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US20170368082A1 - Formulations of brincidofovir - Google Patents

Formulations of brincidofovir Download PDF

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Publication number
US20170368082A1
US20170368082A1 US15/636,393 US201715636393A US2017368082A1 US 20170368082 A1 US20170368082 A1 US 20170368082A1 US 201715636393 A US201715636393 A US 201715636393A US 2017368082 A1 US2017368082 A1 US 2017368082A1
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Prior art keywords
brincidofovir
clear
concentration
colorless
dextrose
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US15/636,393
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English (en)
Inventor
Roy Wendell WARE
Mohammed Anowrul KABIR
Odin Johann Naderer
Irma Marisa GROSSI
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Chimerix Inc
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Chimerix Inc
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Priority to US15/636,393 priority Critical patent/US20170368082A1/en
Assigned to CHIMERIX, INC. reassignment CHIMERIX, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GROSSI, IRMA MARISA, KABIR, MOHAMMED, NADERER, ODIN JOHANN
Publication of US20170368082A1 publication Critical patent/US20170368082A1/en
Assigned to SYMBIO PHARMACEUTICALS LIMITED reassignment SYMBIO PHARMACEUTICALS LIMITED LICENSE (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHIMERIX, INC.
Priority to US16/722,699 priority patent/US20200138835A1/en
Priority to US17/872,921 priority patent/US12485131B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/66—Phosphorus compounds
    • A61K31/675—Phosphorus compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. pyridoxal phosphate
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/16—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing nitrogen, e.g. nitro-, nitroso-, azo-compounds, nitriles, cyanates
    • A61K47/18—Amines; Amides; Ureas; Quaternary ammonium compounds; Amino acids; Oligopeptides having up to five amino acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/16—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite containing nitrogen, e.g. nitro-, nitroso-, azo-compounds, nitriles, cyanates
    • A61K47/18—Amines; Amides; Ureas; Quaternary ammonium compounds; Amino acids; Oligopeptides having up to five amino acids
    • A61K47/183—Amino acids, e.g. glycine, EDTA or aspartame
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A61K47/26—Carbohydrates, e.g. sugar alcohols, amino sugars, nucleic acids, mono-, di- or oligo-saccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates, sorbitan fatty acid esters or glycyrrhizin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/08—Solutions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/14—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles
    • A61K9/19—Particulate form, e.g. powders, Processes for size reducing of pure drugs or the resulting products, Pure drug nanoparticles lyophilised, i.e. freeze-dried, solutions or dispersions
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
    • A61P31/22—Antivirals for DNA viruses for herpes viruses
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • compositions e.g., lyophilized and/or aqueous compositions
  • brincidofovir e.g., lyophilized and/or aqueous compositions
  • Brincidofovir (BCV, CMX001) is an orally bioavailable, lipid acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that is converted intracellularly into the active antiviral cidofovir diphosphate (CDV-PP). Brincidofovir has broad spectrum antiviral activity against double-stranded DNA viruses.
  • the structure of brincidofovir is shown below:
  • compositions comprising brincidofovir and methods of using the same.
  • the compositions can be lyophilized (e.g., as a powder) for long-term storage.
  • the lyophilized formulations can be reconstituted (e.g., in an aqueous sugar solution) as biocompatible formulations for intravenous (IV) administration (e.g., to a subject in need thereof).
  • IV intravenous
  • the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition, comprising: brincidofovir; a bulking agent; a buffer; and water; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the bulking agent is mannitol or sucrose. In some embodiments, the bulking agent is mannitol. In some embodiments, the buffer is sodium phosphate, L-arginine, or tromethamine. In some embodiments, the buffer is L-arginine. In some embodiments, the brincidofovir is present at a concentration of about 10.0 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the bulking agent is present at a concentration of about 2.5-9% (w/v). In some embodiments, the bulking agent is present at a concentration of about 2.5% (w/v). In some embodiments, the bulking agent is present at a concentration of about 5% (w/v). In some embodiments, the buffer is present at a concentration of about 100-200 mM. In some embodiments, the buffer is present at a concentration of about 100 mM. In some embodiments, the pH is adjusted using HCl and/or NaOH.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir at a concentration of about 10.0 mg/mL; mannitol at a concentration of about 25-50 mg/mL; L-arginine at a concentration of about 17.4 mg/mL; and water; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir at a concentration of about 17.8 mM; mannitol at a concentration of about 137.5-275 mM; L-arginine at a concentration of about 100 mM; and water; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the liquid pharmaceutical composition is lyophilized, e.g., to remove water, forming a lyophilized powder.
  • the present disclosure provides a lyophilized powder comprising: about 13-23% by weight brincidofovir; about 48%-65% by weight mannitol; and about 22-40% by weight arginine.
  • the present disclosure provides a lyophilized powder comprising: about 13-19% by weight brincidofovir; about 48%-65% by weight mannitol; and about 22-33% by weight arginine.
