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US20180072711A1 - Indole derivatives as estrogen receptor degraders - Google Patents

Indole derivatives as estrogen receptor degraders Download PDF

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Publication number
US20180072711A1
US20180072711A1 US15/706,064 US201715706064A US2018072711A1 US 20180072711 A1 US20180072711 A1 US 20180072711A1 US 201715706064 A US201715706064 A US 201715706064A US 2018072711 A1 US2018072711 A1 US 2018072711A1
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Prior art keywords
methyl
alkyl
compound
phenyl
hydroxy
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Andrew P. Crew
Yimin Qian
Hanqing Dong
Jing Wang
Craig M. Crews
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Arvinas Operations Inc
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Arvinas Inc
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Priority to US15/706,064 priority Critical patent/US20180072711A1/en
Assigned to Arvinas, Inc. reassignment Arvinas, Inc. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: WANG, JING, CREWS, CRAIG M., CREW, ANDREW P., DONG, HANQING, QIAN, YIMIN
Publication of US20180072711A1 publication Critical patent/US20180072711A1/en
Priority to US16/376,225 priority patent/US10865202B2/en
Assigned to ARVINAS OPERATIONS, INC. reassignment ARVINAS OPERATIONS, INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: Arvinas, Inc.
Priority to US17/082,839 priority patent/US11584743B2/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D403/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D403/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00
    • C07D403/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D401/00 containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing three or more hetero rings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
    • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
    • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
    • C07K5/06034—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K5/00—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K5/04—Peptides containing up to four amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof containing only normal peptide links
    • C07K5/06—Dipeptides
    • C07K5/06008—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral
    • C07K5/06017—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic
    • C07K5/06034—Dipeptides with the first amino acid being neutral and aliphatic the side chain containing 2 to 4 carbon atoms
    • C07K5/06052—Val-amino acid

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to compounds, compositions, and medicaments including the compounds and processes for the preparation thereof.
  • the present disclosure also relates to the use of the compounds, compositions and medicaments, for example, as inhibitors of the activity of the estrogen receptor, including degrading the estrogen receptor, the treatment of diseases and conditions mediated by the estrogen receptor, e.g. the treatment of breast cancer.
  • the estrogen receptor is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor family and functions as a ligand-activated transcription factor involved with the up and down regulation of gene expression.
  • the natural hormone for the estrogen receptor is 17-beta-estradiol (E2) and closely related metabolites. Binding of estradiol to the estrogen receptor causes a dimerization of the receptor and the dimer in turn binds to estrogen response elements (ERE's) on DNA.
  • E2 17-beta-estradiol
  • E2 17-beta-estradiol
  • E2 17-beta-estradiol
  • Binding of estradiol to the estrogen receptor causes a dimerization of the receptor and the dimer in turn binds to estrogen response elements (ERE's) on DNA.
  • the ER-DNA complex recruits other transcription factors responsible for the transcription of DNA downstream from the ERE into mRNA which is eventually translated into protein.
  • the interaction of ER with DNA may be indirect through the intermediacy of other transcription factors,
  • ESR1 and ESR2 encoded by a separate gene
  • Both ERs are widely expressed in different tissue types, but there are some notable differences in their expression patterns.
  • the ER ⁇ is found in endometrium, breast cancer cells, ovarian stroma cells, and the hypothalamus.
  • ER ⁇ protein is found in the epithelium of the efferent ducts. The expression of the ER ⁇ protein has been documented in kidney, brain, bone, heart, lungs, intestinal mucosa, prostate, and endothelial cells. Development therefore of selective ligands may therefore preserve the beneficial aspects of estrogen.
  • estrogen receptor mediates the etiology and/or pathology of a variety of diseases. Collectively, these diseases are called estrogen-dependent diseases. For example, estrogens are critical for sexual development in females. In addition, estrogens play an important role in maintaining bone density, regulation of blood lipid levels, and appear to have neuroprotective effects. Consequently, decreased estrogen production in post-menopausal women is associated with a number of diseases such as osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, depression and cognitive disorders. Conversely, certain types of proliferative diseases such as breast and uterine cancer and endometriosis are stimulated by estrogens and therefore antiestrogens (i.e. estrogen antagonists) have utility in the prevention and treatment of these types of disorders.
  • antiestrogens i.e. estrogen antagonists
  • Estrogens act as endocrine growth factors for at least one-third of breast cancers, and depriving the tumor of this stimulus is a recognized therapy for advanced disease in premenopausal women, this is achieved by the ablation of ovarian function through surgical, radiotherapeutic, or medical means and, in postmenopausal women, by the use of aromatase inhibitors.
  • estrogen withdrawal is to antagonise estrogen with antiestrogens.
  • drugs that bind to and compete for estrogen receptors (ER) present in estrogen-responsive tissue.
  • Conventional nonsteroidal antiestrogens such as tamoxifen, compete efficiently for ER binding but their effectiveness is often limited by the partial agonism they display, which results in an incomplete blockade of estrogen-mediated activity.
  • a specific or “pure” antiestrogen with high affinity for ER and without any agonist effect may have advantages over conventional nonsteroidal anti-estrogens in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease.
  • Fulvestrant® is the first of a new class of potent pure anti-estrogens and is completely free of the partial agonist, estrogen-like activity, associated with currently available antiestrogens like tamoxifen.
  • the present disclosure describes bifunctional compounds which function to recruit endogenous proteins to an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase for degradation, and methods of using the same.
  • the present disclosure provides bifunctional or proteolysis targeting chimeric (PROTAC) compounds, which find utility as modulators of targeted ubiquitination of a variety of polypeptides and other proteins, which are then degraded and/or otherwise inhibited by the bifunctional compounds as described herein.
  • An advantage of the compounds provided herein is that a broad range of pharmacological activities is possible, consistent with the degradation/inhibition of targeted polypeptides from virtually any protein class or family.
  • the description provides methods of using an effective amount of the compounds as described herein for the treatment or amelioration of a disease condition, such as cancer.
  • R 1 is absent or OH, OC 1-3 alkyl, halogen, or H;
  • R 2 is OH or OC 1-3 alkyl
  • R 3 is H or a lower alkyl, for example optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl;
  • L is a group comprising one or more covalently connected structural units of A (e.g., -A q -), wherein q is an integer greater than or equal to 0 (i.e., a bond);
  • R 4 is a straight chain or branched C 1-6 alkyl or C 3-6 cycloalkyl
  • R 5 is H or a an optionally substituted lower alkyl, e.g., C1-C4 alkyl, hydroxylaklyl, or alkylamino substituted lower alkyl;
  • R 6 is 4-methylthiazol-5-yl, oxazol-5-yl, substituted imidazole, substituted pyrazole, substituted oxadiazole, substituted triazole, halogen, or cyano group; when R6 is 4-methylthiazol-5-yl, the methyl group can be substituted with lower alkyl or hydroxyl group or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a compound of formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in therapy, for example the treatment of diseases and conditions mediated by the estrogen receptor.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and excipients.
  • a method of treating diseases and conditions mediated by the estrogen receptor in a subject comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one further therapeutic agent.
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one further therapeutic agent for use in therapy, particularly for treating diseases and conditions mediated by the estrogen receptor.
  • a combination comprising compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one further therapeutic agent for use in treating diseases and conditions mediated by the estrogen receptor.
  • a method of treating diseases and conditions mediated by the estrogen receptor comprising administering to a human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a combination comprising compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and at least one further therapeutic agent.
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one anti-neoplastic agent.
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one anti-neoplastic agent, for use in therapy, in particular for diseases and conditions mediated by the estrogen receptor.
  • a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one anti-neoplastic agent, in the manufacture of a medicament for treating diseases and conditions mediated by the estrogen receptor.
  • a method of treating diseases and conditions mediated by the estrogen receptor comprising administering to a human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one anti-neoplastic agent.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a combination comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof and at least one further therapeutic agent, for example at least one anti-neoplastic agent and/or one or more of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents and excipients.
  • a method of degrading the estrogen receptor comprising administration comprising administering to a human in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • FIG. 1 Western blot analysis of ER ⁇ level in MCF-7 cells.
  • Cells were treated with ER ⁇ degraders (in the presence of 10% FBS) according the described assay procedure.
  • Left panel effect of Example #1 on degrading ER ⁇ ;
  • Right panel effect of Example #2 on degrading ER ⁇ .
  • D DMSO, compound concentration 0.1 nM to 100 nM.
  • FIG. 2 Western blot analysis of ER ⁇ level in MCF-7 cells.
  • Cells were treated with ER ⁇ degraders (in the presence of 10% FBS) according the described assay procedure.
  • Left panel effect of Example #4 on degrading ER ⁇ ;
  • Right panel effect of Example #5 on degrading ER ⁇ .
  • D DMSO, compound concentration 0.1 nM to 100 nM.
  • compositions and methods that relate to the surprising and unexpected discovery that an E3 ubiquitin ligase protein (e.g., inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAP), a Von Hippel-Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase (VHL), or a mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) E3 ubiquitin ligase) ubiquitinates a target protein once it and the target protein are placed in proximity by a bifunctional or chimeric construct that binds the E3 ubiquitin ligase protein and the target protein.
  • IAP inhibitors of apoptosis proteins
  • VHL Von Hippel-Lindau E3 ubiquitin ligase
  • MDM2 mouse double minute 2 homolog
  • the present disclosure provides such compounds and compositions comprising an E3 ubiquintin ligase binding moiety (“ULM”) coupled to a protein target binding moiety (“PTM”), which result in the ubiquitination of a chosen target protein (e.g., estrogen receptor [ER]), which leads to degradation of the target protein by the proteasome (see FIGS. 1 and 2 ).
  • ULM E3 ubiquintin ligase binding moiety
  • PTM protein target binding moiety
  • the present disclosure also provides a library of compositions and the use thereof.
  • the present disclosure provides compounds which comprise a ligand, e.g., a small molecule ligand (i.e., having a molecular weight of below 2,000, 1,000, 500, or 200 Daltons), which is capable of binding to a E3 ubiquitin ligase, such as IAP, VHL, or MDM2, and a moiety that is capable of binding to target protein, in such a way that a target protein (such as ER) is placed in proximity to the E3 ubiquitin ligase to effect degradation (and/or inhibition) of that protein.
  • a ligand e.g., a small molecule ligand (i.e., having a molecular weight of below 2,000, 1,000, 500, or 200 Daltons), which is capable of binding to a E3 ubiquitin ligase, such as IAP, VHL, or MDM2, and a moiety that is capable of binding to target protein, in such a way that a target protein (such as ER) is
  • Small molecule can mean, in addition to the above, that the molecule is non-peptidyl, that is, it is not generally considered a peptide, e.g., comprises fewer than 4, 3, or 2 amino acids.
  • the PTM, ULM or PROTAC molecule can be a small molecule.
  • a compound of the invention includes all solvates, complexes, polymorphs, radiolabelled derivatives, stereoisomers and optical isomers of the compounds of formula (I) and salts thereof.
  • a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.
  • the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from anyone or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements.
  • This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified.
  • “at least one of A and B” can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.
  • co-administration and “co-administering” or “combination therapy” refer to both concurrent administration (administration of two or more therapeutic agents at the same time) and time varied administration (administration of one or more therapeutic agents at a time different from that of the administration of an additional therapeutic agent or agents), as long as the therapeutic agents are present in the patient to some extent, preferably at effective amounts, at the same time.
  • one or more of the present compounds described herein are co-administered in combination with at least one additional bioactive agent, especially including an anticancer agent.
  • the co-administration of compounds results in synergistic activity and/or therapy, including anticancer activity.
  • compound refers to any specific chemical compound disclosed herein and includes tautomers, regioisomers, geometric isomers, and where applicable, stereoisomers, including optical isomers (enantiomers) and other steroisomers (diastereomers) thereof, as well as pharmaceutically acceptable salts and derivatives (including prodrug forms) thereof where applicable, in context.
