Number 59 59 118 117 119 236 354
    Yes 2 4 6 6 2 8 14
    (3.4%) (6.8%) (5.1%) (5.1%) (1.7%) (3.4%) (4.0%)
    No 55 52 107 107 112 219 326
    (93.2%) (88.1%) (90.7%) (91.5%) (94.1%) (92.8%) (92.1%)
    Diabetic
    autonomic
    neuropathy [n (%)]
    Number 59 59 118 118 119 237 355
    Yes 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
    No 57 55 112 114 114 228 340
    (96.6%) (93.2%) (94.9%) (96.6%) (95.8%) (96.2%) (95.8%)
    Diabetic
    nephropathy [n (%)]
    Number 59 59 118 118 119 237 355
    Yes 0 0 0 1 0 1 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%) (0.3%)
    No 57 55 112 111 113 224 336
    (96.6%) (93.2%) (94.9%) (94.1%) (95.0%) (94.5%) (94.6%)
    Albuminuria [n (%)]
    Number 5 7 12 9 11 20 32
    <3 mg/L (Not 0 1 1 2 3 5 6
    reportable) (14.3%) (8.3%) (22.2%) (27.3%) (25.0%) (18.8%)
    ≥3 mg/L 5 6 11 7 8 15 26
    (Reportable) (100%) (85.7%) (91.7%) (77.8%) (72.7%) (75.0%) (81.3%)
    <20 mg/L 3 3 6 5 6 11 17
    (60.0%) (50.0%) (54.5%) (71.4%) (75.0%) (73.3%) (65.4%)
    ≥20-<200 2 2 4 2 2 4 8
    mg/L (40.0%) (33.3%) (36.4%) (28.6%) (25.0%) (26.7%) (30.8%)
    ≥200 mg/L 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
    (16.7%) (9.1%) (3.8%)
    Creatinine
    clearance
    (ml/min)
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Mean (SD) 129.65 124.41 127.03 129.22 123.67 126.46 126.65
    (48.86) (46.24) (47.44) (47.70) (44.63) (46.18) (46.55)
    Median 129.82 120.41 122.84 122.79 118.51 120.94 121.73
    Min:Max 56.9:265.9 27.6:324.1 27.6:324.1 49.9:304.7 46.2:283.6 46.2:304.7 27.6:324.1
    Creatinine
    clearance [n (%)]
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    <30 ml/min 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
    (severe renal (1.6%) (0.8%) (0.3%)
    impairment)
    ≥30-<50 0 0 0 1 2 3 3
    ml/min (0.8%) (1.7%) (1.3%) (0.8%)
    (moderate
    renal
    impairment)
    ≥50-80 9 6 15 13 17 30 45
    ml/min (mild (14.8%) (9.8%) (12.3%) (10.8%) (14.3%) (12.6%) (12.5%)
    renal
    impairment)
    >80 ml/min 52 54 106 106 100 206 312
    (no renal (85.2%) (88.5%) (86.9%) (88.3%) (84.0%) (86.2%) (86.4%)
    impairment
    GLP-1 = Glucagon like peptide-1.
  • Table 5 below presents the descriptive summaries of efficacy variables at baseline for each treatment group and overall for the safety population. Efficacy variables at baseline were generally comparable across treatment groups.
  • TABLE 5
    Baseline efficacy variables - Safety population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined All
    (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239) (N = 361)
    HbA1c (%)
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Mean (SD) 8.10 8.05 8.07 7.98 8.07 8.03 8.04
    (0.95) (0.87) (0.91) (0.92) (0.87) (0.89) (0.90)
    Median 7.90 7.80 7.80 7.70 7.90 7.80 7.80
    Min:Max 6.5:10.7 6.5:10.1 6.5:10.7 6.6:10.1 6.7:10.5 6.6:10.5 6.5:10.7
    Weight (kg)
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Mean (SD) 86.53 85.64 86.08 89.04 86.50 87.77 87.20
    (19.91) (24.45) (22.21) (22.16) (21.00) (21.58) (21.78)
    Median 82.00 82.00 82.00 87.00 84.50 85.20 84.20
    Min:Max 48.0:133.0 46.2:186.0 46.2:186.0 47.0:160.0 44.5:159.2 44.5:160.0 44.5:186.0
    FPG (mmol/L)
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239 361
    Mean (SD) 8.88 8.93 8.90 9.15 9.04 9.09 9.03
    (2.26) (2.07) (2.16) (1.99) (1.97) (1.97) (2.04)
    Median 8.50 8.50 8.50 8.80 8.70 8.80 8.60
    Min:Max 4.7:15.4 5.8:17.5 4.7:17.5 4.8:16.7 5.6:16.3 4.8:16.7 4.7:17.5
    2-hour post-
    prandial plasma
    glucose* (mmol/L)
    Number 26 34 60 59 65 124 184
    Mean (SD) 14.02 14.45 14.27 14.81 14.62 14.71 14.57
    (5.06) (4.74) (4.84) (3.87) (3.41) (3.62) (4.05)
    Median 14.05 14.15 14.15 14.80 14.50 14.65 14.45
    Min:Max 5.5:23.7 6.5:30.2 5.5:30.2 6.1:23.5 6.5:22.6 6.1:23.5 5.5:30.2
    Glucose excursion*
    (mmol/L)
    Number 26 34 60 59 65 124 184
    Mean (SD) 4.77 4.86 4.82 5.67 5.34 5.49 5.27
    (4.23) (3.30) (3.69) (3.05) (2.96) (3.00) (3.25)
    Median 5.85 4.80 5.10 5.60 5.50 5.50 5.50
    Min:Max −5.9:13.1 −1.1:11.8 −5.9:13.1 −2.9:11.5 −1.9:11.9 −2.9:11.9 −5.9:13.1
    *For patients in selected sites where the meal challenge test was performed.
    FPG = Fasting Plasma Glucose.
    Glucose excursion = 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose - plasma glucose 30 minutes prior to the meal test, before study drug administration.
    • 6.1.4 Dosage and Duration
  • Treatment exposure and dosage are summarized in Table 6, Table 7 and
  • Table 8 below. The average treatment exposure was similar across treatment groups. Of the 361 safety patients, 335 (92.8%) were exposed to 57 days or more, 349 (96.7%) reached the target dose 20 μg at the end of titration, and 335 (92.8%) had the final dose with the target dose 20 μg at the end of double-blind treatment.