  • the lyophilized powder contains about 19% by weight brincidofovir, about 48% by weight mannitol, and about 33% by weight arginine. In some embodiments, the lyophilized powder contains about 13% by weight brincidofovir, about 65% by weight mannitol, and about 22% by weight arginine.
  • the pH of the lyophilized powder is about 8.0.
  • an aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising: brincidofovir; a bulking agent; a buffer; and a sugar alcohol solution, an aqueous sugar solution, Ringer's solution or an aqueous salt (e.g., sodium chloride) solution.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir; mannitol; L-arginine; and dextrose.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir; mannitol; L-arginine; and dextrose; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the aqueous sugar solution is a solution comprising about 5% dextrose by weight.
  • the aqueous salt solution is an aqueous sodium chloride solution.
  • the concentration of the sodium chloride solution is 0.9% by weight.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition further comprises additional water.
  • the additional water is added (e.g. to adjust tonicity, concentration, or pH of the formulation).
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir at a concentration of about 1.0 mg/mL; mannitol at a concentration of about 2.5-5 mg/mL; and L-arginine at a concentration of about 1.74 mg/mL; and dextrose at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL.
  • the pH of the composition is about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7.0, about 6.5, about 6.0, or below about 6.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir at a concentration of about 1.78 mM; mannitol at a concentration of about 13.75-27.5 mM; L-arginine at a concentration of about 10 mM; and dextrose at a concentration of about 287 mM.
  • the pH of the composition is about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7.0, about 6.5, about 6.0, or below about 6.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir at a concentration of about 0.5 mg/mL; mannitol at a concentration of about 1.25-2.5 mg/mL; and L-arginine at a concentration of about 0.87 mg/mL; and dextrose at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL.
  • the pH of the composition is about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7.0, about 6.5, about 6.0, or below about 6.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir at a concentration of about 0.89 mM; mannitol at a concentration of about 6.85-13.7 mM; L-arginine at a concentration of about 5 mM; and dextrose at a concentration of about 287 mM.
  • the pH of the composition is about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7.0, about 6.5, about 6.0, or below about 6.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir at a concentration of about 1.0 mg/mL; mannitol at a concentration of about 2.5-5 mg/mL; and L-arginine at a concentration of about 1.74 mg/mL; and dextrose at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir at a concentration of about 1.78 mM; mannitol at a concentration of about 13.75-27.5 mM; L-arginine at a concentration of about 10 mM; and dextrose at a concentration of about 287 mM; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir at a concentration of about 0.5 mg/mL; mannitol at a concentration of about 1.25-2.5 mg/mL; and L-arginine at a concentration of about 0.87 mg/mL; and dextrose at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: brincidofovir at a concentration of about 0.89 mM; mannitol at a concentration of about 6.85-13.7 mM; L-arginine at a concentration of about 5 mM; and dextrose at a concentration of about 287 mM; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the volume of the aqueous sugar solution, aqueous sugar alcohol solution, Ringer's solution, or aqueous salt solution used to dissolve a lyophilized formulation of brincidofovir is about 100 or 200 mL.
  • a lyophilized powder comprising brincidofovir is dissolved in about 100 mL or about 200 mL of aqueous sugar solution, aqueous sugar alcohol solution, Ringer's solution, aqueous salt solution, or water.
  • the lyophilized powder is dissolved in about 100 mL, about 110 mL, about 120 mL, about 130 mL, about 140 mL, about 150 mL, about 160 mL, about 170 mL, about 180 mL, about 190 mL, or about 200 mL.
  • a lyophilized powder of the disclosure can be dissolved in about 100 mL of a 5% dextrose solution in water.
  • a lyophilized powder of the disclosure can be dissolved in about 200 mL of a 5% dextrose solution in water.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: about 100 mg brincidofovir; about 250-500 mg mannitol; about 174 mg arginine; about 5 g dextrose; and about 100 mL water.
  • the pH of the composition is about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7.0, about 6.5, about 6.0, or below about 6.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: about 200 mg brincidofovir; about 500-1000 mg mannitol; about 348 mg arginine; about 10 g dextrose; and about 200 mL water.
  • the pH of the composition is about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7.0, about 6.5, about 6.0, or below about 6.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: about 50 mg brincidofovir; about 125-250 mg mannitol; about 87 mg arginine; about 5 g dextrose; and about 100 mL water.
  • the pH of the composition is about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7.0, about 6.5, about 6.0, or below about 6.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: about 100 mg brincidofovir; about 250-500 mg mannitol; about 174 mg arginine; about 10 g dextrose; and about 200 mL water.
  • the pH of the composition is about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7.0, about 6.5, about 6.0, or below about 6.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: about 100 mg brincidofovir; about 250-500 mg mannitol; about 174 mg arginine; about 5 g dextrose; and about 100 mL water; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: about 200 mg brincidofovir; about 500-1000 mg mannitol; about 348 mg arginine; about 10 g dextrose; and about 200 mL water; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: about 50 mg brincidofovir; about 125-250 mg mannitol; about 87 mg arginine; about 5 g dextrose; and about 100 mL water; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprises: about 100 mg brincidofovir; about 250-500 mg mannitol; about 174 mg arginine; about 10 g dextrose; and about 200 mL water; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • one or more of the brincidofovir, the bulking agent, and the buffer have been lyophilized before incorporation into the aqueous pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • the aqueous pharmaceutical composition is suitable for intravenous administration. In some embodiments, the aqueous pharmaceutical composition is sterile.