  • compound generally refers to a single compound, but also may include other compounds such as stereoisomers, regioisomers and/or optical isomers (including racemic mixtures) as well as specific enantiomers or enantiomerically enriched mixtures of disclosed compounds.
  • the term also refers, in context to prodrug forms of compounds which have been modified to facilitate the administration and delivery of compounds to a site of activity. It is noted that in describing the present compounds, numerous substituents and variables associated with same, among others, are described. It is understood by those of ordinary skill that molecules which are described herein are stable compounds as generally described hereunder. When the bond is shown, both a double bond and single bond are represented within the context of the compound shown.
  • Ubiquitin Ligase refers to a family of proteins that facilitate the transfer of ubiquitin to a specific substrate protein, targeting the substrate protein for degradation.
  • cereblon is an E3 Ubiquitin Ligase protein that alone or in combination with an E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme causes the attachment of ubiquitin to a lysine on a target protein, and subsequently targets the specific protein substrates for degradation by the proteasome.
  • E3 ubiquitin ligase alone or in complex with an E2 ubiquitin conjugating enzyme is responsible for the transfer of ubiquitin to targeted proteins.
  • the ubiquitin ligase is involved in polyubiquitination such that a second ubiquitin is attached to the first; a third is attached to the second, and so forth.
  • Polyubiquitination marks proteins for degradation by the proteasome.
  • Mono-ubiquitinated proteins are not targeted to the proteasome for degradation, but may instead be altered in their cellular location or function, for example, via binding other proteins that have domains capable of binding ubiquitin.
  • different lysines on ubiquitin can be targeted by an E3 to make chains. The most common lysine is Lys48 on the ubiquitin chain. This is the lysine used to make polyubiquitin, which is recognized by the proteasome.
  • patient or “subject” is used throughout the specification to describe an animal, preferably a human or a domesticated animal, to whom treatment, including prophylactic treatment, with the compositions according to the present disclosure is provided.
  • patient refers to that specific animal, including a domesticated animal such as a dog or cat or a farm animal such as a horse, cow, sheep, etc.
  • patient refers to a human patient unless otherwise stated or implied from the context of the use of the term.
  • halo means fluoro (—F), chloro (—Cl), bromo (—Br) or iodo (—I).
  • the term “effective amount” means that amount of a drug or pharmaceutical agent that will elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or human that is being sought, for instance, by a researcher or clinician.
  • therapeutically effective amount means any amount which, as compared to a corresponding subject who has not received such amount, results in improved treatment, healing, prevention, or amelioration of a disease, disorder, or side effect, or a decrease in the rate of advancement of a disease or disorder.
  • the term also includes within its scope amounts effective to enhance normal physiological function.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • alkylene when used, refers to a —(CH 2 ) n — group (n is an integer generally from 6 and 20), which may be optionally substituted.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may exist in solid or liquid form.
  • compound of the present disclosure may exist in a continuum of solid states ranging from fully amorphous to fully crystalline.
  • amorphous refers to a state in which the material lacks long range order at the molecular level and, depending upon the temperature, may exhibit the physical properties of a solid or a liquid. Generally, such materials do not give distinctive X-ray diffraction patterns and, while exhibiting the properties of a solid, are more formally described as a liquid.
  • a change from solid to liquid properties occurs, which is characterized by a change of state, typically second order (“glass transition”).
  • crystalline refers to a solid phase in which the material has a regular ordered internal structure at the molecular level and gives a distinctive X-ray diffraction pattern with defined peaks. Such materials when heated sufficiently will also exhibit the properties of a liquid, but the change from solid to liquid is characterized by a phase change, typically first order (“melting point”).
  • the compound of formula (I) may exist in solvated and unsolvated forms.
  • solvate refers to a complex of variable stoichiometry formed by a solute (in this invention, a compound of formula (I) or a salt) and a solvent. Such solvents for the purpose of the invention may not interfere with the biological activity of the solute.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable solvates may be formed for crystalline compounds wherein solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystalline lattice during crystallization.
  • the incorporated solvent molecules may be water molecules or non-aqueous such as ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, acetic acid, ethanolamine, and ethyl acetate molecules. Crystalline lattice incorporated with water molecules are typically referred to as “hydrates”. Hydrates include stoichiometric hydrates, as well as compositions containing variable amounts of water. The present disclosure includes all such solvates.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may have the ability to crystallize in more than one form, a characteristic, which is known as polymorphism, and it is understood that such polymorphic forms (“polymorphs”) are within the scope of the invention.
  • Polymorphism generally can occur as a response to changes in temperature or pressure or both and can also result from variations in the crystallization process.
  • Polymorphs can be distinguished by various physical characteristics known in the art such as x-ray diffraction patterns, solubility and melting point.
  • estrogen receptor inhibitor refers to any compound or treatment capable of inhibiting or reducing the expression or activity of the estrogen receptor.
  • the inhibitor is preferably selective.
  • Described herein are bifunctional compounds capable of binding an estrogen receptor protein and a ubiquitin ligase enzyme, thereby effectuating ubiquitination and degradation of the estrogen receptor. As described herein, alternatives
  • R 1 is H, OH, OC 1-3 alkyl, or a halogen, e.g., Br, F, Cl;
  • R 2 is OH or OC 1-3 alkyl
  • R 3 is H or a lower alkyl, for example optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, e.g., an optionally substituted methyl;
  • L is a group comprising one or more covalently connected structural units represented by: -(A) q -, wherein q is an integer greater than or equal to 0 (i.e., a bond);
  • R 4 is a straight chain or branched C 1-6 alkyl or C 3-6 cycloalkyl
  • R 5 is H or a an optionally substituted lower alkyl, e.g., optionally substituted C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted hydroxylaklyl, or alkylamino substituted lower alkyl;
  • R 6 is 4-methylthiazol-5-yl, oxazol-5-yl, optionally substituted imidazole, optionally substituted pyrazole, optionally substituted oxadiazole, optionally substituted triazole, halogen, or cyano group, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • R6 when R6 is 4-methylthiazol-5-yl, the methyl group can be substituted with lower alkyl or hydroxyl group.
  • R 6 is 4-methylthiazol-5-yl, oxazol-5-yl, or 4-methyloxazole-5-yl.
  • R 6 is 4-methylthiazol-5-yl.
  • R 6 is chloro
  • R 6 is —CN.
  • R 1 is OH, F, Br, Cl, OCH 3 or H.
  • R 1 is OH
  • R 2 is OH or OCH 3 .
  • R 2 is OH
  • R 3 is H, methyl, or ethyl.
  • R 3 is methyl
  • R 4 is iso-propyl or tert-butyl.
  • R 4 is tert-butyl
  • R 5 is H, methyl, ethyl, CH 2 F, or CH 2 NHCH 3 .
  • R 5 is H.
  • R 5 is methyl
  • the compounds of formula (I) may form tautomers. It is understood that all tautomers and mixtures of tautomers of the compounds of the present disclosure are included within the scope of the compounds of the present disclosure.
  • the linker group “L” is a group comprising one or more covalently connected structural units of A, e.g., -(A) q -, wherein q is an integer greater than or equal to 0. In certain embodiments, q is an integer greater than or equal to 1. In certain embodiments, e.g., where q is greater than 2, A 1 and A q are coupled via structural units of A (number of such structural units of A: q-2). In certain additional embodiments, e. g., where q is 1, the structure of the linker group L is -A 1 -.
  • q is an integer from 1 to 100, 1 to 90, 1 to 80, 1 to 70, 1 to 60, 1 to 50, 1 to 40, 1 to 30, 1 to 20, or 1 to 10.
  • each A is independently selected from the group consisting of, a bond, CR L1 R L2 , O, S, SO, SO 2 , NR L3 , SO 2 NR L3 , SONR L3 , CONR L3 , NR L3 CONR L4 , NR L3 SO 2 NR L4 , CO, CR L1 ⁇ CR L2 , C ⁇ C, SiR L1 R L2 , P(O)R L1 , P(O)OR L1 , NR L3 C( ⁇ NCN)NR L4 , NR L3 C( ⁇ NCN), NR L3 C( ⁇ CNO 2 )NR L4 , C 3-11 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 0-6 R L1 and/or R L2 groups, C 5-13 spirocycloalkyl optionally substituted with 0-9 R L1 and/or R L2 groups, C 3-11 heterocyclyl optionally substituted with 0-6 R L1 and/or
  • R L1 , R L2 , R L3 , R L4 and R L5 are, each independently, H, halo, C 1-8 alkyl, OC 1-8 alkyl, SC 1-8 alkyl, NHC 1-8 alkyl, N(C 1-8 alkyl) 2 , C 3-11 cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C 3-11 heterocyclyl, OC 1-8 cycloalkyl, SC 1-8 cycloalkyl, NHC 1-8 cycloalkyl, N(C 1-8 cycloalkyl) 2 , N(C 1-8 cycloalkyl)(C 1-8 alkyl), OH, NH 2 , SH, SO 2 C 1-8 alkyl, P(O)(OC 1-8 alkyl)(C 1-8 alkyl), P(O)(OC 1-8 alkyl) 2 , CC—C 1-8 alkyl, CCH, CH ⁇ CH(C 1-8 alkyl), C(C 1-8 alkyl
  • q of the linker is an integer greater than or equal to 0. In certain embodiments, q is an integer greater than or equal to 1.
  • a q is a group which is connected to ULM, and A 1 and A q are connected via structural units of the linker (L).
  • a q is a group which is connected to A 1 and to a ULM.
  • the structure of the linker group L is -A 1 -, and A 1 is a group which is connected to a ULM moiety and a PTM moiety.
  • the linker (L) comprises a group represented by a general structure selected from the group consisting of: —NR(CH 2 ) n -(lower alkyl)-, —NR(CH 2 ) n -(lower alkoxyl)-, —NR(CH 2 ) n -(lower alkoxyl)-OCH 2 —, —NR(CH 2 ) n -(lower alkoxyl)-(lower alkyl)-OCH 2 —, —NR(CH 2 ) n -(cycloalkyl)-(lower alkyl)-OCH 2 —, —NR(CH 2 ) n -(hetero cycloalkyl)-, NR(CH 2 CH 2 O) n -(lower alkyl)-O—CH 2 —, —NR(CH 2 CH 2 O) n -(lower alkyl)-O—CH 2 —, —NR(CH 2 CH 2 O
  • n of the linker can be 0 to 10;
  • R of the linker can be H, lower alkyl;
  • R1 and R2 of the linker can form a ring with the connecting N.
  • the linker (L) comprises a group represented by a general structure selected from the group consisting of: —N(R)—(CH2) m —O(CH2) n —O(CH2) o —O(CH2) p —O(CH2) q —O(CH2) r -OCH2-; —O—(CH2) m —O(CH2) n —O(CH2) o —O(CH2) p —O(CH2) q —O(CH2) r -OCH2-; —O—(CH2) m —O(CH2) n —O(CH2) o —O(CH2) p —O(CH2) q —O(CH2) r O—; —N(R)—(CH2) m —O(CH2) n -O(CH2) o —O(CH2) p —O(CH2) q —O(CH2) r —O—; —(CH2) m
  • n, o, p, q, and r of the linker are independently 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6;
  • R of the linker is H, methyl and ethyl
  • X of the linker is H and F
  • m of the linker can be 2, 3, 4, 5
  • n and m of the linker can be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
  • the linker (L) comprises a structure selected from, but not limited to the structure shown below, where a dashed line indicates the attachment point to the PTM or ULM moieties.
  • the linker (L) comprises a structure selected from, but not limited to the structure shown below, where a dashed line indicates the attachment point to the PTM or ULM moieties.
