US20190290225A1 - Airway mucus impaction - Google Patents

Airway mucus impaction Download PDF

Info

Publication number: US20190290225A1
Authority: US; United States
Prior art keywords: segment; lung; lobe; subject; mucus
Prior art date: 2016-05-13
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Pending

Application number

US16/301,167

Other languages

English (en)

Inventor

Eleanor Dunican

John Fahy

Brett Elicker

John Newell

Scott Nagle

Mark Schiebler

David Gierada

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

University of Iowa Research Foundation UIRF

Washington University in St Louis WUSTL

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation

University of California San Diego UCSD

Original Assignee

University of Iowa Research Foundation UIRF

Washington University in St Louis WUSTL

Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation

University of California San Diego UCSD

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

2016-05-13

Filing date

2017-05-12

Publication date

2019-09-26

2017-05-12 Application filed by University of Iowa Research Foundation UIRF, Washington University in St Louis WUSTL, Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation, University of California San Diego UCSD filed Critical University of Iowa Research Foundation UIRF

2017-05-12 Priority to US16/301,167 priority Critical patent/US20190290225A1/en

2019-02-15 Assigned to WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY reassignment WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GIERADA, David

2019-02-15 Assigned to UNIVERSITY OF IOWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION reassignment UNIVERSITY OF IOWA RESEARCH FOUNDATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NEWELL, JOHN

2019-04-09 Assigned to WISCONSIN ALUMNI RESEARCH FOUNDATION reassignment WISCONSIN ALUMNI RESEARCH FOUNDATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NAGLE, SCOTT, SCHIEBLER, MARK

2019-06-20 Assigned to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA reassignment THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FAHY, JOHN V., DUNICAN, Eleanor, ELICKER, Brett

2019-09-26 Publication of US20190290225A1 publication Critical patent/US20190290225A1/en