  • the present disclosure provides a sterile, aqueous pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration, comprising: brincidofovir; a bulking agent; a buffer; and dextrose.
  • the present disclosure provides a sterile, aqueous pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration, comprising: brincidofovir; a bulking agent; a buffer; and dextrose; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the present disclosure provides an aqueous pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration, comprising: brincidofovir at a concentration of between about 0.5 mg/mL and about 1.0 mg/mL; a bulking agent at a concentration of between about 2.5 mg/mL and about 5 mg/mL; a buffer at a concentration of between about 0.87 mg/mL and about 1.74 mg/mL; and dextrose at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL.
  • the pH of the composition is about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7.0, about 6.5, about 6.0, or below about 6.0.
  • an aqueous pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration comprising: brincidofovir at a concentration of between about 0.5 mg/mL and about 1.0 mg/mL; a bulking agent at a concentration of between about 2.5 mg/mL and about 5 mg/mL; a buffer at a concentration of between about 0.87 mg/mL and about 1.74 mg/mL; and dextrose at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating a subject with a viral infection, the method comprising: administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition or pharmaceutical formulation as set forth herein.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating a subject with a viral infection, the method comprising: administering to the subject an intravenous pharmaceutical composition comprising brincidofovir; a bulking agent; a buffer; and dextrose
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating a subject with a viral infection, the method comprising: administering to the subject an intravenous pharmaceutical composition comprising brincidofovir; a bulking agent; a buffer; and dextrose; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating a subject with a viral infection, the method comprising: administering to the subject an intravenous pharmaceutical composition comprising brincidofovir at a concentration of between about 0.5 mg/mL and about 1.0 mg/mL; a bulking agent at a concentration of between about 2.5 mg/mL and about 5 mg/mL; a buffer at a concentration of between about 0.87 mg/mL and about 1.74 mg/mL; and dextrose at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL %.
  • the pH of the composition is about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7.0, about 6.5, about 6.0, or below about 6.0.
  • the present disclosure provides a method of treating a subject with a viral infection, the method comprising: administering to the subject an intravenous pharmaceutical composition comprising brincidofovir at a concentration of between about 0.5 mg/mL and about 1.0 mg/mL; a bulking agent at a concentration of between about 2.5 mg/mL and about 5 mg/mL; a buffer at a concentration of between about 0.87 mg/mL and about 1.74 mg/mL; and dextrose at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL %; wherein the pH of the composition is about 8.0.
  • an intravenous pharmaceutical composition comprising brincidofovir at a concentration of between about 0.5 mg/mL and about 1.0 mg/mL; a bulking agent at a concentration of between about 2.5 mg/mL and about 5 mg/mL; a buffer at a concentration of between about 0.87 mg/mL and about 1.74 mg/mL; and dextrose at a concentration of about 50 mg/mL %; wherein the pH
  • the present disclosure provides an aqueous pharmaceutical formulation or composition for treatment of a viral infection, prepared by a process comprising the steps of: dissolving, in any order, an amount of brincidofovir, a bulking agent, and a buffer in water to form a first solution; lyophilizing the first solution to form a lyophilized powder; and dissolving the lyophilized powder in an aqueous sugar alcohol solution, an aqueous sugar solution, Ringer's solution or a sodium chloride solution to form the aqueous pharmaceutical formulation or composition.
  • an aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising: brincidofovir; a bulking agent; a buffer; and an aqueous sugar alcohol solution, an aqueous sugar solution, Ringer's solution or a sodium chloride solution in the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of a viral infection.
  • an aqueous pharmaceutical composition comprising: brincidofovir; a bulking agent; a buffer; and an aqueous sugar alcohol solution, an aqueous sugar solution, Ringer's solution or a sodium chloride solution in the treatment of a viral infection.
  • the viral infection to be treated is, polyomavirus, papillomavirus, herpes virus, adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus, Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, varicella zoster virus, adenovirus, poxvirus, or a combination thereof.
  • administration to the subject of the pharmaceutical compositions set forth herein does not result in hemolysis. In some embodiments, administration to the subject of the pharmaceutical compositions set forth herein does not result in gastrointestinal toxicity.
  • the pH of any of the aqueous formulations or compositions for intravenous administration can have a pH below about 8.0 (e.g., about 8.0, about 7.5, about 7.0, about 6.5, about 6.0, about 5.5, about 5.0, about 4.5, about 4.0, or below about 4.0). In some embodiments, the pH can be higher than 8.0 (e.g., about 8.5, about 9.0, about 9.5, about 10.0, or above about 10.0).
  • IV administration of brincidofovir can result in significantly higher exposure in the intestine compared with other organs; this higher exposure can lead to GI toxicity after oral administration of brincidofovir.