  • TABLE 6
    Exposure to investigational product - Safety population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    Cumulative exposure 13.8 13.4 27.2 26.7 26.6 53.3
    to treatment
    (patient years)
    Duration of study
    treatment (days)
    Number 61 61 122 120 119 239
    Mean (SD) 82.6 80.0 81.3 81.2 81.8 81.5
    (12.8) (18.5) (15.9) (16.5) (15.3) (15.9)
    Median 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0 85.0
    Min:Max 19:95 7:92 7:95 1:103 12:98 1:103
    Duration of study
    treatment by
    category [n (%)]
    1-14 days 0 2 2 2 1 3
    (3.3%) (1.6%) (1.7%) (0.8%) (1.3%)
    15-28 days 1 2 3 4 5 9
    (1.6%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (3.3%) (4.2%) (3.8%)
    29-56 days 2 1 3 3 3 6
    (3.3%) (1.6%) (2.5%) (2.5%) (2.5%) (2.5%)
    57-84 days 15 10 25 14 18 32
    (24.6%) (16.4%) (20.5%) (11.7%) (15.1%) (13.4%)
    >84 days 43 46 89 97 92 189
    (70.5%) (75.4%) (73.0%) (80.8%) (77.3%) (79.1%)
    Number of patients
    with duration of
    study treatment by
    category [n (%)]
    ≥1 day 61 61 122 120 119 239
    (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%)
    ≥15 days 61 59 120 118 118 236
    (100%) (96.7%) (98.4%) (98.3%) (99.2%) (98.7%)
    ≥29 days 60 57 117 114 113 227
    (98.4%) (93.4%) (95.9%) (95.0%) (95.0%) (95.0%)
    ≥57 days 58 56 114 111 110 221
    (95.1%) (91.8%) (93.4%) (92.5%) (92.4%) (92.5%)
    ≥85 days 43 46 89 97 92 189
    (70.5%) (75.4%) (73.0%) (80.8%) (77.3%) (79.1%)
    Duration of exposure = (date of the last double-blind IP injection − date of the first double-blind IP injection) +1.
  • TABLE 7
    Number (%) of patients by final dose at the end of the double-blind
    treatment - Safety population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    Final Dose (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    10 μg 0 1 1 5 13 18
    (1.6%) (0.8%) (4.2%) (10.9%) (7.5%)
    15 μg 0 0 0 6 1 7
    (5.0%) (0.8%) (2.9%)
    20 μg 61 60 121 109 105 214
    (100%) (98.4%) (99.2%) (90.8%) (88.2%) (89.5%)
    Dose = Dose of active drug or volume-matched placebo.
    Note:
    Percents are calculated using the number of safety patients as the denominator.
  • TABLE 8
    Number (%) of patients by dose at the end of titration - Safety population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Dose at the Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    end of titration (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    <10 μg 0 0 0 0 1 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%)
     10 μg 0 2 2 3 3 6
    (3.3%) (1.6%) (2.5%) (2.5%) (2.5%)
     15 μg 0 0 0 3 0 3
    (2.5%) (1.3%)
     20 μg 61 59 120 114 115 229
    (100%) (96.7%) (98.4%) (95.0%) (96.6%) (95.8%)
    Dose = Dose of active drug or volume-matched placebo.
    The scheduled visit for end of titration per protocol would be Visit 5/Week 2.
    Note:
    Percents are calculated using the number of safety patients as the denominator.
  • 6.2 Efficacy
    • 6.2.1 Primary Efficacy Parameter Main Analysis
  • Table 1 summarizes the results of the primary efficacy parameter, the change from baseline to endpoint in HbA1c using LOCF ANCOVA analysis. FIG. 4 illustrates the Mean (±SE) change from baseline in HbA1c over time during the 12-week double-blind treatment.
  • Based on the pre-specified primary analysis, both lixisenatide-treated groups demonstrated statistically significant reduction of HbA1c from baseline to endpoint, compared to the placebo group (for the lixisenatide two-step titration group, LS mean difference=−0.54%; p-value=<0.0001; for the lixisenatide one-step titration group, LS mean difference=−0.66%; p-value=<0.0001). Moreover HbA1c seems to reach a plateau after week 8 in the placebo group, while HbA1c is continuously decreasing in both lixisenatide-treated groups.
  • TABLE 9
    Mean change in HbA1c (%) from baseline
    to endpoint-mITT population
    Lixisenatide
    Placebo Two-step One-step
    Combined Titration Titration
    HbA1c (%) (N = 121) (N = 120) (N = 118)
    Baseline
    Number 112 113 114
    Mean (SD) 8.07 (0.92) 7.97 (0.91) 8.06 (0.85)
    Median 7.80 7.70 7.90
    Min : Max 6.5 : 10.7 6.6 : 9.9 6.7 : 10.5
    Endpoint
    Number 112 113 114
    Mean (SD) 7.80 (1.35) 7.20 (1.19) 7.11 (0.89)
    Median 7.50 6.90 7.00
    Min : Max 5.4 : 13.6 5.2 : 13.0 5.4 : 9.8
    Change from
    baseline to
    endpoint
    Number 112 113 114
    Mean (SD) −0.27 (1.09) −0.77 (0.94) −0.94 (0.72)
    Median −0.30 −0.80 −0.90
    Min : Max −2.7 : 3.3 −3.0 : 3.1 −3.0 : 0.8
    LS Mean (SE) (a) −0.19 (0.121) −0.73 (0.116) −0.85 (0.119)
    LS Mean difference
    (SE) vs. placebo
    combined (a) −0.54 (0.123) −0.66 (0.122)
    95% Cl (−0.785 to (−0.903 to
    −0.300) −0.423)
    p-value <0.0001 <0.0001
    (a) Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA1c (<8.0, ≥8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30, ≥30 kg/m2), and country as fixed effects and baseline HbA1c value as a covariate. The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.
    • Secondary Analyses
  • Table 10 summarizes the proportion of patients with treatment response (HbA1c≤6.5 or <7% at endpoint, respectively). Treatment responses were similar between lixisenatide-treated groups and the treatment difference between each of lixisenatide-treated groups versus placebo was statistically significant.
  • TABLE 10
    Number (%) of patients with HbA1c value ≤6.5%
    or <7% at endpoint-mITT population
    Lixisenatide
    Placebo Two-step One-step
    Combined Titration Titration
    HbA1c (%) (N = 121) (N = 120) (N = 118)
    Number 112 113 114
    ≤6.5% 14 (12.5%) 36 (31.9%) 29 (25.4%)
    >6.5% 98 (87.5%) 77 (68.1%) 85 (74.6%)
    p-value vs. Placebo
    Combined(a) — 0.0005 0.0095
    Number 112 113 114
    <7.0% 30 (26.8%) 59 (52.2%) 53 (46.5%)
    ≥7.0% 82 (73.2%) 54 (47.8%) 61 (53.5%)
    p-value vs. Placebo
    Combined(a) — <0.0001 0.0013
    (a) Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) method stratified by randomization strata of screening HbA1c (<8.0 or ≥8.0 %) and randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30 or ≥30 kg/m2). The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 day.
