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US20190367379A1 - Process for the ammonia production - Google Patents

Process for the ammonia production Download PDF

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US20190367379A1
US20190367379A1 US16/539,664 US201916539664A US2019367379A1 US 20190367379 A1 US20190367379 A1 US 20190367379A1 US 201916539664 A US201916539664 A US 201916539664A US 2019367379 A1 US2019367379 A1 US 2019367379A1
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synthesis
reforming
gas
air
compressor
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Ermanno Filippi
Raffaele Ostuni
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Casale SA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
    • C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
    • C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
    • C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
    • C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
    • C01C1/0417—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst characterised by the synthesis reactor, e.g. arrangement of catalyst beds and heat exchangers in the reactor
    • C01C1/0441—Reactors with the catalyst arranged in tubes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C01B3/025—Preparation or purification of gas mixtures for ammonia synthesis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/02—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds
    • B01J8/06—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds in tube reactors; the solid particles being arranged in tubes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
    • C01B3/02—Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
    • C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
    • C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
    • C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
    • C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
    • C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
    • C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
    • C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01C—AMMONIA; CYANOGEN; COMPOUNDS THEREOF
    • C01C1/00—Ammonia; Compounds thereof
    • C01C1/02—Preparation, purification or separation of ammonia
    • C01C1/04—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase
    • C01C1/0405—Preparation of ammonia by synthesis in the gas phase from N2 and H2 in presence of a catalyst
    • C01C1/0476—Purge gas treatment, e.g. for removal of inert gases or recovery of H2
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/02—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor with stationary particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/06—Details of tube reactors containing solid particles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
    • C01B2203/0233—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being a steam reforming step
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/02—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0205—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step
    • C01B2203/0227—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step
    • C01B2203/0244—Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a reforming step containing a catalytic reforming step the reforming step being an autothermal reforming step, e.g. secondary reforming processes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0405—Purification by membrane separation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0415—Purification by absorption in liquids
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/04—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/0465—Composition of the impurity
    • C01B2203/0495—Composition of the impurity the impurity being water
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/06—Integration with other chemical processes
    • C01B2203/068—Ammonia synthesis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/14—Details of the flowsheet
    • C01B2203/142—At least two reforming, decomposition or partial oxidation steps in series
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B2203/00—Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas
    • C01B2203/80—Aspect of integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas not covered by groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/1695
    • C01B2203/84—Energy production
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a process for the ammonia production by catalytic reaction of a make-up synthesis gas which is produced by reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock.
  • ammonia involves the catalytic reaction of a synthesis gas (“make-up gas”) comprising hydrogen and nitrogen inside a high-pressure (HP) synthesis loop operating usually at about 80-300 bar.
  • a synthesis gas (“make-up gas”) comprising hydrogen and nitrogen inside a high-pressure (HP) synthesis loop operating usually at about 80-300 bar.
  • HP high-pressure
  • the make-up gas is produced in a frontend section, upstream the HP synthesis loop, by reforming of a hydrocarbon feedstock.
  • the synthesis of ammonia from a hydrocarbon feedstock comprises basically: primary reforming with steam; secondary reforming with an oxidant, obtaining a raw gas product; purification of said raw gas product, obtaining a make-up synthesis gas; conversion of said make-up synthesis gas into ammonia in a high-pressure synthesis loop.
  • Purification may include shift conversion of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide, removal of carbon dioxide and optionally methanation.
  • the purified synthesis gas is compressed in a multi-stage gas compressor to feed the synthesis loop. Said gas compressor is normally driven directly by a steam turbine.
  • Said step of primary reforming is carried out in a bundle of externally heated tubes filled with a catalyst (catalytic tubes).
  • An alternative prior art technique to keep a relatively low temperature of the tubes, without the need of oxygen or air enrichment, is carrying out an air-fired secondary reforming with a significant excess of air compared to the theoretical stoichiometric amount.