  • IV administration of brincidofovir can prevent over-exposure of the gut (e.g., intestine) to brincidofovir (e.g., in comparison to oral administration of BCV), with improvement in gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability and reduction in GI toxicity.
  • IV administration of brincidofovir can deliver comparable (e.g., compared with oral administration) drug exposure to blood plasma and organs such as the liver, kidney, and small intestine, even at lower doses than necessary using oral administration.
  • IV brincidofovir can deliver the drug to organs (e.g., the brain) that can be difficult to reach by other administrative routes (e.g., oral dosage).
  • organs e.g., the brain
  • other administrative routes e.g., oral dosage
  • higher CNS exposure with IV brincidofovir can treat viral infections in the brain (e.g., herpes encephalitis in newborns and adults; HHV-6 encephalitis; JC virus/PML in transplant recipients or patients with multiple sclerosis).
  • Intravenous brincidofovir can avoid GI side effects that can be observed with oral administration of BCV and provide opportunities for treatment of DNA viruses (e.g., in patients who experience GI-side effects associated with oral administration of BCV).
  • IV administration of brincidofovir can be used as a broad spectrum antiviral agent with limited toxicity (e.g., substantially no heme toxicity, and no kidney toxicity), and can be effective at treating, e.g., adenovirus and smallpox.
  • IV administration of brincidofovir can be used to treat and prevent, for example, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and BK or JC virus. These diseases can be treated, for instance, in hematopoietic cell transplant patients.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing shows product temperature profiles as recorded by product probes as set forth in Example 4.
  • FIG. 2 is a pair of graphs illustrating the evaluation of shelf life in an accelerated stability study.
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the time course of blood and plasma concentrations of radioactivity for male Sprague Dawley (SD) and Long-Evans (LE) rats following a single 2-h intravenous infusion (IV) of [ 14 C]brincidofovir at a target dose of 15 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg and after a single oral (PO) dose at 15 mg/kg as set forth in Example 9.
  • SD Male Sprague Dawley
  • LE Long-Evans
  • IV 2-h intravenous infusion
  • PO single oral
  • FIG. 4 is a plot of tissue concentration versus time for the small intestine for [ 14 C]brincidofovir dosed intravenously and orally as set forth in Example 9.
  • FIG. 5 is a plot of tissue concentration versus time for the kidney cortex for [ 14 C]brincidofovir dosed intravenously and orally as set forth in Example 9.
  • FIG. 6 is a plot of the plasma concentration of brincidofovir after doses of 100 mg orally, 10 mg IV, and 25 mg IV.
  • FIG. 7A is a histogram of rat intestine after oral administration of brincidofovir as set forth in Example 10.
  • FIG. 7B is a histogram of rat intestine after IV administration of brincidofovir as set forth in Example 10.
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the mean (+/ ⁇ SE) alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels observed in a IV BCV single ascending dose (SAD) trial.
  • FIG. 9 is a graph illustrating mean plasma brindidofovir concentration as a function of time for subjects in cohorts 1-4, and mean plasma BCV concentration as a function of time for subjects administered BCV orally.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph illustrating median plasma cidofovir concentration as a function of time following IV and Oral BCV Doses.
  • the present disclosure is related to pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., lyophilized or aqueous compositions) comprising brincidofovir and methods of use thereof.
  • the disclosure also relates to pharmaceutical formulations comprising a reconstituted lyophilized pharmaceutical composition described herein.
  • the compositions and formulations can be for intravenous administration. In some embodiments, IV administration of the compositions or formulations of the present disclosure do not result in hemolysis.
  • the formulations can also be used in cases where oral administration of drug is not possible or substantially impossible, for example due to underlying conditions or because of inadequate oral absorption.
  • the present disclosure relates to at least three types of compositions of brincidofovir.
  • the present disclosure relates to bulk formulations of brincidofovir (e.g., liquid formulations of the disclosure or pre-lyophilization formulations of the disclosure) that can be lyophilized prior to storage.
  • the lyophilized formulations e.g., powders
  • the lyophilized formulations can be stored for extended periods of time.
  • the lyophilized formulations can be reconstituted (e.g. by dissolution in a sugar solution) prior to (e.g., immediately prior to) administration to a patient, e.g., a patient in need of treatment.
  • the present disclosure teaches pre-lyophilization formulations of brincidofovir, lyophilized powders, and re-constituted formulations (e.g., pharmaceutical formulations) for administration.
  • brincidofovir is dissolved in water prior to lyophilization (e.g., freeze-drying).
  • the brincidofovir can be co-dissolved with, for instance, a bulking agent and a buffer.
  • the dissolution of the components may occur separately or concurrently, and may occur in any order.
  • pre-lyophilization compositions of the disclosure comprise a buffer. In some embodiments, pre-lyophilization compositions of the disclosure comprise a bulking agent. In some embodiments, pre-lyophilization formulations of the disclosure comprise a buffer and a bulking agent. In some embodiments, the concentration of brincidofovir is 10 mg/mL. In some embodiments, the pH of the solution is adjusted with HCl and/or NaOH.