  • the linker group is optionally substituted (poly)ethyleneglycol having between 1 and about 100 ethylene glycol units, between about 1 and about 50 ethylene glycol units, between 1 and about 25 ethylene glycol units, between about 1 and 10 ethylene glycol units, between 1 and about 8 ethylene glycol units and 1 and 6 ethylene glycol units, between 2 and 4 ethylene glycol units, or optionally substituted alkyl groups interdispersed with optionally substituted, O, N, S, P or Si atoms.
  • the linker is substituted with an aryl, phenyl, benzyl, alkyl, alkylene, or heterocycle group.
  • the linker may be asymmetric or symmetrical.
  • the linker group may be any suitable moiety as described herein.
  • the linker is a substituted or unsubstituted polyethylene glycol group ranging in size from about 1 to about 12 ethylene glycol units, between 1 and about 10 ethylene glycol units, about 2 about 6 ethylene glycol units, between about 2 and 5 ethylene glycol units, between about 2 and 4 ethylene glycol units.
  • the present disclosure is directed to a compound which comprises a PTM group as described above, which binds to a target protein (e.g., ER) or polypeptide, which is ubiquitinated by an ubiquitin ligase and is chemically linked directly to the ULM group or through a linker moiety L, or PTM is alternatively a ULM′ group which is also an E3 ubiquitin ligase binding moiety, which may be the same or different than the ULM group as described above and is linked directly to the ULM group directly or through the linker moiety; and L is a linker moiety as described above which may be present or absent and which chemically (covalently) links ULM to PTM, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, enantiomer, stereoisomer, solvate or polymorph thereof.
  • a target protein e.g., ER
  • PTM is alternatively a ULM′ group which is also an E3 ubiquitin ligase binding moiety, which may be the
  • the linker group L is a group comprising one or more covalently connected structural units independently selected from the group consisting of:
  • the X is selected from the group consisting of O, N, S, S(O) and SO 2 ; n is integer from 1 to 5; R L1 is hydrogen or alkyl,
  • aryl or heteroaryl is a mono- or bicyclic aryl or heteroaryl optionally substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from alkyl, halogen, haloalkyl, hydroxy, alkoxy or cyano;
  • the linker group L comprises up to 10 covalently connected structural units, as described above.
  • the linker is independently covalently bonded to the ULM group and the PTM group preferably through an amide, ester, thioester, keto group, carbamate (urethane), carbon or ether, each of which groups may be inserted anywhere on the ULM group and PTM group to provide maximum binding of the ULM group on the ubiquitin ligase and the PTM group on the target protein to be degraded.
  • the linker may be linked to an optionally substituted alkyl, alkylene, alkene or alkyne group, an aryl group or a heterocyclic group on the ULM and/or PTM groups.
  • Examples of compounds of the present disclosure include the following:
  • the disclosure provides a use of a compound of the invention in the manufacture of a medicament for treating diseases, disorders or conditions mediated by the estrogen receptor.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions comprising combinations of an effective amount of at least one bifunctional compound as described herein, and optionally with one or more of the compounds otherwise described herein, all in effective amounts, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable amount of a carrier, additive or excipient, represents a further aspect of the present disclosure.
  • the carrier(s), diluents(s) or excipient(s) must be acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
  • a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition including the agent, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, diluents or excipients.
  • the pharmaceutical composition can be for use in the treatment and/or prophylaxis of any of the conditions described herein.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) may be in the form of a salt.
  • the salts of the present disclosure are pharmaceutically acceptable salts. Salts encompassed within the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refer to non-toxic salts of the compounds of this invention. For a review on suitable salts see Berge et al, J. Pharm. Sci. 1977, 66, 1-19.
  • the present disclosure includes, where applicable, the compositions comprising the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, in particular, acid or base addition salts of compounds as described herein.
  • the acids which are used to prepare the pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts of the aforementioned base compounds useful according to this aspect are those which form non-toxic acid addition salts, i.e., salts containing pharmacologically acceptable anions, such as the hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, nitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, acetate, lactate, citrate, acid citrate, tartrate, bitartrate, succinate, maleate, fumarate, gluconate, saccharate, benzoate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate and pamoate [i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3 naphtho
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt can be formed by reaction of a compound of formula (I) with a suitable inorganic or organic acid (such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, p-toluenesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, naphthalenesulfonic such as 2-naphthalenesulfonic), optionally in a suitable solvent such as an organic solvent, to give the salt which is usually isolated for example by crystallisation and filtration.
  • a suitable inorganic or organic acid such as hydrobromic, hydrochloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, p-toluenesulfonic, benzenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, naphthalenesulfonic such as 2-naphthalenesulfonic
  • a suitable solvent such as an organic solvent
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salt of a compound of formula (I) can comprise or be, for example, a hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, p-toluenesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, or naphthalenesulfonate (e.g. 2-naphthalenesulfonate) salt.
  • non-pharmaceutically acceptable salts e.g. trifluoroacetates
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable base addition salts may also be used to produce pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms of the compounds or derivatives according to the present disclosure.
  • the chemical bases that may be used as reagents to prepare pharmaceutically acceptable base salts of the present compounds that are acidic in nature are those that form non-toxic base salts with such compounds.
  • Such non-toxic base salts include, but are not limited to those derived from such pharmacologically acceptable cations such as alkali metal cations (eg., potassium and sodium) and alkaline earth metal cations (eg, calcium, zinc and magnesium), ammonium or water-soluble amine addition salts such as N-methylglucamine-(meglumine), and the lower alkanolammonium and other base salts of pharmaceutically acceptable organic amines, among others.
  • the compounds and compositions as described herein may, in accordance with the disclosure, be administered in single or divided unit dosage forms by the oral, parenteral or topical routes.
  • Preferred unit dosage compositions are those containing a daily dose or sub-dose, or an appropriate fraction thereof, of an active ingredient. Such unit doses may therefore be administered once or more than once a day.
  • Such pharmaceutical compositions may be prepared by any of the methods well known in the pharmacy art.
  • Administration of the active compound may range from continuous (intravenous drip) to several oral administrations per day (for example, Q.I.D.) and may include oral, topical, parenteral, intramuscular, intravenous, sub-cutaneous, transdermal (which may include a penetration enhancement agent), buccal, sublingual and suppository administration, among other routes of administration.
  • Enteric coated oral tablets may also be used to enhance bioavailability of the compounds from an oral route of administration.
  • the most effective dosage form will depend upon the pharmacokinetics of the particular agent chosen as well as the severity of disease in the patient.
  • Administration of compounds according to the present disclosure as sprays, mists, or aerosols for intra-nasal, intra-tracheal or pulmonary administration may also be used.
  • compositions comprising an effective amount of compound as described herein, optionally in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, additive or excipient.
  • Compounds according to the present disclosure may be administered in immediate release, intermediate release or sustained or controlled release forms. Sustained or controlled release forms are preferably administered orally, but also in suppository and transdermal or other topical forms. Intramuscular injections in liposomal form may also be used to control or sustain the release of compound at an injection site.
  • compositions as described herein may be formulated in a conventional manner using one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers and may also be administered in controlled-release formulations.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in these pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as prolamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
  • compositions as described herein may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
  • parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
  • the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously.
  • Sterile injectable forms of the compositions as described herein may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
  • the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol.
  • the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
  • sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides.
  • Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • oils such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
  • These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as Ph. Helv or similar alcohol.
  • compositions adapted for parental administration can include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions, which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the composition isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and/or aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions, which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
  • the compositions may be presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water, for injections, immediately prior to use.
  • Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.
  • compositions as described herein may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous solutions or suspensions in aqueous or non-aqueous liquids, edible foams or whips, oil-in-water liquid emulsions, or water-in-oil liquid emulsions.
  • carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
  • Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
  • useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch.
  • aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
  • Oral compositions will generally include an inert diluent or an edible carrier. They may be enclosed in gelatin capsules or compressed into tablets. For the purpose of oral therapeutic administration, the active compound or its prodrug derivative can be incorporated with excipients and used in the form of tablets, troches, or capsules. Pharmaceutically compatible binding agents, and/or adjuvant materials can be included as part of the composition.
  • the tablets, pills, capsules, troches and the like can contain any of the following ingredients, or compounds of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a dispersing agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint, methyl salicylate, or orange flavoring.
  • a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin
  • an excipient such as starch or lactose, a dispersing agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch
  • a lubricant such as magnesium stearate or Sterotes
  • a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide
  • the active drug component can be combined with an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier, such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like.
  • an oral, non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable inert carrier such as ethanol, glycerol, water and the like.
  • Powders are prepared by reducing the compound to a suitable fine size and mixing with a similarly prepared pharmaceutical carrier, such as an edible carbohydrate, for example starch or mannitol.
  • a pharmaceutical carrier such as an edible carbohydrate, for example starch or mannitol.
  • Flavouring, preservative, dispersing and colouring agent can also be present.
  • Capsules are made by preparing a powder mixture, as described above, and filling formed gelatin sheaths.
  • Glidants and lubricants such as colloidal silica, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, or solid polyethylene glycol, can be added to the powder mixture before the filling operation.
  • a disintegrating or solubilizing agent such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, or sodium carbonate, can also be added to improve the availability of the medicament when the capsule is ingested.
  • suitable binders include starch, gelatin, natural sugars, such as glucose or beta-lactose, corn sweeteners, natural and synthetic gums such as acacia, tragacanth or sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol, waxes and the like.
  • Lubricants used in these dosage forms include sodium oleate, sodium stearate, magnesium stearate, sodium benzoate, sodium acetate, sodium chloride and the like.
  • Disintegrators include, without limitation, starch, methyl cellulose, agar, bentonite, xanthan gum and the like. Tablets are formulated, for example, by preparing a powder mixture, granulating or slugging, adding a lubricant and disintegrant and pressing into tablets.
  • a powder mixture is prepared by mixing the compound, suitably comminuted, with a diluent or base as described above, and optionally, with a binder (such as carboxymethylcellulose, an aliginate, gelatin, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone), a solution retardant such as paraffin, a resorption accelerator such as a quaternary salt and/or an absorption agent (such as bentonite, kaolin or dicalcium phosphate).
  • the powder mixture can be granulated by wetting with a binder such as syrup, starch paste, acadia mucilage or solutions of cellulosic or polymeric materials and forcing through a screen.
  • the powder mixture can be run through the tablet machine and the result is imperfectly formed slugs broken into granules.
  • the granules can be lubricated to prevent sticking to the tablet forming dies by means of the addition of stearic acid, a stearate salt, talc or mineral oil.
  • the lubricated mixture is then compressed into tablets.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure can also be combined with a free flowing inert carrier and compressed into tablets directly without going through the granulating or slugging steps.
  • a clear or opaque protective coating consisting of a sealing coat of shellac, a coating of sugar or polymeric material and a polish coating of wax can be provided. Dyestuffs can be added to these coatings to distinguish different unit dosages.
  • Oral fluids such as solution, syrups, and elixirs, can be prepared in dosage unit form so that a given quantity contains a predetermined amount of the compound.
  • Syrups can be prepared by dissolving the compound in a suitably flavoured aqueous solution, while elixirs are prepared through the use of a non-toxic alcoholic vehicle.
  • Suspensions can be formulated by dispersing the compound in a non-toxic vehicle.
  • Solubilizers and emulsifiers such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols and polyoxy ethylene sorbitol ethers
  • preservatives such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols and polyoxy ethylene sorbitol ethers
  • flavor additive such as peppermint oil or natural sweeteners or saccharin or other artificial sweeteners, and the like can also be added.
  • dosage unit compositions for oral administration can be microencapsulated.
  • the composition can also be prepared to prolong or sustain the release, for example, by coating or embedding particulate material in polymers, wax or the like.
  • the compounds of the disclosure may also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles, and multilamellar vesicles.
  • Liposomes can be formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine, or phosphatidylcholines.
