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US20190016685A1 - 1,3-diaza-spiro-[3.4]-octane derivatives - Google Patents

1,3-diaza-spiro-[3.4]-octane derivatives Download PDF

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Publication number
US20190016685A1
US20190016685A1 US16/033,446 US201816033446A US2019016685A1 US 20190016685 A1 US20190016685 A1 US 20190016685A1 US 201816033446 A US201816033446 A US 201816033446A US 2019016685 A1 US2019016685 A1 US 2019016685A1
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alkyl
dimethylamino
octan
diazaspiro
unsubstituted
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Inventor
Paul Ratcliffe
Ingo Konetzki
Nikolay SITNIKOV
Thomas Koch
Ruth Jostock
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Gruenenthal GmbH
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Gruenenthal GmbH
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Assigned to Grünenthal GmbH reassignment Grünenthal GmbH ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: JOSTOCK, RUTH, DR., KOCH, THOMAS, DR., Konetzki, Ingo, Dr., RATCLIFFE, PAUL, DR., SITNIKOV, NIKOLAY, DR.
Publication of US20190016685A1 publication Critical patent/US20190016685A1/en
Priority to US16/554,847 priority Critical patent/US10738015B2/en
Priority to US16/918,234 priority patent/US20200331864A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D235/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings
    • C07D235/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, condensed with other rings condensed with carbocyclic rings or ring systems
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing aromatic rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms

Definitions

  • the invention relates to 1,3-diaza-spiro-[3.4]-octane derivatives, their preparation and use in medicine, particularly in various neurological disorders, including but not limited to pain, neurodegenerative disorders, neuroinflammatory disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, substance abuse/dependence.
  • Opioid receptors are a group of Gi/o protein-coupled receptors which are widely distributed in the human body.
  • the opioid receptors are currently subdivided into four major classes, i.e. the three classical opioid receptors mu-opioid (MOP) receptor, kappa-opioid (KOP) receptor, and delta-opioid (DOP) receptor as well as the opioid receptor-like (ORL-1) receptor, which was more recently discovered based on its high homology with said classical opioid receptors.
  • MOP mu-opioid
  • KOP kappa-opioid
  • DOP delta-opioid
  • ORL-1 opioid receptor-like receptor
  • ORL-1 receptor After identification of the endogenous ligand of the ORL-1 receptor, known as nociceptin/orphanin FQ, a highly basic 17 amino acid peptide isolated from tissue extracts in 1995, the ORL-1 receptor was renamed “nociceptin opioid peptide receptor” and abbreviated as “NOP-receptor”.
  • the classical opioid receptors (MOP, KOP and DOP) as well as the NOP receptor are widely distributed/expressed in the human body, including in the brain, the spinal cord, on peripheral sensory neurons and the intestinal tract, wherein the distribution pattern differs between the different receptor classes.
  • Nociceptin acts at the molecular and cellular level in very much the same way as opioids. However, its pharmacological effects sometimes differ from, and even oppose those of opioids. NOP-receptor activation translates into a complex pharmacology of pain modulation, which, depending on route of administration, pain model and species involved, leads to either pronociceptive or antinociceptive activity. Furthermore, the NOP receptor system is upregulated under conditions of chronic pain. Systemic administration of selective NOP receptor agonists was found to exert a potent and efficacious analgesia in non-human primate models of acute and inflammatory pain in the absence of side effects.
  • NOP receptors The activation of NOP receptors has been demonstrated to be devoid of reinforcing effects but to inhibit opioid-mediated reward in rodents and non-human primates (Review: Schroeder et al, Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171 (16): 3777-3800, and references therein).
  • NOP receptor agonists might be useful inter alia in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders (Witkin et al, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 141 (2014) 283-299; Jenck et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 1997, 14854-14858).
  • the DOP receptor is also implicated to modulate not only pain but also neuropsychiatric disorders (Mabrouk et al, 2014; Pradhan et al., 2011).
  • MOP receptor agonists show only reduced effectiveness under conditions of chronic and neuropathic pain.
  • peripherally restricted opioid receptor ligands that do not easily cross the blood-brain barrier and therefore distribute poorly to the central nervous system (see for instance WO 2015/192039).
  • peripherally acting compounds might combine effective analgesia with limited side-effects.
  • a further approach has been to provide multi-opioid receptor analgesics that modulate more than one of the opioid receptor subtypes to provide additive or synergistic analgesia and/or reduced side effects like abuse liability or tolerance.
  • medicaments which are effective in the treatment of pain and which have advantages compared to the compounds of the prior art.
  • medicaments should contain such a small dose of active ingredient that satisfactory pain therapy can be ensured without the occurrence of intolerable treatment-emergent adverse events.
  • a first aspect of the invention relates to 1,3-diaza-spiro-[3.4]-octane derivatives according to general formula (I)
  • R 1 and R 2 independently of one another mean
  • aryl includes but is not limited to phenyl and naphthyl.
  • heteroaryl includes but is not limited to -1,2-benzodioxole, -pyrazinyl, -pyridazinyl, -pyridinyl, -pyrimidinyl, -thienyl, -imidazolyl, -benzimidazolyl, -thiazolyl, -1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, -benzothiazolyl, -oxazolyl, -benzoxazolyl, -pyrazolyl, -quinolinyl, -isoquinolinyl, -quinazolinyl, -indolyl, -indolinyl, -benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazolyl, -imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinyl, or -1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyri
  • asymmetric group such as —C( ⁇ O)O— or —C( ⁇ O)O—CH 2 —
  • said asymmetric group may be arranged in either direction.
  • R 4 when R 4 is connected to the core structure through —C( ⁇ O)O—, the arrangement may be either R 4 —C( ⁇ O)O-core or core-C( ⁇ O)O—R 4 .
  • R 6 and R 7 together mean ⁇ O such that the five membered ring is a hydantoin; and/or R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 independently of one another mean —H, —F, —OH, or —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl; preferably —H.
  • R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 , R 10 , and R 11 independently of one another mean —H, —F, —OH, or —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl; preferably —H.
  • R 1 means —H; and R 2 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 1 means —H and R 2 means —CH 3 .
  • R 1 means —CH 3 ; and R 2 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 1 means —CH 3 and R 2 means —CH 3 .