  • the buffer is selected from sodium phosphate, arginine, tromethamine and pH-adjusted water.
  • the buffer is sodium phosphate, L-arginine, or tromethamine.
  • the buffer is Na-phosphate.
  • the buffer is arginine.
  • the buffer is L-arginine.
  • the buffer is tromethamine.
  • the buffer is pH-adjusted water. In some embodiments, the buffer is present at a concentration of about 100 mM to about 200 mM.
  • the buffer is present in an amount of about 25 mM, about 50 mM, about 75 mM, about 100 mM, about 125 mM, about 150 mM, about 175 mM, or about 200 mM.
  • the bulking agent is mannitol or sucrose.
  • the buffer is sodium phosphate, arginine, or tromethamine.
  • the bulking agent is present at a concentration of about 5-9% (w/v). In some embodiments, the bulking agent is present at a concentration of about 2.5-9% (w/v). In some embodiments, the bulking agent is present at a concentration of about 2.5% (w/v), about 5% (w/v), or about 9% (w/v).
  • compositions of the disclosure comprise brincidofovir at a concentration of about 10.0 mg/mL, about 6.4 mg/mL, or about 3.2 mg/mL.
  • any of the pre-lyophilization formulations described herein can be lyophilized to remove water (e.g., for storage).
  • pre-lyophilization formulations can be used directly as pharmaceutical formulations (i.e., can be given directly to a patient). However, in some embodiments, these formulations are lyophilized for storage and are later reconstituted (e.g., in 5% dextrose in water) for administration to a patient.
  • liquid formulations of brincidofovir are for intravenous administration after dilution into infusion vehicles (e.g., 5% dextrose).
  • the liquid formulations of the disclosure are compatible with infusion vehicles and materials (e.g., containers) used in a clinical setting.
  • the liquid formulations of the disclosure display no significant changes in appearance, pH or recovery of brincidofovir, or introduction of impurities, upon contact with materials such as sterile filters, vials, stoppers, infusion bags, or IV systems.
  • liquid formulations of the disclosure experience no significant change in pH, loss of brincidofovir, or introduction of impurities upon filtration through a syringe filter.
  • the pre-lyophilization formulations can be lyophilized to produce lyophilized formulations (e.g., powders) of BCV, bulking agent, and buffer.
  • lyophilized formulations e.g., powders
  • the lyophilized formulations can be stable for extended periods of time and can be reconstituted prior to administration to a patient.
  • the lyophilized formulations are sterile.
  • lyophilization comprises freezing, annealing, and drying of the lyophilized composition.
  • drying comprises a primary drying and a secondary drying.
  • freezing and annealing comprises exposing the formulation to temperatures between about 5° C. and ⁇ 50° C.
  • primary drying is conducted at a temperature of about 35° C.
  • secondary drying is conducted at a temperature of about 20° C.
  • freezing and/or annealing lasts for about 16 h. In some embodiments, the primary drying phase lasts for about 20 h. In further embodiments, the secondary drying takes about 22 h (e.g., 21.7 h) or about 28 h (e.g., 27.7 h).
  • liquid formulations of the disclosure do not foam during the lyophilization process, in contrast to other formulations which suffered from foaming during lyophilization.
  • the lyophilized powders discussed above can be reconstituted, for example by dissolution in an aqueous solvent such as water.
  • the aqueous solvent is water containing a sugar alcohol or sugar (e.g., dextrose).
  • the aqueous solvent is 5% dextrose in water.
  • the aqueous solvent can likewise be sterile (e.g., like the sterile lyophilized formulation) and can be suitable for administration to a patient in need thereof.
  • reconstitution of the lyophilized powders of the disclosures yields aqueous compositions of the disclosure.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions for IV administration described herein can provide therapeutically relevant blood plasma concentrations of brincidofovir using lower doses of brincidofovir than those necessary when orally administering brincidofovir.
  • IV administration of brincidofovir using formulations of the present disclosure provided blood plasma concentrations of brincidofovir in humans that had previously demonstrated anti-viral potency in cytomegalovirus prevention and adenovirus treatment.
  • the amount of BCV used in the IV formulations (e.g., about 10 mg or about 25 mg) was about one tenth of the amount of BCV required to achieve similar blood-plasma concentrations using oral dosing.
  • the present disclosure teaches the treatment of a viral infection comprising administering a subject in need thereof an IV formulation of brincidofovir as set forth herein.
  • the IV dose is less than the orally administered dose of brincidofovir (e.g., about 50% of an oral dose, about 40% of an oral dose, about 30% of an oral dose, about 20% of an oral dose, or about 10% of an oral dose) necessary to achieve a similar result (e.g., blood plasma concentration, anti-viral activity, etc.).
  • a similar result e.g., blood plasma concentration, anti-viral activity, etc.
  • the present disclosure also provides for the treatment of viral infections without resulting in gastrointestinal toxicity.
  • the present disclosure teaches the treatment of patients who cannot be administered drugs orally (e.g., patients with sensitive intestinal tracts or those unable to swallow oral medications).