  • compositions adapted for transdermal administration may be presented as discrete patches intended to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a prolonged period of time.
  • compositions as described herein may also be administered topically.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for topical administration may be formulated as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols, or oils. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs. Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-acceptable transdermal patches may also be used.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.
  • Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol, and water.
  • the compounds may be coated onto a stent which is to be surgically implanted into a patient in order to inhibit or reduce the likelihood of occlusion occurring in the stent in the patient.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with our without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for topical administrations to the eye include eye drops wherein the active ingredient is dissolved or suspended in a suitable carrier, especially an aqueous solvent.
  • compositions as described herein may be administered in the form of suppositories or enemas for rectal administration.
  • suppositories or enemas for rectal administration.
  • a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.
  • suitable non-irritating excipient include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
  • compositions as described herein may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
  • Dosage forms for nasal or inhaled administration may conveniently be formulated as aerosols, solutions, suspensions drops, gels, or dry powders.
  • Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
  • compositions adapted for vaginal administration may be presented as pessaries, tampons, creams, gels, pastes, foams, or spray formulations.
  • compositions may include other agents conventional in the art having regard to the type of formulation in question, for example those suitable for oral administration may include flavouring agents.
  • compositions should be formulated to contain between about 0.05 milligram to about 750 milligrams or more, more preferably about 1 milligram to about 600 milligrams, and even more preferably about 10 milligrams to about 500 milligrams of active ingredient, alone or in combination with at least one other compound according to the present disclosure.
  • a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease or condition being treated.
  • a patient or subject in need of therapy using compounds according to the methods described herein can be treated by administering to the patient (subject) an effective amount of the compound according to the present disclosure including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or polymorphs, thereof optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, either alone, or in combination with other known therapeutic agents as otherwise identified herein.
  • a therapeutically effective amount of the agent will depend upon a number of factors including, for example, the age and weight of the subject, the precise condition requiring treatment and its severity, the nature of the formulation, and the route of administration, and will ultimately be at the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian.
  • the subject to be treated is a mammal, particularly a human.
  • the agent may be administered in a daily dose. This amount may be given in a single dose per day or in a number (such as two, three, four, five or six) of sub-doses per day such that the total daily dose is the same.
  • the active compound is included in the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent in an amount sufficient to deliver to a patient a therapeutically effective amount for the desired indication, without causing serious toxic effects in the patient treated.
  • a preferred dose of the active compound for all of the herein-mentioned conditions is in the range from about 10 ng/kg to 300 mg/kg, preferably 0.1 to 100 mg/kg per day, more generally 0.5 to about 25 mg per kilogram body weight of the recipient/patient per day.
  • a typical topical dosage will range from 0.01-5% wt/wt in a suitable carrier.
  • the amount of the compound as described herein is administered in an amount selected from 0.001 mg to 3 g per day (calculated as the free or unsalted compound). In certain embodiments, the amount of the compound as described herein is administered in any suitable unit dosage form, including but not limited to one containing less than 1 mg, 1 mg to 3000 mg, preferably 5 to 500 mg of active ingredient per unit dosage form. An oral dosage of about 25-250 mg is often convenient.
  • the active ingredient is preferably administered to achieve peak plasma concentrations of the active compound of about 0.00001-30 mM, preferably about 0.1-30 ⁇ M. This may be achieved, for example, by the intravenous injection of a solution or formulation of the active ingredient, optionally in saline, or an aqueous medium or administered as a bolus of the active ingredient. Oral administration is also appropriate to generate effective plasma concentrations of active agent.
  • the concentration of active compound in the drug composition will depend on absorption, distribution, inactivation, and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition.
  • the active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at varying intervals of time.
  • the active compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof can be administered as a component of an elixir, suspension, syrup, wafer, chewing gum or the like.
  • a syrup may contain, in addition to the active compounds, sucrose as a sweetening agent and certain preservatives, dyes and colorings and flavors.
  • the active compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof can also be mixed with other active materials that do not impair the desired action, or with materials that supplement the desired action, such as anti-cancer agents, among others.
  • one or more compounds according to the present disclosure are coadministered with another bioactive agent, such as an anti-cancer agent or a would healing agent, including an antibiotic, as otherwise described herein.
  • Solutions or suspensions used for parenteral, intradermal, subcutaneous, or topical application can include the following components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propylene glycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzyl alcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodium bisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates and agents for the adjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose.
  • the parental preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.
  • preferred carriers are physiological saline or phosphate buffered saline (PBS).
  • the active compounds are prepared with carriers that will protect the compound against rapid elimination from the body, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • a controlled release formulation including implants and microencapsulated delivery systems.
  • Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and polylactic acid. Methods for preparation of such formulations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
  • Liposomal suspensions may also be pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. These may be prepared according to methods known to those skilled in the art, for example, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,522,811 (which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).
  • liposome formulations may be prepared by dissolving appropriate lipid(s) (such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, arachadoyl phosphatidyl choline, and cholesterol) in an inorganic solvent that is then evaporated, leaving behind a thin film of dried lipid on the surface of the container. An aqueous solution of the active compound are then introduced into the container. The container is then swirled by hand to free lipid material from the sides of the container and to disperse lipid aggregates, thereby forming the liposomal suspension.
  • appropriate lipid(s) such as stearoyl phosphatidyl ethanolamine, stearoyl phosphat
  • the concentration of active compound in the drug composition will depend on absorption, distribution, inactivation, and excretion rates of the drug as well as other factors known to those of skill in the art. It is to be noted that dosage values will also vary with the severity of the condition to be alleviated. It is to be further understood that for any particular subject, specific dosage regimens should be adjusted over time according to the individual need and the professional judgment of the person administering or supervising the administration of the compositions, and that the concentration ranges set forth herein are exemplary only and are not intended to limit the scope or practice of the claimed composition.
  • the active ingredient may be administered at once, or may be divided into a number of smaller doses to be administered at varying intervals of time.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure may be used in combination with or include one or more additional therapeutic or bioactive agents and may be administered either sequentially or simultaneously by any convenient route in separate or combined pharmaceutical compositions.
  • additional therapeutic or bioactive agent is used to describe an agent, other than a compound according to the present disclosure, which is used in combination with the present compounds as an agent with biological activity to assist in effecting an intended therapy, inhibition and/or prevention/prophylaxis for which the present compounds are used.
  • Preferred bioactive agents for use herein include those agents which have pharmacological activity similar to that for which the present compounds are used or administered and include for example, anti-cancer agents, antiviral agents, especially including anti-HIV agents and anti-HCV agents, antimicrobial agents, antifungal agents, etc.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the further therapeutic agents of the present disclosure will depend upon a number of factors including, for example the age and weight of the mammal, the precise condition requiring treatment, the severity of the condition, the nature of the formulation, and the route of administration. Ultimately, the therapeutically effective amount will be at the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian. The relative timings of administration will be selected in order to achieve the desired combined therapeutic effect.
  • the compounds of the present disclosure and further therapeutic agent(s) may be employed in combination by administration simultaneously in a unitary pharmaceutical composition including both compounds.
  • the combination may be administered separately in separate pharmaceutical compositions, each including one of the compounds in a sequential manner wherein, for example, the compound of the disclosure is administered first and the other second and vice versa.
  • Such sequential administration may be close in time (e.g. simultaneously) or remote in time.
  • the compounds are administered in the same dosage form, for example one compound may be administered topically and the other compound may be administered orally.
  • both compounds can be administered orally.
  • kits or kit of parts as used herein is meant the pharmaceutical composition or compositions that are used to administer the combination according to the disclosure.
  • the combination kit can contain both compounds in a single pharmaceutical composition, such as a tablet, or in separate pharmaceutical compositions.
  • the combination kit will contain each compound in separate pharmaceutical compositions either in a single package or in separate pharmaceutical compositions in separate packages.
  • the combination kit can also be provided with instructions, such as dosage and administration instructions.
  • dosage and administration instructions can be of the kind that are provided to a doctor, for example by a drug product label, or they can be of the kind that are provided by a doctor, such as instructions to a patient.
  • such sequential administration may be close in time or remote in time.
  • administration of the other agent several minutes to several dozen minutes after the administration of the first agent, and administration of the other agent several hours to several days after the administration of the first agent are included, wherein the lapse of time is not limited, For example, one agent may be administered once a day, and the other agent may be administered 2 or 3 times a day, or one agent may be administered once a week, and the other agent may be administered once a day and the like.
  • the other therapeutic ingredients(s) may be used in the form of salts, for example as alkali metal or amine salts, or as acid addition salts, or prodrugs, or as esters, for example lower alkyl esters, or as solvates, for example hydrates, to optimise the activity and/or stability and/or physical characteristics, such as solubility, of the therapeutic ingredient. It will be clear also that, where appropriate, the therapeutic ingredients may be used in optically pure form.
  • the two compounds When combined in the same composition it will be appreciated that the two compounds must be stable and compatible with each other and the other components of the composition and may be formulated for administration. When formulated separately they may be provided in any convenient composition, conveniently, in such a manner as known for such compounds in the art.
  • the dose of each compound may differ from that when the compound is used alone. Appropriate doses will be readily appreciated by those skilled in the art.
  • the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be employed with other therapeutic methods of cancer treatment.
  • an anti-neoplastic therapy, combination therapy with other chemotherapeutic, hormonal, antibody agents as well as surgical and/or radiation treatments other than those mentioned above are envisaged.
  • therapeutically effective amounts of the compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof are discussed above.
  • the therapeutically effective amount of the additional therapeutic or bioactive agent of the present disclosure will depend upon a number of factors including, for example the age and weight of the mammal, the precise condition requiring treatment, the severity of the condition, the nature of the formulation, and the route of administration. Ultimately, the therapeutically effective amount will be at the discretion of the attendant physician or veterinarian. The relative timings of administration will be selected in order to achieve the desired combined therapeutic effect.
  • the additional anti-cancer therapy is surgical and/or radiotherapy.
  • the disclosure provides a composition comprising a compound as described herein in combination with an additional anti-cancer agent.
  • the additional anti-cancer agent is an anti-cancer agent, which may be combined with compounds according to the present disclosure to treat cancer.
  • these agents include, for example, everolimus, trabectedin, abraxane, TLK 286, AV-299, DN-101, pazopanib, GSK690693, RTA 744, ON 0910.Na, AZD 6244 (ARRY-142886), AMN-107, TKI-258, GSK461364, AZD 1152, enzastaurin, vandetanib, ARQ-197, MK-0457, MLN8054, PHA-739358, R-763, AT-9263, a FLT-3 inhibitor, a VEGFR inhibitor, an EGFR TK inhibitor, an aurora kinase inhibitor, a PIK-1 modulator, a Bcl-2 inhibitor, an HDAC inhbitor, a c-MET inhibitor, a PARP inhibitor, a Cdk inhibitor, an EGFR
  • the additional anti-cancer agent is at least one additional anti-neoplastic agent.
  • anti-neoplastic agent that has activity versus a susceptible tumor being treated may be utilized in the combination.
  • Typical anti-neoplastic agents useful include, but are not limited to: anti-microtubule agents, such as diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids; platinum coordination complexes; alkylating agents, such as nitrogen mustards, oxazaphosphorines, alkylsulfonates, nitrosoureas, and triazenes; antibiotic agents, such as anthracyclins, actinomycins and bleomycins; topoisomerase II inhibitors, such as epipodophyllotoxins; antimetabolites, such as purine and pyrimidine analogues and anti-folate compounds; topoisomerase I inhibitors, such as camptothecins; hormones and hormonal analogues; signal transduction pathway inhibitors; non-receptor tyrosine angiogenesis inhibitors; immunotherapeutic agents; proapoptotic agents; and cell cycle signaling inhibitors
  • Anti-microtubule or anti-mitotic agents are phase specific agents active against the microtubules of tumor cells during M or the mitosis phase of the cell cycle.