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring and mean —(CH 2 ) 3-6 —.
  • R 1 and R 2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring and mean —(CH 2 ) 3 — or —(CH 2 ) 4 —.
  • R 3 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 3 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or monosubstituted with —OCH 3 .
  • R 3 means a 6-14-membered aryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted, optionally connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted.
  • R 3 means -phenyl unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 3 means -phenyl unsubstituted, mono-, di- or trisubstituted with —F; —Cl; —Br; —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably —CH 3 ; —CF 3 ; —CHF 2 ; —CH 2 F; —CN; —OH; —OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably —OCH 3 ; —OCF 3 or —OCH 2 OCH 3 ; preferably —F.
  • R 3 means -phenyl unsubstituted or -phenyl monosubstituted with —F.
  • R 3 means -benzyl unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted. More preferably, R 3 means -benzyl unsubstituted, mono-, di- or trisubstituted with —F; —Cl; —Br; —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably —CH 3 ; —CF 3 ; —CHF 2 ; —CH 2 F; —CN; —OH; —OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably —OCH 3 ; —OCF 3 or —OCH 2 OCH 3 ; preferably —F.
  • R 3 means a 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 3 means -thienyl or -pyridinyl, in each case unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 3 means -thienyl, -pyridinyl, -imidazolyl or benzimidazolyl, in each case unsubstituted, mono-, di- or trisubstituted with —F; —Cl; —Br; —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably —CH 3 ; —CF 3 ; —CHF 2 ; —CH 2 F; —CN; —OH; —OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, preferably —OCH 3 ; —OCF 3 or —OCH 2 OCH 3 ; preferably —F.
  • R 4 means —H.
  • R 4 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 4 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or monosubstituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —CF 3 , —OH, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —OCF 3 , —O—(CH 2 CH 2 —O) 1-30 —H, —O—(CH 2 CH 2 —O) 1-30 —CH 3 , —OC( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl,
  • R 4 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or monosubstituted with —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl or —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 .
  • R 4 means a 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; wherein the 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety is connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 4 means a 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; preferably cyclopropyl or cyclobutyl; wherein said 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety is connected through —CH 2 — or —CH 2 CH 2 —.
  • R 4 means a 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and —S( ⁇ O) 2 C 1 -C 4 -alkyl; wherein said 3-12-membered cycloalkyl mo
  • R 4 means cyclopropyl, optionally monosubstituted with —F or —OH, and connected through —CH 2 —, or cyclobutyl, optionally monosubstituted with —F or —OH, and connected through —CH 2 —.
  • R 4 means a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; wherein said 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety is connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 4 means a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; wherein said 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety is connected through —CH 2 — or —CH 2 CH 2 —.
  • R 4 means -oxetanyl, -tetrahydrofuranyl or -tetrahydropyranyl, in each case unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and —S( ⁇ O) 2 C 1 -C 4 -alkyl; wherein said -
  • R 4 means a 6-14-membered aryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; wherein said 6-14-membered aryl moiety is connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 4 means -phenyl, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; wherein said -phenyl is connected through —CH 2 — or —CH 2 CH 2 —.
  • R 4 means -phenyl, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl,
  • R 4 means a 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; wherein said 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety is connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 4 means a 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; wherein said -phenyl is connected through —CH 2 — or —CH 2 CH 2 —.
  • R 4 means -pyridinyl, -pyrimidinyl, -pyrazinyl, or -pyrazolinyl, in each case unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and —S( ⁇ O) 2 C 1 -C 4 -alkyl; wherein
  • R 5 means —H.
  • R 5 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —O—(CH 2 CH 2 —O) 1-30 —H, —O—(CH 2 CH 2 —O) 1-30 —CH 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl
  • R 5 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or monosubstituted with —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —O—(CH 2 CH 2 —O) 1-30 —H, —O—(CH 2 CH 2 —O) 1-30 —CH 3 , —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl or —S( ⁇ O) 2 C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
  • R 5 is selected from the group consisting of —CH 2 —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —CH 2 CH 2 —S( ⁇ O) 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 OCH 3 , and —CH 2 CH 2 CN.
  • R 5 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl-(C ⁇ O)NR 12 R 13 , —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl-OC( ⁇ O)NR 12 R 13 , —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl-NR 12 R 13 , —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl-NR 14 —(CH 2 ) 1-6 —C( ⁇ O)NR 12 R 13 , —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl-NR 14 C( ⁇ O)—NR 12 R 13 , or —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl-S( ⁇ O) 2 NR 12 R 13 ; preferably —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl-(C ⁇ O)NR 12 R 13 ; wherein in each case said —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl- is linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three
  • R 5 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, monosubstituted with a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; wherein said 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety is optionally connected through —C ⁇ O—.
  • R 5 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl-(C ⁇ O)-3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 5 means —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-oxetanyl, —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-tetrahydrofuranyl, —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-tetrahydropyranyl, —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-oxetanyl, —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-tetrahydrofuranyl, —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-tetrahydropyranyl, —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-piperidinyl, —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-piperazinyl, —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-morpholinyl, —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-thiomorpholinyl, —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-1-oxo-thiomorpholinyl, or —CH 2 —( ⁇ O)-1,1-dioxo-thiomorpholinyl, in each case unsubstituted or substituted with
  • R 5 means a 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-OH, —O—(CH 2 CH 2 —O) 1-30 —H, —O—(CH 2 CH 2 —O) 1-30 —CH 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl,
  • —C( ⁇ O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , —NH 2 , —NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , —NHC( ⁇ O)—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl)C( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —S( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and —S( ⁇ O) 2 C 1 -C 4 -alkyl; wherein said 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety is optionally connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, un
  • R 5 means a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-OH, —O—(CH 2 CH 2 —O) 1-30 —H, —O—(CH 2 CH 2 —O) 1-30 —CH 3 , —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)
  • R 5 means -oxetanyl, -tetrahydrofuranyl, -tetrahydropyranyl, -piperidinyl, -piperazinyl, -morpholinyl or -thiomorpholinyl, in each case unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)C 1 -C
  • R 5 means -phenyl, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; wherein said phenyl is optionally connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; or wherein said phenyl is optionally connected through —C( ⁇ O)—, —C( ⁇ O)O—, —C( ⁇ O)O—CH 2 —, or —S( ⁇ O) 2 —.