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure further comprises a sugar.
  • the sugar is in an aqueous sugar solution.
  • the aqueous sugar solution is a 5% dextrose solution.
  • the volume of the aqueous sugar solution is about 100 or 200 mL.
  • lyophilized compositions of the disclosure are for IV administration by infusion after dilution.
  • the buffer is present at about 200 mM.
  • the brincidofovir has been previously lyophilized.
  • the compositions of the disclosure are lyophilized to remove the water.
  • the brincidofovir, the bulking agent, and the buffer have previously been lyophilized.
  • the present disclosure provides an aqueous pharmaceutical composition for intravenous administration comprising brincidofovir, mannitol, and arginine.
  • the pH of the formulation is about 8.0.
  • the pH of the composition is adjusted using HCl and/or NaOH.
  • compositions of the disclosure are suitable for reconstitution with deionized water. In some embodiments, compositions of the disclosure do not foam upon reconstitution. In some embodiments, compositions of the disclosure foam upon reconstitution and foam dissipates in less than 20 minutes, less than 10 minutes, less than 5 minutes, or less than 1 minute. In some embodiments, compositions comprising 100 mM or more of arginine display faster dissipation of foam or bubbles upon reconstitution than compositions comprising 50 mM or less of arginine.
  • lyophilized compositions of the disclosure do not experience changes in appearance, pH or brincidofovir recovery upon dilution with an infusion vehicle (e.g., 5% dextrose), e.g., prior to IV administration.
  • an infusion vehicle e.g., 5% dextrose
  • reconstitution of lyophilized compositions of the disclosure does not result in a loss of brincidofovir.
  • lyophilized formulations of the disclosure are clear and colorless after reconstitution.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the disclosure can contain additional pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
  • Such pharmaceutically acceptable carriers may include any and all solvents, diluents, or other liquid vehicle, dispersion or suspension aids, surface active agents, isotonic agents, thickening or emulsifying agents, preservatives, solid binders, lubricants and the like, as suited to the particular dosage form desired.
  • Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sixteenth Edition, E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 1980) discloses various carriers used in formulating pharmaceutical compositions and known techniques for the preparation thereof.
  • any conventional carrier medium is incompatible with the active compound (i.e., brincidofovir) such as by producing any undesirable biological effect or otherwise interacting in a deleterious manner with any other component(s) of the pharmaceutical composition, its use is contemplated to be within the scope of this disclosure.
  • materials which can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, sugars such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatine; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil; safflower oil, sesame oil; olive oil; corn oil and soybean oil; glycols; such as propylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol, and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible lubricants such as sodium
  • the present disclosure provides methods of treating a subject with a viral infection, comprising administering to the subject a composition of the disclosure.
  • a composition of the disclosure is administered intravenously to the subject.
  • formulations of the present disclosure can comprise a volume of concentrated sterile liquid solution (e.g., for dilution) and/or lyophilized powder (e.g., for reconstitution).
  • the formulations can be stored for at least 12 months (e.g., at about 25° C.).
  • the formulations can be stored upside down (e.g., for about 24 months, or for about 36 months).
  • the formulations can be stored in a refrigerator (e.g., for about 12 months).
  • the lyophilized powder is readily dissolvable (e.g., for reconstitution) in a liquid.
  • the liquid volume can be small (e.g., for parenteral administration).
  • the formulations demonstrate acceptable filter and tubing compatibility.
  • the formulations are compatible with normal resuscitation fluids including but not limited to D5W, NS, and D51 ⁇ 2 NS.
  • administration of a composition of the disclosure does not result in hemolysis. In some embodiments, administration of a composition of the disclosure does not result in gastrointestinal toxicity.
  • the present disclosure provides for the dosing of patients with brincidofovir who may experience unwanted side effects associated with oral administration of brincidofovir (e.g., gastro-intestinal side effects such as diarrhea, pain, constipation and the like).
  • IV formulations can be used for patients with symptoms such as anemia, irritable bowel syndrome, constipation, diarrhea, bowel pain, and the like.
  • the present disclosure provides for sustained and/or repeated dosing of brincidofovir to subjects in need thereof.
  • a patient who has undergone a stem cell transplant can be administered IV formulations of the present disclosure to prevent gastro-intestinal side effects associated with oral administration (e.g., repeated oral administration) of brincidofovir.
  • the viral infection to be treated is selected from polyomavirus (including BK, John Cunningham virus (JCV), Merkel cell virus (MCV), KI polyomavirus (KIV), WU polyomavirus (WUV), Simian virus 40 (SV 40)), papillomavirus (including human papillomavirus, cottontail rabbit papillomavirus, equine papillomavirus and bovine papillomavirus), herpes virus (e.g., herpes simplex virus), adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Hepatitis B virus, Hepatitis C virus, varicella zoster virus (VZV) or a combination thereof.
  • polyomavirus including BK, John Cunningham virus (JCV), Merkel cell virus (MCV), KI polyomavirus (KIV), WU polyomavirus (WUV), Simian virus 40 (SV 40)
  • the IV formulations can be used to prevent clinically significant cytomegalovirus infection in at-risk (e.g., CMV seropositive) adult and pediatric allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.