    • 6.2.2 Secondary Efficacy Parameters
  • Table 11, Table 12, Table 13 and Table 15 summarize the ANCOVA analyses of 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose, glucose excursion, body weight and FPG, respectively.
  • Table 14 and Table 16 present the proportion of patients with weight loss 5% from baseline to endpoint and the percentage of patients requiring rescue therapy, respectively. FIG. 5 and FIG. 6 demonstrate the Mean (±SE) change from baseline in body weight and FPG over time during the 12-week double-blind treatment period.
  • Both lixisenatide-treated groups showed statistically significant improvement over the placebo group in 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose, supported by the same ANCOVA analysis in glucose excursion.
  • TABLE 11
    Mean change in 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose (mmol/L) from
    baseline to endpoint in selected sites-mITT population
    Lixisenatide
    2-hr Post- Placebo Two-step One-step
    prandial Plasma Combined Titration Titration
    Glucose (mmol/L) (N = 62) (N = 60) (N = 65)
    Baseline
    Number 54 53 62
    Mean (SD) 13.99 (4.78) 14.67 (3.78) 14.55 (3.36)
    Median 14.15 14.80 14.15
    Min : Max 5.5: 30.2 6.1 : 22.0 6.5 : 22.6
    Endpoint
    Number 54 53 62
    Mean (SD) 13.42 (4.54) 9.90 (5.05) 8.77 (4.11)
    Median 12.80 8.40 8.20
    Min : Max 4.7 : 26.3 3.5 : 25.1 4.3 : 26.3
    Change from
    baseline to
    endpoint
    Number 54 53 62
    Mean (SD) −0.57 (4.44) −4.77 (4.53) −5.77 (3.90)
    Median −0.90 −4.90 −5.80
    Min : Max −14.7: 17.8 −16.6 : 5.3 −12.7: 10.4
    LS Mean (SE) (a) −0.65 (0.563) −4.51 (0.572) −5.47 (0.549)
    LS Mean difference
    (SE) vs.
    placebo combined (a) −3.86 (0.765) −4.82 (0.741)
    95% Cl (−5.375 to −2.353) (−6.287 to −3.361)
    p-value <0.0001 <0.0001
    (a) Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA1c (<8.0, 8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30, ≥30 kg/m2), and country as fixed effects and baseline 2-hour post-prandial plasma glucose value as a covariate. The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts. The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation.
  • TABLE 12
    Mean change in glucose excursion (mmol/L) from
    baseline to endpoint in selected sites mITT population
    Lixisenatide
    Glucose Placebo Two-step One-step
    Excursion Combined Titration Titration
    (mmol/L) (N = 62) (N = 60) (N = 65)
    Baseline
    Number 54 53 62
    Mean (SD) 4.72 (3.65) 5.45 (3.02) 5.25 (2.89)
    Median 5.10 5.40 5.40
    Min : Max −5.9 : 13.1 −2.9 : 11.5 −1.9 : 10.8
    Endpoint
    Number 54 53 62
    Mean (SD) 4.20 (3.42) 1.39 (3.90) 0.60 (3.09)
    Median 4.25 0.50 −0.10
    Min : Max −5.9 : 12.4 −4.4 : 11.8 −3.2 : 13.8
    Change from
    baseline to
    endpoint
    Number 54 53 62
    Mean (SD) −0.52 (3.76) −4.06 (3.60) −4.66 (3.27)
    Median −0.82 −4.20 −4.53
    Min : Max −12.8 : 10.3 −12.0 : 3.8 −11.2 : 3.5
    LS Mean (SE) (a) −0.67 (0.447) −3.77 (0.454) −4.36 (0.436)
    LS Mean difference
    (SE) vs. placebo
    combined (a) −3.10 (0.608) −3.69 (0.589)
    95% Cl ( −4.300 to ( −4.853 to
    −1.898) −2.527)
    (a) Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA1c (<8.0, ≥8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30, ≥30 kg/m2), and country as fixed effects and baseline glucose excursion value as a covariate.
    The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts.
    The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation.
    Glucose excursion = 2-hour postprandial plasma glucose-plasma glucose 30 minutes prior to the meal test before study drug administration.
  • No difference in the changes in body weight were observed between the lixisenatide groups and placebo (Table 13), likewise a comparable percentage of patients across the treatment groups who had lost weight 5% or more in body weight (Table 14).
  • TABLE 13
    Mean change in body weight (kg) from baseline to endpoint-
    mITT population
    Lixisenatide
    Placebo Two-step One-step
    Combined Titration Titration
    Body Weight (kg) (N = 121) (N = 120) (N = 118)
    Baseline
    Number 116 117 115
    Mean (SD) 85.75 (22.06) 89.13 (22.21) 87.14 (20.93)
    Median 82.00 87.00 84.70
    Min : Max 46.2 : 186.0 47.0 : 160.0 44.5 : 159.2
    Endpoint
    Number 116 117 115
    Mean (SD) 83.77 (21.57) 87.12 (21.78) 85.21 (20.94)
    Median 80.60 84.00 82.90
    Min : Max 44.8 : 186.0 47.5 : 156.0 45.1 : 156.3
    Change from baseline to
    endpoint
    Number 116 117 115
    Mean (SD) −1.98 (2.77) −2.01 (2.68) −1.92 (2.78)
    Median −1.35 −1.50 −2.00
    Min : Max −12.9 : 2.7 −11.9 : 4.4 −11.8 : 6.1
    LS Mean (SE) (a) −1.98 −1.96 −1.92
    (0.341) (0.326) (0.338)
    LS Mean difference (SE) vs.
    placebo combined (a) 0.02 (0.344) 0.06 (0.343)
    95% Cl ( −0.654 to ( −0.612 to
    0.701) 0.737)
    p-value 0.9462 0.8549
    (a) Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA1c (<8.0, ≥8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30, ≥30 kg/m2), and country as fixed effects and baseline body weight value as a covariate.
    The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts.
    The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.
  • TABLE 14
    Number (%) of patients with >= 5%
    weight loss from baseline to endpoint-mITT
    population
    Lixisenatide
    Placebo Two-step One-step
    Weight Combined Titration Titration
    loss (N = 121) (N = 120) (N = 118)
    Number 116 117 115
    ≥5% 20 (17.2%) 19 (16.2%) 21 (18.3%)
    <5% 96 (82.8%) 98 (83.8%) 94 (81.7%)
    The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 3 days.