  • anti-microtubule agents include, but are not limited to, diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids.
  • Diterpenoids which are derived from natural sources, are phase specific anti-cancer agents that operate at the G 2 /M phases of the cell cycle. It is believed that the diterpenoids stabilize the ⁇ -tubulin subunit of the microtubules, by binding with this protein. Disassembly of the protein appears then to be inhibited with mitosis being arrested and cell death following. Examples of diterpenoids include, but are not limited to, paclitaxel and its analog docetaxel.
  • Paclitaxel 5 ⁇ ,20-epoxy-1,2 ⁇ ,4,7 ⁇ ,10 ⁇ ,13 ⁇ -hexa-hydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with (2R,3S)—N-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine, is a natural diterpene product isolated from the Pacific yew tree Taxus brevifolia and is commercially available as an injectable solution TAXOL®. It is a member of the taxane family of terpenes.
  • Paclitaxel has been approved for clinical use in the treatment of refractory ovarian cancer in the United States (Markman et al., Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 64:583, 1991; McGuire et al., Ann. Intem, Med., 111:273, 1989) and for the treatment of breast cancer (Holmes et al., J. Nat. Cancer Inst., 83:1797, 1991.) It is a potential candidate for treatment of neoplasms in the skin (Einzig et. al., Proc. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol., 20:46) and head and neck carcinomas (Forastire et. al., Sem. Oncol., 20:56, 1990).
  • the compound also shows potential for the treatment of polycystic kidney disease (Woo et. al., Nature, 368:750. 1994), lung cancer and malaria.
  • Treatment of patients with paclitaxel results in bone marrow suppression (multiple cell lineages, Ignoff, R. J. et. al, Cancer Chemotherapy Pocket Guide. 1998) related to the duration of dosing above a threshold concentration (50 nM) (Kearns, C. M. et. al., Seminars in Oncology, 3(6) p. 16-23, 1995).
  • Docetaxel (2R,3S)—N-carboxy-3-phenylisoserine, N-tert-butyl ester, 13-ester with 5 ⁇ -20-epoxy-1,2 ⁇ ,4,7 ⁇ ,10 ⁇ ,13 ⁇ -hexahydroxytax-11-en-9-one 4-acetate 2-benzoate, trihydrate, is commercially available as an injectable solution as TAXOTERE®.
  • Docetaxel is indicated for the treatment of breast cancer.
  • Docetaxel is a semisynthetic derivative of paclitaxel q.v., prepared using a natural precursor, 10-deacetyl-baccatin III, extracted from the needle of the European Yew tree.
  • Vinca alkaloids are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the periwinkle plant. Vinca alkaloids act at the M phase (mitosis) of the cell cycle by binding specifically to tubulin. Consequently, the bound tubulin molecule is unable to polymerize into microtubules. Mitosis is believed to be arrested in metaphase with cell death following. Examples of vinca alkaloids include, but are not limited to, vinblastine, vincristine, and vinorelbine.
  • Vinblastine vincaleukoblastine sulfate
  • VELBAN® an injectable solution.
  • Myelosuppression is the dose limiting side effect of vinblastine.
  • Vincristine vincaleukoblastine, 22-oxo-, sulfate. is commercially available as ONCOVIN® as an injectable solution. Vincristine is indicated for the treatment of acute leukemias and has also found use in treatment regimens for Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's malignant lymphomas. Alopecia and neurologic effects are the most common side effect of vincristine and to a lesser extent myelosupression and gastrointestinal mucositis effects occur.
  • Vinorelbine 3′,4′-didehydro-4′-deoxy-C′-norvincaleukoblastine [R—(R*,R*)-2,3-dihydroxybutanedioate (1:2)(salt)], commercially available as an injectable solution of vinorelbine tartrate (NAVELBINE®), is a semisynthetic vinca alkaloid. Vinorelbine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, in the treatment of various solid tumors, particularly non-small cell lung, advanced breast, and hormone refractory prostate cancers. Myelosuppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of vinorelbine.
  • Platinum coordination complexes are non-phase specific anti-cancer agents, which are interactive with DNA.
  • the platinum complexes enter tumor cells, undergo, aquation and form intra- and interstrand crosslinks with DNA causing adverse biological effects to the tumor.
  • Examples of platinum coordination complexes include, but are not limited to, oxaliplatin, cisplatin and carboplatin.
  • Cisplatin cis-diamminedichloroplatinum
  • PLATINOL® an injectable solution.
  • Cisplatin is primarily indicated in the treatment of metastatic testicular and ovarian cancer and advanced bladder cancer.
  • Carboplatin platinum, diammine [1,1-cyclobutane-dicarboxylate(2-)-O,O′], is commercially available as PARAPLATIN® as an injectable solution.
  • Carboplatin is primarily indicated in the first and second line treatment of advanced ovarian carcinoma.
  • Alkylating agents are non-phase anti-cancer specific agents and strong electrophiles. Generally, alkylating agents form covalent linkages, by alkylation, to DNA through nucleophilic moieties of the DNA molecule such as phosphate, amino, sulfhydryl, hydroxyl, carboxyl, and imidazole groups. Such alkylation disrupts nucleic acid function leading to cell death.
  • alkylating agents include, but are not limited to: nitrogen mustards, such as cyclophosphamide, melphalan, and chlorambucil; alkyl sulfonates, such as busulfan; nitrosoureas, such as carmustine; and triazenes, such as dacarbazine.
  • Cyclophosphamide 2-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide monohydrate, is commercially available as an injectable solution or tablets as CYTOXAN®. Cyclophosphamide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents, in the treatment of malignant lymphomas, multiple myeloma, and leukemias.
  • Melphalan 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]-L-phenylalanine, is commercially available as an injectable solution or tablets as ALKERAN®. Melphalan is indicated for the palliative treatment of multiple myeloma and non-resectable epithelial carcinoma of the ovary. Bone marrow suppression is the most common dose limiting side effect of melphalan.
  • Chlorambucil 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]benzenebutanoic acid, is commercially available as LEUKERAN® tablets. Chlorambucil is indicated for the palliative treatment of chronic lymphatic leukemia, and malignant lymphomas, such as lymphosarcoma, giant follicular lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease.
  • Busulfan 1,4-butanediol dimethanesulfonate, is commercially available as MYLERAN® TABLETS. Busulfan is indicated for the palliative treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia.
  • Carmustine 1,3-[bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, is commercially available as single vials of lyophilized material as BiCNU®. Carmustine is indicated for the palliative treatment as a single agent or in combination with other agents for brain tumors, multiple myeloma, Hodgkin's disease, and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas.
  • dacarbazine 5-(3,3-dimethyl-1-triazeno)-imidazole-4-carboxamide, is commercially available as single vials of material as DTIC-Dome®. dacarbazine is indicated for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma and in combination with other agents for the second line treatment of Hodgkin's Disease.
  • Antibiotic anti-neoplastics are non-phase specific agents, which bind or intercalate with DNA. Generally, such action results in stable DNA complexes or strand breakage, which disrupts ordinary function of the nucleic acids leading to cell death.
  • antibiotic anti-neoplastic agents include, but are not limited t:, actinomycins, such as dactinomycin; anthrocyclins, such as daunorubicin and doxorubicin; and bleomycins.
  • Dactinomycin also known as Actinomycin D
  • Actinomycin D is commercially available in injectable form as COSMEGEN®. Dactinomycin is indicated for the treatment of Wilm's tumor and rhabdomyosarcoma.
  • Daunorubicin (8S-cis-)-8-acetyl-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy- ⁇ -L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-5,12 naphthacenedione hydrochloride, is commercially available as a liposomal injectable form as DAUNOXOME® or as an injectable as CERUBIDINE®. Daunorubicin is indicated for remission induction in the treatment of acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and advanced HIV associated Kaposi's sarcoma.
  • Doxorubicin (8S, 10S)-10-[(3-amino-2,3,6-trideoxy- ⁇ -L-lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy]-8-glycoloyl, 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-1-methoxy-5,12 naphthacenedione hydrochloride, is commercially available as an injectable form as RUBEX® or ADRIAMYCIN RDF®.
  • Doxorubicin is primarily indicated for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and acute myeloblastic leukemia, but is also a useful component in the treatment of some solid tumors and lymphomas.
  • Bleomycin a mixture of cytotoxic glycopeptide antibiotics isolated from a strain of Streptomyces verticillus , is commercially available as BLENOXANE®. Bleomycin is indicated as a palliative treatment, as a single agent or in combination with other agents, of squamous cell carcinoma, lymphomas, and testicular carcinomas.
  • Topoisomerase II inhibitors include, but are not limited to, epipodophyllotoxins.
  • Epipodophyllotoxins are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents derived from the mandrake plant. Epipodophyllotoxins typically affect cells in the S and G 2 phases of the cell cycle by forming a ternary complex with topoisomerase II and DNA, thereby causing DNA strand breaks. The strand breaks accumulate and cell death follows. Examples of epipodophyllotoxins include, but are not limited to, etoposide and teniposide.
  • Etoposide 4′-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9[4,6-0-(R)-ethylidene- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside]
  • VePESID® an injectable solution or capsules
  • VP-16 an injectable solution or capsules
  • Etoposide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of testicular and non-small cell lung cancers.
  • Teniposide 4′-demethyl-epipodophyllotoxin 9[4,6-0-(R)-thenylidene- ⁇ -D-glucopyranoside], is commercially available as an injectable solution as VUMON® and is commonly known as VM-26. Teniposide is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia in children.
  • Antimetabolite neoplastic agents are phase specific anti-neoplastic agents that act at S phase (DNA synthesis) of the cell cycle by inhibiting DNA synthesis or by inhibiting purine or pyrimidine base synthesis and thereby limiting DNA synthesis. Consequently, S phase does not proceed and cell death follows.
  • Examples of antimetabolite anti-neoplastic agents include, but are not limited to, fluorouracil, methotrexate, cytarabine, mecaptopurine, thioguanine, and gemcitabine.
  • 5-fluorouracil 5-fluoro-2,4-(1H,3H) pyrimidinedione
  • fluorouracil is commercially available as fluorouracil.
  • Administration of 5-fluorouracil leads to inhibition of thymidylate synthesis and is also incorporated into both RNA and DNA. The result is generally cell death.
  • 5-fluorouracil is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of carcinomas of the breast, colon, rectum, stomach and pancreas.
  • Other fluoropyrimidine analogs include 5-fluoro deoxyuridine (floxuridine) and 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate.
  • Cytarabine 4-amino-1- ⁇ -D-arabinofuranosyl-2 (1H)-pyrimidinone, is commercially available as CYTOSAR-U® and is commonly known as Ara-C. It is believed that cytarabine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA chain elongation by terminal incorporation of cytarabine into the growing DNA chain. Cytarabine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia. Other cytidine analogs include 5-azacytidine and 2′,2′-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine).
  • Mercaptopurine 1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione monohydrate, is commercially available as PURINETHOL®.
  • Mercaptopurine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis by an as of yet unspecified mechanism.
  • Mercaptopurine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia.
  • a useful mercaptopurine analog is azathioprine.
  • Thioguanine 2-amino-1,7-dihydro-6H-purine-6-thione, is commercially available as TABLOID®.
  • Thioguanine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis by an as of yet unspecified mechanism.
  • Thioguanine is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of acute leukemia.
  • Other purine analogs include pentostatin, erythrohydroxynonyladenine, fludarabine phosphate, and cladribine.
  • Gemcitabine 2′-deoxy-2′, 2′-difluorocytidine monohydrochloride ( ⁇ -isomer), is commercially available as GEMZAR®. Gemcitabine exhibits cell phase specificity at S-phase and by blocking progression of cells through the G1/S boundary. Gemcitabine is indicated in combination with cisplatin in the treatment of locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer and alone in the treatment of locally advanced pancreatic cancer.