  • the theoretical stoichiometric amount of air is the amount of air which is required to obtain a H 2 to N 2 molar ratio of 3 in the purified make-up gas which is sent to ammonia synthesis.
  • a drawback of this technique is the introduction of a large quantity of nitrogen in the front-end. This causes a large flow rate which requires larger and more expensive piping.
  • the main syngas compressor and its driving turbine may become a bottleneck of the plant when dealing with a very large capacity, e.g. more than 3′000 MTD (metric tons per day).
  • the gas compressor would be required to process a relevant flow rate and produce a large compression ratio.
  • the large steam flow through said turbine in order to drive the compressor, would require a large rotor diameter unable to reach the elevated speed (e.g. 10′000 rpm) required by the compressor, mainly due to limitations dictated by the excessive tip speed of the blades of low-pressure stages of the turbine. It follows that the maximum capacity of the ammonia plant, in terms of ammonia that can be synthesized, is substantially limited by the capacity of the synthesis gas compressor-turbine assembly.
  • EP 2 316 792 discloses the recovery of hydrogen from said purge stream and use of the recovered hydrogen to balance the excess of nitrogen.
  • the required amount of hydrogen is large which implies the use of expensive separation techniques such as cryogenic, TSA or PSA.
  • the aim of the invention is to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks and limitations of the prior art.
  • the above mentioned temperature of at least 790° C. is greater than 800° C.
  • said H 2 to N 2 molar ratio is in the range 2.6 to 2.8.
  • the stoichiometric amount of air is understood as the amount which is necessary to achieve H 2 to N 2 molar ratio of 3 in the make-up gas admitted to the synthesis loop, i.e. it depends substantially on the amount of hydrogen H 2 of said make-up gas.
  • the substantially absence of excess air shall be understood as an amount of air which results in the H 2 to N 2 molar ratio being 2.5 or greater.
  • the conversion of make-up synthesis gas into ammonia is carried out at a loop pressure which is 2 to 3.5 times the pressure of the process gas at the exit of the primary reforming catalytic tubes.
  • Said loop pressure is understood as the delivery pressure of a circulator of the loop. More preferably loop pressure is in the range 100 to 200 bar, and even more preferably 120 to 150 bar.
  • An aspect of the invention is to increase primary reforming temperature and pressure while using no excess air compared to the stoichiometric amount.
  • Air admitted to the secondary reforming is substantially in the stoichiometric amount or in a small excess and, as a consequence, the H 2 to N 2 molar ratio is equal to or slightly less than 3.
  • the process does not require excess air, or O 2 -enriched air.
  • the catalytic tubes of the primary reforming are made of an alloy chosen among the following:
  • HP alloys HP mod alloys, HP mod Microalloy, HP Nb Microalloy, HP microalloy, HK microalloy (ASTM A-608 and ASTM A-297 classification).
  • the above materials are suitable to operate at the elevated pressure and temperature of the invention.
  • the process of the invention includes extraction from said loop of a purge stream, separation of a hydrogen-containing stream from said purge stream and addition of said hydrogen-containing stream to said make-up gas in order to adjust said H 2 to N 2 ratio.
  • said hydrogen-containing stream is used to adjust said ratio to a value equal or closer to 3.
  • An advantage of the invention is that less hydrogen is required to adjust the H 2 to N 2 ratio, due to the ratio being close to 3, and therefore less expensive techniques for separation of hydrogen can be used, for example a membrane hydrogen recovery unit.
  • the applicant has surprisingly found that, even if H 2 and N 2 recovery rates of a membrane recovery unit are lower than a cryogenic recovery unit, due to the high pressure of the permeate, the process performances are still attractive.
  • the synthesis loop includes a circulation compressor (also named circulator).
  • a circulation compressor also named circulator
  • the delivery of the main gas compressor is sent to the suction side of said circulation compressor of the loop.
  • the synthesis gas is subjected to a drying treatment by means of ammonia washing, before the compression in the main compressor or between two stages of compression.