  • Per the testing strategy adjusting for multiplicity (step-down procedure), inferential testing for FPG was made in an exploratory manner because the preceding test (body weight) failed to show statistically significant between-group difference. Both lixisenatide-treated groups demonstrated meaningful improvement over the placebo group in FPG using ANCOVA analysis without multiplicity adjustment.
  • TABLE 15
    Mean change in fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)
    from baseline to endpoint-mITT population
    Lixisenatide
    Placebo Two-step One-step
    Fasting Plasma Glucose Combined Titration Titration
    (mmol/L) (N = 121) (N = 120) (N = 118)
    Baseline
    Number 121 119 118
    Mean (SD) 8.91 (2.17) 9.17 (1.98) 9.02 (1.97)
    Median 8.50 8.80 8.65
    Min : Max 4.7 : 17.5 4.8 : 16.7 5.6 : 16.3
    Endpoint
    Number 121 119 118
    Mean (SD) 9.16 (2.96) 8.51 (2.38) 8.16 (1.73)
    Median 8.40 8.20 7.88
    Min : Max 4.7 : 22.9 4.6 : 19.7 5.0 : 14.5
    Change from baseline to
    endpoint
    Number 121 119 118
    Mean (SD) 0.25 (2.52) −0.66 (1.95) −0.87 (1.62)
    Median −0.05 −0.50 −0.70
    Min : Max −5.1 : 17.6 −7.5 : 6.3 −6.4 : 4.6
    LS Mean (SE) (a) 0.19 (0.255) −0.68 (0.247) −0.89 (0.254)
    LS Mean difference (SE) vs.
    placebo combined (a) −0.87 (0.257) −1.08 (0.257)
    95% Cl ( −1.374 to ( −1.586 to
    −0.361) −0.577)
    p-value 0.0008 <0.0001
    (a) Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with treatment groups (two-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms, one-step titration lixisenatide and placebo arms), randomization strata of screening HbA1c (<8.0, ≥8.0%), randomization strata of screening body mass index (<30, ≥30 kg/m2), and country as fixed effects and baseline fasting plasma glucose value as a covariate.
    The comparison between each lixisenatide group and the placebo combined group was achieved through appropriate contrasts.
    The analysis excluded measurements obtained after the introduction of rescue medication and/or after the treatment cessation plus 1 day.
  • There was no evidence for difference between the lixisenatide-treated groups and the placebo group in percentage of patients who required rescue therapy due to the low incidence of rescued patients during the double-blind treatment period.
  • TABLE 16
    Number (%) of patients requiring rescue therapy during
    the double-blind treatment period-mITT population
    Lixisenatide
    Placebo Two-step One-step
    Requiring Combined Titration Titration
    rescue therapy (N = 121) (N = 120) (N = 118)
    Number 121 120 118
    Yes  3 (2.5%)   2 (1.7%)   1 (0.8%) 
    No 118 (97.5%) 118 (98.3%) 117 (99.2%)
    p-value vs. Placebo
    Combined(a) — 0.6518 0.3260
    (a) Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel (CMH) method stratified by randomization strata of screening HbA1c (<8.0 or ≥8.0 %) and randomization strata of screening BMI (<30 or ≥30 kg/m2).
  • 6.3 Safety
  • Table 17 below presents the overall summary of patients who had adverse events during the double-blind treatment and
  • Table 18, and Table 19 show serious TEAEs, and TEAEs leading to treatment discontinuation, respectively. The proportion of patients who had TEAEs was generally comparable between the placebo group and the lixisenatide-treated groups. The incidence of serious TEAE was low, with 5 occurrences (4.1%) in the placebo group, 1 (0.8%) in the lixisenatide two-step titration group and 0 in the lixisenatide one-step titration group. No death was reported in this study. More patients in lixisenatide-treated group (5 [4.2%] for two-step titration; 3 [2.5%] for one-step titration) discontinued treatment than in the placebo group (1 [0.8%]), mainly due to gastrointestinal disorders.
  • Table 25 presents the incidences of TEAEs during the double-blind treatment occurring in at least 1% of patients in any treatment group. Nausea was the most frequently reported TEAE in the lixisenatide-treated group: 29 patients (24.2%) for two-step titration and 24 patients (20.2%) for one-step titration. Five placebo-treated patients (4.1%) reported nausea. The second most frequently reported TEAE in the lixisenatide-treated patients was headache (10 patients (8.3%) for two-step titration and 9 patients (7.6%) for one-step titration) followed by vomiting (9 patients [7.5%] for two-step titration and 8 patients [6.7%] for one-step titration). The corresponding number of patients (%) in the placebo group was 14 (11.5%) for headache and none for vomiting.
  • TABLE 17
    Overview of adverse event profile: treatment emergent adverse
    events - Safety population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    Patients with any TEAE 25 30 55 63 65 128
    (41.0%) (49.2%) (45.1%) (52.5%) (54.6%) (53.6%)
    Patients with any 3 2 5 1 0 1
    serious TEAE (4.9%) (3.3%) (4.1%) (0.8%) (0.4%)
    Patients with any TEAE 0 0 0 0 0 0
    leading to death
    Patients with any TEAE 1 0 1 5 3 8
    leading to permanent (1.6%) (0.8%) (4.2%) (2.5%) (3.3%)
    treatment
    discontinuation
    TEAE: Treatment Emergent Adverse Event.