  • R 5 means -phenyl unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; —CN; —OH; —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl; —C(CH 3 ) 20 H; —CF 3 ; -3-12-membered cycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; preferably -cyclopropyl, saturated, unsubstituted; -3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; preferably
  • R 5 means phenyl or benzyl, in each case unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —CH 3 , —C(CH 3 ) 2 OH, and -morpholinyl.
  • R 5 means -1,2-benzodioxole, -pyrazinyl, -pyridazinyl, -pyridinyl, -pyrimidinyl, -thienyl, -imidazolyl, -benzimidazolyl, -thiazolyl, -1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, -benzothiazolyl, -oxazolyl, -benzoxazolyl, -pyrazolyl, -quinolinyl, -isoquinolinyl, -quinazolinyl, -indolyl, -indolinyl, -benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazolyl, -imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazinyl, or -1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, in each case unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted
  • R 5 means -pyrazinyl, -pyridazinyl, -pyridinyl, -pyrimidinyl, or -thienyl, in each case unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F; —Cl; —Br; —I; —CN; —OH; —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl; —CF 3 ; -3-12-membered cycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; preferably -cyclopropyl, saturated, unsubstituted; -3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; preferably -pyrrolidinyl, -piperidinyl, -morpholinyl,
  • -piperazinyl, -thiomorpholinyl, or -thiomorpholinyl dioxide in each case saturated, unsubstituted or monosubstituted with —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl; -6-14-membered aryl, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; preferably -phenyl, unsubstituted; —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl; —S—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl; —C( ⁇ O)OH; —C( ⁇ O)O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl; —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 ; —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl; —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 ; —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl)(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl-
  • R 5 means -pyridinyl, —CH 2 -pyridinyl, or -pyrimidinyl, in each case unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —CN, —CH 3 , —CHF 2 , —C(CH 3 ) 2 OH, —OCH 3 , —OCF 3 , -cyclopropyl, -morpholinyl, -azetanyl, and -pyridyl.
  • R 5 means a bicyclic 9-10-membered heteroaryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R 5 means imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine, unsubstituted or monosubstituted with —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
  • R 1 means —H or —CH 3
  • R 2 means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated, unsubstituted; -cyclopropyl; or -cyclopropylmethylene; or R 1 and R 2 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a ring and mean -azetidine or -pyrrolidine
  • R 3 means -phenyl, -thienyl or -pyridinyl, in each case unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —CN, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —CH 3 , —CH 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —OCF 3 , —OH, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —
  • the compound according to the invention has a structure according to any of general formulas (II-A) to (VI-F):
  • R C means —H, —OH, —F, —CN or —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl; preferably —H or —OH;
  • R D means —H or —F; or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the compound according to the invention preferably the compound according to any of general formulas (II-A) to (VI-F), has a structure wherein R 5 means
  • R G and R H independently of one another mean —H or —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl; preferably —H or —CH 3 ; or R G and R H together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; preferably cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl or cyclopentyl, in each case unsubstituted; or a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; preferably oxetanly, tetrahydrofuranyl or tetrahydropyranyl, in each case unsubstituted; and/or R I , R J , independently of one another mean —H, —F, —OH, or —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl
  • R E means —H.
  • R E means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R E means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R E means —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated, unsubstituted or monosubstituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and —S( ⁇ O) 2 C 1 -C 4 -alkyl.
  • a substituent selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH,
  • R E means a 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted, wherein said 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety is optionally connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; preferably through —CH 2 — or —CH 2 CH 2 —.
  • R E means a 3-6-membered cycloalkyl moiety, saturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted, wherein said 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety is connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, linear or branched, saturated, unsubstituted. More preferably, R E means -cyclobutyl, unsubstituted or monosubstituted with —F, —OH, —CN or —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, wherein said -cyclobutyl is connected through —CH 2 — or —CH 2 CH 2 —.
  • R E means a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; wherein said 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety is optionally connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R E means a 4-6-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted. More preferably, R E means -heterocyclobutyl, unsubstituted.
  • R E means a 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; wherein said 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety is optionally connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R E means a 5-6-membered heteroaryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted, wherein said 5-6-membered heteroaryl moiety is optionally connected through —CH 2 —.
  • R E means a 5-6-membered heteroaryl moiety, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , —S( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and —S( ⁇ O) 2 C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, wherein said 5-6-membered heteroaryl moiety is optionally connected through —CH 2 —
  • R E means -oxazolyl, -pyridinyl, -pyridazinyl or -pyrimidinyl, in each case unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of —F, —Cl, Br, —I, —CN, —OH, —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —O—C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)OH, —C( ⁇ O)OC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C( ⁇ O)NHC 1 -C 4 -alkyl, —C( ⁇ O)N(C 1 -C 4 -alkyl) 2 , S( ⁇ O)C 1 -C 4 -alkyl and —S( ⁇ O) 2 C 1 -C 4 -alkyl, wherein said -oxazolyl
  • X means NR F and R E and R F together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • X means NR F and R E and R F together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form a 5-6-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • X means NR F and R E and R F together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached form -pyrrolidinyl, -pyrimidinyl, -morpholinyl, -thiomorpholinyl, -thiomorpholinyl dioxide, or -piperazinyl, in each case unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, three or four substituents independently of one another selected from the group consisting of ⁇ O, —OH, and —C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , wherein said -pyrrolidinyl, -pyrimidinyl, -morpholinyl, -thiomorpholinyl, -thiomorpholinyl dioxide, or -piperazinyl is optionally condensed with an imidazole moiety, unsubstituted.
  • R E means
  • X means NR F and R F means —H or —C 1 -C 6 -alkyl, linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • R F means —H or —CH 3 . More preferably, R F means —H.
  • R 5 has a meaning selected from the group consisting of:
  • Preferred compounds according to the invention are selected from the group consisting of:
  • —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl can be linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated.
  • Linear saturated alkyl includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-pentyl and n-hexyl.
  • branched saturated alkyl include but are not limited to iso-propyl, sec-butyl, and tert-butyl.
  • linear unsaturated alkyl include but are not limited to vinyl, propenyl, allyl, and propargyl.