  • Methotrexate N-[4[[(2,4-diamino-6-pteridinyl) methyl]methylamino]benzoyl]-L-glutamic acid, is commercially available as methotrexate sodium. Methotrexate exhibits cell phase effects specifically at S-phase by inhibiting DNA synthesis, repair and/or replication through the inhibition of dyhydrofolic acid reductase which is required for synthesis of purine nucleotides and thymidylate.
  • Methotrexate is indicated as a single agent or in combination with other chemotherapy agents in the treatment of choriocarcinoma, meningeal leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and carcinomas of the breast, head, neck, ovary and bladder.
  • Camptothecins including, camptothecin and camptothecin derivatives are available or under development as Topoisomerase I inhibitors. Camptothecins cytotoxic activity is believed to be related to its Topoisomerase I inhibitory activity. Examples of camptothecins include, but are not limited to irinotecan, topotecan, and the various optical forms of 7-(4-methylpiperazino-methylene)-10,11-ethylenedioxy-20-camptothecin described below.
  • Irinotecan HCl (4S)-4,11-diethyl-4-hydroxy-9-[(4-piperidinopiperidino) carbonyloxy]-1H-pyrano[3′,4′,6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14(4H,12H)-dione hydrochloride, is commercially available as the injectable solution CAMPTOSAR®.
  • Irinotecan is a derivative of camptothecin which binds, along with its active metabolite SN-38, to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex.
  • cytotoxicity occurs as a result of irreparable double strand breaks caused by interaction of the topoisomerase I: DNA: irintecan or SN-38 ternary complex with replication enzymes.
  • Irinotecan is indicated for treatment of metastatic cancer of the colon or rectum.
  • Topotecan HCl (S)-10-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-4-ethyl-4,9-dihydroxy-1H-pyrano[3′,4′,6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14-(4H,12H)-dione monohydrochloride, is commercially available as the injectable solution HYCAMTIN®.
  • Topotecan is a derivative of camptothecin, which binds to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and prevents religation of singles strand breaks caused by Topoisomerase I in response to torsional strain of the DNA molecule. Topotecan is indicated for second line treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the ovary and small cell lung cancer.
  • Hormones and hormonal analogues are useful compounds for treating cancers in which there is a relationship between the hormone(s) and growth and/or lack of growth of the cancer.
  • hormones and hormonal analogues useful in cancer treatment include, but are not limited to: adrenocorticosteroids, such as prednisone and prednisolone which are useful in the treatment of malignant lymphoma and acute leukemia in children; aminoglutethimide and other aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole, letrazole, vorazole, and exemestane useful in the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma and hormone dependent breast carcinoma containing estrogen receptors; progestrins, such as megestrol acetate useful in the treatment of hormone dependent breast cancer and endometrial carcinoma; estrogens, and anti-estrogens, such as fulvestrant, flutamide, nilutamide, bicalutamide, cyproterone acetate and 5 ⁇ -re
  • GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • LH leutinizing hormone
  • FSH follicle stimulating hormone
  • Signal transduction pathway inhibitors are those inhibitors, which block or inhibit a chemical process which evokes an intracellular change. As used herein this change is cell proliferation or differentiation.
  • Signal tranduction inhibitors useful in the present invention include inhibitors of receptor tyrosine kinases, non-receptor tyrosine kinases, SH2/SH3domain blockers, serine/threonine kinases, phosphotidyl inositol-3 kinases, myo-inositol signaling, and Ras oncogenes.
  • protein tyrosine kinases catalyse the phosphorylation of specific tyrosyl residues in various proteins involved in the regulation of cell growth.
  • protein tyrosine kinases can be broadly classified as receptor or non-receptor kinases.
  • Receptor tyrosine kinases are transmembrane proteins having an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a tyrosine kinase domain. Receptor tyrosine kinases are involved in the regulation of cell growth and are generally termed growth factor receptors. Inappropriate or uncontrolled activation of many of these kinases, i.e. aberrant kinase growth factor receptor activity, for example by over-expression or mutation, has been shown to result in uncontrolled cell growth. Accordingly, the aberrant activity of such kinases has been linked to malignant tissue growth. Consequently, inhibitors of such kinases could provide cancer treatment methods.
  • Growth factor receptors include, for example, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr), platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFr), erbB2, erbB4, ret, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFr), tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and epidermal growth factor homology domains (TIE-2), insulin growth factor-I (IGFI) receptor, macrophage colony stimulating factor (cfms), BTK, ckit, cmet, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptors, Trk receptors (TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC), ephrin (eph) receptors, and the RET protooncogene.
  • EGFr epidermal growth factor receptor
  • PDGFr platelet derived growth factor receptor
  • erbB2 erbB2
  • VEGFr vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
  • TIE-2 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor
  • inhibitors of growth receptors include ligand antagonists, antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and anti-sense oligonucleotides.
  • Growth factor receptors and agents that inhibit growth factor receptor function are described, for instance, in Kath, John C., Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents (2000) 10(6):803-818; Shawver et al DDT Vol 2, No. 2 Feb. 1997; and Lofts, F. J. et al, “Growth factor receptors as targets”, New Molecular Targets for Cancer Chemotherapy, ed. Workman, Paul and Kerr, David, CRC press 1994, London.
  • Non-receptor tyrosine kinases which are not growth factor receptor kinases are termed non-receptor tyrosine kinases.
  • Non-receptor tyrosine kinases useful in the present invention include cSrc, Lck, Fyn, Yes, Jak, cAbl, FAK (Focal adhesion kinase), Brutons tyrosine kinase, and Bcr-Abl.
  • Such non-receptor kinases and agents which inhibit non-receptor tyrosine kinase function are described in Sinh, S. and Corey, S. J., (1999) Journal of Hematotherapy and Stem Cell Research 8 (5): 465-80; and Bolen, J. B., Brugge, J. S., (1997) Annual review of Immunology. 15: 371-404.
  • SH2/SH3 domain blockers are agents that disrupt SH2 or SH3 domain binding in a variety of enzymes or adaptor proteins including, PI3-K p85 subunit, Src family kinases, adaptor molecules (Shc, Crk, Nck, Grb2) and Ras-GAP. Smithgall, T. E. (1995), Journal of Pharmacological and Toxicological Methods. 34(3) 125-32, discusses SH2/SH3 domains as targets for anti-cancer drugs.
  • Inhibitors of Serine/Threonine Kinases include MAP kinase cascade blockers which include blockers of Raf kinases (rafk), Mitogen or Extracellular Regulated Kinase (MEKs), and Extracellular Regulated Kinases (ERKs); and Protein kinase C family member blockers include blockers of PKCs (alpha, beta, gamma, epsilon, mu, lambda, iota, zeta). IkB kinase family (IKKa, IKKb), PKB family kinases, akt kinase family members, and TGF beta receptor kinases.
  • MAP kinase cascade blockers which include blockers of Raf kinases (rafk), Mitogen or Extracellular Regulated Kinase (MEKs), and Extracellular Regulated Kinases (ERKs); and Protein kinase C family member blockers include blockers of PKCs
  • Serine/Threonine kinases and inhibitors thereof are described in Yamamoto, T., Taya, S., Kaibuchi, K., (1999), Journal of Biochemistry. 126 (5) 799-803; Brodt, P, Samani, A., and Navab, R. (2000), Biochemical Pharmacology, 60. 1101-1107; Massague, J., Weis-Garcia, F. (1996) Cancer Surveys. 27:41-64; Philip, P. A., and Harris, A. L. (1995), Cancer Treatment and Research. 78: 3-27, Lackey, K. et al Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters, (10), 2000, 223-226; U.S. Pat. No. 6,268,391; and Martinez-Iacaci, L., et al, Int. J. Cancer (2000), 88(1), 44-52.
  • Inhibitors of Phosphotidyl inositol-3 Kinase family members are also useful in embodiments of the present disclosure.
  • Such kinases are discussed in Abraham, R. T. (1996), Current Opinion in Immunology. 8 (3) 412-8; Canman, C. E., Lim, D. S. (1998), Oncogene 17 (25) 3301-3308; Jackson, S. P. (1997), International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology. 29 (7):935-8; and Zhong, H. et al, Cancer res, (2000) 60(6), 1541-1545.
  • Myo-inositol signaling inhibitors such as phospholipase C blockers and Myoinositol analogues.
  • signal inhibitors are described in Powis, G., and Kozikowski A., (1994) New Molecular Targets for Cancer Chemotherapy ed., Paul Workman and David Kerr, CRC press 1994, London.
  • Ras Oncogene Another group of signal transduction pathway inhibitors are inhibitors of Ras Oncogene.
  • Such inhibitors include inhibitors of farnesyltransferase, geranyl-geranyl transferase, and CAAX proteases, as well as anti-sense oligonucleotides, ribozymes and immunotherapy.
  • Such inhibitors have been shown to block ras activation in cells containing wild type mutant ras, thereby acting as antiproliferation agents.
  • Ras oncogene inhibition is discussed in Scharovsky, O. G., Rozados, V. R., Gervasoni, S. I. Matar, P. (2000), Journal of Biomedical Science. 7(4) 292-8; Ashby, M. N. (1998), Current Opinion in Lipidology. 9 (2) 99-102; and BioChim. Biophys. Acta, (19899) 1423(3):19-30.
  • antibody antagonists to receptor kinase ligand binding may also serve as signal transduction inhibitors.
  • This group of signal transduction pathway inhibitors includes the use of humanized antibodies to the extracellular ligand binding domain of receptor tyrosine kinases.
  • Imclone C225 EGFR specific antibody see Green, M. C. et al, Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Solid Tumors, Cancer Treat.
  • Herceptin® erbB2 antibody see Tyrosine Kinase Signalling in Breast cancer:erbB Family Receptor Tyrosine Kinases, Breast cancer Res., 2000, 2(3), 176-183
  • 2CB VEGFR2 specific antibody see Brekken, R. A. et al, Selective Inhibition of VEGFR2 Activity by a monoclonal Anti-VEGF antibody blocks tumor growth in mice, Cancer Res. (2000) 60, 5117-5124).
  • Anti-angiogenic agents including non-receptor MEK angiogenesis inhibitors may also be useful.
  • Anti-angiogenic agents such as those which inhibit the effects of vascular edothelial growth factor, (for example, the anti-vascular endothelial cell growth factor antibody bevacizumab [AvastinTM]), and compounds that work by other mechanisms (for example, linomide, inhibitors of integrin ⁇ v ⁇ 3 function, endostatin and angiostatin);
  • Immunotherapy approaches include, for example: ex-vivo and in-vivo approaches to increase the immunogenecity of patient tumour cells, such as transfection with cytokines such as interleukin 2, interleukin 4 or granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor; approaches to decrease T-cell anergy; approaches using transfected immune cells, such as cytokine-transfected dendritic cells; approaches using cytokine-transfected tumour cell lines; and approaches using anti-idiotypic antibodies
  • Agents used in proapoptotic regimens may also be used in the combination of the present disclosure.
  • Cell cycle signalling inhibitors inhibit molecules involved in the control of the cell cycle.
  • a family of protein kinases called cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) and their interaction with a family of proteins termed cyclins controls progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle. The coordinate activation and inactivation of different cyclin/CDK complexes is necessary for normal progression through the cell cycle.
  • CDKs cyclin dependent kinases
  • Several inhibitors of cell cycle signalling are under development. For instance, examples of cyclin dependent kinases, including CDK2, CDK4 and CDK6, and inhibitors for the same are described in, for instance, Rosania et al, Exp. Opin. Ther. Patents (2000) 10(2):215-230.