Status Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

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Definitions

Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are common lung diseases that cause a large public health burden.
the treatments available for asthma and COPD are suboptimal and many patients have unmet treatment needs.
the pathologic mechanisms in asthma and COPD include the accumulation of thick mucus in the airways (mucus “plugs”) that restrict airflow. Detecting mucus plugs in the airways is difficult because they are not visible on chest x rays and they are frequently not associated with any symptoms of cough or sputum production. Because of the difficulty in identifying patients with mucus plugs in their lungs, it has been difficult to direct mucoactive treatments to this patient subgroup. The inability to easily identify patients with lung mucus plugs has also made it difficult to design clinical trials to test mucoactive drugs in lung disease.
Biomarkers are needed to direct treatment in asthma, but blood measures of inflammatory proteins have yielded limited results.
kits and compositions for the detection, diagnosis and treatment of asthma and COPD are provided herein, inter alia, are methods and compositions for the detection, diagnosis and treatment of asthma and COPD. Also provided herein are systems and methods for the detection, diagnosis and treatment of asthma and COPD. In embodiments, the methods and systems allow for consistent quantification of lung mucus plugging utilizing, for example, lung imaging thereby providing non-invasive, accurate diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. In embodiments, the methods, systems, and compositions described herein utilize imaging of the lungs as a test to personalize treatment for patients with asthma or COPD who have airflow obstruction from mucus plugging.
a method of treating a subject who has asthma or COPD includes detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of the subject; and administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor, wherein the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in at least one lung segment.
a method of treating a subject in need thereof includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor to the subject, wherein the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in at least four lung segments.
a method of detecting type 2 inflammation in a subject includes detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of the subject; and identifying the subject as having type 2 inflammation if subject has an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment.
a diagnostic method comprising detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of a subject.
a method for identifying whether a subject is likely to respond or responsive to treatment with a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor includes detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of a subject; and identifying the subject as likely to respond or responsive to treatment with a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment.
a method for identifying whether a subject is unlikely to respond, incompletely responsive, or unresponsive to treatment with an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid includes detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of a subject; and identifying the subject as unlikely to respond, incompletely responsive, or unresponsive to treatment with an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid if the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment.
a system comprising: a scanner configured to capture one or more lung images of a subject; at least one data processor; and at least one memory storing instructions which, when executed by the at least one data processor, result in operations comprising: determining, based at least on the one or more lung images, a quantification of mucus plugging for the subject; determining, based at least on the quantification of mucus plugging, a diagnosis for the subject, the diagnosis comprising a detection of an airway mucus occlusion in at least one lung segment of the subject; and identifying, based at least on the diagnosis, one or more treatments for the subject, the one or more treatments including a therapeutically effective amount of a mucolytic agent and/or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor.
the method includes identifying extensive airway mucus plugging; and administering a therapeutically effective amount of a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor.
the subject has extensive airway mucus plugging.
identifying extensive airway mucus plugging includes performing a multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scan.
the MDCT scan is a low dose radiation MDCT.
the method further includes applying iterative reconstruction (IR) to produce images from an MDCT scan.
IR iterative reconstruction
the sections are less than about 2 mm thick, e.g., equal or less than 1.5, 1.25, 1, 0.75, 0.5, 0.25, 0.25-1.25, 0.5-1.25, 0.75-1.25, 0.75-1.5, or 1-1.25 mm thick. In embodiments, the sections are equal to or less than 1.25 mm thick.
the subject has complete mucus occlusion of an airway lumen. In embodiments, the subject has complete mucus occlusion of an airway lumen in at least one bronchopulmonary segment. In embodiments, the subject has complete mucus occlusion of an airway lumen in at least three bronchopulmonary segments.
the subject has 20 lung segments, and there is a complete mucus occlusion in any 1 of, or any combination of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 of, or all 20 of the following: the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the apical segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior
the subject has 190 lung segments, and there is a complete mucus occlusion in any 1 of, or any combination of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of, or all 19 of the following: the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the apicoposterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the
the subject has 18 lung segments, and there is a complete mucus occlusion in any 1 of, or any combination of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17 of, or all 18 of the following: the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the apicoposterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the anterior
the bronchopulmonary segments include the right or left of any of the segments selected from the group consisting of the upper lobe apical segment, upper lobe posterior segment, the upper lobe anterior segment, the lateral/superior segment of the middle lobe, or the medial/inferior segment of the middle lobe, the superior segment of the lower lobe, the medial basal segment of the lower lobe, the anterior basal segment of the lower lobe, the lateral basal segment of the lower lobe, and/or the posterior basal segment of the lower lobe.
the asthma is chronic severe asthma.
a subject is incompletely responsive to bronchodilators (e.g., the subject has incompletely or not responded to at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 bronchodilators) and/or corticosteroids (e.g., the subject has incompletely or not responded to at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 corticosteroids).
a mucolytic agent is a thiol-based drug, a recombinant human DNAse, hypertonic saline, ambroxol, or an airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator.
the thiol-based drug is n-acetylcysteine, carbocisteine, erdosteine, mecysteine, or a thiol saccharide.
FIGS. 1A-1I Development and distribution of the CT mucus score in asthma and healthy subjects.
FIG. 1A Intraluminal mucus plug with branching seen in longitudinal section (coronal plane). Mucus is identified as a tubular opacification (white arrow) that bifurcates distal to a patent airway.
FIG. 1B Intraluminal mucus plug with extensive branching seen in longitudinal section (white arrow) extending to the lung periphery (transverse plane). The mucus impaction is not associated with bronchial wall dilatation.
FIG. 1C Intraluminal mucus plug seen in cross-section (transverse plane).
Mucus is identified as rounded opacification (white arrow) that is visible on sequential MDCT slices.
FIG. 1D Schematic representation showing how MDCT's were evaluated to generate the mucus score. Airways within the 2-cm peripheral zone on MDCT (arrow) or airways that were partially occluded were excluded from assessment. Mucus plugs were defined as complete occlusion of an airway. Each bronchopulmonary segment was assessed and scored for the presence or absence of >1 mucus plug(s) and the segment scores were summed to generate the mucus score.
FIG. 1E Segment score in healthy patients and patients with asthma.
FIG. 1F Frequency distribution of segment score in patients with asthma.
FIG. 1G Sankey bar graph showing frequency of zero, low and high mucus score in 25 asthmatics in SARP-1/SARP-2 on the left and in the same asthmatics in SARP-3 on the right, and the proportional change in the mucus score from initial scan to rescan 2-9 years later.
FIGS. 2A and 2B High mucus scores in asthma patients with airflow obstruction.
FIG. 2A Segment scores in asthma patients whose pre bronchodilator FEV1% predicted was >80%, 60-80%, and ⁇ 60%. *** Indicates significant difference compared to FEV1%>80%, p ⁇ 0.001.
the green dashed boxes represent the patients with a high mucus score.
FIG. 2B High mucus score is associated with lower FEV1% predicted, FVC % predicted and FEV1/FVC predicted. *** Indicates significant difference compared to zero mucus group, p ⁇ 0.001. ** Indicates significant difference compared to zero mucus group, p ⁇ 0.01.
FIG. 3A-3D High mucus score is associated with type 2 inflammation and altered airway mucin gene expression.
Sputum eosinophil % was higher in the high mucus group than the low and zero mucus groups.
FIG. 3B Blood eosinophil counts were higher in the high and low mucus groups than the zero mucus group.
FIG. 3C The “Th2 gene mean” (a composite metric of airway type-2 inflammation) in induced sputum cells was higher in the high mucus than the zero mucus group.
FIG. 3D The ratio of MUC5AC to MUC5B gene expression was higher in the high mucus compared to the zero mucus group. * Indicates significant difference compared to zero mucus group, p ⁇ 0.05. ** Indicates significant difference compared to zero mucus group, p ⁇ 0.01. *** Indicates significant difference compared to zero mucus group, p ⁇ 0.001.
FIG. 4A-4D Airflow obstruction and sputum eosinophilia persist after bronchodilator (BD) treatment and steroid treatment in asthma patients with high mucus scores.
FIG. 4A The absolute change in FEV1% after maximum BD is similar in the three mucus subgroups.
the absolute change in FEV1% after intramuscular corticosteroid tends to be higher in the high mucus group than the zero mucus group.
the absolute change in FEV1% after both maximum bronchodilation and intramuscular corticosteroid is significantly higher in the high mucus group than the zero mucus group ( FIG.
the FEV1% predicted in the subjects with a high mucus score was significantly lower than in subjects with a low mucus score pre-treatment.
the FEV1% predicted in the subjects with a high mucus score remained significantly decreased post maximal bronchodilator (BD) reversibility treatment and post steroid (intramuscular triamcinolone acetonide) treatment.
the FEV1% predicted in the subjects with a high mucus score remained significantly decreased post maximal BD and steroid treatment combined.
FIG. 4C The sputum eosinophil percentage was higher in the high mucus group than the low and zero mucus groups both before and after corticosteroid treatment (data also shown in FIG. 10A ).
FIG. 4D Bar graphs representing the proportion of patients with a high mucus score across three categories of FEV1% predicted at baseline (pre-treatment), post maximal BD reversibility, post steroid treatment and finally post maximal BD and steroid treatment combined.
FIG. 5 Visit procedures for patient characterization at baseline in SARP. Eligibility was determined by maximum bronchodilator reversibility test (MBRT) or methacholine challenge on visit 1. If MBRT was performed more than 6 weeks before visit 2 it was repeated at visit 2. Visit 3 was 18 ⁇ 3 days after visit 2.
MBRT maximum bronchodilator reversibility test
FIG. 6 Development of the CT mucus score.
the CT mucus score was developed sequentially in 3 versions by consensus. Version 1 scored both the central and peripheral airways and both partial and complete airway occlusion by mucus. Version 2 excluded the peripheral lung and required partial or complete occlusion of segmental bronchi or complete occlusion of sub-segmental bronchi. Version 3 excluded the peripheral lung to the mediastinal interface and required complete occlusion of segmental and sub-segmental bronchi. Version 3 was the scoring system used in this study. ICC refers to the intraclass correlation coefficient.
FIG. 7 Exemplary web-based data capture tool.
the figure shows a screen capture of the web based survey form.
the scoring criteria are displayed at the top of the form and the radiologists entered the data into the data fields shown at the bottom of the form.
the data capture shown in for the right upper lobe—additional filed were available in the tool for other lung lobes.
FIGS. 8A and 8B Bronchiectasis and Mucus Score on CT.
FIG. 8B Distribution of mucus plugging within the lung. Mucus burden in each lobe is shown here as the number of segments with mucus plugging (i.e.
FIG. 9A-9C Outline of method for determining Mucus Score.
FIG. 9A maps bronchopulmonary segments.
FIG. 9B is a schematic of the scoring method.
FIG. 9C provides example MDCT images identify mucus plugging.
FIGS. 10A-10D High mucus score is associated with markers of type 2 inflammation.
Sputum eosinophil % is significantly increased in patients with a high mucus score and remains significantly increased in patients with a high mucus score following treatment with intramuscular steroid (triamcinolone acetonide).
FIG. 10B Gene expression for interleukin 13 is significantly increased in patients with a high mucus score and remains significantly increased in patients with a high mucus score following treatment with intramuscular steroid.
FIG. 10A Sputum eosinophil % is significantly increased in patients with a high mucus score and remains significantly increased in patients with a high mucus score following treatment with intramuscular steroid.
FIG. 10B Gene expression for interleukin 13 is significantly increased in patients with a high mucus score and remains significantly increased in patients with a high mucus score following treatment with intramuscular steroid.
FIG. 10C Gene expression for interleukin 5 is significantly increased in patients with a high mucus score and remains significantly increased in patients with a high mucus score following treatment with intramuscular steroid.
FIG. 10D The MUCSAC/MUCSB ratio is significantly increased in patients with high mucus scores. *Indicates p ⁇ 0.05. **Indicates p ⁇ 0.01. ***Indicates p ⁇ 0.001.
FIGS. 11A-H Marked eosinophilia in a bronchopulmonary segment with mucus plugs.
FIG. 11A A low dose MDCT showing an airway with mucus plug (arrow head) in anterior segment of the left upper lobe (LB3b).
FIG. 11B Kwik-Diff stain (ThermoFisher) of cytospin from bronchoalveolar lavage from LB3b (20 ⁇ magnification) showing mucin that is densely infiltrated with eosinophils.
FIG. 11C Higher magnification image of the cytospin region from panel B.
FIG. 11D A schematic representation of a transwell with airway epithelial cells in culture at air liquid interface (ALI). Eotaxin-3 being secreted apically into the mucus layer in response to IL-13 stimulation.
FIG. 11E Bar graphs representing the apical concentration of Eotaxin-3 collected from airway epithelial cells grown at ALI stimulated with IL-13 or untreated (control) in each donor and the average of the donors.
FIG. 11F A Schematic representation of the cysteine-linking assay showing two cysteine monomers labeled with BODIPY FL fluorophore, which fluoresces green when bound to a cysteine monomer but quenches when two cysteines are oxidized to a cysteine dimer.
FIG. 11G Effect of eosinophils, isolated from peripheral venous blood, on cysteine crosslinking.
FIG. 11H Effect of eosinophils, isolated from peripheral venous blood, on cysteine-crosslinking in the absence and presence of catalase. Catalase attenuates the cysteine crosslinking seen in response to unstimulated and PMA stimulated eosinophils compared to control. Data in ( FIG.
FIG. 11E represent 4 tracheal donors, in duplicate, ( FIG. 11G ) represent 3 asthmatic donors, in triplicate and ( FIG. 11H ) represent data from an individual asthmatic donor, in triplicate.