  • the present formulations can be used for treatment of adenovirus infection in adult and pediatric immunocompromised hosts.
  • the formulations can be used for hematopoietic stem cell transplant or solid organ transplant patients.
  • the formulations (e.g., IV formulations) of the present disclosure are administered at a dose of between about 1 mg and 1000 mg BCV.
  • the formulations can be administered at a dose of between about 10 mg and 200 mg BCV.
  • the IV formulations can be administered at about 5 mg; about 10 mg; about 15 mg; about 20 mg; about 25 mg; about 30 mg; about 35 mg; about 40 mg; about 45 mg; about 50 mg; about 55 mg; about 60 mg; about 65 mg; about 70 mg; about 75 mg; about 80 mg; about 85 mg; about 90 mg; about 95 mg; about 100 about 105 mg; about 110 mg; about 115 mg; about 120 mg; about 125 mg; about 130 mg; about 135 mg; about 140 mg; about 145 mg; about 150 mg; about 155 mg; about 160 mg; about 165 mg; about 170 mg; about 175 mg; about 180 mg; about 185 mg; about 190 mg; about 195 mg; or about 200 mg BCV.
  • IV formulations of the present disclosure can be administered to deliver between about 5 and about 50 mg; about 10 and about 50 mg; about 10 and about 40 mg; about 10 and about 30 mg; about 5 and about 25 mg; about 10 and about 25 mg; and about 15 and about 25 mg of BCV.
  • the formulations can be administered to a human (e.g., an adult human).
  • the formulations are safe and well-tolerated when administered intravenously at doses of between about 10 mg and 100 mg (e.g., at about 10 mg or at about 25 mg).
  • doses of between about 10 mg and 100 mg e.g., at about 10 mg or at about 25 mg.
  • 10 mg and 25 mg doses of brincidofovir formulations of the present disclosure can give favorable tolerability profiles without adverse events.
  • doses of about 10 mg and 25 mg of the formulations described herein do not produce gastrointestinal side effects.
  • IV formulations taught herein can be administered multiple times per day, or can be administered as single-doses. For instance, IV formulations can be administered once a day or can be administered twice a day. In some embodiments, formulations of the disclosure are administered once a week, or twice a week. In some embodiments, formulations of the disclosure are administered every other day. In some embodiments, formulations of the disclosure are administered every other week. In some embodiments, formulations of the disclosure are administered once a month, or twice a month. One of skill in the art will be able to determine an appropriate dosage regimen for a patient.
  • IV administration i.e., for each dose
  • the duration of administration (i.e., for each dose) of IV brincidofovir can vary according to the needs of an individual subject or patient in need thereof and it is within the expertise of one skilled in the art (e.g., a clinician such as a nurse or doctor) to determine the appropriate amount of time that a subject is administered brincidofovir.
  • IV administration of brincidofovir can last about 15 minutes, about 30 minutes, about 45 minutes, about 60 minutes, about 75 minutes, about 90 minutes, about 105 minutes, or about 120 minutes.
  • the formulations of the disclosure can be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents or treatments.
  • other therapeutic agents can be cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, irinotecan, topotecan, paclitaxel, docetaxel, the epothilones, tamoxifen, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, temozolomide, cyclophosphamide, lonafarib, tipifarnib, 4-((5-((4-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-oxopiperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)benzonitrile hydrochloride, (R)-1-((1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)-3-benzyl-4-(thiophen-2-ylsulfonyl)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzo diazepine-7-carbonitrile
  • a composition includes a plurality of such compositions, as well as a single composition
  • a reference to “a therapeutic agent” or “an active compound” is a reference to one or more therapeutic and/or pharmaceutical agents (e.g., brincidofovir) and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art. All percentages and ratios used herein, unless otherwise indicated, are by weight.
  • the terms “comprise(s)” and “comprising” are to be interpreted as having an open-ended meaning. That is, the terms are to be interpreted synonymously with the phrases “having at least” or “including at least.”
  • the term “comprising” means that the process includes at least the recited steps, but may include additional steps.
  • the term “comprising” means that the compound or composition includes at least the recited features or components, but may also include additional features or components.
  • a “pharmaceutical composition” is a formulation containing a compound of the present disclosure (e.g., brincidofovir) in a form suitable for administration to a subject.
  • the term “pharmaceutical composition” includes preparations suitable for administration to mammals, e.g., humans.
  • a pharmaceutical composition can be, e.g., an intravenous (IV) formulation, or an oral formulation.
  • monotherapy is understood to mean the use of a single drug to treat a particular disorder or disease.
  • Monotherapy is different from combination therapy in that combination therapy includes the use of at least two drugs in combination to treat a particular disorder or disease.
  • treating describes the management and care of a patient for the purpose of combating a disease, condition, or disorder and includes the administration of active compound of the present disclosure (i.e., brincidofovir), to alleviate the symptoms or complications of a disease, condition or disorder, or to eliminate the disease, condition or disorder.