    n (%) = number and percentage of patients with at least one adverse event
  • TABLE 18
    Number (%) of patients experiencing serious TEAE(s) presented by primary SOC,
    HLGT, HLT, and PT during on-treatment period - Safety population
    PRIMARY SYSTEM
    ORGAN CLASS
    HLGT: High Level Group
    Term Placebo Lixisenatide
    HLT: High Level Term Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Preferred Term n Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    (%) (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    Any class 3 2 5 1 0 1
    (4.9%) (3.3%) (4.1%) (0.8%) (0.4%)
    NEOPLASMS BENIGN, 1 0 1 0 0 0
    MALIGNANT AND (1.6%) (0.8%)
    UNSPECIFIED (INCL
    CYSTS AND POLYPS)
    HLGT: Gastrointestinal 1 0 1 0 0 0
    neoplasms malignant (1.6%) (0.8%)
    and unspecified
    HLT: Colonic 1 0 1 0 0 0
    neoplasms (1.6%) (0.8%)
    malignant
    Colon cancer 1 0 1 0 0 0
    stage III (1.6%) (0.8%)
    ENDOCRINE DISORDERS 0 0 0 1 0 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLGT: Thyroid gland 0 0 0 1 0 1
    disorders (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLT: Thyroid 0 0 0 1 0 1
    disorders NEC (0.8%) (0.4%)
    Goitre 0 0 0 1 0 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%)
    CARDIAC DISORDERS 1 0 1 0 0 0
    (1.6%) (0.8%)
    HLGT: Coronary artery 1 0 1 0 0 0
    disorders (1.6%) (0.8%)
    HLT: Ischaemic 1 0 1 0 0 0
    coronary artery (1.6%) (0.8%)
    disorders
    Acute myocardial 1 0 1 0 0 0
    infarction (1.6%) (0.8%)
    GASTROINTESTINAL 1 0 1 0 0 0
    DISORDERS (1.6%) (0.8%)
    HLGT: Gastrointestinal 1 0 1 0 0 0
    stenosis and obstruction (1.6%) (0.8%)
    HLT: Gastrointestinal 1 0 1 0 0 0
    stenosis and (1.6%) (0.8%)
    obstruction NEC
    Ileus 1 0 1 0 0 0
    (1.6%) (0.8%)
    INVESTIGATIONS 0 1 1 0 0 0
    (1.6%) (0.8%)
    HLGT: Metabolic, 0 1 1 0 0 0
    nutritional and blood gas (1.6%) (0.8%)
    investigations
    HLT: Carbohydrate 0 1 1 0 0 0
    tolerance analyses (1.6%) (0.8%)
    (incl diabetes)
    Blood glucose 0 1 1 0 0 0
    increased (1.6%) (0.8%)
    INJURY, POISONING 0 1 1 0 0 0
    AND PROCEDURAL (1.6%) (0.8%)
    COMPLICATIONS
    HLGT: Bone and joint 0 1 1 0 0 0
    injuries (1.6%) (0.8%)
    HLT: Upper limb 0 1 1 0 0 0
    fractures and (1.6%) (0.8%)
    dislocations
    Ulna fracture 0 1 1 0 0 0
    (1.6%) (0.8%)
    TEAE: Treatment Emergent Adverse Event, SOC: System Organ Class, HLGT: High Level Group Term, HLT: High Level term, PT: Preferred Term.
    On-treatment period = the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3 days after the last dose administration.
    MedDRA version: 12.1
    n (%) = number and percentage of patients with at least one serious TEAE.
    Note:
    Table sorted by SOC internationally agreed order and HLGT, HLT, PT alphabetic order.
  • TABLE 19
    Number (%) of patients experiencing TEAE(s) leading to permanent treatment
    discontinuation by primary SOC, HLGT, HLT, and PT during on-treatment period -
    Safety population
    PRIMARY SYSTEM
    ORGAN CLASS
    HLGT: High Level Group Placebo Lixisenatide
    Term Two- One- Two- One-
    HLT: High Level Term step step step step
    Preferred Term n Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    (%) (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    Any class 1 0 1 5 3 8
    (1.6%) (0.8%) (4.2%) (2.5%) (3.3%)
    NEOPLASMS BENIGN, 1 0 1 0 0 0
    MALIGNANT AND (1.6%) (0.8%)
    UNSPECIFIED (INCL
    CYSTS AND POLYPS)
    HLGT: Gastrointestinal 1 0 1 0 0 0
    neoplasms malignant and (1.6%) (0.8%)
    unspecified
    HLT: Colonic neoplasms 1 0 1 0 0 0
    malignant (1.6%) (0.8%)
    Colon cancer stage 1 0 1 0 0 0
    III (1.6%) (0.8%)
    METABOLISM AND 0 0 0 1 0 1
    NUTRITION DISORDERS (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLGT: Appetite and general 0 0 0 1 0 1
    nutritional disorders (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLT :Appetite disorders 0 0 0 1 0 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%)
    Decreased appetite 0 0 0 1 0 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%)
    VASCULAR DISORDERS 0 0 0 0 1 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLGT: Vascular 0 0 0 0 1 1
    hypertensive disorders (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLT: Vascular 0 0 0 0 1 1
    hypertensive disorders (0.8%) (0.4%)
    NEC
    Hypertension 0 0 0 0 1 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%)
    GASTROINTESTINAL 0 0 0 5 3 8
    DISORDERS (4.2%) (2.5%) (3.3%)
    HLGT: Gastrointestinal 0 0 0 1 0 1
    haemorrhages NEC (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLT: Non-site specific 0 0 0 1 0 1
    gastrointestinal (0.8%) (0.4%)
    haemorrhages
    Haematochezia 0 0 0 1 0 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLGT: Gastrointestinal 0 0 0 1 0 1
    inflammatory conditions (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLT: Colitis (excl 0 0 0 1 0 1
    infective) (0.8%) (0.4%)
    Colitis 0 0 0 1 0 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLGT: Gastrointestinal signs 0 0 0 3 3 6
    and symptoms (2.5%) (2.5%) (2.5%)
    HLT: Gastrointestinal 0 0 0 0 1 1
    and abdominal pains (0.8%) (0.4%)
    (excl oral and throat)
    Abdominal pain 0 0 0 0 1 1
    upper (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLT: Nausea and 0 0 0 3 3 6
    vomiting symptoms (2.5%) (2.5%) (2.5%)
    Nausea 0 0 0 3 3 6
    (2.5%) (2.5%) (2.5%)
    Vomiting 0 0 0 1 1 2
    (0.8%) (0.8%) (0.8%)
    TEAE: Treatment Emergent Adverse Event, SOC: System Organ Class, HLGT: High Level Group Term, HLT: High Level term, PT: Preferred Term.
    On-treatment period = the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3days after the last dose administration.
    MedDRA version: 12.1
    n (%) = number and percentage of patients with at least one TEAE leading to permanent treatment discontinuation.
    Note:
    Table sorted by SOC internationally agreed order and HLGT, HLT, PT alphabetic order.
  • As shown in Table 20 below, a total of 6 cases of symptomatic hypoglycemia per protocol definition were observed (3 [2.5%] in the lixisenatide two-step titration group, 1 [0.8%] in the lixisenatide one-step titration group, and 2 [1.6%] in the placebo group), and none of them was severe.
  • TABLE 20
    Summary of symptomatic hypoglycemia - Safety population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    Type (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    Exposure in patient years 13.80 13.37 27.17 26.66 26.64 53.30
    Any symptomatic
    hypoglycemia
    Number of patients with 1 1 2 3 1 4
    events, n (%)1 (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (2.5%) (0.8%) (1.7%)
    Number of patients with 7.2 7.5 7.4 11.3 3.8 7.5
    events per 100 patient
    years of exposure2
    <60 mg/dL
    Number of patients with 1 1 2 2 0 2
    events, n (%)1 (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.7%) (0.8%)
    Number of patients with 7.2 7.5 7.4 7.5 0 3.8
    events per 100 patient
    years of exposure2
    No blood glucose reported
    Number of patients with 0 0 0 1 1 2
    events, n (%)1 (0.8%) (0.8%) (0.8%)
    Number of patients with 0 0 0 3.8 3.8 3.8
    events per 100 patient
    years of exposure2
    Symptomatic hypoglycemia = symptomatic hypoglycemia as defined per protocol.