  • —C 1 -C 4 -alkyl can be unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • substituted alkyl examples include but are not limited to —CH 2 CH 2 OH, —CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , —CH 2 CH 2 S( ⁇ O) 2 CH 3 , —CH 2 C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —C(CH 3 ) 2 C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , —CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 C( ⁇ O)NH 2 , and —CH 2 CH 2 C( ⁇ O)N(CH 3 ) 2 .
  • —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene- can be unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • saturated alkylene examples include but are not limited to —CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )CH 2 —, —CH 2 CH(CH 3 )—, —CH(CH 3 )—CH(CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 —, —CH 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH(CH 3 )C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —C(CH 3 ) 2 CH(CH 3 )—, C(CH 3 ) 2 C(CH 3 ) 2 —, —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —, and —C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 2 —.
  • unsaturated alkylene examples include but are not limited to —CH ⁇ CH—, —C ⁇ C—, —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ CH—, —CH ⁇ C(CH 3 )—, —C(CH 3 ) ⁇ C(CH 3 )—, —CH 2 CH ⁇ CH—, —CH ⁇ CHCH 2 —, —CH ⁇ CH—CH ⁇ CH—, and —CH ⁇ CH—C ⁇ C—.
  • —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene- can be unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • substituted —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene- include but are not limited to —CHF—, —CF 2 —, —CHOH— and —C( ⁇ O)—.
  • moieties may be connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, i.e. the moieties may not be directly bound to the core structure of compound according to general formula (I), but may be connected to the core structure of compound according to general formula (I) or its periphery through a —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-linker.
  • 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety means a non-aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic moiety comprising 3 to 12 ring carbon atoms but no heteroatoms in the ring.
  • preferred saturated 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moieties according to the invention include but are not limited to cyclopropane, cyclobutane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane, hydrindane, and decaline.
  • Examples of preferred unsaturated 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety moieties according to the invention include but are not limited to cyclopropene, cyclobutene, cyclopentene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, and 1,4-cyclohexadiene.
  • the 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety which is bonded to the compound according to the invention, in its periphery may optionally be condensed with a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; and/or with a 6-14-membered aryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; and/or with a 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • the ring atoms of the condensed moieties are not included in the 3 to 12 ring atoms of the 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety.
  • 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moieties condensed with 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moieties include but are not limited to octahydro-1H-indol, decahydroquinoline, decahydroisoquinoline, octahydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazin, and decahydroquinoxalin, which in each case are connected through the 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety.
  • 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moieties condensed with 6-14-membered aryl moieties include but are not limited to 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene and tetraline, which in each case are connected through the 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety.
  • 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moieties condensed with 5-14-membered heteroaryl moieties include but are not limited to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline, which in each case are connected through the 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety.
  • the 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety may optionally be connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, i.e. the 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety may not be directly bound to the compound according to general formula (I) but may be connected thereto through a —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-linker.
  • Examples include but are not limited to —CH 2 -cyclopropyl, —CH 2 -cyclobutyl, —CH 2 -cyclopentyl, —CH 2 -cyclohexyl, —CH 2 CH 2 -cyclopropyl, —CH 2 CH 2 -cyclobutyl, —CH 2 CH 2 -cyclopentyl, and —CH 2 CH 2 -cyclohexyl.
  • the 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety can be unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • substituted 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moieties include but are not limited to —CH 2 -1-hydroxy-cyclobutyl.
  • “3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety” means a non-aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic moiety comprising 3 to 12 ring atoms, wherein each cycle comprises independently of one another 1, 2, 3, 4 or more heteroatoms independently of one another selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, whereas sulfur may be oxidized (S( ⁇ O) or (S( ⁇ O) 2 ), whereas the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms, and whereas bicyclic or tricyclic systems may share common heteroatom(s).
  • Examples of preferred saturated 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moieties according to the invention include but are not limited to aziridin, azetidine, pyrrolidine, imidazolidine, pyrazolidine, piperidine, piperazine, triazolidine, tetrazolidine, oxiran, oxetane, tetrahydrofurane, tetrahydropyrane, thiirane, thietane, tetrahydrothiophene, diazepane, oxazolidine, isoxazolidine, thiazolidine, isothiazolidine, thiadiazolidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine.
  • Examples of preferred unsaturated 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety moieties according to the invention include but are not limited to oxazoline, pyrazoline, imidazoline, isoxazoline, thiazoline, isothiazoline, and dihydropyran.
  • the 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety which is bonded to the compound according to the invention, in its periphery may optionally be condensed with a 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; and/or with a 6-14-membered aryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; and/or with a 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • the ring atoms of the condensed moieties are not included in the 3 to 12 ring atoms of the 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moieties.
  • 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moieties condensed with 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moieties include but are not limited to octahydro-1H-indol, decahydroquinoline, decahydroisoquinoline, octahydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]-oxazin, and decahydroquinoxalin, which in each case are connected through the 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety.
  • An examples of a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety condensed with a 6-14-membered aryl moiety includes but is not limited to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, which is connected through the 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety.
  • An example of a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety condensed with a 5-14-membered heteroaryl moieties includes but is not limited to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine, which is connected through the 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety.
  • the 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety may optionally be connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, i.e. the 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety may not be directly bound to the compound according to general formula (I) but may be connected thereto through a —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-linker.
  • Said linker may be connected to a carbon ring atom or to a hetero ring atom of the 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety.
  • Examples include but are not limited to —CH 2 -oxetane, —CH 2 -pyrrolidine, —CH 2 -piperidine, —CH 2 -morpholine, —CH 2 CH 2 -oxetane, —CH 2 CH 2 -pyrrolidine, —CH 2 CH 2 -piperidine, and —CH 2 CH 2 -morpholine.
  • the 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety can be unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • substituted 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moieties include but are not limited to 2-carboxamido-N-pyrrolidinyl-, 3,4-dihydroxy-N-pyrrolidinyl, 3-hydroxy-N-pyrimidinyl, 3,4-dihydroxy-N-pyrimidinyl, 3-oxo-N-piperazinyl, -tetrahydro-2H-thiopyranyl dioxide and thiomorpholinyl dioxide.