  • the combination of the present disclosure comprises a compound of formula I or a salt or solvate thereof and at least one anti-neoplastic agent selected from anti-microtubule agents, platinum coordination complexes, alkylating agents, antibiotic agents, topoisomerase II inhibitors, antimetabolites, topoisomerase I inhibitors, hormones and hormonal analogues, signal transduction pathway inhibitors, non-receptor tyrosine MEK angiogenesis inhibitors, immunotherapeutic agents, proapoptotic agents, and cell cycle signaling inhibitors.
  • anti-neoplastic agent selected from anti-microtubule agents, platinum coordination complexes, alkylating agents, antibiotic agents, topoisomerase II inhibitors, antimetabolites, topoisomerase I inhibitors, hormones and hormonal analogues, signal transduction pathway inhibitors, non-receptor tyrosine MEK angiogenesis inhibitors, immunotherapeutic agents, proapoptotic agents, and cell cycle signaling inhibitors.
  • the combination of the present disclosure comprises a compound of formula I or a salt or solvate thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent, which is an anti-microtubule agent selected from diterpenoids and vinca alkaloids.
  • At least one anti-neoplastic agent is a diterpenoid.
  • At least one anti-neoplastic agent is a vinca alkaloid.
  • the combination of the present disclosure comprises a compound of formula I or a salt or solvate thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent, which is a platinum coordination complex.
  • At least one anti-neoplastic agent is paclitaxel, carboplatin, or vinorelbine.
  • At least one anti-neoplastic agent is carboplatin.
  • At least one anti-neoplastic agent is vinorelbine.
  • At least one anti-neoplastic agent is paclitaxel.
  • the combination of the present disclosure comprises a compound of formula I and salts or solvates thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent, which is a signal transduction pathway inhibitor.
  • the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a growth factor receptor kinase VEGFR2, TIE2, PDGFR, BTK, erbB2, EGFr, IGFR-1, TrkA, TrkB, TrkC, or c-fms.
  • the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a serine/threonine kinase rafk, akt, or PKC-zeta.
  • the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a non-receptor tyrosine kinase selected from the src family of kinases.
  • the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of c-src.
  • the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of Ras oncogene selected from inhibitors of farnesyl transferase and geranylgeranyl transferase.
  • the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is an inhibitor of a serine/threonine kinase selected from the group consisting of PI3K.
  • the signal transduction pathway inhibitor is a dual EGFr/erbB2 inhibitor, for example N- ⁇ 3-Chloro-4-[(3-fluorobenzyl) oxy]phenyl ⁇ -6-[5-( ⁇ [2-(methanesulphonyl) ethyl]amino ⁇ methyl)-2-furyl]-4-quinazolinamine (structure below):
  • the combination of the present disclosure comprises a compound of formula I or a salt or solvate thereof, and at least one anti-neoplastic agent, which is a cell cycle signaling inhibitor.
  • the cell cycle signaling inhibitor is an inhibitor of CDK2, CDK4, or CDK6.
  • Palbociclib (PD-0332991) and other chemotypes (such as LY2835219) can be combined with the described estrogen receptor degraders.
  • Particular components of combination therapy include combinations with other anti-estrogens, including tamoxifen and/or fulvestrant.
  • an “estrogen receptor-associated condition,” as used herein, denotes a condition or disorder, e.g., cancer, which can be treated by modulating the function or activity of an estrogen receptor in a subject, wherein treatment comprises prevention, partial alleviation or cure of the condition or disorder. Modulation may occur locally, for example within certain tissues of the subject, or more extensively throughout a subject being treated for such a condition or disorder.
  • treat refers to any action providing a benefit to a patient for which the present compounds may be administered, including the treatment of any disease state or condition which is modulated through the protein to which the present compounds bind.
  • Disease states or conditions, including cancer, which may be treated using compounds according to the present disclosure are set forth hereinabove.
  • the description provides a method of ubiquitinating/degrading a target protein in a cell.
  • the method comprises administering a bifunctional compound as described herein comprising, e.g., ULM and a PTM, preferably linked through a linker moiety, as otherwise described herein, wherein the ULM is coupled to the PTM and wherein the ULM recognizes a ubiquitin pathway protein (e.g., an ubiquitin ligase, preferably an E3 ubiquitin ligase) and the PTM recognizes the target protein (e.g., ER) such that degradation of the target protein will occur when the target protein is placed in proximity to the ubiquitin ligase, thus resulting in degradation/inhibition of the effects of the target protein and the control of protein levels.
  • a bifunctional compound as described herein comprising, e.g., ULM and a PTM, preferably linked through a linker moiety, as otherwise described herein, wherein the ULM is coupled to
  • the control of protein levels afforded by the present disclosure provides treatment of a disease state or condition (e.g., an estrogen receptor-mediated disease or disorder), which is modulated through the target protein by lowering the level of that protein in the cell, e.g., cell of a patient.
  • the method comprises administering an effective amount of a compound as described herein, optionally including a pharamaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, adjuvant, another bioactive agent or combination thereof.
  • the estrogen mediated disease or disorder is breast cancer.
  • the description provides methods for treating or emeliorating a disease, disorder or symptom thereof in a subject or a patient, e.g., an animal such as a human, comprising administering to a subject in need thereof a composition comprising an effective amount, e.g., a therapeutically effective amount, of a compound as described herein or salt form thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, adjuvant, another bioactive agent or combination thereof, wherein the composition is effective for treating or ameliorating the disease or disorder or symptom thereof in the subject.
  • a composition comprising an effective amount, e.g., a therapeutically effective amount, of a compound as described herein or salt form thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, carrier, adjuvant, another bioactive agent or combination thereof, wherein the composition is effective for treating or ameliorating the disease or disorder or symptom thereof in the subject.
  • the subject to be treated in the methods and uses described herein is a mammal, e.g., a human.
  • a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease or condition being treated.
  • a patient or subject in need of therapy using compounds according to the methods described herein can be treated by administering to the patient (subject) an effective amount of the compound according to the present disclosure including pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates or polymorphs, thereof optionally in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, either alone, or in combination with other known erythopoiesis stimulating agents as otherwise identified herein.
  • the description provides methods for identifying the effects of the degradation of proteins of interest in a biological system using compounds according to the present disclosure.
  • the present disclosure is directed to a method of treating a human patient in need for a disease state or condition modulated through a protein where the degradation of that protein will produce a therapeutic effect in that patient, the method comprising administering to a patient in need an effective amount of a compound according to the present disclosure, optionally in combination with another bioactive agent.
  • the disease state or condition may be a disease caused by overexpression of a protein, which leads to a disease state and/or condition
  • disease state or condition is used to describe any disease state or condition wherein protein dysregulation (i.e., the amount of protein expressed in a patient is elevated) occurs and where degradation of one or more proteins in a patient may provide beneficial therapy or relief of symptoms to a patient in need thereof. In certain instances, the disease state or condition may be cured.
  • Disease states of conditions which may be treated using compounds according to the present disclosure include, for example, asthma, autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, various cancers, ciliopathies, cleft palate, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, inflammatory bowel disease, mental retardation, mood disorder, obesity, refractive error, infertility, Angelman syndrome, Canavan disease, Coeliac disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, Cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Haemochromatosis, Haemophilia, Klinefelter's syndrome, Neurofibromatosis, Phenylketonuria, Polycystic kidney disease, (PKD1) or 4 (PKD2) Prader-Willi syndrome, Sickle-cell disease, Tay-Sachs disease, Turner syndrome.
  • autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis, various cancers, ciliopathies, cleft palate, diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, inflammatory bowel disease, mental retardation, mood disorder, obesity, refractive error
  • Further disease states or conditions which may be treated by compounds according to the present disclosure include Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease), Anorexia nervosa, Anxiety disorder, Atherosclerosis, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Autism, Bipolar disorder, Chronic fatigue syndrome, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Crohn's disease, Coronary heart disease, Dementia, Depression, Diabetes mellitus type 1, Diabetes mellitus type 2, Epilepsy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Irritable bowel syndrome, Lupus, Metabolic syndrome, Multiple sclerosis, Myocardial infarction, Obesity, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Panic disorder, Parkinson's disease, Psoriasis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Sarcoidosis, Schizophrenia, Stroke, Thromboangiitis obliterans, Tourette syndrome, Vasculitis.
  • Alzheimer's disease Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
  • Still additional disease states or conditions which can be treated by compounds according to the present disclosure include aceruloplasminemia, Achondrogenesis type II, achondroplasia, Acrocephaly, Gaucher disease type 2, acute intermittent porphyria, Canavan disease, Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, ALA dehydratase deficiency, adenylosuccinate lyase deficiency, Adrenogenital syndrome, Adrenoleukodystrophy, ALA-D porphyria, ALA dehydratase deficiency, Alkaptonuria, Alexander disease, Alkaptonuric ochronosis, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor, emphysema, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Alstrim syndrome, Alexander disease, Amelogenesis imperfecta, ALA dehydratase deficiency, Anderson-Fabry disease, androgen insensitivity syndrome, Anemia Angiokeratoma Corporis D
  • cancer is used throughout the specification to refer to the pathological process that results in the formation and growth of a cancerous or malignant neoplasm, i.e., abnormal tissue that grows by cellular proliferation, often more rapidly than normal and continues to grow after the stimuli that initiated the new growth cease.
  • Malignant neoplasms show partial or complete lack of structural organization and functional coordination with the normal tissue and most invade surrounding tissues, metastasize to several sites, and are likely to recur after attempted removal and to cause the death of the patient unless adequately treated.
  • neoplasia is used to describe all cancerous disease states and embraces or encompasses the pathological process associated with malignant hematogenous, ascitic and solid tumors.
  • Exemplary cancers which may be treated by the present compounds either alone or in combination with at least one additional anti-cancer agent include squamous-cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinomas, and renal cell carcinomas, cancer of the bladder, bowel, breast, cervix, colon, esophagus, head, kidney, liver, lung, neck, ovary, pancreas, prostate, and stomach; leukemias; benign and malignant lymphomas, particularly Burkitt's lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; benign and malignant melanomas; myeloproliferative diseases; sarcomas, including Ewing's sarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, liposarcoma, myosarcomas, peripheral neuroepithelioma, synovial sarcoma, gliomas, astrocytomas, oligodendro
  • Additional cancers which may be treated using compounds according to the present disclosure include, for example, T-lineage Acute lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL), T-lineage lymphoblastic Lymphoma (T-LL), Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, Adult T-cell Leukemia, Pre-B ALL, Pre-B Lymphomas, Large B-cell Lymphoma, Burkitts Lymphoma, B-cell ALL, Philadelphia chromosome positive ALL and Philadelphia chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).
  • T-ALL T-lineage Acute lymphoblastic Leukemia
  • T-LL T-lineage lymphoblastic Lymphoma
  • Peripheral T-cell lymphoma Peripheral T-cell lymphoma
  • Adult T-cell Leukemia Pre-B ALL, Pre-B Lymphomas
  • Large B-cell Lymphoma Burkitts Lymphoma
  • B-cell ALL Philadelphia chromosome positive ALL
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt is used throughout the specification to describe, where applicable, a salt form of one or more of the compounds described herein which are presented to increase the solubility of the compound in the gastic juices of the patient's gastrointestinal tract in order to promote dissolution and the bioavailability of the compounds.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic bases and acids, where applicable. Suitable salts include those derived from alkali metals such as potassium and sodium, alkaline earth metals such as calcium, magnesium and ammonium salts, among numerous other acids and bases well known in the pharmaceutical art. Sodium and potassium salts are particularly preferred as neutralization salts of the phosphates according to the present disclosure.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable derivative is used throughout the specification to describe any pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug form (such as an ester, amide other prodrug group), which, upon administration to a patient, provides directly or indirectly the present compound or an active metabolite of the present compound.
  • DIEA or DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine.
  • TFA trifluoroacetic acid
  • the synthetic realization and optimization of the bifunctional molecules as described herein may be approached in a step-wise or modular fashion.