    1Percents are calculated using the number of safety patients as the denominator.
    2Number of patients with events per 100 patient years of exposure = 100*(number of patients with events/exposure in patient years).
  • A total of 11 patients, all lixisenatide-treated patients (4 [3.3%] in two-step titration group and 7 [5.9%] in one-step titration group), reported injection site reactions. None of the reactions was serious or severe.
  • TABLE 21
    Number (%) of patients experiencing injection site reactions during on-treatment
    period - Safety population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Preferred Term Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    n (%) (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    Any injection 0 0 0 4 7 11
    site reactions (3.3%) (5.9%) (4.6%)
    Injection site 0 0 0 2 4  6
    pruritus (1.7%) (3.4%) (2.5%)
    Injection site 0 0 0 1 2  3
    pain (0.8%) (1.7%) (1.3%)
    Injection site 0 0 0 1 1  2
    haematoma (0.8%) (0.8%) (0.8%)
    Injection site 0 0 0 0 2  2
    erythema (1.7%) (0.8%)
    Injection site 0 0 0 1 0  1
    haemorrhage (0.8%) (0.4%)
    Injection site 0 0 0 1 0  1
    rash (0.8%) (0.4%)
    On-treatment period = the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3 days after the last dose administration.
  • A total of 3 cases of allergic reactions were reported by investigators in the lixisenatide one-step titration group during double-blind treatment period and 2 of them were confirmed by the allergic reaction assessment committee (ARAC).
  • TABLE 22
    Number (%) of patients with allergic reaction as adjudicated and confirmed by ARAC - Safety population
    Relationship Placebo Lixisenatide
    to study MedDRA coded Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    treatment term (PT) for ARAC Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    (by ARAC) ARAC diagnosis diagnosis (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    All Allergic reaction as 0 0 0 0 2 2
    adjudicated and (1.7%) (0.8%)
    confirmed by ARAC
    Angioedema ANGIOEDEMA
    0 0 0 0 1 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%)
    Urticaria URTICARIA 0 0 0 0 1 1
    (HIVES) (0.8%) (0.4%)
    Related Allergic reaction as 0 0 0 0 2 2
    adjudicated and (1.7%) (0.8%)
    confirmed by ARAC
    Angioedema ANGIOEDEMA
    0 0 0 0 1 1
    (0.8%) (0.4%)
    Urticaria URTICARIA 0 0 0 0 1 1
    (HIVES) (0.8%) (0.4%)
    ARAC = Allergic Reaction Assessment Committee.
  • The adverse event “lipase increased” reported in one patient in the placebo group Table 23 occurred on study Day 1 and presumably prior to the first injection of double-blind treatment according to the study protocol. No incidence of elevated lipase or amylase 3 ULN) was observed in any treatment group (Table 24) during the double-double treatment period.
  • TABLE 23
    Number (%) of patients with suspected pancreatitis - Safety population
    Placebo Lixisenatide
    Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    Preferred Term (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    Any 0 1 1 0 0 0
    (1.6%) (0.8%)
    Lipase 0 1 1 0 0 0
    increased (1.6%) (0.8%)
    n (%) = number and percentage of patients with any cases reported on the AE form for suspected pancreatits along with complementary form.
  • TABLE 24
    Pancreatic enzymes: Number of patients with abnormalities (PCSA) in the on-
    treatment period according to baseline status - Safety population
    Laboratory
    criteria Placebo Lixisenatide
    Baseline Two-step One-step Two-step One-step
    by PCSA criteria Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    n/N1 (%) (N = 61) (N = 61) (N = 122) (N = 120) (N = 119) (N = 239)
    Amylase
    Total*
    ≥3 ULN 0/61 0/59 0/120 0/119 0/118 0/237
    Normal/Missing
    ≥3 ULN 0/61 0/59 0/120 0/119 0/118 0/237
    ≥ = 3 ULN
    ≥3 ULN 0/0  0/0  0/0  0/0  0/0  0/0 
    Lipase
    Total*
    ≥3 ULN 0/61 0/59 0/120 0/119 0/118 0/237
    Normal/Missing
    ≥3 ULN 0/61 0/59 0/120 0/119 0/118 0/237
    ≥ = 3 ULN
    ≥3 ULN 0/0  0/0  0/0  0/0  0/0  0/0 
    PCSA: Potentially Clinically Significant Abnormalities.
    On-treatment period = the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3 days after the last dose administration.
    *Regardless of baseline.
    Note:
    The number (n) represents the subset of the total number who met the criterion in question at least once during treatment.
    The denominator (/N1) for each parameter within a treatment group is the number of patients for the treatment group who had that parameter assessed post-baseline by baseline PCSA status.
    For PCSA including condition based only on change from baseline, the denominator is restricted on patients having a baseline and a post-baseline values.