  • 6-14-membered aryl moiety means an aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic moiety comprising 6 to 14 ring carbon atoms but no heteroatoms in the ring.
  • 6-14-membered aryl moieties according to the invention include but are not limited to benzene, naphthalene, anthracen, and phenanthren.
  • the 6-14-membered aryl moiety, which is bonded to the compound according to the invention, in its periphery may optionally be condensed with a 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; and/or with a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; and/or with a 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • the ring atoms of the condensed moieties are not included in the 6 to 14 ring carbon atoms of the 6-14-membered heterocycloalkyl moieties.
  • 6-14-membered aryl moieties condensed with 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moieties include but are not limited to 2,3-dihydro-1H-indene and tetraline, which in each case are connected through the 6-14-membered aryl moiety.
  • 6-14-membered aryl moiety condensed with a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety includes but is not limited to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline, which is connected through the 6-14-membered aryl moiety.
  • 6-14-membered aryl moieties condensed with 5-14-membered heteroaryl moieties include but are not limited to quinoline, isoquinoline, phenazine and phenoxacine, which in each case are connected through the 6-14-membered aryl moiety.
  • the 6-14-membered aryl moiety may optionally be connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, i.e. the 6-14-membered aryl moiety may not be directly bound to the compound according to general formula (I) but may be connected thereto through a —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-linker.
  • Said linker may be connected to a carbon ring atom or to a hetero ring atom of the 6-14-membered aryl moiety. Examples include but are not limited to —CH 2 —C 6 H 5 , —CH 2 CH 2 —C 6 H 5 and —CH ⁇ CH—C 6 H 5 .
  • the 6-14-membered aryl moiety can be unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • substituted 6-14-membered aryl moieties include but are not limited to 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl and 3-methoxyphenyl.
  • “5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety” means an aromatic, monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic moiety comprising 6 to 14 ring atoms, wherein each cycle comprises independently of one another 1, 2, 3, 4 or more heteroatoms independently of one another selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, whereas the remaining ring atoms are carbon atoms, and whereas bicyclic or tricyclic systems may share common heteroatom(s).
  • Examples of preferred 5-14-membered heteroaryl moieties according to the invention include but are not limited to pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, tetrazole, furane, thiophene, oxazole, isoxazole, thiazole, isothiazole, pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, indolicine, 9H-chinolicine, 1,8-naphthyridine, purine, imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine, and pteridine.
  • the 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety which is bonded to the compound according to the invention, in its periphery may optionally be condensed with a 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; and/or with a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety, saturated or unsaturated, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted; and/or with a 6-14-membered aryl moiety, unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • the ring atoms of the condensed moieties are not included in the 6 to 14 ring carbon atoms of the 6-14-membered heterocycloalkyl moieties.
  • 5-14-membered heteroaryl moieties condensed with 3-12-membered cycloalkyl moieties include but are not limited to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline, which in each case are connected through the 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety.
  • 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety condensed with a 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl moiety includes but is not limited to 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine, which is connected through the 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety.
  • 5-14-membered heteroaryl moieties condensed with 6-14-membered aryl moieties include but are not limited to quinoline, isoquinoline, phenazine and phenoxacine, which in each case are connected through the 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety.
  • the 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety may optionally be connected through —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-, i.e. the 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety may not be directly bound to the compound according to general formula (I) but may be connected thereto through a —C 1 -C 6 -alkylene-linker.
  • Said linker may be connected to a carbon ring atom or to a hetero ring atom of the 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety.
  • Examples include but are not limited to —CH 2 -oxazole, —CH 2 -isoxazole, —CH 2 -imidazole, —CH 2 -pyridine, —CH 2 -pyrimidine, —CH 2 -pyridazine, —CH 2 CH 2 -oxazole, —CH 2 CH 2 -isoxazole, —CH 2 CH 2 -imidazole, —CH 2 CH 2 -pyridine, —CH 2 CH 2 -pyrimidine, and —CH 2 CH 2 -pyridazine.
  • the 5-14-membered heteroaryl moiety can be unsubstituted, mono- or polysubstituted.
  • 5-14-membered heteroaryl moieties include but are not limited to 2-methoxy-4-pyridinyl, 2-methoxy-5-pyridinyl, 3-methoxy-4-pyridinyl, 3-methoxy-6-pyridinyl, 4-methoxy-2-pyridinyl, 2-methylsulfonyl-5-pyridinyl, 3-methylsulfonyl-6-pyridinyl, 3-methoxy-6-pyridazinyl, 2-nitrilo-5-pyrimidinyl, 4-hydroxy-2-pyrimidinyl, 4-methoxy-pyrimidinyl, 4-methoxy-pyrimidinyl-2-carbonitrile, and 2-methoxy-6-pyrazinyl.
  • the compounds according to the invention have a structure according to general formula (I′) or (I′′)
  • R 1 to R 11 are defined as above, or a physiologically acceptable salt thereof
  • the excess of the cis-isomer so designated is at least 50% de, more preferably at least 75% de, yet more preferably at least 90% de, most preferably at least 95% de and in particular at least 99% de.
  • Preferred compounds according to the invention are selected from the group consisting of:
  • the compounds according to the invention are in the form of the free bases.
  • the compounds according to the invention are in the form of the physiologically acceptable salts.
  • salt is to be understood as being any form of the compound in which it assumes an ionic form or is charged and is coupled with a counter-ion (a cation or anion) or is in solution.
  • the term is also to be understood as meaning complexes of the compound with other molecules and ions, in particular complexes which are associated via ionic interactions.
  • Preferred salts are physiologically acceptable, in particular physiologically acceptable salts with anions or acids or also a salt formed with a physiologically acceptable acid.
  • Physiologically acceptable salts with anions or acids are salts of the particular compound in question with inorganic or organic acids which are physiologically acceptable, in particular when used in humans and/or mammals.
  • physiologically acceptable salts of particular acids include but are not limited to salts of hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and acetic acid.
  • the invention also includes isotopic isomers of a compound according to the invention, wherein at least one atom of the compound is replaced by an isotope of the respective atom which is different from the naturally predominantly occurring isotope, as well as any mixtures of isotopic isomers of such a compound.