  • the main advantage of the invention is the reduced duty of the main syngas compressor.
  • the power absorbed by the compressor, for a given capacity, is reduced accordingly.
  • the invention allows reaching a large capacity, for example more than 3′000 MTD without exceeding the above mentioned limits of the steam turbine coupled to the syngas compressor, i.e. keeping the direct drive between the syngas compressor and the turbine.
  • the invention allows reaching a capacity of 4′000 MTD.
  • the air compressor (instead of the syngas compressor) becomes the largest power user. Accordingly, the highest pressure available steam is used to drive the steam turbine coupled to said air compressor; steam discharged by, or extracted from, said turbine is preferably used for the primary reforming.
  • the speed of the air compressor (revolutions per minute) is lower than that of the syngas compressor: hence there is no limitation to the size of the steam turbine coupled with the air compressor.
  • Another embodiment of the invention is to expand more steam than required by the process air compressor in said steam turbine. Accordingly, the turbine coupled to the air compressor may also drive a generator to produce electric power.
  • the reforming process including the primary reforming and air-fired secondary reforming, is operated with a global steam-to-carbon ratio equal to or greater than 2.9.
  • the global steam-to-carbon ratio denotes the overall ratio of steam and carbon admitted to the reforming process.
  • Such relatively high steam-to-carbon ratio is beneficial to the conversion of the feedstock and subsequent shift of carbon monoxide. It is also synergistic with the elevated pressure of the primary reforming, namely at least 50 bar.
  • the increased amount of steam implies that more heat is recoverable from the reforming process at a high temperature, and can be made available for a further use internally the front-end, for example for regeneration of a solution for CO2 absorption.
  • the energy efficiency of the front-end is improved, reducing e.g. the need of heat input.
  • An aspect of the invention is also a plant suitable to carry out the above described process.
  • an aspect of the invention is a plant for the synthesis of ammonia wherein the primary reforming section includes a tube reformer with tubes filled of catalyst, and said tubes are made of
  • FIG. 1 is a scheme of a plant for the synthesis of ammonia according to an embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a block scheme of a plant 1 for the synthesis of ammonia comprising a front-end section 2 and an ammonia synthesis loop 3 .
  • the front-end 2 produces a make-up synthesis gas 21 which is compressed in a gas compressor 9 and is fed to the to the ammonia synthesis loop 3 .
  • the front-end section 2 comprises: a primary reformer 4 ; a secondary reformer 5 ; an air compressor 6 ; a purification section 7 ; a gas drying unit 8 .
  • the air compressor 6 and the synthesis gas main compressor 9 are directly driven by respective steam turbines 10 and 11 .
  • the air compressor 6 is preferably of the integrally geared type.
  • the loop 3 comprises a block 12 comprising at least one catalytic reactor, a gas cooler and a liquid separator to produce liquid ammonia 23 .
  • Unreacted gas 24 is re-circulated in the loop 3 by a further compressor 14 , also referred to as circulator.
  • a hydrocarbon feedstock 15 such as natural gas, and steam 16 catalytically react in the primary reformer 4 at a temperature of at least 790° C. and a pressure of at least 50 bar.
  • the partially reformed gas 17 leaving the primary reformer 1 further reacts in the secondary reformer 5 with the aid of an air supply 18 delivered by the air compressor 6 .
  • the turbine 10 driving the air compressor 6 is powered by a high pressure steam 30 which is preferably generated in the ammonia plant 1 , e.g. by recovering heat from exhaust fumes of the convective section of the primary reformer.
  • the steam 16 for the primary reforming is extracted from said turbine 10 .
  • the amount of steam 30 exceeds the amount which is necessary to power the compressor 6 .
  • the turbine 10 may be coupled also to a generator, to produce electric power.
  • the fully reformed gas 19 leaving the secondary reformer 5 is treated in the purification section 7 , for example by shift conversion, removal of carbon dioxide and methanation, resulting in a purified synthesis gas 20 .