the data are presented as means+SD. * Indicates p ⁇ 0.05, t indicates p ⁇ 0.01, and ⁇ indicates p ⁇ 0.001 for the statistical difference between experimental condition(s) and IL-13-free control in ( FIG. 11E ), cell-free control in ( FIG. 11G ) and catalase-free control in ( FIG. 11H ).
FIG. 12 Conceptual model for how type 2 inflammation promotes mucin plugs formation in asthma.
IL-13 activated the airway epithelium to secrete high concentrations of cysteine-rich MUC5AC mucin and upregulates CCL26 to chemoattract eosinophils to the airway lumen;
IL-5 promotes survival of airway eosinophils, which are activated to release reactive oxygen species (ROS) that promote oxidation of mucin cysteine residues and mucin disulfide crosslinking.
ROS reactive oxygen species
FIG. 13 Persistence of mucus phenotype by bronchopulmonary segment. Persistent presence or absence of mucus plugs from first to second scan, while very variable, were seen with similar frequency across all bronchopulmonary segments. There was no apical or basal pattern of involvement.
FIG. 14 Logistic regression of the effects of mucus score on lung function. Logistic regression of the effects of mucus score on lung function outcomes in asthma. Adjusted odds ratio for effects of mucus score (ranging 0-20) on lung function before and after triamcinolone therapy. The logistic models were adjusted for age, gender, and wall thickness.
FIG. 15 Logistic regression of mucus score on markers of type 2 inflammation. Adjusted odds ratio for effects of mucus score (ranging 0-20) on type 2 markers before and after steroid (triamcinolone acetate) treatment. The logistic models were adjusted for age, gender, and wall thickness (surrogate for airway remodeling).
FIG. 16 Airway measures by MDCT scan.
FIG. 17 Modified web-based data capture tool used for longitudinal measurements in a subset of the SARP cohort with repeat MDCT scans.
the figure shows a screen capture of the web based survey form that was modified from the original data capture tool to measure mucus plugging at a segmental level for comparison within the same patient over time. The same scoring criteria were displayed at the top of the form and the radiologists entered the data into the data fields as shown here.
the data capture shown here is for each segment of right upper lobe—additional fields were available in the tool for the segments in other lung lobes.
FIG. 18 Asthma and COPD treatment system.
the figure shows a block diagram illustrating a system that is configured to treat asthma and COPD.
FIG. 19 Method for treating asthma and COPD.
the figure shows a flowchart illustrating a process for treatment asthma and COPD that may be performed by an asthma and COPD treatment system.
asthma is used herein according to its plain, ordinary meaning and refers to a lung disease (typically a chronic lung disease) that inflames and narrows the airways.
asthma includes reversible airflow obstruction and bronchospasms. Asthma can cause recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and/or coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning. Additional examples of asthma symptoms include chest pain and a sensation of chest tightness. Severe asthma is differentiated from mild-moderate disease by age of onset, duration of disease, degree of airflow impairment, cellular inflammation, presence of sinusitis and history pneumonia.
COPD chronic inflammatory lung disease
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is used herein according to its plain, ordinary meaning and refers to an inflammatory lung disease (often chronic inflammatory lung disease) that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs.
COPD may be a progressive disease and symptoms may include breathing difficulty, wheezing, cough, chest discomfort, respiratory distress, tachypnea, cyanosis, use of accessory respiratory muscles, peripheral edema, hyperinflation, chronic wheezing, abnormal lung sounds, prolonged expiration, elevated jugular venous pulse, and sputum production.
COPD can cause coughing that produces large amounts of mucus, wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and other symptoms.
a subject has been affirmatively diagnosed as having COPD. In embodiments, a subject is suspected of having COPD. In embodiments, a subject has at least 1, 2, 3, or 4 grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, parents, or siblings who have COPD. In embodiments, a subject's COPD has been worsening. In embodiments, a subject has smoked cigarettes for at least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, or 30 years.
Asthma and COPD may have similar symptoms including inflammation and mucus within the lungs.
identification of and quantification of mucus plugging within the lungs aids in diagnosis, determining prognosis and individually catering treatment protocols.
subject as used herein is interchangeable with individual or patient, and may refer to a subject to be treated, evaluated or assessed (e.g., diagnosed) using a method, composition, or system provided herein.
the subject is a mammal.
the mammal is a human.
the methods of the invention find use in experimental animals, in veterinary application, and in the development of animal models for disease, including, but not limited to, rodents including mice, rats, and hamsters, and primates.
a subject or “subject in need thereof” is a living member of the animal kingdom suffering from or that may suffer from the indicated disorder.
the subject is a member of a species comprising individuals who naturally suffer from the disease.
the subject is a mammal.
mammals include rodents (e.g., mice and rats), primates (e.g., lemurs, bushbabies, monkeys, apes, and humans), rabbits, dogs (e.g., companion dogs, service dogs, or work dogs such as police dogs, military dogs, race dogs, or show dogs), horses (such as race horses and work horses), cats (e.g., domesticated cats), livestock (such as pigs, bovines, donkeys, mules, bison, goats, camels, and sheep), and deer.
the subject is a human.
the subject is a non-mammalian animal such as a turkey, a duck, or a chicken.
a subject is a living organism suffering from or prone to a disease or condition that can be treated by administration of a composition or pharmaceutical composition as provided herein.
extensive airway mucus plugging refers to a large number of occluded airways (e.g. completely occluded airways) in one or more segments of the lungs. Identification of extensive airway mucus plugging may be determined by assessing the quantity of mucus in an airway within the lung of the subject. In embodiments, a subject has 18 lung segments. In embodiments, a subject has 19 lung segments. In embodiments, a subject has 20 lung segments. In embodiments, extensive airway mucus plugging can indicate complete occlusion of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 lung segments when a subject has a bronchopulmonary system that is divided into 18 segments.
extensive airway mucus plugging can indicate complete occlusion of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 lung segments when a subject has a bronchopulmonary system that is divided into 19 segments. In embodiments, extensive airway mucus plugging can indicate complete occlusion of about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 lung segments when a subject has a bronchopulmonary system that is divided into 20 segments.
extensive airway mucus plugging can indicate complete occlusion of about 5-10%, about 10-20%, about 20-30%, about 30-40%, about 40-50%, about 50-60%, about 60-70%, about 70-80%, about 80-90%, about 90-100%, or about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, or 95% of segments.
mucus plugs can be detected (e.g. seen) in sections (such as longitudinal sections) as tubular structures with or without branching or in cross-section as rounded opacities.
bronchopulmonary segment and “lung segment” refer to segments of the lung and airway. Bronchopulmonary segments can segregate based on volumetric, functional, or anatomical distinctions. Bronchopulmonary segments can be distinguished between the right and left lungs and anterior or posterior side of the lungs. The trachea divides at the carina forming the left and right main stem bronchi which enter the lung substance to divide further. This initial division is into secondary or lobar bronchi, but subsequent divisions give rise to smaller and smaller bronchi and bronchioles until the smallest bronchioles connect to alveoli.
each segment has its own pulmonary arterial branch and thus, the bronchopulmonary segment is a portion of lung supplied by its own bronchus and artery.
each segment is functionally and anatomically discrete allowing a single segment to be surgically resected without affecting its neighboring segments.
a subject with COPD has some ventilator communication between 2 or more segments.
the bronchopulmonary segments are classified using the Boyden classification of bronchi, which is known in the art and provides a standard nomenclature used to describe bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy. See, e.g., Boyden, E. A. (1961) The nomenclature of the bronchopulmonary segments and their blood supply. Dis. Chest 39:1-6, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference.
bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy describes the division of the lungs into segments based on the tertiary or segmental bronchi.
each lung has 10 segments: the upper lobes contain 3 segments, the middle lobe/lingula 2 and the lower lobes 5.
the upper lobes have apical, posterior and anterior segments and the lower lobes superior (apical) and 4 basal segments (anterior, medial, posterior and lateral).
the segments include the following 20 segments: (1) the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, (2) the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, (3) the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, (4) the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, (5) the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, (6) the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (7) the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (8) the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (9) the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (10) the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (11) the apical segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, (12) the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, (13) the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, (14) the superior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left
the segments include the following 19 segments: (1) the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, (2) the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, (3) the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, (4) the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, (5) the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, (6) the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (7) the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (8) the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (9) the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (10) the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (11) the apicoposterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, (12) the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, (13) the superior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left
the segments include the following 18 segments: (1) the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, (2) the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, (3) the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, (4) the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, (5) the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, (6) the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (7) the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (8) the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (9) the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (10) the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, (11) the apicoposterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, (12) the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, (13) the superior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left
bronchopulmonary segments include the upper lobe apical segment, upper lobe posterior segment, the upper lobe anterior segment, the lateral/superior segment of the middle lobe, or the medial/inferior segment of the middle lobe, the superior segment of the lower lobe, the medial basal segment of the lower lobe, the anterior basal segment of the lower lobe, the lateral basal segment of the lower lobe, and the posterior basal segment of the lower lobe of each of the left and right lung.
FIG. 9A indicates the location of bronchopulmonary segments in subjects with 20 lung segments.
multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scan is a method of computed tomography (CT) technology for diagnostic imaging.
Multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) may also be referred to as multidetector CT, multidetector-row computed tomography, multidetector-row CT, multisection CT, multislice computed tomography, and multislice CT.
MDCT scanning is a rapid, painless diagnostic procedure that combines the use of computers and, e.g., X-rays.
a two-dimensional array of detector elements replaces the linear array of detector elements used in typical conventional and helical CT scanners. The two-dimensional detector array permits CT scanners to acquire multiple slices or sections simultaneously and greatly increase the speed of CT image acquisition.
a multiplanar reconstruction of a CT scan is created.
the reconstruction is a multiplanar reconstruction (MPR).
MPR multiplanar reconstruction
a volume is built by stacking axial slices from a CT scan.
software then reformats slices through the volume in a different plane (e.g., orthogonal).
a projection method such as maximum-intensity projection (MIP) or minimum-intensity projection (mIP/MinIP), may be used to build the reconstructed slices.
the dose may vary significantly (e.g., by 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% or more) from patient to patient.
the dose of radiation is effective to reveal the presence of (e.g., produce an image of) one or more mucus plugs and/or airway lumens in a lung.
no specific radiation dose is required.
the dose is adjusted based on patient size.
the dose may comprise a mean effective dose (E) value of about 0.1-15 mSv, about 3-12 mSv, about 0.1-5.0 mSv, about 0.5-4.0 mSv, about 0.1-3.0 mSv, about 0.1-2.5 mSv, about 0.1-2.0 mSv, about 0.1-1.5 mSv, about 0.1-1.0 mSv, about 0.1-0.9 mSv, about 0.1-0.8 mSv, about 0.1-0.7 mSv, about 0.1-0.6 mSv, about 0.1-0.5 mSv, about 0.1-0.4 mSv, about 0.1-0.3 mSv, about 12 mSv, about 11 mSv, about 10 mSv, about 9 mSv, about 8 mSv, about 7 mSv, about 6 mSv, about 5 mSv, about 4 mSv, about 3 mSv, about 2 mSv, about
E mean effective
low dose radiation MDCT may be used.
low dose radiation MDCT refers to MDCT protocols that utilize a lower dose than standard radiographic images.
Low dose radiation MDCT may comprise a mean effective dose (E) value of about 0.3-2 mSv, e.g., about 0.1 mSv, about 0.4 mSv, about 0.5 mSv, about 0.6 mSv, about 0.7 mSv, about 0.8 mSv, about 0.9 mSv, about 1 mSv, about 1.1 mSv, about 1.2 mSv, about 1.3 mSv, about 1.4 mSv, about 1.5 mSv, about 1.6 mSv, about 1.7 mSv, about 1.8 mSv, about 1.9 mSv, or 2 mSv.
E effective dose
Image reconstruction in MDCT can more complicated than that in single section CT.
iterative reconstruction is used to produce images from MDCT scans.
IR is a method to reconstruct 2-D and 3-D images from measured projections of an object.
IR of MDCT images is discussed in Jingyan Xu et al., J Am Coll Radiol. 2009 April; 6(4): 274-276. and Frédéric A. Miéville et al., Eur. J. Med. Phys. January 2013Volume 29, Issue 1, Pages 99-110. included herein by reference in their entireties.
Treatment covers any treatment of a disease or condition of an individual and includes, without limitation: (a) preventing the disease or condition from occurring in an individual which may be predisposed to the disease or condition but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (b) inhibiting the disease or condition, e.g., arresting its development; (c) relieving and or ameliorating the disease or condition, e.g., causing regression of the disease or condition; or (d) curing the disease or condition, e.g., stopping its development or progression.
the population of individuals treated by the methods of provided herein includes individuals suffering from the undesirable condition or disease, as well as individuals at risk for development of the condition or disease.
“treating” is in reference to a subject with asthma or COPD.