  • Preferred isotopes are 2 H (deuterium), 3 H (tritium), 13 C and 14 C.
  • Certain compounds according to the invention are useful for modulating a pharmacodynamic response from one or more opioid receptors (mu, delta, kappa, NOP/ORL-1) either centrally or peripherally, or both.
  • the pharmacodynamic response may be attributed to the compound either stimulating (agonizing) or inhibiting (antagonizing) the one or more receptors.
  • Certain compounds according to the invention may antagonize one opioid receptor, while also agonizing one or more other receptors.
  • Compounds according to the invention having agonist activity may be either full agonists or partial agonists.
  • agonists compounds that bind to receptors and mimic the regulatory effects of endogenous ligands are defined as “agonists”.
  • antagonists Compounds that bind to a receptor but produce no regulatory effect, but rather block the binding of ligands to the receptor, are defined as “antagonists”.
  • the compounds according to the invention are agonists at the mu opioid (MOP) and/or kappa opioid (KOP) and/or delta opioid (DOP) and/or nociceptin opioid (NOP/ORL-1) receptors.
  • MOP mu opioid
  • KOP kappa opioid
  • DOP delta opioid
  • NOP/ORL-1 nociceptin opioid
  • the compounds according to the invention potently bind to the MOP and/or KOP and/or DOP and/or NOP receptors.
  • the compounds according to the invention can be modulators at the MOP and/or KOP and/or DOP and/or NOP receptors, and therefore the compounds according to the invention can be used/administered to treat, ameliorate, or prevent pain.
  • the compounds according to the invention are agonists of one or more opioid receptors. In some embodiments, the compounds according to the invention are agonists of the MOP and/or KOP and/or DOP and/or NOP receptors.
  • the compounds according to the invention are antagonists of one or more opioid receptors. In some embodiments, the compounds according to the invention are antagonists of the MOP and/or KOP and/or DOP and/or NOP receptors.
  • the compounds according to the invention have both, (i) agonist activity at the NOP receptor; and (ii) agonist activity at one or more of the MOP, KOP, and DOP receptors.
  • the compounds according to the invention have both, (i) agonist activity at the NOP receptor; and (ii) antagonist activity at one or more of the MOP, KOP, and DOP receptors.
  • the compounds according to the invention have both, (i) antagonist activity at the NOP receptor; and (ii) agonist activity at one or more of the MOP, KOP, and DOP receptors.
  • the compounds according to the invention have both, (i) antagonist activity at the NOP receptor; and (ii) antagonist activity at one or more of the MOP, KOP, and DOP receptors.
  • the compounds according to the invention have selective agonist activity at the NOP receptor. In some embodiments, preferably with respect to receptors of the peripheral nervous system, the compounds according to the invention
  • the compounds according to the invention have balanced agonist activity at the NOP receptor as well as at the MOP receptor. In some embodiments, preferably with respect to receptors of the peripheral nervous system, the compounds according to the invention
  • the compounds according to the invention have balanced agonist activity at the NOP receptor as well as at the KOP receptor. In some embodiments, preferably with respect to receptors of the peripheral nervous system, the compounds according to the invention
  • the compounds according to the invention have balanced agonist activity at the NOP receptor as well as at the DOP receptor. In some embodiments, preferably with respect to receptors of the peripheral nervous system, the compounds according to the invention
  • the compounds according to the invention have selective agonist activity at the KOP receptor. In some embodiments, preferably with respect to receptors of the peripheral nervous system, the compounds according to the invention
  • the compounds according to the invention have agonist activity at the MOP receptor, agonist activity at the KOP receptor, and antagonist activity at the DOP receptor. In some embodiments, preferably with respect to receptors of the peripheral nervous system, the compounds according to the invention
  • the compounds according to the invention have selective agonist activity at the NOP receptor. In some embodiments, preferably with respect to receptors of the central nervous system, the compounds according to the invention
  • the compounds according to the invention have selective antagonist activity at the NOP receptor. In some embodiments, preferably with respect to receptors of the central nervous system, the compounds according to the invention
  • the compounds according to the invention have antagonist activity at the NOP receptor as well as agonist activity at the DOP receptor. In some embodiments, preferably with respect to receptors of the central nervous system, the compounds according to the invention
  • no significant activity means that the activity (agonist/antagonist) of the given compound at this receptor is lower by a factor of 1000 or more compared to its activity (agonist/antagonist) at one or more of the other opioid receptors.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to the compounds according to the invention as medicaments.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to the compounds according to the invention for use in the treatment of pain.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating pain comprising the administration of a pain alleviating amount of a compound according to the invention to a subject in need thereof, preferably to a human.
  • the pain is preferably acute or chronic.
  • the pain is preferably nociceptive or neuropathic.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to the compounds according to the invention for use in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, neuroinflammatory disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, and substance abuse/dependence.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to a method of treating any one of the aforementioned disorders, diseases or conditions comprising the administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a compound according to the invention to a subject in need thereof, preferably to a human.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition which contains a physiologically acceptable carrier and at least one compound according to the invention.
  • the composition according to the invention is solid, liquid or pasty; and/or contains the compound according to the invention in an amount of from 0.001 to 99 wt. %, preferably from 1.0 to 70 wt. %, based on the total weight of the composition.
  • composition according to the invention can optionally contain suitable additives and/or auxiliary substances and/or optionally further active ingredients.
  • physiologically acceptable carriers examples include fillers, solvents, diluents, colorings and/or binders. These substances are known to the person skilled in the art (see H. P. Fiedler, Lexikon der Hilfsstoffe fur Pharmazie, Kosmetik and angrenzende füre, Editio Cantor Aulendoff).
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention contains the compound according to the invention in an amount of preferably from 0.001 to 99 wt. %, more preferably from 0.1 to 90 wt. %, yet more preferably from 0.5 to 80 wt. %, most preferably from 1.0 to 70 wt. % and in particular from 2.5 to 60 wt. %, based on the total weight of the pharmaceutical composition.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention is preferably for systemic, topical or local administration, preferably for oral administration.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical dosage form which contains the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention is produced for administration twice daily, for administration once daily or for administration less frequently than once daily.
  • Administration is preferably systemic, in particular oral.