  • Said gas 20 is further sent to the drying unit 8 for the removal of water contained therein, obtaining a substantially anhydrous stream 21 .
  • Said drying unit 8 is preferably an ammonia washing unit.
  • Said stream 21 has a hydrogen/nitrogen molar ratio of 2.5 to 3 according to the invention.
  • Said stream 21 is sent to the suction side of the synthesis gas main compressor 9 and the resulting high-pressure synthesis gas 22 is preferably fed to the circulator 14 , as shown.
  • a purge stream 27 containing unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen and inert gases is extracted from the loop 3 , for example form the delivery stream 26 of the circulator 14 .
  • Said purge stream 27 is sent to a hydrogen recovery unit 13 to separate a hydrogen-rich gaseous stream 25 , which is returned to the suction of circulator 14 , where it is mixed with the stream 24 .
  • This hydrogen-rich gaseous stream 25 serves to adjust the H 2 to N 2 ratio, in particular when the ratio of streams 21 and 22 (as produced by the front-end 2 ) is lower than 3.
  • By adding hydrogen separated from the purge stream 27 said ratio is adjusted to 3, or close to 3, as required for the synthesis of ammonia.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Hydrogen, Water And Hydrids (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

Process and plant for the synthesis of ammonia from a hydrocarbon feedstock, comprising: primary reforming with steam and air-fired secondary reforming wherein primary reforming is performed at a temperature and pressure of at least 790° C. and 50 bar, and secondary reforming is carried out substantially in absence of excess air, the so obtained make-up synthesis gas having a H2 to N2 molar ratio in the range 2.5 to 3.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/552,054, filed Aug. 18, 2017, which is a national phase of PCT/EP2016/051658, filed Jan. 27, 2016, which claims priority to European Patent Application No. 15156001.8, filed Feb. 20, 2015, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
    • FIELD OF APPLICATION
  • The present invention relates to a process for the ammonia production by catalytic reaction of a make-up synthesis gas which is produced by reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock.
    • PRIOR ART
  • The industrial production of ammonia involves the catalytic reaction of a synthesis gas (“make-up gas”) comprising hydrogen and nitrogen inside a high-pressure (HP) synthesis loop operating usually at about 80-300 bar.
  • The make-up gas is produced in a frontend section, upstream the HP synthesis loop, by reforming of a hydrocarbon feedstock.
  • The synthesis of ammonia from a hydrocarbon feedstock comprises basically: primary reforming with steam; secondary reforming with an oxidant, obtaining a raw gas product; purification of said raw gas product, obtaining a make-up synthesis gas; conversion of said make-up synthesis gas into ammonia in a high-pressure synthesis loop.
  • Purification may include shift conversion of carbon monoxide into carbon dioxide, removal of carbon dioxide and optionally methanation. The purified synthesis gas is compressed in a multi-stage gas compressor to feed the synthesis loop. Said gas compressor is normally driven directly by a steam turbine.
  • Said step of primary reforming is carried out in a bundle of externally heated tubes filled with a catalyst (catalytic tubes).
  • In order to reduce the maximum operating temperature of said catalytic tubes, the prior art teaches to carry out the step of secondary reforming with oxygen or enriched air. However, production of oxygen or enrichment of air requires an air separation unit and consumes energy, thus being expensive.
  • An alternative prior art technique to keep a relatively low temperature of the tubes, without the need of oxygen or air enrichment, is carrying out an air-fired secondary reforming with a significant excess of air compared to the theoretical stoichiometric amount. The theoretical stoichiometric amount of air is the amount of air which is required to obtain a H2 to N2 molar ratio of 3 in the purified make-up gas which is sent to ammonia synthesis.
  • A drawback of this technique, however, is the introduction of a large quantity of nitrogen in the front-end. This causes a large flow rate which requires larger and more expensive piping. In addition, the main syngas compressor and its driving turbine may become a bottleneck of the plant when dealing with a very large capacity, e.g. more than 3′000 MTD (metric tons per day).