terapéuticaally effective amount refers to an amount which is effective in reducing, eliminating, treating, preventing or controlling a symptom (e.g., one or more symptoms) of a disease or condition (such as, COPD or asthma).
controlling is intended to refer to all processes wherein there may be a slowing, interrupting, arresting, or stopping of the progression of a diseases and condition, but does not necessarily indicate a total elimination of all disease and condition symptoms, and is intended to include prophylactic treatment.
the term “incompletely responsive” refers to a treatment which has shown no symptomatic improvement or symptomatic improvement but with at least some amount of one or more symptoms remaining.
the treatment has shown no symptomatic improvement.
the improvement is less than is typically observed in subjects whose symptoms improve after the treatment is administered.
the improvement is suboptimal.
Suboptimal symptomatic improvement may, for example, be short-lived, or may be to a degree insubstantial to provide a subject in need relief of pain or discomfort.
an incomplete response is a lack of improvement or a suboptimal improvement of any 1 of, or any combination of 2 or more of, the following symptoms: shortness of breath, an abnormal lung sound (such as wheezing), cough, chest discomfort (e.g., chest pain or a sensation of chest tightness), tachypnea, cyanosis, use of accessory respiratory muscles, peripheral edema, hyperinflation, prolonged expiration, elevated jugular venous pulse, or sputum production.
shortness of breath an abnormal lung sound (such as wheezing), cough, chest discomfort (e.g., chest pain or a sensation of chest tightness), tachypnea, cyanosis, use of accessory respiratory muscles, peripheral edema, hyperinflation, prolonged expiration, elevated jugular venous pulse, or sputum production.
mucolytic agent refers to an agent (e.g. a pharmaceutical agent) that is used to dissolve or breakdown mucus.
a mucolytic agent acts to reduce the viscosity of mucus so that it may be cleared from the respiratory tract.
a mucolytic agent reduces the elasticity of mucus, such that the mucous may more readily be cleared from the respiratory tract.
a mucolytic agent reduces both the viscosity and the elasticity of mucus.
Example mucolytic agents include, but are not limited to, thiol-based drugs, recombinant human DNAse, hypertonic saline, ambroxol, or an airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator.
thiol-based drugs or “thiol donors” are small molecule pharmaceuticals containing a thiol group.
Mucolytic thiol-based drugs include, for example, n-acetylcysteine, Carbocisteine, Erdosteine, Mecysteine, or a thiol saccharide.
N-acetylcysteine is a mucolytic agent having the structure below:
Carbocisteine is a mucolytic agent having the structure below:
Erdosteine is a mucolytic agent having the structure below:
Mecysteine is a mucolytic agent having the structure below:
the mucolytic agent is a thiosaccharide. In embodiments, the mucolytic agent is a thiol saccharide. In embodiments, the mucolytic agent is a thioacetyl saccharide.
thiosaccharide refers to a compound containing at least one tetrahydropyrane ring substituted with at least one thiol (—SH) containing moiety or at least one thioacetyl (—SAc) moiety (and optionally further substituted for example, with hydroxyl moieties or additional tetrahydropyrane rings tetrahydropyrane rings or tetrahydrofuran rings via ether linkers) or at least one tetrahydrofuran ring substituted with at least one thiol containing moiety (and optionally further substituted for example, with hydroxyl moieties or additional tetrahydropyranee rings or tetrahydrofuran rings via ether linkers
thiol saccharide refers to a thiosaccharide with at least one thiol (—SH) moiety
thioacetyl saccharide refers to a thiosaccharide with at least one thioacetyl (—SAc) moiety
the tetrahydropyrane ring may be a pyranose ring or pyranoside ring in which one or more hydroxyl groups are replaced with a thiol containing moiety (referred to herein as a “thiol pyranose” or “thiol pyranoside”, respectively).
the tetrahydropyrane ring may be a pyranose ring or pyranoside ring in which one or more hydroxyl groups are replaced with a thioacetyl containing moiety (referred to herein as a “thioacetyl pyranose” or “thioacetyl pyranoside”, respectively).
the tetrahydrofuran ring may be a furanose ring or furanoside ring in which one or more hydroxyl groups are replaced with a thiol containing moiety (referred to herein as a “thiol pyranose” or “thiol pyranoside”, respectively).
the tetrahydrofuran ring may be a furanose ring or furanoside ring in which one or more hydroxyl groups are replaced with a thioacetyl containing moiety (referred to herein as a “thioacetyl pyranose” or “thioacetyl pyranoside”, respectively).
a “thiol monosaccharide” (e.g., thiol monopyranose, thiol monopyranoside, thiol monofuranose, thiol monofuranoside) as used herein refers to compound containing one tetrahydropyrane ring substituted with at least one thiol (—SH) containing moiety or one tetreahydrofuran ring substituted with at least one thiol (—SH) containing moiety.
thiol monosaccharide e.g., thiol monopyranose, thiol monopyranoside, thiol monofuranose, thiol monofuranoside
a “thioacetyl monosaccharide” (e.g., thioacetyl monopyranose, thioacetyl monopyranoside, thioacetyl monofuranose, thioacetyl monofuranoside) as used herein refers to compound containing one tetrahydropyrane ring substituted with at least one thioacetyl (—SAc) containing moiety or one tetreahydrofuran ring substituted with at least one thioacetyl (—SAc) containing moiety.
a “thiol disaccharide” e.g., thiol dipyranoside, thiol dipyranoside, thiol difuranose, thiol difuranoside
thiol disaccharide refers to a compound containing two tetrahydropyrane rings substituted with at least one thiol (—SH) containing moiety.
a “thioacetyl disaccharide” e.g., thioacetyl dipyranoside, thioacetyl dipyranoside, thioacetyl difuranose, thioacetyl difuranoside
SAc thioacetyl
a “thiol trisaccharide” e.g., thiol tripyranoside, thiol tripyranoside, thiol trifuranose, thiol trifuranoside
thiol trisaccharide refers to a compound containing three tetrahydropyrane rings substituted with at least one thiol (—SH) containing moiety.
a “thioacetyl trisaccharide” e.g., thioacetyl tripyranoside, thioacetyl tripyranoside, thioacetyl trifuranose, thioacetyl trifuranoside
SAc thioacetyl
a “thiol oligosaccharide” refers to a compound containing more than three tetrahydropyrane rings substituted with at least one thiol (—SH) containing moiety.
a “thioacetyl oligosaccharide” (e.g., thioacetyl oligopyranoside, thioacetyl oligopyranoside, thioacetyl oligofuranose, thioacetyl oligofuranoside) as used herein refers to a compound containing more than three tetrahydropyrane rings substituted with at least one thioacetyl (—SAc) containing moiety.
the thiosaccharide is a thiosaccharide (e.g., a thiol saccharide or a thioacetyl saccharide) as described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0060284, published Mar. 3, 2016, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
the thiolsaccharide has one of the following structures:
thiol saccharides or “thiol-modified carbohydrates” include for example, methyl 6-thio-6-deoxy- ⁇ -D-galactopyranoside (TDG) (shown below) and are further discussed in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2016/0060284, published Mar. 3, 2016 included by reference herein in its entirety.
TDG 6-thio-6-deoxy- ⁇ -D-galactopyranoside
a human DNase such as recombinant human DNase (rhDNase) can be utilized to reduce the viscosity of mucus and sputum in lung disorders.
hDNase recombinant human DNase
rhDNase recombinant human DNase
the viscosity of mucus or sputum may be increased by large quantities of DNA which can be alleviated by administration of recombinant human DNase.
the term “hDNase” as used herein includes any of the recombinant or naturally-occurring forms of the hDNase or variants or homologs thereof that maintain DNase activity (e.g.
the variants or homologs have at least 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 100% amino acid sequence identity across the whole sequence or a portion of the sequence (e.g. a 50, 100, 150 or 200 continuous amino acid portion) compared to a naturally occurring hDNase polypeptide.
hDNase is the protein encoded by the sequence identified by the GenBank Accession No. M55983.1, or an isoform, a homolog or functional fragment thereof.
a hypertonic saline is a saline solution with a concentration of sodium chloride (NaCl) higher than physiologic (e.g. 0.9%).
a hypertonic saline comprises a concentration of NaCl of about 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 0.9-3%, or 0.9-5% (w/v).
a hypertonic saline can be utilized in the treatment of asthma or COPD.
a hypertonic saline can be inhaled or administered by nebulizer.
Ambroxol is an example of a mucolytic agent with secretolytic and secretomotoric actions having the structure shown below.
Ambroxol is the active ingredient of Mucosolvan®, Mucobrox®, Mucol®, Lasolvan®, Mucoangin®, Surbronc®, Ambolar®, and Lysopain®
an “airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator” is an agent (e.g. pharmaceutical agent) that modulates an ion channel in the airway epithelium.
a modulated ion channel include cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR).
CFTR cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
modulators of CFTR include ivacaftor (Kalydeco®) and lumacaftor. In embodiments, these drugs can be used in a combination of ivacaftor and lumacaftor (Orkambi®).
a “type 2 inflammation inhibitor” is an agent (e.g. a pharmaceutical agent) that target molecules within the type 2 inflammation pathway to inhibit the type 2 inflammation pathway.
type 2 inflammation inhibitors include inhibitors of IgE, IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13.
a type 2 inflammation inhibitor is a prostaglandin D 2 receptor 2 antagonist.
type 2 inflammation inhibitors include Omalizumab, Mepolizumab, Benralizumab, Reslizumab, Lebrikizumab, GSK679586, Tralokinumab, Dupilumab, and Fevipiprant. Fevipiprant has the following structure:
bronchodilator refers to a substance that dilates the bronchi and bronchioles, decreasing resistance in the respiratory airway and increasing airflow to the lungs. Bronchodilators are used in the treatment of lung disorders, including COPD and asthma. In embodiments, a bronchodilator is long-acting. In embodiments, a bronchodilator is short-acting.
Non-limiting examples of bronchodilators include albuterol (Proventil HFA®, ProAir®, Ventolin HFA®), levalbuterol (Xopenex®), ipratropium (Atrovent®), indacaterol (Arcapta®), umeclidinium (Incruse®), tiotropium (Spiriva®), olodaterol (Stiverdi®), formoterol (Foradil®), aclidinium (Tudorza®), and salmeterol (Serevent®).
a bronchodilator is used alone or and in combination with another medication (such as an anti-inflammatory medication).
an anticholinergic agent refers to a substance that blocks the activities of acetylcholine.
an anticholinergic agent is a muscarinic antagonist with effects in the lung to dilate airway smooth muscle or decrease mucus secretion from mucus cells.
Non-limiting examples of short acting muscarinic antagonist include atropine, glycopyrrolate, oxitropium, and ipratropium.
Non-limiting examples of long acting muscarinic antagonists as include tiotropium, glycopyrronium bromide, umeclidinium, and aclidinium bromide.
an anticholinergic agent prevents acetylcholine from binding to one or more muscarinic receptors.
the muscarinic receptors are located on airway smooth muscle.
an anticholinergic agent prevents airway smooth muscle contraction through muscarinic receptor blockade, thus acting as a bronchodilator.
an anticholinergic agent may be used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of, e.g., asthma, chronic bronchitis, and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
corticosteroid includes adrenal cortical steroids and derivatives thereof that possess local anti-inflammatory activity, particularly on the mucous membranes. These corticosteroids include for example, hydrocortisone, and cortisone. Inhaled corticosteroids are used in the treatment of asthma. Corticosteroid used in the treatment of COPD or asthma include beclomethasone (QVAR®), budesonide (Pulmicort®), ciclesonide (Alvesco®), flunisolide (Aerospan®), fluticasone (Flovent®), and mometasone (Asmanex Twisthaler®). In embodiments, a corticosteroids is used alone or and in combination with another medication (such as a bronchodilator).
another medication such as a bronchodilator
a small molecule is a compound that is less than 2000 daltons in mass.
the molecular mass of the small molecule is preferably less than 1000 daltons, more preferably less than 600 daltons, e.g., the compound is less than 500 daltons, 400 daltons, 300 daltons, 200 daltons, or 100 daltons.
transitional term “comprising,” which is synonymous with “including,” “containing,” or “characterized by,” is inclusive or open-ended and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
the transitional phrase “consisting of” excludes any element, step, or ingredient not specified in the claim.
the transitional phrase “consisting essentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materials or steps “and those that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s)” of the claimed invention.
Implementations of the present disclosure can include, but are not limited to, methods consistent with the descriptions provided herein as well as articles that comprise a tangibly embodied machine-readable medium operable to cause one or more machines (e.g., computers, etc.) to result in operations implementing one or more of the described features.
computer systems are also described that can include one or more processors and one or more memories coupled to the one or more processors.
a memory which can include a computer-readable storage medium, can include, encode, store, or the like one or more programs that cause one or more processors to perform one or more of the operations described herein.
Computer implemented methods consistent with one or more implementations of the current subject matter can be implemented by one or more data processors residing in a single computing system or multiple computing systems.
Such multiple computing systems can be connected and can exchange data and/or commands or other instructions or the like via one or more connections, including but not limited to a connection over a network (e.g. the Internet, a wireless wide area network, a local area network, a wide area network, a wired network, or the like), via a direct connection between one or more of the multiple computing systems, etc.
a network e.g. the Internet, a wireless wide area network, a local area network, a wide area network, a wired network, or the like
a direct connection between one or more of the multiple computing systems etc.
One or more aspects or features of the subject matter described herein can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof.
ASICs application specific integrated circuits
FPGAs field programmable gate arrays
These various aspects or features can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which can be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device.
the programmable system or computing system can include clients and servers.
a client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.
machine-readable signal refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor.
the machine-readable medium can store such machine instructions non-transitorily, such as for example as would a non-transient solid-state memory or a magnetic hard drive or any equivalent storage medium.
the machine-readable medium can alternatively or additionally store such machine instructions in a transient manner, such as for example as would a processor cache or other random access memory associated with one or more physical processor cores.
one or more aspects or features of the subject matter described herein can be implemented on a computer having a display device, such as for example a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a light emitting diode (LED) monitor for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, such as for example a mouse or a trackball, by which the user may provide input to the computer.
a display device such as for example a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a light emitting diode (LED) monitor for displaying information to the user
LCD liquid crystal display
LED light emitting diode
a keyboard and a pointing device such as for example a mouse or a trackball
feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, such as for example visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including, but not limited to, acoustic, speech, or tactile input.