  • the pharmaceutical dosage form according to the invention can be administered, for example, as a liquid dosage form in the form of injection solutions, drops or juices, or as a semi-solid dosage form in the form of granules, tablets, pellets, patches, capsules, plasters/spray-on plasters or aerosols.
  • auxiliary substances etc. and the amounts thereof to be used depend on whether the form of administration is to be administered orally, perorally, parenterally, intravenously, intraperitoneally, intradermally, intramuscularly, intranasally, buccally, rectally or locally, for example to the skin, the mucosa or into the eyes.
  • compositions in the form of tablets, dragees, capsules, granules, drops, juices and syrups are suitable for oral administration, and solutions, suspensions, readily reconstitutable dry preparations and also sprays are suitable for parenteral, topical and inhalatory administration.
  • the amount of the compounds according to the invention to be administered to the patient varies in dependence on the weight of the patient, on the type of administration, on the indication and on the severity of the disease. Usually, from 0.00005 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, preferably from 0.001 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, of at least one compound according to the invention is administered.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a process for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention. Suitable processes for the synthesis of the compounds according to the invention are known in principle to the person skilled in the art.
  • RT room temperature (23 ⁇ 7° C.)
  • M are indications of concentration in mol/l
  • aq.” means aqueous
  • sat.” means saturated
  • sol.” means solution
  • conc.” means concentrated.
  • the mixing ratios of solvents or eluents for chromatography are specified in v/v.
  • reaction mixture was cooled in an ice-bath and carefully quenched with water (2 mL) and diluted with brine (100 mL) and EtOAc (20 mL). Layers were partitioned and the water layer was extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 20 mL). Combined organic layers were washed with brine and dried over Na 2 SO 4 (s). Filtration followed by in vacuo filtrate concentration gave a colorless oil as crude product.
  • the mixture was then diluted with brine and DCM. Layers were separated using a phase separator and the aqueous phase was extracted with DCM (2 ⁇ 15 mL). The combined organic layers were concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the crude product as a brownish sticky oil.
  • the crude product was subjected to a purification by flash column chromatography (12 g silica, gradient DCM/MeOH, 199:1 ⁇ 97:3) affording a more pure product.
  • reaction mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 16 h.
  • the reaction completion was monitored by LC-MS.
  • the reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C., quenched with sat. aq. NaHCO 3 and diluted with 10% methanol in DCM and filtered through celite bed. The filtrate was washed with 10% methanol in dichloromethane and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford crude compound.
  • reaction mixture was combined with a reaction mixture obtained from another experiment which started from cis-2-(dimethylamino)-2-phenyl-5,7-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-6-one (INT-14) (41 mg, 0.167 mmol) using the described procedure.
  • H 2 O (10 mL) was added and the aqueous layer was extracted with DCM (3 ⁇ 10 mL) and DCM/7 M NH 3 in MeOH, 9:1 (3 ⁇ 10 mL). Organic layers were combined, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and evaporated under reduced pressure.
  • the product was subjected to flash chromatography (28 g silica, gradient DCM/(7 M NH 3 in MeOH), 1:0 to 95:5).
  • TLC-impure fractions were combined and subjected to flash chromatography again (28 g silica, gradient DCM/(7 M NH 3 in MeOH), 97:3 to 95:5), to result in impure product which was triturated with MeOH (2 ⁇ 2 mL).
  • This batch of product was combined with the TLC-pure batch of the first flash column. The resulting batch was triturated with MeOH (ca. 2 mL).
  • Step 2 cis-5-(cyclobutylmethyl)-2-(dimethylamino)-7-(2-(1,1-dioxidothiomorpholino)-2-oxoethyl)-2-phenyl-5,7-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-6-one (SC-6)
  • Step 1 cis-5-(2-(dimethylamino)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-6-oxo-5,7-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-7-yl)-4-methylpicolinonitrile (SC-14)
  • Step 2 cis-5-(5-(cyclopropylmethyl)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-6-oxo-5,7-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-7-yl)-4-methylpicolinonitrile (SC-15)
  • Step 2 cis-7-(6-(difluoromethyl)-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)-2-(dimethylamino)-2-(3-fluorophenyl)-5,7-diazaspiro[3.4]octan-6-one (SC-22)
  • reaction mixture was stirred further 19h at RT and concentrated to dryness.
  • the solid residue was taken up in water (10 mL)/ethyl acetate (20 mL), organic phase separated and aqueous phase extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried over Na 2 SO 4 (s) and concentrated to dryness.
  • hMOP human mu-opioid receptor
  • hKOP human kappa-opioid receptor
  • hDOP human delta-opioid receptor
  • hNOP human nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptor
  • the hMOP receptor binding assay was performed as homogeneous SPA-assay (scintillation proximity assay) using the assay buffer 50 mM TRIS-HCl (pH 7.4) supplemented with 0.052 mg/ml bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich Co. St. Louis. Mo.).
  • the final assay volume 250 ⁇ l/well was included 1 nM of [N-allyl-2.3- 3 H]naloxone as ligand (PerkinElmer Life Sciences. Inc. Boston. Mass. USA) and either test compound in dilution series or 25 ⁇ M unlabelled naloxone for determination of unspecific binding.
  • the test compound was diluted with 25% DMSO in H 2 O to yield a final 0.5% DMSO concentration which also served as a respective vehicle control.
  • the assay was started by adding wheat germ agglutinin coated SPA beads (GE Healthcare UK Ltd. Buckinghamshire. UK) which had been preloaded with hMOP receptor membranes (PerkinElmer Life Sciences. Inc. Boston. Mass. USA). After incubation for 90 minutes at RT and centrifugation for 20 minutes at 500 rpm the signal rate was measured by means of a 1450 Microbeta Trilux ß-counter (PerkinElmer Life Sciences/Wallac. Turku. Finland). Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values reflecting 50% displacement of [ 3 H]naloxone-specific receptor binding were calculated by nonlinear regression analysis and Ki values were calculated by using the Cheng-Prusoff equation. (Cheng and Prusoff. 1973).
  • the hKOP receptor binding assay is run as homogeneous SPA-assay (scintillation proximity assay) using the assay buffer 50 mM TRIS-HCl (pH 7.4) supplemented with 0.076 mg BSA/ml.