  • TABLE 25
    Number (%) of patients experiencing common TEAE(s) (PT ≥ 1% in the placebo
    combined group or any individual lixisenatide group) by primary SOC and HLGT, HLT
    and PT - Safety population
    Primary System Organ
    Class
    HLGT: High Level Group
    Term Placebo Lixisenatide
    HLT: High Level Two- One- Two- One-
    Term step step step step
    Preferred Term Titration Titration Combined Titration Titration Combined
    n (%) (N =61) (N =61) (N =122) (N =120) (N =119) (N =239)
    Any class 25 30 55 63 65 128
    (41.0%) (49.2%) (45.1%) (52.5%) (54.6%) (53.6%)
    INFECTIONS AND 7 10 17 17 15 32
    INFESTATIONS (11.5%) (16.4%) (13.9%) (14.2%) (12.6%) (13.4%)
    HLGT: Infections - 7 8 15 16 14 30
    pathogen unspecified (11.5%) (13.1%) (12.3%) (13.3%) (11.8%) (12.6%)
    HLT: Abdominal and 1 2 3 1 0 1
    gastrointestinal (1.6%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (0.8%) (0.4%)
    infections
    Gastroenteritis 1 2 3 1 0 1
    (1.6%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (0.8%) (0.4%)
    HLT: Upper 5 3 8 12 12 24
    respiratory tract (8.2%) (4.9%) (6.6%) (10.0%) (10.1%) (10.0%)
    infections
    Nasopharyngitis 3 1 4 6 5 11
    (4.9%) (1.6%) (3.3%) (5.0%) (4.2%) (4.6%)
    Pharyngitis 2 1 3 2 0 2
    (3.3%) (1.6%) (2.5%) (1.7%) (0.8%)
    Upper 0 0 0 2 4 6
    respiratory (1.7%) (3.4%) (2.5%)
    tract infection
    HLT: Urinary tract 0 2 2 2 0 2
    infections (3.3%) (1.6%) (1.7%) (0.8%)
    Urinary tract 0 2 2 2 0 2
    infection (3.3%) (1.6%) (1.7%) (0.8%)
    METABOLISM AND 1 1 2 6 6 12
    NUTRITION (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (5.0%) (5.0%) (5.0%)
    DISORDERS
    HLGT: Appetite and 1 0 1 3 5 8
    general nutritional (1.6%) (0.8%) (2.5%) (4.2%) (3.3%)
    disorders
    HLT: Appetite 1 0 1 3 5 8
    disorders (1.6%) (0.8%) (2.5%) (4.2%) (3.3%)
    Decreased 1 0 1 3 5 8
    appetite (1.6%) (0.8%) (2.5%) (4.2%) (3.3%)
    HLGT: Glucose 1 1 2 4 1 5
    metabolism disorders (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (3.3%) (0.8%) (2.1%)
    (incl diabetes mellitus)
    HLT: Hypoglycaemic 1 1 2 4 1 5
    conditions NEC (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (3.3%) (0.8%) (2.1%)
    Hypoglycaemia 1 1 2 4 1 5
    (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (3.3%) (0.8%) (2.1%)
    NERVOUS SYSTEM 9 8 17 22 15 37
    DISORDERS (14.8%) (13.1%) (13.9%) (18.3%) (12.6%) (15.5%)
    HLGT: Headaches 9 5 14 10 9 19
    (14.8%) (8.2%) (11.5%) (8.3%) (7.6%) (7.9%)
    HLT: Headaches 9 5 14 10 9 19
    NEC (14.8%) (8.2%) (11.5%) (8.3%) (7.6%) (7.9%)
    Headache 9 5 14 10 9 19
    (14.8%) (8.2%) (11.5%) (8.3%) (7.6%) (7.9%)
    HLGT: Neurological 1 3 4 12 6 18
    disorders NEC (1.6%) (4.9%) (3.3%) (10.0%) (5.0%) (7.5%)
    HLT: Disturbances 0 0 0 2 1 3
    in consciousness (1.7%) (0.8%) (1.3%)
    NEC
    Somnolence 0 0 0 2 1 3
    (1.7%) (0.8%) (1.3%)
    HLT: Neurological 1 2 3 9 4 13
    signs and (1.6%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (7.5%) (3.4%) (5.4%)
    symptoms NEC
    Dizziness 1 2 3 9 4 13
    (1.6%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (7.5%) (3.4%) (5.4%)
    CARDIAC DISORDERS 1 1 2 2 5 7
    (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.7%) (4.2%) (2.9%)
    HLGT: Cardiac disorder 0 0 0 1 3 4
    signs and symptoms (0.8%) (2.5%) (1.7%)
    HLT: Cardiac signs 0 0 0 1 3 4
    and symptoms NEC (0.8%) (2.5%) (1.7%)
    Palpitations 0 0 0 1 3 4
    (0.8%) (2.5%) (1.7%)
    RESPIRATORY, 1 4 5 3 5 8
    THORACIC AND (1.6%) (6.6%) (4.1%) (2.5%) (4.2%) (3.3%)
    MEDIASTINAL
    DISORDERS
    HLGT: Respiratory 1 3 4 3 5 8
    disorders NEC (1.6%) (4.9%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (4.2%) (3.3%)
    HLT: Coughing and 1 1 2 1 2 3
    associated (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (0.8%) (1.7%) (1.3%)
    symptoms
    Cough 1 1 2 1 2 3
    (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (0.8%) (1.7%) (1.3%)
    HLT: Upper 0 3 3 2 3 5
    respiratory tract (4.9%) (2.5%) (1.7%) (2.5%) (2.1%)
    signs and
    symptoms
    Oropharyngeal 0 3 3 1 2 3
    pain (4.9%) (2.5%) (0.8%) (1.7%) (1.3%)
    GASTROINTESTINAL 7 10 17 39 37 76
    DISORDERS (11.5%) (16.4%) (13.9%) (32.5%) (31.1%) (31.8%)
    HLGT: Dental and 1 2 3 1 1 2
    gingival conditions (1.6%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (0.8%) (0.8%) (0.8%)
    HLT: Dental pain 1 1 2 1 1 2
    and sensation (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (0.8%) (0.8%) (0.8%)
    disorders
    Toothache 1 1 2 1 1 2
    (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (0.8%) (0.8%) (0.8%)
    HLGT: Gastrointestinal 2 2 4 7 6 13
    motility and (3.3%) (3.3%) (3.3%) (5.8%) (5.0%) (5.4%)
    defaecation conditions
    HLT: Diarrhoea (excl 1 2 3 3 4 7
    infective) (1.6%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (2.5%) (3.4%) (2.9%)
    Diarrhoea 1 2 3 3 4 7
    (1.6%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (2.5%) (3.4%) (2.9%)
    HLT: 1 0 1 4 2 6
    Gastrointestinal (1.6%) (0.8%) (3.3%) (1.7%) (2.5%)
    atonic and
    hypomotility
    disorders NEC
    Constipation 1 0 1 4 2 6
    (1.6%) (0.8%) (3.3%) (1.7%) (2.5%)
    HLGT: Gastrointestinal 4 4 8 33 29 62
    signs and symptoms (6.6%) (6.6%) (6.6%) (27.5%) (24.4%) (25.9%)
    HLT: Dyspeptic 1 0 1 2 2 4
    signs and (1.6%) (0.8%) (1.7%) (1.7%) (1.7%)
    symptoms
    Dyspepsia 1 0 1 2 2 4
    (1.6%) (0.8%) (1.7%) (1.7%) (1.7%)
    Eructation 0 0 0 0 2 2
    (1.7%) (0.8%)
    HLT: Flatulence, 0 0 0 2 3 5
    bloating and (1.7%) (2.5%) (2.1%)
    distension