Other possible input devices include, but are not limited to, touch screens or other touch-sensitive devices such as single or multi-point resistive or capacitive trackpads, voice recognition hardware and software, optical scanners, optical pointers, digital magnetic resonance image (MRI) capture devices and associated interpretation software, and the like.
phrases such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” may occur followed by a conjunctive list of elements or features.
the term “and/or” may also occur in a list of two or more elements or features. Unless otherwise implicitly or explicitly contradicted by the context in which it used, such a phrase is intended to mean any of the listed elements or features individually or any of the recited elements or features in combination with any of the other recited elements or features.
the phrases “at least one of A and B;” “one or more of A and B;” and “A and/or B” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, or A and B together.”
a similar interpretation is also intended for lists including three or more items.
the phrases “at least one of A, B, and C;” “one or more of A, B, and C;” and “A, B, and/or C” are each intended to mean “A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, or A and B and C together.”
Use of the term “based on,” above and in the claims is intended to mean, “based at least in part on,” such that an unrecited feature or element is also permissible.
a diagnostic method comprising detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of a subject.
a method for identifying whether a subject is likely to respond or responsive to treatment with a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor includes detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of a subject; and identifying the subject as likely to respond or responsive to treatment with a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment.
a method for identifying whether a subject is unlikely to respond, incompletely responsive, or unresponsive to treatment with an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid includes detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of a subject; and identifying the subject as unlikely to respond, incompletely responsive, or unresponsive to treatment with an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid if the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment.
a method of detecting type 2 inflammation in a subject includes detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of the subject; and identifying the subject as having type 2 inflammation if subject has an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment.
a method of treating a subject who has asthma or COPD includes detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of the subject; and administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor, wherein the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in at least one lung segment.
a method of treating a subject in need thereof includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor to the subject, wherein the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in at least four lung segments.
a method for treating a subject with asthma or COPD.
the method includes identifying airway mucus plugging in the subject.
the method further includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor.
the subject has extensive airway mucus plugging.
an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered to the subject.
the subject has been administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid and one or more symptoms of asthma or COPD have not improved after administration of the anticholinergic agent, bronchodilator, or corticosteroid.
the subject is incompletely responsive to an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid.
the airway mucus occlusion is an airway mucus plug.
detecting the airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of the subject comprises performing multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scan.
MDCT multidetector computed tomography
the method further comprises applying iterative reconstruction (IR) to produce images from the low dose MDCT scan.
IR iterative reconstruction
the airway mucus occlusion is farther than about 2 cm from a diaphragmatic pleura and/or a costal pleura in the subject.
the subject is a human subject.
the subject has 20 lung segments, and the lung segment is the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the apical segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the inferior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the left lung, the superior
the subject has 19 lung segments, and the lung segment is the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the apicoposterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the inferior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the left lung, the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the left lung,
the subject has 18 lung segments and the lung segment is the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the apicoposterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the inferior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the left lung, the anteromedial segment of the lower lobe
the lung segment is the right or left of any of the segments selected from the group consisting of the upper lobe apical segment, upper lobe posterior segment, the upper lobe anterior segment, the lateral/superior segment of the middle lobe, or the medial/inferior segment of the middle lobe, the superior segment of the lower lobe, the medial basal segment of the lower lobe, the anterior basal segment of the lower lobe, the lateral basal segment of the lower lobe, and the posterior basal segment of the lower lobe.
the subject has 18, 19, or 20 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has 18 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has 19 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has 20 lung segments.
the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 lung segments.
the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 2 lung segments.
the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 3 lung segments.
the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 4 lung segments.
the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 5 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 6 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 7 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 8 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 9 lung segments.
an airway mucus occlusion such as an airway mucus plug
the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 10 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 11 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 12 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 13 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 14 lung segments.
an airway mucus occlusion such as an airway mucus plug
the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 15 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 16 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 17 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 18 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 19 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 20 lung segments.
the subject has an airway mucus occlusion (such as an airway mucus plug) in at least 15 lung segments. In embodiments, the subject has an airway mucus o
subject has an airway mucus occlusion in at least 4 lung segments.
each of the airway mucus occlusion is an airway mucus plug.
the subject has 20 lung segments, and the lung segments are any combination of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 of, or all 20 of: the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the apical segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the
the subject has 19 lung segments, and the lung segments are any combination of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 of, or all 19 of: the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the apicoposterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the inferior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the right lung,
the subject has 18 lung segments, and the lung segments are any combination of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, or 17 of, or all 18 of: the apical segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the middle lobe of the right lung, the superior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the medial segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the anterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the lateral segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the posterior segment of the lower lobe of the right lung, the apicoposterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the anterior segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the superior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the inferior lingular segment of the upper lobe of the left lung, the
the lung segments are the right or left of any of the segments selected from the group consisting of the upper lobe apical segment, upper lobe posterior segment, the upper lobe anterior segment, the lateral/superior segment of the middle lobe, or the medial/inferior segment of the middle lobe, the superior segment of the lower lobe, the medial basal segment of the lower lobe, the anterior basal segment of the lower lobe, the lateral basal segment of the lower lobe, and/or the posterior basal segment of the lower lobe.
the asthma is chronic severe asthma.
the subject is incompletely responsive to a bronchodilator or a corticosteroid.
the mucolytic agent is a thiol-based drug, a thiosaccharide, a DNase (such as a recombinant human DNAse), hypertonic saline, ambroxol, or an airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator.
the thiol-based drug is n-acetylcysteine, carbocisteine, erdosteine, mecysteine, or a thiosaccharide (such as a thiol saccharide or a thioacetyl saccharide).
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 1 or more airway mucus plugs is detected.
the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 1 or more airway mucus plugs is detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 2 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 2 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 3 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 3 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 4 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 4 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 5 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 5 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 6 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 6 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 7 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 7 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 8 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 8 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 9 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 9 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 10 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 10 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 11 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 11 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 12 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 12 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 13 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 13 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 14 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 14 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 15 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 15 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 16 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 16 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 17 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 17 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 18 or more airway mucus plugs are detected. In embodiments, the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 18 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 19 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 19 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is not administered an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered if 20 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the subject is administered a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor if 20 or more airway mucus plugs are detected.
the airway mucus plugs are in different lung segments.
identification of extensive airway mucus plugging is determined by assessing the quantity of mucus in an airway within the lung of the subject.
the quantity of mucus may be measured using a variety of techniques. Useful techniques include quantification of lung images from a subject (e.g. a patient with asthma or COPD).
the quantity of mucus plugging may be assess in one or more sub-segmental lung airways. Mucus plugs are a complete opacification of an airway by mucus with or without bronchial dilatation. Mucus plugs can be seen in, e.g., longitudinal sections as tubular structures with or without branching or in cross-section as rounded opacities.
a visual scoring system is utilize to assess the quantity of mucus in an airway within the lung of the subject. In embodiments, the visual scoring system is based on a lung scan image (i.e. an image based on a lung scan).
the lung scan may be performed using a non-invasive imaging procedure such as a computerized tomography (CT) scan.
CT computerized tomography
the CT scan is an ultralow-dose CT scan.
lung images are captured using a computed tomography technology (e.g. Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT)).
MDCT Multidetector Computed Tomography
the system and methods included herein provide detailed methodologies of quantifying mucus plugging by identifying occluded airways in segments of the lungs.
the airways in each segment are systematically examined for the presence or absence of a mucus plug.
a segment is given a score of 1 if an airway within the segment contains a mucus plug.
partial occlusion of an airway is not scored.
the scores of each segment are summed to give a score (e.g., the Dunican Score, also called the Dunican Mucus Score).
the scoring method can be used to quantify the number of mucus occluded airways in each of 18, 19, or 20 bronchopulmonary lung segments on MDCT lung scans (see, e.g., FIG. 9 ).
the lung is divided anatomically into 18 segments, each with its own airway (that branches further) and blood vessel(s).
the lung is divided anatomically into 19 segments, each with its own airway (that branches further) and blood vessel(s).
the lung is divided anatomically into 20 segments, each with its own airway (that branches further) and blood vessel (s).
bronchopulmonary segments include the upper lobe apical segment, upper lobe posterior segment, upper lobe anterior segment, the lateral/superior segment of the middle lobe, the medial/inferior segment of the middle lobe, the superior segment of the lower lobe, the medial basal segment of the lower lobe, the anterior basal segment of the lower lobe, the lateral basal segment of the lower lobe, or the posterior basal segment of the lower lobe.
the scoring method measures the burden of intraluminal mucus on Multi Detector Computerized Tomography (MDCT) by quantifying the number of bronchopulmonary segments that are completely occluded with mucus.
MDCT Multi Detector Computerized Tomography
the segments of each lobe are systematically examined for the presence (score 1) or absence (score 0) of mucus plugs.
the segment scores of each lobe are summed to generate a total mucus score for both lungs ranging from 0 to 20 (for human subjects having 20 segments).
the segment scores of each lobe are summed to generate a total mucus score for both lungs ranging from 0 to 19 (for human subjects having 19 segments). In embodiments, the segment scores of each lobe are summed to generate a total mucus score for both lungs ranging from 0 to 18 (for human subjects having 18 segments)
peripheral airways within about 2 cm (e.g., within 1.8, 1.9, 2, 2.1, or 2.2) of the diaphragmatic pleura and costal pleura (the latter extending from the midline anteriorly to the transverse process of the thoracic spine posteriorly) are excluded from evaluation as the small caliber of these peripheral airways makes occlusion by mucus difficult to ascertain.
mucus plugs are defined as complete occlusion of an airway lumen by mucus.