  • the final assay volume of 250 ⁇ l per well includes 2 nM of [ 3 H]U69,593 as ligand, and either test compound in dilution series or 100 ⁇ M unlabelled naloxone for determination of unspecific binding.
  • the test compound is diluted with 25% DMSO in H 2 O to yield a final 0.5% DMSO concentration which serves as respective vehicle control, as well.
  • the assays are started by the addition of wheat germ agglutinin coated SPA beads (1 mg SPA beads/250 ⁇ l final assay volume per well) which has been preloaded for 15 minutes at room temperature with hKOP receptor membranes (14.8 ⁇ g/250 ⁇ l final assay volume per well). After short mixing on a mini-shaker, the microtiter plates are covered with a lid and the assay plates are incubated for 90 minutes at room temperature. After this incubation, the microtiter plates are sealed with a topseal and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 500 rpm.
  • the signal rate is measured after a short delay of 5 minutes by means of a 1450 Microbeta Trilux ß-counter (PerkinElmer Life Sciences/Wallac, Turku, Finland).
  • Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values reflecting 50% displacement of [ 3 H]U69.593-specific receptor binding are calculated by nonlinear regression analysis and K i values are calculated by using the Cheng-Prusoff equation, (Cheng and Prusoff, 1973).
  • the hDOP receptor binding assay is performed as homogeneous SPA-assay using the assay buffer 50 mM TRIS-HCl, 5 mM MgCl 2 (pH 7.4).
  • the final assay volume (250 ⁇ l/well) includes 1 nM of [Tyrosyl-3,5- 3 H]2-D-Ala-deltorphin II as ligand, and either test compound in dilution series or 10 ⁇ M unlabelled naloxone for determination of unspecific binding.
  • the test compound is diluted with 25% DMSO in H 2 O to yield a final 0.5% DMSO concentration which serves as respective vehicle control, as well.
  • the assays are started by the addition of wheat germ agglutinin coated SPA beads (1 mg SPA beads/250 ⁇ l final assay volume per well) which has been preloaded for 15 minutes at room temperature with hDOP receptor membranes (15.2 ⁇ g/250 ⁇ l final assay volume per well). After short mixing on a mini-shaker, the microtiter plates are covered with a lid and the assay plates are incubated for 120 minutes at room temperature and centrifuged for 20 minutes at 500 rpm. The signal rate is measured by means of a 1450 Microbeta Trilux ß-counter (PerkinElmer Life Sciences/Wallac, Turku, Finland).
  • IC50 Half-maximal inhibitory concentration
  • the hNOP receptor binding assay was performed as homogeneous SPA-assay (scintillation proximity assay) using the assay buffer 50 mM TRIS-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM EDTA (pH 7.4).
  • the final assay volume (250 ⁇ l/well) included 0.5 nM of [leucyl- 3 H]nociceptin as ligand (PerkinElmer Life Sciences. Inc. Boston. Mass. USA) and either test compound in dilution series or 1 ⁇ M unlabelled nociceptin for determination of unspecific binding.
  • the test compound was diluted with 25% DMSO in H 2 O to yield a final 0.5% DMSO concentration which also served as a respective vehicle control.
  • the assay was started by adding wheat germ agglutinin coated SPA beads (GE Healthcare UK Ltd. Buckinghamshire. UK) which had been preloaded with hNOP receptor membranes (PerkinElmer Life Sciences. Inc. Boston. Mass. USA). After incubation for 60 minutes at RT and centrifugation for 20 minutes at 500 rpm the signal rate was measured by means of a 1450 Microbeta Trilux ß-counter (PerkinElmer Life Sciences/Wallac. Turku. Finland). Half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values reflecting 50% displacement of [ 3 H]nociceptin-specific receptor binding were calculated by nonlinear regression analysis and Ki values were calculated by using the Cheng-Prusoff equation. (Cheng and Prusoff. 1973).
  • the [ 35 S]GTP ⁇ S assays are carried out essentially as described by Gillen et al (2000). They are run as homogeneous scintillation proximity (SPA) assays in microtiter luminescence plates, where each well contains 1.5 mg of WGA-coated SPA-beads.
  • SPA scintillation proximity
  • hNOP hMOP
  • hDOP hKOP receptor expressing cell membranes from CHO-K1 or HEK293 cells
  • 10 or 5 ⁇ g membrane protein per assay are incubated with 0.4 nM [ 35 S]GTP ⁇ S and serial concentrations of receptor-specific agonists in buffer containing 20 mM HEPES pH 7.4, 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM EDTA, 1 mM dithiothreitol, 1.28 mM NaN 3 , and 10 ⁇ M GDP for 45 min at room temperature.
  • microtiter plates are then centrifuged for 10 min at 830 g to sediment the SPA beads.
  • the microtiter plates are sealed and the bound radioactivity [cpm] is determined after a delay of 15 min by means of a 1450 Microbeta Trilux (PerkinElmer, Waltham, Mass.).
  • the unstimulated basal binding activity (UBS obs [cpm]) is determined from 12 unstimulated incubates and is set as 100% basal binding.
  • the arithmetic mean of the observed total [ 35 S]GTP ⁇ S binding (TB obs [cpm]) of all incubates (duplicates) stimulated by the receptor-specific agonists i.e. N/OFQ, SNC80, DAMGO, or U69,593
  • TB obs [%] percent total binding relative to the basal binding activity (i.e. 100% binding).
  • the potency (EC 50 ) of the respective agonist and its maximal achievable total [ 35 S]GTP ⁇ S binding (TB calc [%]) above its calculated basal binding (UBS calc [%]) are determined from its transformed data (TB obs [%]) by means of nonlinear regression analysis with XLfit for each individual concentration series. Then the difference between the calculated unstimulated [ 35 S]GTP ⁇ S binding (UBS calc [%]) and the maximal achievable total [ 35 S]GTP ⁇ S binding (TB calc [%]) by each tested agonist is determined (i.e. B1 calc [%]).
  • the percentage efficacies of test compounds at the hDOP, hMOP, or hKOP receptor are determined versus the calculated maximal enhancement of [ 35 S]GTP ⁇ S binding by the full agonists SNC80 (B1 calc-SNC80 [%]), DAMGO (B1 calc-DAMGO [%]) and U69,593 (B1 calc-U69,593 [%]) which are set as 100% relative efficacy at each receptor, respectively.

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