  • In case of such a large capacity, the gas compressor would be required to process a relevant flow rate and produce a large compression ratio. The large steam flow through said turbine, in order to drive the compressor, would require a large rotor diameter unable to reach the elevated speed (e.g. 10′000 rpm) required by the compressor, mainly due to limitations dictated by the excessive tip speed of the blades of low-pressure stages of the turbine. It follows that the maximum capacity of the ammonia plant, in terms of ammonia that can be synthesized, is substantially limited by the capacity of the synthesis gas compressor-turbine assembly.
  • Prior art solutions to avoid this drawback are not satisfactory. For example introduction of a gear stage between the compressor and the turbine is undesirable because of lower reliability and loss of efficiency. Other attempts to overcome this problem include: introduction of an inter-stage reactor to produce some ammonia, which however increases cost and complication; use of a lower synthesis pressure which however adversely affects the synthesis.
  • It is also known to take a purge stream from the HP synthesis loop in order to remove inert gases that otherwise may accumulate and lower the overall efficiency. EP 2 316 792 discloses the recovery of hydrogen from said purge stream and use of the recovered hydrogen to balance the excess of nitrogen. However, due to large amount of air introduced in the secondary reforming, the required amount of hydrogen is large which implies the use of expensive separation techniques such as cryogenic, TSA or PSA.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The aim of the invention is to overcome the aforementioned drawbacks and limitations of the prior art.
  • This aim is reached with a process for the synthesis of ammonia from a hydrocarbon feedstock, comprising:
      • a step of primary reforming of said hydrocarbon feedstock with steam obtaining a first reformed gas; a step of air-fired secondary reforming of said first reformed gas, obtaining a raw gas product; purification of said raw gas product obtaining a make-up synthesis gas; conversion of said make-up synthesis gas into ammonia in a synthesis loop; characterized in that said primary reforming is performed at a temperature of at least 790° C. and pressure of at least 50 bar; said step of secondary reforming is carried out substantially in absence of excess air compared to the stoichiometric amount of air, and said make-up synthesis gas has a H2 to N2 molar ratio in the range 2.5 to 3.
  • Said values of temperature and pressure are referred to the process gas at the exit of the catalytic tubes of the primary reforming.
  • Preferably the above mentioned temperature of at least 790° C. is greater than 800° C.
  • Preferably, said H2 to N2 molar ratio is in the range 2.6 to 2.8.
  • As mentioned above the stoichiometric amount of air is understood as the amount which is necessary to achieve H2 to N2 molar ratio of 3 in the make-up gas admitted to the synthesis loop, i.e. it depends substantially on the amount of hydrogen H2 of said make-up gas. The substantially absence of excess air shall be understood as an amount of air which results in the H2 to N2 molar ratio being 2.5 or greater.
  • Preferably, the conversion of make-up synthesis gas into ammonia is carried out at a loop pressure which is 2 to 3.5 times the pressure of the process gas at the exit of the primary reforming catalytic tubes. Said loop pressure is understood as the delivery pressure of a circulator of the loop. More preferably loop pressure is in the range 100 to 200 bar, and even more preferably 120 to 150 bar.
  • An aspect of the invention is to increase primary reforming temperature and pressure while using no excess air compared to the stoichiometric amount. Air admitted to the secondary reforming is substantially in the stoichiometric amount or in a small excess and, as a consequence, the H2 to N2 molar ratio is equal to or slightly less than 3. The process does not require excess air, or O2-enriched air.
  • In a particularly preferred embodiment, the catalytic tubes of the primary reforming are made of an alloy chosen among the following:
  • GX45NiCrSiNbTi3525, GX40NiCrSiNb3525 (according to EN 10027 classification);
  • HP alloys, HP mod alloys, HP mod Microalloy, HP Nb Microalloy, HP microalloy, HK microalloy (ASTM A-608 and ASTM A-297 classification).
  • The above materials are suitable to operate at the elevated pressure and temperature of the invention.