mucus plugs are identified as tubular structures with or without branching in longitudinal section or as rounded opacities in cross-section and differentiated from blood vessels by their position relative to adjacent bronchi and blood vessels. In embodiments, in cases where the plugs are difficult to differentiate from normal blood vessels, they are traced cephalad or caudad on adjacent lung slices to confirm their continuity with bronchi.
a subgroup with mucus scores >3 (e.g., at least 4) can be identified.
These “mucus-high” patients are characterized by more severe airflow obstruction, high levels of airway and systemic type 2 inflammation, and relative resistance to usual asthma and COPD treatments.
this “mucus-high” disease subtype is not revealed by mucus symptoms or by specific tests of lung function. Therefore, these asthma mucus-high and COPD mucus-high patient subgroups represent new disease phenotypes that require treatment interventions that specifically target mucus plugging of the airways.
the scoring method utilizes a simple 18, 19, or 20-point visual scoring system.
the system was developed by application to MDCT scans from asthmatics and healthy controls.
the scoring system assigns a score of 1 to any lung segment with an airway within it completely occluded with mucus.
MDCT reveals mucus plugging in subsegmental airways in at least one of 18, 19, or 20 lung segments in asthmatics.
a subject has a mucus plug in a subsegmental airway in at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18) of 18, 19, or 20 lung segments.
a subject has a mucus plug in a subsegmental airway in at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18) of 18 lung segments. In embodiments, a subject has a mucus plug in a subsegmental airway in at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19) of 19 lung segments. In embodiments, a subject has a mucus plug in a subsegmental airway in at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of 20 lung segments. In embodiments, a high mucus score (plugging in at least 4 segments) is indicative of asthma with severe airflow obstruction. In embodiments, a high mucus score is a biomarker indicating need for treatment with a mucolytic drug.
the presence of a mucus plug in a subsegmental airway is a marker of type 2 inflammation.
a subject with type 2 inflammation is identified as likely to respond to (e.g., be treated by) a type 2 inflammation inhibitor.
a subject with type 2 inflammation has a mucus plug in a subsegmental airway in at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18) of 18, 19, or 20 lung segments.
a subject with type 2 inflammation has a mucus plug in a subsegmental airway in at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18) of 18 lung segments.
a subject with type 2 inflammation has a mucus plug in a subsegmental airway in at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19) of 19 lung segments.
a subject with type 2 inflammation has a mucus plug in a subsegmental airway in at least one (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20) of 20 lung segments.
a high mucus score (plugging in at least 4 segments) is indicative of type 2 inflammation.
the type 2 inflammation inhibitor is a prostaglandin D 2 receptor 2 antagonist.
the type 2 inflammation inhibitor is Omalizumab, Mepolizumab, Benralizumab, Reslizumab, Lebrikizumab, GSK679586, Tralokinumab, Dupilumab, or Fevipiprant.
Imaging of the lungs has been previously utilized in the diagnosis of lung diseases.
Previous methods of quantifying lung mucus occlusion, including the Bhalla scoring system have not been robust in their applicability to multiple lung diseases.
These prior scoring methods quantified mucus based on few lung lobes, or used arbitrary zones and often utilized lower resolution imaging.
methods provided herein allow for consistent scoring utilizing low-radiation, high resolution imaging (e.g. Multidetector Computed Tomography (MDCT)).
MDCT Multidetector Computed Tomography
Additional assays for the detection and diagnosis of lung disorders include spirometry, flow assays, methacholine challenges, nitric oxide exhalation studies, chest x-ray, sputum eosinophil evaluation, and provocative testing with either exercise or cold-induced asthma. These tests can be used in addition to the methods provided herein for further diagnostic clarity.
a method provided herein is part of a battery of diagnostic testing for a lung disorder such as COPD or asthma.
a method of treating a subject who has asthma or COPD includes detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of the subject; and administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor, wherein the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in at least one lung segment.
a method of treating a subject in need thereof includes administering a therapeutically effective amount of a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor to the subject, wherein the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in at least four lung segments.
methods provided herein may be used to identify patients with excessive airway mucus plugging. In embodiments, this disease subset can be better served by treatment particular to airway mucus plugging.
treatments may include mucoactive drugs that hasten mucus clearance or drugs that suppress type 2 inflammation (an upstream cause of mucus plugs).
Non-limiting categories of potentially useful mucoactive drugs include mucolytics that target the polymers that impart abnormal biophysical properties to airway mucus.
mucolytics include thiol-based drugs such as N-acetycysteine that lyse mucin polymers, and rhDNAse drugs that cleave DNA polymers.
N-acetyl cysteine can be used as a nebulized mucolytic treatment to improve airflow, as it liquefies asthma mucus.
Other mucoactive drugs that improve mucociliary clearance include hypertonic saline and drugs that affect the function of airway epithelial cell ion channels.
Non-limiting categories of type 2 inflammation inhibitors include small molecule and protein therapeutics that inhibit molecular members of the type 2 inflammation cascade (e.g. inhibitors of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, as well as inhibitors of CRTH2 and Siglec-8).
treatment may include a mucolytic agent such as a thiol-based drug (n-acetylcysteine, carbocisteine, erdosteine, mecysteine, or thiol saccharides), a DNase such as a recombinant human DNAse, hypertonic saline, ambroxol, or an airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator.
a mucolytic agent such as a thiol-based drug (n-acetylcysteine, carbocisteine, erdosteine, mecysteine, or thiol saccharides)
a DNase such as a recombinant human DNAse, hypertonic saline, ambroxol, or an airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator.
an application to facilitate the generation of a mucus score for an individual with asthma or COPD by a clinical radiologist to aid in the proper and accurate assessment of airway mucus plugging on MDCT lung scans.
an application e.g., a computer or smart phone app
an application can facilitate or record the generation of an accurate Mucus Score to specifically diagnose patients who have a high mucus subset of asthma or COPD.
FIG. 18 depicts a block diagram illustrating an asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 , in accordance with some example embodiments.
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 can be configured to diagnose and treat asthma and COPD.
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 can include a scanner 1810 , a scoring module 1820 , a diagnostic module 1830 , a treatment module 1840 , and a user interface module 1850 . It should be appreciated that the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 can include additional and/or different modules than shown.
the scanner 1810 can be configured to perform a non-invasive imaging procedure in order to capture, for example, one or more lung images.
the scanner 1810 can be a CT scanner and/or a MDCT scanner.
the scoring module 1820 can be configured to quantify mucus plugging based on the images captured by the scanner 1810 .
the scoring module 1820 may quantify mucus plugging by at least identifying, in the images captured by the scanner 1810 , occluded airways in one or more segments of the lungs. It should be appreciated that the lung may be divided anatomically into 18 segments, 19 segments, and/or 20 segments. As such, the scoring module 1820 can quantify mucus plugging by identifying occluded airways in each of 18 lung segments, 19 lung segments, and/or 20 lung segments.
the scoring module 1820 can identify occluded airways in an upper lobe apical segment, an upper lobe posterior segment, an upper lobe anterior segment, a lateral/superior segment of the middle lobe, a medial/inferior segment of the middle lobe, a superior segment of the lower lobe, a medial basal segment of the lower lobe, an anterior basal segment of the lower lobe, a lateral basal segment of the lower lobe, and/or a posterior basal segment of the lower lobe of a lung.
the scoring module 1820 can examine the airways in a lung segment for the presence and/or absence of a mucus plug in the lung segment.
the scoring module 1820 may further determine an overall score that quantifies mucus plugging based on the presence and/or absence of mucus plugs in various lung segments. It should be appreciated that this overall score can be a Dunican Score and/or a Dunican Mucus Score.
the scoring module 1820 can assign an individual score to each lung segment. For example, an individual score can be a binary value, such as a “1” or a “0,” corresponding to the presence and/or absence of a mucus plug within a lung segment.
the overall score can include a summation of the individual scores assigned to each lung segment. For instance, in a human subject having 20 lung segments, the overall score can range from 0 to 20. Alternately and/or additionally, in a human subject having 19 lung segments, the overall score can range from 0 to 19. Meanwhile, in a human subject having 18 lung segments, the overall score can range from 0 to 18.
the diagnostic module 1830 may be configured to determine a diagnosis based on the overall score quantifying mucus plugging. For example, the diagnostic module 1830 can identify “mucus-high” subjects whose overall score exceeds a threshold value (e.g., 3). As noted earlier, “mucus-high” subjects exhibit more severe airflow obstruction, high levels of airway and systemic type 2 inflammation, and relative resistance to usual asthma and COPD treatments. Thus, the diagnostic module 1830 may identify these subjects as having new disease phenotypes that require treatment interventions that specifically target mucus plugging of the airways.
a threshold value e.g. 3
the treatment module 1840 can be configured to determine one or more treatments for subjects identified (e.g., by the diagnostic module 1830 ) as “mucus-high” subjects.
the one or more treatments can include mucoactive drugs that hasten mucus clearance and/or drugs that suppress type 2 inflammation.
the one or more treatments can include a mucolytic agent such as a thiol-based drug (n-acetylcysteine, carbocisteine, erdosteine, mecysteine, or thiol saccharides), a DNase such as a recombinant human DNAse, hypertonic saline, ambroxol, or an airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator.
a mucolytic agent such as a thiol-based drug (n-acetylcysteine, carbocisteine, erdosteine, mecysteine, or thiol saccharides)
a DNase such as a recombinant human DNAse, hypertonic saline, ambroxol, or an airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator.
the treatment module 1840 may identify mucoactive drugs including, for example, mucolytics that target the polymers that impart abnormal biophysical properties to airway mucus.
mucolytics can include thiol-based drugs such as N-acetycysteine that lyse mucin polymers, and rhDNAse drugs that cleave DNA polymers.
the N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) can be used as a nebulized mucolytic treatment to improve airflow, as it liquefies asthma mucus.
the treatment module 1840 can also identify mucoactive drugs that improve mucociliary clearance include hypertonic saline and drugs that affect the function of airway epithelial cell ion channels.
mucoactive drugs that improve mucociliary clearance include hypertonic saline and drugs that affect the function of airway epithelial cell ion channels.
type 2 inflammation inhibitors include small molecule and protein therapeutics that inhibit molecular members of the type 2 inflammation cascade (e.g. inhibitors of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, as well as inhibitors of CRTH2 and Siglec-8).
the user interface module 1850 can be configured to generate one or more user interfaces, such as graphic user interfaces (GUIs), for interacting with the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 .
GUIs graphic user interfaces
the user interface module 1850 can generate user interfaces configured for receiving inputs from a user such as, for example, a physician, a laboratory technician, and/or any other medical professional.
the user interface module 1850 can generate user interfaces for displaying outputs from the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 . These outputs may include, for example, the diagnosis determined by the diagnostic module 1830 and/or the treatments identified by the treatment module 1840 .
FIG. 19 depicts a flowchart illustrating a process 1900 for treating asthma and COPD, in accordance with some example embodiments.
the process 1900 may be performed by the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 .
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 can capture one or more lung images of a subject ( 1902 ).
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 e.g., the scanner 1810
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 can determine, based on the one or more lung images, a quantification of mucus plugging for the subject ( 1904 ).
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 e.g., the scoring module 1820
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 can quantify mucus plugging by at least identifying, in the one or more lung images, occluded airways in one or more segments of the lungs.
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 can examine the airways in each lung segment for the presence and/or absence of mucus plugs.
the scoring module 1820 can determine an overall score that quantifies mucus plugging based on the presence and/or absence of mucus plugs in various lung segments.
This overall score can be a summation of the individual scores assigned to each lung segment.
the individual score assigned to a lung segment may be a binary value (e.g., a 1 or a 0) indicative of whether a mucus plug is present or absent in that lung segment.
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 can determine, based on the quantification of mucus plugging, a diagnosis for the subject ( 1906 ). For example, in some embodiments, the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 (e.g., the diagnostic module 1830 ) can diagnose a subject as being “mucus-high” when the overall score for the subject exceeds a threshold value (e.g., 3).
a threshold value e.g. 3
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 can determine, based on the diagnosis, one or more treatments for the subject ( 1908 ).
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 e.g., the treatment module 1840
the treatments can include, for example, mucoactive drugs that hasten mucus clearance, drugs that suppress type 2 inflammation, mucolytic agents (e.g., a thiol-based drug), a DNase (e.g., recombinant human DNAse), hypertonic saline, ambroxol, and/or an airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator.
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 can generate a user interface displaying the diagnosis and/or the one or more treatments for the subject ( 1910 ).
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 e.g., the user interface module 1850
the asthma and COPD treatment system 1800 can generate one or more user interfaces (e.g., GUIs) for displaying the diagnosis and/or the treatments for the subject.
Embodiments include P1 to P12 following.
a method of treating a subject with asthma or COPD comprising:
identifying extensive airway mucus plugging comprises performing a multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scan.
MDCT multidetector computed tomography
invention 3 further comprising applying iterative reconstruction (IR) to produce images from said low dose MDCT scan.
IR iterative reconstruction
bronchopulmonary segments include the right or left of any of the segments selected from the group consisting of the upper lobe apical segment, upper lobe posterior segment, the upper lobe anterior segment, the lateral/superior segment of the middle lobe, or the medial/inferior segment of the middle lobe, the superior segment of the lower lobe, the medial basal segment of the lower lobe, the anterior basal segment of the lower lobe, the lateral basal segment of the lower lobe, and the posterior basal segment of the lower lobe.