  • identification of compounds that bind to the target molecules can involve high or medium throughput screening campaigns if no suitable ligands are immediately available. It is not unusual for initial ligands to require iterative design and optimization cycles to improve suboptimal aspects as identified by data from suitable in vitro and pharmacological and/or ADMET assays. Part of the optimization/SAR campaign would be to probe positions of the ligand that are tolerant of substitution and that might be suitable places on which to attach the linker chemistry previously referred to herein. Where crystallographic or NMR structural data are available, these can be used to focus such a synthetic effort.
  • Linker moieties can be synthesized with a range of compositions, lengths and flexibility and functionalized such that the PTM and ULM groups can be attached sequentially to distal ends of the linker.
  • a library of bifunctional molecules can be realized and profiled in in vitro and in vivo pharmacological and ADMET/PK studies.
  • the final bifunctional molecules can be subject to iterative design and optimization cycles in order to identify molecules with desirable properties.
  • protecting group strategies and/or functional group interconversions may be required to facilitate the preparation of the desired materials.
  • FGIs functional group interconversions
  • This description also provides methods for the control of protein levels with a cell. This is based on the use of compounds as described herein, which are known to interact with a specific target protein such that degradation of a target protein in vivo will result in the control of the amount of protein in a biological system, prerferably to a particular therapeutic benefit.
  • LC-MS analyses were performed on a SHIMADZU LC-MS machine consisting of an UFLC 20-AD system and LCMS 2020 MS detector.
  • the column used was a Shim-pack XR-ODS, 2.2 ⁇ m, 3.0 ⁇ 50 mm.
  • a linear gradient was applied, starting at 95% A (A: 0.05% TFA in water) and ending at 100% B (B: 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile) over 2.2 min with a total run time of 3.6 min.
  • the column temperature was at 40° C. with the flow rate at 1.0 mL/min.
  • the Diode Array detector was scanned from 200-400 nm.
  • the mass spectrometer was equipped with an electro spray ion source (ES) operated in a positive or negative mode. The mass spectrometer was scanned between m/z 90-900 with a scan time of 0.6 s.
  • ES electro spray ion source
  • Step 3 Preparation of (2S, 4R)-1- ⁇ (S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl ⁇ -4-hydroxypyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid (6)
  • Step 4 Preparation of (2S,4R)-1-[(2S)-2-amino-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]-4-hydroxy-N-[(1S)-1-[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)phenyl]ethyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide hydrochloride (7)
  • HATU (1.6 g, 4.2 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of compound 6 (1.21 g, 3.5 mmol), compound 3 (0.9 g, 3.5 mmol), and DIPEA (1.36 g, 10.5 mmol) in anhydrous THF (15 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm up to ambient temperature and continued to stir for 2 h. TLC showed reaction complete. THF was removed by concentration. To the residue was added water (15 mL) and the resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h. The resulting mixture was filtered. The solid was collected and dried in oven at 50° C. to give a white solid.
  • Step 3 Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-(3- ⁇ [5-(benzyloxy)pentyl]oxy ⁇ propoxy)acetate (Z)
  • Step 4 Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-[3-[(5-hydroxypentyl)oxy]propoxy]acetate (AA)
  • Step 5 Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-[3-( ⁇ 5-[(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)oxy]-pentyl ⁇ oxy)propoxy]acetate (AB)
  • Step 2 Synthesis of ethyl 2-(4- ⁇ 4-[(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)oxy]-butoxy ⁇ butoxy)acetate (AF)
  • Step 1 Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-[(6-hydroxyhexa-2,4-diyn-1-yl)oxy]acetate (AP)
  • Step 2 Synthesis of ethyl 2-[2-(2- ⁇ [(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino ⁇ ethoxy)ethoxy]-acetate (AS)
  • Step 2 Synthesis of ethyl 2-[(5- ⁇ [(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]amino ⁇ pentyl)oxy]acetate (AV)
  • Step 3 Synthesis of methyl 2-(2- ⁇ 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy ⁇ ethoxy)acetate (AZ)
  • Step 4 Synthesis of methyl 2- ⁇ 2-[2-(methylamino)ethoxy]ethoxy ⁇ acetate (L-15)
  • Step 1 Synthesis of ethyl 2-[(5- ⁇ [(tert-butoxy)carbonyl](methyl)amino ⁇ pentyl)oxy]acetate (BB)
  • Step 1 Synthesis of tert-butyl 2- ⁇ 3-[2-(benzyloxy)ethoxy]propoxy ⁇ acetate (BD)
  • Step 3 Synthesis of tert-butyl 2-(3- ⁇ 2-[(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)oxy]ethoxy ⁇ propoxy)acetate (BF)
  • Step 5 Preparation of 5-(benzyloxy)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1- ⁇ [4-(triphenylmethoxy)phenyl]methyl ⁇ -1H-indole
  • Step 7 Preparation of ethyl 1-(4- ⁇ [5-(benzyloxy)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl ⁇ phenyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oate
  • Step 8 Preparation of ethyl 1-(4-[[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl] phenyl)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oate
  • Step 9 Preparation of 1-(4- ⁇ [2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl ⁇ phenyl)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oic acid
  • Step 10 Preparation of (2S,4R)-1-[(2S)-2-[1-(4-[[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadodecan-12-amido]-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]-4-hydroxy-N-[[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)phenyl]methyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
  • Step 3 Preparation of tert-butyl 2-[2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)oxy]ethoxy]acetate
  • Step 5 Preparation of 5-(benzyloxy)-1-[[4-(2-bromoethoxy)phenyl]methyl]-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indole
  • Step 6 Preparation of tert-butyl 2-[2-([1-[2-(4-[[5-(benzyloxy)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl] phenoxy)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]oxy)ethoxy]acetate
  • Step 7 Preparation of tert-butyl 2-[2-([1-[2-(4-[[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl] phenoxy)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]oxy)ethoxy]acetate
  • Step 8 Preparation of 2-[2-([1-[2-(4-[[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl] phenoxy)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]oxy)ethoxy]acetic acid
  • Step 9 Preparation of (2S,4R)-1-[(2S)-2-[2-[2-([1-[2-(4-[[2-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenoxy)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]oxy)ethoxy]acetamido]-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]-4-hydroxy-N-[[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)phenyl]methyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
  • Step 4 Preparation of 5-(benzyloxy)-2-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-3-methyl-1-[[4-(triphenylmethoxy)phenyl]methyl]-1H-indole
  • Step 6 Preparation of Ethyl 1-(4-[[5-(benzyloxy)-2-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oate
  • the reaction was then quenched by the addition of water.
  • the resulting solution was extracted with ethyl acetate (20 mL ⁇ 3) and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.
  • the organic solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was applied onto a silica gel column eluting with ethyl acetate/petroleum ether (1:1).
  • Step 7 Preparation of ethyl 1-(4-[[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oate
  • Step 8 Preparation of 1-(4-[[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oic acid
  • Step 9 Preparation of (2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-1-[(2S)-2-[1-(4-[[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadodecan-12-amido]-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]-N-[[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)phenyl]methyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
  • Step 3 Preparation of 5-benzyloxy-2-(4-bromophenyl)-3-methyl-1-[[4-(triphenylmethoxy) phenyl]methyl]-1H-indole
  • Step 5 Preparation of ethyl 1-(4-[[5-(benzyloxy)-2-(4-bromophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl] phenyl)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oate
  • Step 6 Preparation of ethyl 1-(4-[[2-(4-bromophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl] phenyl)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oate
  • Step 7 Preparation of 1-(4-[[2-(4-bromophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl] phenyl)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oic acid
  • Step 8 Preparation of (2S,4R)-1-[(2S)-2-[1-(4-[[2-(4-bromophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadodecan-12-amido]-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]-4-hydroxy-N-[[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)phenyl]methyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
  • the resulting solution was stirred for 1 hour at room temperature. The reaction was then quenched by the addition of water. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (50 mL ⁇ 2) and the organic layers were combined, washed with brine and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solids were filtered out. The resulting mixture was concentrated under vacuum.
  • the crude product was purified by prep-HPLC using the following conditions: Column, XBridge Shield RP 18 OBD Column, 5 um, 19 ⁇ 150 mm; mobile phase A, water with ammonium bicarbonate (10 mM), mobile phase B, acetonitrile; isocratic 57.0% B in 11 min; Detector, UV 254 nm.
  • Step 3 Preparation of 5-(benzyloxy)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-1-[[4-(triphenylmethoxy) phenyl]methyl]-1H-indole
  • Step 5 Preparation of ethyl 1-(4-[[5-(benzyloxy)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl] phenyl)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oate
  • Step 6 Preparation of ethyl 1-(4-[[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl] phenyl)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oate
  • Step 7 Preparation of 1-(4-[[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl] phenyl)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraoxadodecan-12-oic acid
  • Step 8 Preparation of (2S,4R)-1-[(2S)-2-[1-(4-[[2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-hydroxy-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenyl)-1,4,7,10-tetraoxadodecan-12-amido]-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]-4-hydroxy-N-[[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)phenyl]methyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
  • Step 1 Preparation of tert-butyl 2-(2-[[1-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidin-4-yl]oxy]ethoxy)acetate
  • Step 2 Preparation of tert-butyl 2-[2-([1-[2-(4-[[5-(benzyloxy)-2-[4-(benzyloxy)phenyl]-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenoxy)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]oxy)ethoxy]acetate
  • Step 3 Preparation of tert-butyl 2-[2-([1-[2-(4-[[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenoxy)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]oxy)ethoxy]acetate
  • Step 4 Preparation of 2-[2-([1-[2-(4-[[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenoxy)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]oxy)ethoxy]acetic acid
  • Step 5 Preparation of (2S,4R)-4-hydroxy-1-[(2S)-2-[2-[2-([1-[2-(4-[[5-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1H-indol-1-yl]methyl]phenoxy)ethyl]piperidin-4-yl]oxy)ethoxy]acetamido]-3,3-dimethylbutanoyl]-N-[[4-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)phenyl]methyl]pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
  • the novel indole-derived ER ⁇ degraders were assessed for their activity in degradaing ER ⁇ in MCF-7 cells using western blot method.
  • the assay was carried out in the presence of 10% female bovine serum (FBS) or high percentage of human or mouse serum. Protocols of the western blot assay were described below:
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a western blot analysis of ER ⁇ level in MCF-7 cells.
  • Cells were treated with ER ⁇ degraders (in the presence of 10% FBS) according the described assay procedure.
  • the Left panel illustrates the effect of Example #1 on degrading ER ⁇ .
  • the Right panel illustrates the effect of Example #2 on degrading ER ⁇ .
  • D is DMSO and the compound concentration ranged from 0.1 nM to 100 nM.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a western blot analysis of ER ⁇ level in MCF-7 cells.
  • Cells were treated with ER ⁇ degraders (in the presence of 10% FBS) according the described assay procedure.
  • the Left panel illustrates the effect of Example #4 on degrading ER ⁇ .
  • the Right panel illustrates the effect of Example #5 on degrading ER ⁇ .
  • D is DMSO and the compound concentration ranged from 0.1 nM to 100 nM.
  • the subcutaneous bioavailability was determined in the following study: three CD-1 mice were dosed by subcutaneous injection (10 mg/kg) and plasma was collected at the following hourly time points (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h). Plasma compound concentations were determined by HPLC. The results are shown in Table 1.

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EP3512842A1 (fr) 2019-07-24
US11584743B2 (en) 2023-02-21
WO2018053354A1 (fr) 2018-03-22
ES2975558T3 (es) 2024-07-09
US20190233408A1 (en) 2019-08-01
US20210040081A1 (en) 2021-02-11
CA3087528C (fr) 2024-01-30
US10865202B2 (en) 2020-12-15
EP3512842B1 (fr) 2024-01-17
EP3512842A4 (fr) 2020-04-15

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