    Abdominal 0 0 0 1 3 4
    distension (0.8%) (2.5%) (1.7%)
    HLT: 0 2 2 5 2 7
    Gastrointestinal (3.3%) (1.6%) (4.2%) (1.7%) (2.9%)
    and abdominal
    pains (excl oral
    and throat)
    Abdominal pain 0 2 2 2 0 2
    (3.3%) (1.6%) (1.7%) (0.8%)
    Abdominal pain 0 0 0 4 2 6
    upper (3.3%) (1.7%) (2.5%)
    HLT: 0 0 0 0 2 2
    Gastrointestinal (1.7%) (0.8%)
    signs and
    symptoms NEC
    Abdominal 0 0 0 0 2 2
    discomfort (1.7%) (0.8%)
    HLT: Nausea and 3 2 5 29 25 54
    vomiting symptoms (4.9%) (3.3%) (4.1%) (24.2%) (21.0%) (22.6%)
    Nausea 3 2 5 29 24 53
    (4.9%) (3.3%) (4.1%) (24.2%) (20.2%) (22.2%)
    Vomiting 0 0 0 9 8 17
    (7.5%) (6.7%) (7.1%)
    SKIN AND 1 0 1 3 5 8
    SUBCUTANEOUS (1.6%) (0.8%) (2.5%) (4.2%) (3.3%)
    TISSUE DISORDERS
    HLGT: Epidermal and 0 0 0 1 4 5
    dermal conditions (0.8%) (3.4%) (2.1%)
    HLT: Rashes, 0 0 0 0 2 2
    eruptions and (1.7%) (0.8%)
    exanthems NEC
    Rash 0 0 0 0 2 2
    (1.7%) (0.8%)
    HLGT: Skin appendage 1 0 1 2 0 2
    conditions (1.6%) (0.8%) (1.7%) (0.8%)
    HLT: Apocrine and 1 0 1 2 0 2
    eccrine gland (1.6%) (0.8%) (1.7%) (0.8%)
    disorders
    Hyperhidrosis 1 0 1 2 0 2
    (1.6%) (0.8%) (1.7%) (0.8%)
    MUSCULOSKELETAL 1 5 6 8 4 12
    AND CONNECTIVE (1.6%) (8.2%) (4.9%) (6.7%) (3.4%) (5.0%)
    TISSUE DISORDERS
    HLGT: Muscle disorders 0 0 0 3 1 4
    (2.5%) (0.8%) (1.7%)
    HLT: Muscle related 0 0 0 2 0 2
    signs and (1.7%) (0.8%)
    symptoms NEC
    Muscle spasms 0 0 0 2 0 2
    (1.7%) (0.8%)
    HLGT: Musculoskeletal 1 5 6 4 2 6
    and connective tissue (1.6%) (8.2%) (4.9%) (3.3%) (1.7%) (2.5%)
    disorders NEC
    HLT: 1 5 6 4 2 6
    Musculoskeletal (1.6%) (8.2%) (4.9%) (3.3%) (1.7%) (2.5%)
    and connective
    tissue pain and
    discomfort
    Back pain 0 2 2 4 1 5
    (3.3%) (1.6%) (3.3%) (0.8%) (2.1%)
    Musculoskeletal 0 2 2 0 0 0
    chest pain (3.3%) (1.6%)
    GENERAL DISORDERS 1 1 2 9 11 20
    AND ADMINISTRATION (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (7.5%) (9.2%) (8.4%)
    SITE CONDITIONS
    HLGT: Administration 0 0 0 4 7 11
    site reactions (3.3%) (5.9%) (4.6%)
    HLT: Injection site 0 0 0 4 7 11
    reactions (3.3%) (5.9%) (4.6%)
    Injection site 0 0 0 0 2 2
    erythema (1.7%) (0.8%)
    Injection site 0 0 0 1 2 3
    pain (0.8%) (1.7%) (1.3%)
    Injection site 0 0 0 2 4 6
    pruritus (1.7%) (3.4%) (2.5%)
    HLGT: General system 1 1 2 5 6 11
    disorders NEC (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (4.2%) (5.0%) (4.6%)
    HLT: Asthenic 1 1 2 5 5 10
    conditions (1.6%) (1.6%) (1.6%) (4.2%) (4.2%) (4.2%)
    Asthenia 0 1 1 1 3 4
    (1.6%) (0.8%) (0.8%) (2.5%) (1.7%)
    Fatigue 1 0 1 4 1 5
    (1.6%) (0.8%) (3.3%) (0.8%) (2.1%)
    HLT: Feelings and 0 0 0 0 2 2
    sensations NEC (1.7%) (0.8%)
    Chills 0 0 0 0 2 2
    (1.7%) (0.8%)
    INJURY, POISONING 2 2 4 3 2 5
    AND PROCEDURAL (3.3%) (3.3%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (1.7%) (2.1%)
    COMPLICATIONS
    HLGT: Injuries NEC 2 2 4 1 1 2
    (3.3%) (3.3%) (3.3%) (0.8%) (0.8%) (0.8%)
    HLT: Non-site 1 2 3 0 1 1
    specific injuries (1.6%) (3.3%) (2.5%) (0.8%) (0.4%)
    NEC
    Fall 1 2 3 0 0 0
    (1.6%) (3.3%) (2.5%)
    TEAE: Treatment emergent adverse event, SOC: System organ class, HLGT: High level group term, HLT: High level term, PT: Preferred term
    On-treatment period = the time from the first dose of double-blind study medication up to 3 days after the last dose administration.
    MedDRA version: 12.1
    n (%) = number and percentage of patients with at least one TEAE.
    Note:
    Table sorted by SOC internationally agreed order and HLGT, HLT, PT by alphabetic order.
    Only SOC with at least one PT 1% in the placebo combined group or any lixisenatide one- or two-step titration group are presented.

Claims (13)

1: A method of improving glycemic control in a patient with untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus comprising:
administering once daily to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 (“lixisenatide”) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
wherein the improvement of glycemic control in the patient leads to a significant reduction of HbA1c.
2: The method of claim 1, wherein the HbA1c is reduced by about 0.73%.
3: The method of claim 1, wherein the HbA1c is reduced by about 0.61% to about 0.84%.
4: The method of claim 1, wherein the HbA1c is reduced by about 0.85%.
5: The method of claim 1, wherein the HbA1c is reduced by about 0.73% to about 0.969%.
6: The method of claim 1, wherein the HbA1c is reduced by at least about 0.6%.
7: A method of improving glycemic control in a patient with untreated type 2 diabetes mellitus comprising:
administering once daily to the patient a therapeutically effective amount of desPro36Exendin-4(1-39)-Lys6-NH2 (“lixisenatide”) and/or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof;
wherein the improvement of glycemic control in the patient leads to a significant reduction of glucose excursion (mmol/L).
8: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by about 3.77 mmol/L.
9: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by about 3.316 mmol/L to about 4.224 mmol/L.
10: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by about 4.36 mmol/L.
11: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by about 3.924 mmol/L to about 4.796 mmol/L.
12: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by at least about 3.3 mmol/L.
13: The method of claim 7, wherein the glucose excursion is reduced by about 75%.
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