the mucolytic agent is a thiol-based drug, a recombinant human DNAse, hypertonic saline, ambroxol, or an airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator.
thiol-based drug is n-acetylcysteine, carbocisteine, erdosteine, mecysteine, or a thiol saccharide.
Embodiments include E1 to E46 following.
Embodiment E1 wherein an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid is not administered to the subject.
Embodiment E1 wherein the airway mucus occlusion is an airway mucus plug.
detecting the airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of the subject comprises performing multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scan.
MDCT multidetector computed tomography
Embodiment E4 wherein the MDCT is a low dose radiation MDCT.
Embodiment E5 further comprising applying iterative reconstruction (IR) to produce images from the low dose MDCT scan.
IR iterative reconstruction
Embodiment E8 or E9 wherein the subject has 18, 19, or 20 lung segments.
Embodiment E10 wherein the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 lung segments.
Embodiment E11 wherein the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in at least 4 lung segments.
each of the airway mucus occlusion is an airway mucus plug.
the mucolytic agent is a thiol-based drug, a thiosaccharide, a recombinant human DNAse, hypertonic saline, ambroxol, or an airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator.
Embodiment E17 wherein the thiol-based drug is n-acetylcysteine, carbocisteine, erdosteine, mecysteine, or a thiol saccharide.
a method of treating a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor to the subject, wherein the subject has an airway mucus occlusion in at least four lung segments.
Embodiment E19 wherein the subject has asthma or COPD.
a method of detecting type 2 inflammation in a subject comprising:
Embodiment E21 further comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a type 2 inflammation inhibitor to the subject.
a diagnostic method comprising detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of a subject.
a method for identifying whether a subject is likely to respond or responsive to treatment with a mucolytic agent or a type 2 inflammation inhibitor comprising:
a method for identifying whether a subject is unlikely to respond, incompletely responsive, or unresponsive to treatment with an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid comprising:
detecting an airway mucus occlusion in a lung segment of the subject comprises performing a multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scan.
MDCT multidetector computed tomography
Embodiment E30 wherein the MDCT is a low dose radiation MDCT.
Embodiment E29 further comprising applying iterative reconstruction (IR) to produce images from the low dose MDCT scan.
IR iterative reconstruction
a system comprising:
Embodiment E32 wherein an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, and a corticosteroid are excluded from the one or more treatments.
Embodiment E32 wherein the airway mucus occlusion comprises an airway mucus plug.
Embodiment E35 wherein the MDCT scan comprises a low dose radiation MDCT scan.
Embodiment E36 wherein an iterative reconstruction (IR) is applied to produce the one or more lung images from the low dose MDCT scan.
IR iterative reconstruction
Embodiment E39 or E40 wherein the at least one lung segment comprises one of 18, 19, or 20 lung segments.
Embodiment E41 wherein the airway mucus occlusion is present in at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, or 18 lung segments.
Embodiment E42 wherein the airway mucus occlusion is present in at least 4 lung segments.
the mucolytic agent is a thiol-based drug, a thiosaccharide, a recombinant human DNAse, hypertonic saline, ambroxol, or an airway epithelial cell ion channel modulator.
Embodiment E44 wherein the thiol-based drug is n-acetylcysteine, carbocisteine, erdosteine, mecysteine, or a thiol saccharide.
diagnosis includes that the subject is unlikely to respond, incompletely responsive, or unresponsive to treatment with an anticholinergic agent, a bronchodilator, or a corticosteroid.
Example 1 Link Between Eosinophilia and Mucus Plugs in the Pathogenesis of Airflow Obstruction in Severe Asthma
mucus plug scoring system in multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) lung images to quantify mucus plugs in asthmatics with and without airflow obstruction.
MDCT multidetector computed tomography
the data show that mucus plugs occur commonly in multiple bronchopulmonary segments and persist for many years, often in the same bronchopulmonary segment.
Asthmatics with a high mucus score are characterized by severe airflow obstruction, marked sputum eosinophilia, and increases in sputum cell gene expression for IL-5, IL-13, and cysteine-rich MUC5AC mucin.
mucus plugs are a plausible mechanism of airflow obstruction in chronic severe asthma and form as a consequence of type 2 cytokine activity that causes upregulation of MUC5AC and infiltration of airway mucus with eosinophils. It is proposed that MDCT lung images represent a biomarker of airway type 2 inflammation and mucus plugging in asthma.
mucus plugs Despite the prominence of mucus plugs in the pathophysiology of airflow obstruction in acute severe (fatal) asthma (Huber & Koessler, Arch Intern Med 30, 689-760 (1922); Dunnill, M. S. J Clin Pathol 13, 27-33 (1960)), the role of mucus plugs in the pathophysiology of airflow obstruction in chronic severe asthma is poorly understood. This limited understanding is a barrier to rational treatment of airflow obstruction in severe asthma, because mucus plugs represent a tractable treatment target if they can be shown to be a significant cause of obstruction.
CMH chronic mucus hypersecretion
interleukin 13 alters the expression of gel-forming mucins (MUC5AC and MUC5B) (Kuperman et al., Nat Med 8, 885-889 (2002); Lachowicz-Scroggins et al., AJRCCM In Press) and causes tethering of MUC5AC-rich mucus to airway epithelial cells (Bonser et al., J Clin Invest 126, 2367-2371 (2016)), but the role of IL-13 and MUC5AC in the pathophysiology of mucus plugs in vivo in asthma has not been studied to our knowledge.
IL-13 interleukin 13
SARP-3 Severe Asthma Research Program 3
the SARP-3 protocol includes three baseline visits in which asthma patients undergo detailed characterization, including sputum questionnaires, maximum bronchodilator reversibility tests, a systemic corticosteroid responsiveness test, and an optional multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) scan of the lungs ( FIG. 5 ).
MDCT multi-detector computed tomography
SCRT Systemic Corticosteroid Responsiveness Test
MBRT Bronchodilator Reversibility tests
Quantitative airway morphology was measured from MDCT scans using automated, quantitative software that was designed to reliably label and segment the first five to six airway generations, and to allow the accurate measurement of airway walls and lumen diameters obtained perpendicular to the long axis of each airway (Apollo 1.2; VIDA Diagnostics; Iowa City, Iowa). Airway measurements of RB1, RB4, RB10, LB1, LB4, LB10 (4th generation) were made at each centerline voxel and were averaged over the middle third of the segment.
the specific MDCT scan measurements used included airway wall thickness (WT), percentage of WT (WT %), wall area (WA), percentage of WA (WA %), luminal area (LA) and percentage of LA (LA %) ( FIG.
WT average outer diameter ⁇ average inner diameter
WT % (WT/average outer diameter) ⁇ 100
WA total area (TA)-LA
WA % (WA/TA) ⁇ 100
LA % (LA/TA) ⁇ 100.
WA %, LA % and WT % were used in analysis, as these account for differences in airway size. Airway measurements of RB1, RB4, RB10, LB1, LB4, LB10 were averaged to give a summary estimate for each patient. WT % was reported in results but all 3 measurements gave similar results.
a low-dose CT scan was performed one week before bronchoscopy and assessed jointly by both the radiologist and the bronchoscopist.
One segment with a mucus plug and one segment without mucus plug were chosen for sampling. Segments with and without mucus plugs were chosen from contralateral lungs.
Bronchoscopy was performed under conscious sedation.
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected first from the site with mucus, followed by the site without mucus.
the bronchoscope was flushed with normal saline between plugged and non-plugged segment sampling. In processing the BALF, no straining of fluid through gauze or wire mesh was performed, in order to minimize loss of cells.
Fluid was centrifuged at 450 ⁇ g (10 min at 4° C.) to recover cell pellet.
the cell pellet was re-suspended in 2 ml PBS and kept on ice. Total and differential cell counts were then quantified using the same methods used in sputum processing.
AECs Human airway epithelial cells
tracheas collected from cadaveric lung donors from the California Donor Network as a part of a separate study (Gordon et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 113, 8765-8770. doi: 8710.1073/pnas.1601914113. Epub 160191216 July 1601914118. (2016)).
Cells were expanded in 5% FCS in DMEM/F12 supplemented with a rho kinase inhibitor (Y-27632 SellekChem) to promote proliferation (Liu et al., Am J Pathol. 180, 599-607. doi: 510.1016/j.ajpath.2011.1010.1036.
Eosinophils were purified from the peripheral blood of 4 atopic asthmatic subjects (age 48 ⁇ 23 years). Each subject donated 100 mL of blood on one or more occasions. All subjects signed consent forms and usage was approved by the UCSF Committee on Human Research. Eosinophils were isolated from whole blood using a three-step method in which we first pelleted the cells, followed by water lysis to remove red blood cells and finally eosinophils were purified using immunomagnetic beads (Human Eosinophil Isolation kit, Miltenyi Biotec). Briefly, whole blood was collected in EDTA (purple-top) tubs and pelleted at 1500 g for 15 minutes at 4° C. The plasma on top was removed and cell pellet retained for two cycles of water lysis.
EDTA purple-top tubs
Eosinophil purity of >99.8% was confirmed by cytospin and staining with Diff-Quik (ThermoFisher Scientific). Eosinophils were resuspended in Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium (IMDM) (Gibco)+10% fetal calf serum (FCS) (Gibco), to adensity of 1 x106 cells/mL. Eosinophils were then allowed to rest at 37° C. in non-treated 6-well plates (Corning Costar) for at least 20 min before phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) (Sigma) stimulation.
IMDM Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium
FCS fetal calf serum
Cysteine cross-linking assay To explore cystine formation generated by eosinophil stimulation, BODIPY FL L-cysteine was generated from 800 mM BODIPY FL L-Cystine (ThermoFisher Scientific) in Tyrode's Salts by reduction with one quarter volume packed TCEP-Gel (ThermoFisher Scientific) for 1 hour at 25° C. The reaction yields an 8 to 10-fold increase in fluorescence at 490 nm/520 nm Ex/Em. This reagent was diluted in 100 ⁇ l Tyrode's Salts to 4 M with and without PMA (100 ng) in 96 well round bottom non-treated black polystyrene plates (Corning Costar).
mucus plugs were recognized as tubular densities with or without branching.
mucus plugs When oriented obliquely or perpendicularly to the scan plane, they were identified as oval or rounded opacities seen on sequential slices and differentiated from blood vessels by their continuity with non-impacted portions of the bronchial lumen and their position relative to adjacent blood vessels. The segments of each lobe were systematically examined for the presence or absence of mucus plugs and given a score of 1 or 0 accordingly.
the segment scores of each lobe were summed to generate a total mucus score for both lungs, yielding a mucus score ranging from 0-20 (in subjects with 20 segments).
Peripheral airways within 2 cm of the diaphragmatic pleura and costal pleura were excluded from evaluation as the small caliber of these peripheral airways makes occlusion by mucus difficult to ascertain. Further details about the mucus score, including its development and validation, are provided in herein and in FIGS. 7 and 8 .
bronchiectasis defined as a bronchial arterial ratio >1.5; this yielded a bronchiectasis score ranging from 0 to 5.
the CTs were independently reviewed and scored by five radiologists with sub-specialty training in thoracic radiology using the method described above. Each scan was randomly assigned to 2 of 5 radiologists for scoring. The average score of both raters was used to calculate the CT mucus score for each subject. This generated a continuous score ranging from 0 to 20 increasing in increments of 0.5.
RNA isolation and qPCR were done in a central laboratory (University of California at San Francisco).
SARP is a 3-Year Longitudinal Cohort Study.
SARP Severe Asthma Research Program
the protocol includes three baseline visits in which asthma patients undergo detailed characterization, including sputum questionnaires, maximum bronchodilator reversibility tests, a systemic corticosteroid responsiveness test, and an optional multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) scan of the lungs ( FIG. 5 ). Data reported here are from patients that had MDCT's as part of their characterization. Healthy subjects for MDCT scans were recruited at a single center (Washington University in St Louis) and for sputum cell analyses were recruited from all SARP-3 centers.
SARP Severe Asthma Research Program
the SARP protocol included 2-3 baseline characterization visits in which all subjects underwent detailed characterization and provided samples of venous blood and induced sputum.
146 of the 387 subjects underwent lung multidetector computerized tomography (MDCT) of their lungs (Table 4).
MDCT lung multidetector computerized tomography
25 patients also had MDCT lung scans available from their participation n SARP-1 or SARP-2 protocols. These patients were enrolled at 3 sites (University of Pittsburgh, University of Wisconsin and Washington University) and scans were performed 2-9 years prior to the SARP-3 MDCT scans (Table 9).
Inclusion criteria for SARP mandated that at least 60% of patients meet the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS) definition for severe asthma 27 . This was defined as “asthma which requires treatment with either continuous or near continuous systemic corticosteroids or high-dose ICS, plus a second controller medication or systemic steroids to prevent it from becoming uncontrolled or which remains uncontrolled despite this therapy.” For analysis, subjects were stratified into mild, moderate, or severe asthma, according to the criteria developed by SARP and outlined in FIG. 9 .
Patients completed comprehensive phenotypic characterization, including a physician-directed history, Asthma Control Test, spirometry, maximum bronchodilator reversibility (see below), complete blood count with cell differential, induced sputum cell counts, serum IgE measurements, and FeNO measurement.
subjects completed extensive questionnaires that characterized asthma symptoms, sputum symptoms, quality of life, medication use, and health care utilization ( FIG. 5 ). All subjects signed informed consents approved by their local institutional review boards.
Subjects were asked to hold their bronchodilator medications prior to spirometry testing. Following baseline spirometry, 4 puffs of albuterol (360 mcg) were administered. Spirometry was then repeated 15 minutes later. If the change in FEV1 from the spirometry maneuver performed after 4 puffs was greater than 5%, an additional 2 puffs of albuterol (180 mcg) were then administered and spirometry was repeated again 15 minutes later. If the change in FEV1 after 6 puffs was greater than 5%, an additional 2 puffs of albuterol were administered with repeat spirometry after an additional 15 minutes.
MDCT Multi Detector Computerized Tomography
MDCT was performed within 2 hours following maximal bronchodilation according to a standard protocol monitored by a SARP imaging center at the University of Iowa with institutional review board approval. The same scanning protocol was used in both asthma patients and healthy controls. Before beginning the MDCT scan, patients were carefully coached using standardized breathing instructions administered by the technologist and images of the lungs at Total Lung Capacity (TLC) were obtained from a single breath-hold at full inspiration. Sections were obtained at 0.5 mm intervals and slice thickness was 0.625-0.75 mm based on scanner model. The MDCT parameters for each scanner model used are listed in Table 1. BMI (3 categories), lung volume (e.g.