  • In some embodiments, the process of the invention includes extraction from said loop of a purge stream, separation of a hydrogen-containing stream from said purge stream and addition of said hydrogen-containing stream to said make-up gas in order to adjust said H2 to N2 ratio. When the syngas is produced with a H2 to N2 molar ratio less than 3, said hydrogen-containing stream is used to adjust said ratio to a value equal or closer to 3.
  • An advantage of the invention is that less hydrogen is required to adjust the H2 to N2 ratio, due to the ratio being close to 3, and therefore less expensive techniques for separation of hydrogen can be used, for example a membrane hydrogen recovery unit. The applicant has surprisingly found that, even if H2 and N2 recovery rates of a membrane recovery unit are lower than a cryogenic recovery unit, due to the high pressure of the permeate, the process performances are still attractive.
  • The synthesis loop includes a circulation compressor (also named circulator). According to an embodiment of the invention, the delivery of the main gas compressor is sent to the suction side of said circulation compressor of the loop. An advantage is that the duty of the main compressor is reduced since part of the compression is given by the circulator.
  • In a further preferred embodiment, the synthesis gas is subjected to a drying treatment by means of ammonia washing, before the compression in the main compressor or between two stages of compression.
  • The main advantage of the invention is the reduced duty of the main syngas compressor. The power absorbed by the compressor, for a given capacity, is reduced accordingly. Hence, the invention allows reaching a large capacity, for example more than 3′000 MTD without exceeding the above mentioned limits of the steam turbine coupled to the syngas compressor, i.e. keeping the direct drive between the syngas compressor and the turbine. For example the invention allows reaching a capacity of 4′000 MTD.
  • In some embodiments of the invention, the air compressor (instead of the syngas compressor) becomes the largest power user. Accordingly, the highest pressure available steam is used to drive the steam turbine coupled to said air compressor; steam discharged by, or extracted from, said turbine is preferably used for the primary reforming.
  • This is advantageous as regards the efficiency of the process, because air compression can be achieved much more efficiently than syngas compression. This is mainly due to the possibility to use an air compressor of the integrally geared type, which is unsuitable for the synthesis gas.
  • Moreover, the speed of the air compressor (revolutions per minute) is lower than that of the syngas compressor: hence there is no limitation to the size of the steam turbine coupled with the air compressor.
  • Another embodiment of the invention is to expand more steam than required by the process air compressor in said steam turbine. Accordingly, the turbine coupled to the air compressor may also drive a generator to produce electric power.
  • According to a preferred embodiment, the reforming process, including the primary reforming and air-fired secondary reforming, is operated with a global steam-to-carbon ratio equal to or greater than 2.9. The global steam-to-carbon ratio denotes the overall ratio of steam and carbon admitted to the reforming process.
  • Such relatively high steam-to-carbon ratio is beneficial to the conversion of the feedstock and subsequent shift of carbon monoxide. It is also synergistic with the elevated pressure of the primary reforming, namely at least 50 bar. Compared to a conventional reforming, the increased amount of steam (due to higher steam-to-carbon ratio) implies that more heat is recoverable from the reforming process at a high temperature, and can be made available for a further use internally the front-end, for example for regeneration of a solution for CO2 absorption. Hence the energy efficiency of the front-end is improved, reducing e.g. the need of heat input.
  • An aspect of the invention is also a plant suitable to carry out the above described process.
  • In particular, an aspect of the invention is a plant for the synthesis of ammonia wherein the primary reforming section includes a tube reformer with tubes filled of catalyst, and said tubes are made of
      • one of the above mentioned alloys.
  • The advantages will be more evident from the following detailed description.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a scheme of a plant for the synthesis of ammonia according to an embodiment of the invention.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a block scheme of a plant 1 for the synthesis of ammonia comprising a front-end section 2 and an ammonia synthesis loop 3. The front-end 2 produces a make-up synthesis gas 21 which is compressed in a gas compressor 9 and is fed to the to the ammonia synthesis loop 3.
  • The front-end section 2 comprises: a primary reformer 4; a secondary reformer 5; an air compressor 6; a purification section 7; a gas drying unit 8. The air compressor 6 and the synthesis gas main compressor 9 are directly driven by respective steam turbines 10 and 11. The air compressor 6 is preferably of the integrally geared type.
  • The loop 3 comprises a block 12 comprising at least one catalytic reactor, a gas cooler and a liquid separator to produce liquid ammonia 23. Unreacted gas 24 is re-circulated in the loop 3 by a further compressor 14, also referred to as circulator.
  • A hydrocarbon feedstock 15, such as natural gas, and steam 16 catalytically react in the primary reformer 4 at a temperature of at least 790° C. and a pressure of at least 50 bar.
  • The partially reformed gas 17 leaving the primary reformer 1 further reacts in the secondary reformer 5 with the aid of an air supply 18 delivered by the air compressor 6.
  • The turbine 10 driving the air compressor 6 is powered by a high pressure steam 30 which is preferably generated in the ammonia plant 1, e.g. by recovering heat from exhaust fumes of the convective section of the primary reformer. According to a preferred embodiment, the steam 16 for the primary reforming is extracted from said turbine 10.
  • In some embodiments, the amount of steam 30 exceeds the amount which is necessary to power the compressor 6. Hence, the turbine 10 may be coupled also to a generator, to produce electric power.
  • The fully reformed gas 19 leaving the secondary reformer 5 is treated in the purification section 7, for example by shift conversion, removal of carbon dioxide and methanation, resulting in a purified synthesis gas 20. Said gas 20 is further sent to the drying unit 8 for the removal of water contained therein, obtaining a substantially anhydrous stream 21. Said drying unit 8 is preferably an ammonia washing unit.
  • Said stream 21 has a hydrogen/nitrogen molar ratio of 2.5 to 3 according to the invention.
  • Said stream 21 is sent to the suction side of the synthesis gas main compressor 9 and the resulting high-pressure synthesis gas 22 is preferably fed to the circulator 14, as shown.
  • A purge stream 27 containing unreacted hydrogen and nitrogen and inert gases (e.g. argon and methane) is extracted from the loop 3, for example form the delivery stream 26 of the circulator 14. Said purge stream 27 is sent to a hydrogen recovery unit 13 to separate a hydrogen-rich gaseous stream 25, which is returned to the suction of circulator 14, where it is mixed with the stream 24. This hydrogen-rich gaseous stream 25 serves to adjust the H2 to N2 ratio, in particular when the ratio of streams 21 and 22 (as produced by the front-end 2) is lower than 3. By adding hydrogen separated from the purge stream 27, said ratio is adjusted to 3, or close to 3, as required for the synthesis of ammonia.

Claims (2)

What is claimed is:
1. A plant for the synthesis of ammonia from a hydrocarbon feedstock, comprising:
a primary reforming section suitable for reforming a hydrocarbon feedstock with steam obtaining a first reformed gas,
an air-fired secondary reforming section suitable for secondary reforming of said first reformed gas, obtaining a raw gas product,
a purification section of said raw gas product obtaining a make-up synthesis gas,
a conversion section including a synthesis loop, for conversion of said make-up synthesis gas into ammonia,
wherein:
said primary reforming section is suitable to perform primary reforming at a temperature of at least 790° C. and pressure of at least 50 bar, and said primary reforming section includes a tube reformer with tubes filled of catalyst, and said tubes are made of an alloy chosen among the following:
GX45NiCrSiNbTi3525 or GX40NiCrSiNb3525 according to EN 10027 classification, or HP alloys, HP mod alloys, HP mod Microalloy, HP Nb Microalloy, HP microalloy, HK microalloy according to ASTM A-608 and ASTM A-297 classification.
2. The plant according to claim 1, including a compressor for feeding air to the secondary reforming section, wherein said air compressor is of the integrally geared type.
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