a scoring system to quantify mucus plugs in lung images generated using multi-detector computerized tomography was developed.
the scoring system was based on bronchopulmonary segmental anatomy. Each bronchopulmonary segment was given a score of 1 (mucus plug present) or 0 (mucus plug absent). The segment scores of each lobe were summed to generate a total mucus score for both lungs, yielding a mucus score ranging from 0-20 (in subjects having 20 segments).
the score was initially tested and refined using 10 scans from severe asthmatics recruited at UCSF for SARP. The initial version of the score (Version 1) was modified twice to yield the final version (Version 3) as shown in FIG. 6 and further explained below.
Version 3 This version was revised by consensus in three ways (See FIG. 6 ):
Mucus plugs were defined as complete occlusion of a bronchus, irrespective of generation. When parallel to the scan plane, mucus plugs were recognized as tubular densities with or without branching. When oriented obliquely or perpendicularly to the scan plane, they were identified as oval or rounded opacities seen on sequential slices and differentiated from blood vessels by their continuity with non-impacted portions of the bronchial lumen and their position relative to adjacent blood vessels.
a 2 cm peripheral exclusion zone confined to the costal and diaphragmatic pleura was excluded from evaluation as the small caliber of these peripheral airways makes occlusion by mucus difficult to ascertain.
the 2 cm peripheral zone adjacent to the mediastinal pleura was not excluded from evaluation owing to the larger airways adjacent to the mediastinum.
Version 3 of the mucus score was agreed as the final version to be used in the study (See FIG. 6 ), and it was implemented as described below.
a teleconference was held which included a slide presentation with detailed description of the final scoring system followed by a 1-hour consensus reading session using a training-set of 3 CT scans.
Five radiologists with sub-specialty training in thoracic radiology scored the MDCT's.
To generate the mucus score two radiologists were randomly assigned to independently score each scan. Each radiologist was provided with their individual set of scans in digital format.
the radiologists entered the mucus score data in real-time into a secure online survey (Research Electronic Data Capture) ( FIG. 17 ).
the average score of both raters was used to calculate the CT mucus score for each subject. This generated a continuous score ranging from 0 to 20 increasing in increments of 0.5.
the ICC for agreement between readers was 0.80 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.85) for all 171 scans and 0.79 (95% CI 0.72 to 0.85) for the 146 asthma scans alone.
the intra-rater agreement for a random subset of 14 scans (3 healthy, 11 asthma) that was scored twice by each of the five radiologists was 0.99 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.00).
the mucus score for any one patient was the average of the mucus scores from two readers (raters). To generate the score, each scan was randomly assigned to 2 of 5 raters, and each rater was provided with their individual set of 58 scans in digital format. The raters entered the mucus score data in real-time into a secure online survey (Research Electronic Data Capture) ( FIG. 7 ).
Inter-rater reliability was assessed after half of the scans were scored with a plan to recalibrate any rater(s) with outlying scores to the group mean. Inter-rater agreement at interim analysis was 0.69 and retraining was provided in one instance. Ultimately, the ICC for intra-rater agreement for all 176 asthma scans was 0.80 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.85)( FIG. 6 ). In addition, the inter-rater agreement for a random subset of 14 scans (3 healthy, 11 asthma) that was scored twice by each of the five radiologists was 0.99 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.00).
Induced Sputum Sputum induction was performed on visits 2 and 3 ( FIG. 5 ). For safety, induced sputum was only performed in patients with an FEV1 was >50% predicted after albuterol pretreatment (360 ⁇ g). Induced sputum was processed and analyzed in two SARP centers. The Wake Forest University center generated the sputum cell differential counts for SARP, and the University of California at San Francisco center extracted the RNA and measured gene expression for IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, MUC5AC, MUC5B and housekeeping genes for SARP.
RNA quality was measured with the Agilent 2100 bioanalyzer (Biogen, Weston, Mass.), which performs electrophoretic separations according to molecular weight.
the RNA integrity number (RIN) was measured for each samples 31,32 and only samples whose RIN value was >5 were considered adequate for gene expression profiling 30 .
Chronic bronchitis was defined using the ATS/WHO definition, which assesses chronic cough and sputum production in the preceding 2 years 32 .
the specific question used was: “Have you had cough and sputum production on most days for at least 3 months a year for at least 2 consecutive years”.
the answer options were: Yes, No, or Don't Know.
the subjects that answered “Don't know” were recoded as “no”.
ACT assesses the frequency of shortness of breath and general asthma symptoms, use of rescue medications, the effect of asthma on daily functioning, and overall self-assessment of asthma control in the previous 4 weeks rated using a 5-point scale. The score ranges from 5 (poor control) to 25 (complete control of asthma. An ACT ⁇ 20 indicates poor control.
a low dose CT scan was performed a week before the scheduled bronchoscopy and assessed by a radiologist, trained in the mucus score, for presence and absence of mucus plugging.
One segment with a mucus plug and one segment without mucus plug were chosen to be sampled.
BAL was collected first from the site with mucus, followed by the site without mucus. The technique used involved wedging the flexible bronchoscope into the chosen sub-segmental bronchus, instilling sterile saline solution, and retrieving as much fluid as possible back through the channel using suction. Fluid was instilled using hand pressure on a syringe, and the fluid will be recovered into the same syringe using hand suction. BAL consisted of 100 mL total instillate, split into two 50 mL aliquots. The standard technique was instillation and recovery of 1 aliquot, followed by instillation and recovery of the second. The return from these syringes was pooled.
the bronchoscope was flushed with normal saline between segments.
2) Processing of BAL No straining of fluid through gauze or wire mesh was performed, in order to minimize loss of cells. Fluid was centrifuged at 450 ⁇ g (10 min at 4 C) to recover cell pellet. The cell pellet was re-suspended in 2 ml PBS and kept on ice. Total and differential cell counts were then quantified using the same methods used in sputum processing.
Airway Mucus Plugs can be Identified and Quantified Using Multidetector Computed Tomography Imaging of the Lungs
mucus plugs could be discerned in the lungs of asthmatics using MDCT scans. Specifically, mucus plugs could be identified as areas of opacification within the airway lumen, contiguous with patent airway lumen across sequential CT slices. These opacities were less radiodense than adjacent blood vessels, and occlusion of the lumen by these opacities could be partial or complete. These mucus plugs were predominantly seen in sub-segmental airways, appearing as focal or branching opacities ( FIGS. 1A, 1B, and 1C ) and usually occurred in the absence of bronchial dilatation.
Mucus plugs were defined as complete occlusion of a bronchus, irrespective of generation or size.
mucus plugs When parallel to the scan plane, mucus plugs were recognized as tubular densities with or without branching.
the segment scores of each lobe were summed to generate a total mucus score for both lungs, yielding an aggregate score ranging from 0-20.
Peripheral airways within 2 cm of the diaphragmatic pleura and costal pleura were excluded from evaluation as the small caliber of these peripheral airways makes occlusion by mucus difficult to ascertain.
Each of the five lung lobes was also systematically examined for the presence or absence of bronchiectasis, defined as bronchoarterial ratio >1.5.
Five radiologists with sub-specialty training in thoracic radiology reviewed the MDCT scans. Two radiologists were randomly assigned to score each scan, and the scores of both raters were averaged to generate the CT mucus score of each subject.
the within-rater mucus score agreement for a random subset of 14 scans (3 healthy, 11 asthma) that was scored twice by each of the five radiologists was 0.99 (95% CI 0.99 to 1.00).
the median value of the mucus score in the “mucus present” group was 3.5, and we used this value to divide the asthmatics into three mucus subgroups based on mucus score. Asthmatics with a mucus score of 0 were assigned to the zero-mucus group, while those with mucus scores between 0.5 and 3.5, and 4 and 20, were assigned to the low- and high-mucus groups, respectively ( FIG. 1F ).
FIGS. 10B and 10C gene expression for IL-13 and IL-5 in sputum cells was significantly higher in the high mucus group than in the low- and zero-mucus groups.
sputum eosinophils and sputum cell gene expression of IL-13 and IL-5 remained high in many patients with high mucus scores following systemic corticosteroid treatment ( FIGS.
Bronchoscopy was performed in this subject to separately lavage the LB3b and RB6b sub-segments. It was found that the eosinophil percentage in the plugged segment was much higher than in the non-plugged segment (11.8% vs. 2.4%). Notably, staining of the lavage cell cytospin from the plugged segment showed mucus that was densely infiltrated with intact eosinophils ( FIGS. 11B and 11C ), despite the fact that this patient was taking high doses of inhaled corticosteroids.
IL-13 Increases Eotaxin-3 in Apical Secretions of Airway Epithelial Cells.
eotaxin-3 (CCL26) is marked upregulated in the airway in type 2-high asthma (Peters et al., The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology 133, 388-394 (2014); Choy et al., J Immunol 186, 1861-1869 (2011)), and it was explored here if IL-13 causes secretion of eotaxin-3 into the mucus layer of airway epithelial cells.
IL-13 causes marked increases in the concentration of eotaxin-3 in apical mucus secretions ( FIG. 11E ).
mucus plugs are a mechanism of airflow obstruction in these patients.
the mucus plugs were heterogeneously distributed in the 20 bronchopulmonary segments among patients, the plugs tended to occur in the same bronchopulmonary segment in individual patients studied repeatedly at intervals ranging from 2-9 years. These plugs occurred in patients who had prominent airway type 2 inflammation despite use of high doses of inhaled corticosteroids and protocol-mandated intramuscular corticosteroid treatment. Indeed, in a case example, the mucus-positive bronchopulmonary segment had mucus intensely infiltrated with eosinophils, whereas the mucus-negative segment had a markedly lower eosinophil percentage in the lavage fluid.
Airway mucus in health is normally a lightly cross-linked mucus gel comprised of specific gel-forming mucins (MUC5AC and MUC5B) (Innes et al., Am J Respir Crit Care Med 180, 203-210 (2009); Fahy & Dickey, N Engl J Med 363, 2233-2247 (2010)), and it is normally easily transported by the mucociliary escalator and does not form mucus plugs.
MUC5AC and MUC5B specific gel-forming mucins
eotaxin-3 a potent eosinophil chemoattractant
eotaxin-3 a potent eosinophil chemoattractant
Cysteine (Cys) residues in mucins participate in establishing disulfide linkages within and among mucin monomers, and Cys domains are more prevalent in MUC5AC than in MUC5B (Thornton et al., Annu Rev Physiol 70, 459-486 (2008)). It is found here that MUC5AC is upregulated in sputum cells from patients with a high mucus score, and that the number of eosinophils in sputum is strongly correlated with the number of mucus plugs on MDCT scans.
Eosinophils are a rich source of reactive oxygen species (Lacy et al., J Immunol 170, 2670-2679 (2003)), and it was recently reported that oxidation of mucins in healthy airway mucus promotes cysteine disulfide cross-links that stiffens the mucus gel to create pathologic mucus (Yuan et al., Sci Transl Med 7, 276ra227 (2015)). It is found here that eosinophils from asthma donors can convert cysteine to cystine, its oxidized disulfide product.
type 2 inflammation promotes formation of airway mucus plugs in asthma to cause airflow obstruction. It is also concluded that MDCT lung scans reveal the heterogeneity of mucus plugs and airway type 2 inflammation among bronchopulmonary segments in the lung, and that MDCT lung scans are proposed to be useful as a biomarker (e.g., in clinical trials) to test whether mucolytic treatments improve airflow in asthma.
⁇ coefficients indicate the change in dependent variables (e.g. FEV1 % predicted) for each level of segment score compared to the zero mucus score.
MBRT maximum bronchodilator reversibility test
SCRT Systemic corticosteroid responsiveness test
MDCT multidetector computerized tomography
Patients in the high mucus subgroup were older, had significantly lower scores on the Asthma Control Test, were more likely to be on treatment with inhaled or oral corticosteroids, were more likely to be classified as having severe asthma by ATS/ERS criteria, and had much lower values for FEV1 and FVC (Table 7) than patients in the low and zero mucus subgroups.
patients in the high mucus subgroup were more likely to report a history of nasal polyposis and to have undergone surgery for removal of nasal polyps or for treatment of chronic sinusitis (Table 1).
Low represents the group with mucus scores 0.5-3.5 and high represents the group with mucus scores ⁇ 4, based on the median score of 3.5 in the “mucus present” group.
the classification of asthma severity was determined using criteria developed by SARP (FIG. 8B)
the FEV1% was markedly lower in the high mucus group than the low and zero mucus groups at baseline (Table 7), but the absolute change in FEV1% following MBRT was not significantly different across the 3 mucus groups on visit 2 ( FIG. 4A ). Therefore, 73% of patients with a high mucus score had residual abnormalities in FEV1 (FEV1 less than 80% predicted) following MBRT, whereas only 20% of patients with a zero mucus score had residual FEV1 defects ( FIG. 4B ). Notably, all patients whose FEV1 was less than 60% predicted following the MBRT had mucus plugs on CT.
Sputum eosinophil % was considerably higher in the high mucus group than the low and zero mucus groups at baseline and did not decrease significantly in the high mucus group following the SCRT ( FIG. 4C ).
the Th2 gene mean in sputum cells was higher in the high mucus group than the low and zero mucus groups at baseline and did not decrease significantly in the high mucus group following the SCRT ( FIG. 4D ).
the high CT mucus score was an independent predictor of residual sputum eosinophilia after systemic corticosteroids in regression models that controlled for age and gender (Table 8).
⁇ coefficients indicate the change in dependent variables (e.g. FEV1 % predicted) for each level of segment score compared to the zero mucus score.
MBRT maximum bronchodilator reversibility test
SCRT Systemic corticosteroid responsiveness test
mucus occlusion of the airways in severe asthma occurs in the context of prominent type 2 inflammation.
interleukin 13 is a known regulator of mucin genes and goblet cells 18 19,20 , and type 2 inflammation could also promote mucus plug formation by reducing mucus clearance, either through stiffening the mucus gel 21 or by decreasing the function of cilia on airway epithelial cells 22,23 .
MDCT identifies mucus plugs in the lungs of a sizeable subgroup of patients with severe asthma who have poor asthma control and persistent lung dysfunction despite maximal treatment with bronchodilators and corticosteroids.
MDCT could be used to identify patients with mucus plugging and that this patient subgroup could be enrolled in clinical trials to test whether mucolytics and/or specific inhibitors of type 2 inflammation improve lung function and optimize disease control.
Model 1 adjusts for the covariate of age at screening
Model 2 adjusts for the covariates of age and gender
Model 3 adjusts for the covariates of age, gender and wall thickness
Model 4 adjusts for the covariates of age, gender and a mucus score-wall thickness interaction term
the (app) was designed to perform four coordinated functions to allow a user to generate a mucus from images captured in a multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scan of the lungs:

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