  • active compound of the present disclosure i.e., brincidofovir
  • the term “treat” can also include treatment of a cell in vitro or an animal model.
  • compounds of the disclosure refers to both active compounds (e.g., brincidofovir) as well as non-active compounds (e.g., bulking agents, buffers, sweeteners, and the like).
  • active compounds e.g., brincidofovir
  • non-active compounds e.g., bulking agents, buffers, sweeteners, and the like.
  • the active compound of the present disclosure may also be used to prevent a relevant disease, condition or disorder, or used to identify suitable candidates for such purposes.
  • preventing,” “prevent,” or “protecting against” describes reducing, ameliorating or eliminating the onset of the symptoms or complications of such disease, condition or disorder.
  • Brincidofovir can also be used in the prophylaxis of a disease such as a viral infection.
  • Prophylaxis is understood to mean action taken to prevent a disease.
  • prophylaxis can mean treatment with, e.g., brincidofovir.
  • therapeutically effective amount means that amount necessary to make a clinically observed improvement in the patient.
  • the compounds of the disclosure are formulated such that they comprise an amount that would not cause one or more unwanted side effects.
  • therapeutically effective amount can refer to an amount of any pharmaceutical agent or agents (e.g., brincidofovir) to treat, ameliorate, or prevent an identified disease or condition (e.g., a viral infection), or to exhibit a detectable therapeutic or inhibitory effect. The effect can be detected by any assay method known in the art. The precise effective amount for a subject will depend upon the subject's body weight, size, and health; the nature and extent of the condition; and the dosing schedule of therapeutics selected for administration.
  • Therapeutically effective amounts for a given situation can be determined by routine experimentation that is within the skill and judgment of the clinician.
  • the disease or condition to be treated is viral infection.
  • an effective amount of a pharmaceutical agent is that which provides an objectively identifiable improvement as noted by the clinician or other qualified observer.
  • the phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, carriers, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • “Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier” means an excipient or carrier that is useful in preparing a pharmaceutical composition that is generally safe, non-toxic and neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable, and includes excipient that is acceptable for veterinary use as well as human pharmaceutical use.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” as used in the specification and claims includes both one and more than one such excipient. Pharmaceutically acceptable excipients and carriers are listed above.
  • a “subject” is interchangeable with a “subject in need thereof”, both of which refer to a subject (e.g., a patient) having a disorder in which viral infection plays a part, or a subject having an increased risk of developing viral infection associated disease or disorder relative to the population at large.
  • a “subject” includes a mammal.
  • the mammal can be e.g., a human or appropriate non-human mammal, such as primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat, cow, horse, goat, camel, sheep or a pig.
  • the subject can also be a bird or fowl.
  • the mammal is a human.
  • Representative “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” of brincidofovir include, e.g., water-soluble and water-insoluble salts, such as the acetate, amsonate (4,4-diaminostilbene-2,2-disulfonate), benzenesulfonate, benzonate, bicarbonate, bisulfate, bitartrate, borate, bromide, butyrate, calcium, calcium edetate, camsylate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, clavulariate, dihydrochloride, edetate, edisylate, estolate, esylate, fiunarate, gluceptate, gluconate, glutamate, glycollylarsanilate, hexafluorophosphate, hexylresorcinate, hydrabamine, hydrobromide, hydrochloride, hydroxynaphthoate, iodide, sethionate, lactate, lactobionate,
  • Brincidofovir CMX001, BCV
  • CDV a lipid conjugate of cidofovir
  • the present disclosure teaches IV formulations of brincidofovir not only as a way to deliver BCV to patients unable to take oral medications, but also as a way to potentially reduce or avoid adverse GI events observed with oral dosing.
  • brincidofovir is understood to encompass the neutral compound below:
  • brincidofovir is referred to as the “test item.”
  • Cidofovir also known as CDV, has the structure below:
  • brincidofovir can be deaminated under aqueous conditions (e.g., at acidic pH) to produce the corresponding uracil-derivative.
  • aqueous conditions e.g., at acidic pH
  • the deaminated product is shown below:
  • a “lyophilized formulation” means a formulation comprising an amount of solid lyophilized brincidofovir that is dissolved in a solvent (e.g., water, or a sugar solution).
  • a “lyophilized formulation” can be a pharmaceutical composition of the present disclosure.
  • pre-lyophilization formulations comprising arginine as buffer and mannitol as bulking agent yield a white uniform solid with only minor melt-back upon lyophilization.
  • the lyophilized product obtained from a pre-lyophilization formulation comprising arginine as buffer and mannitol as bulking agent showed only minor foaming upon reconstitution, in contrast to other formulations tested.
  • formulations comprising sodium phosphate or pH-adjusted water as a buffer showed foaming upon reconstitution and generally required several minutes (e.g., more than 30 minutes) before the foam dissipated.
  • formulations comprising sucrose as a bulking agent also were found to exhibit foaming upon reconstitution and generally required several minutes (e.g., more than 30 minutes) before the foam dissipated.
  • mannitol-based aqueous formulations of the disclosure were also found to yield a more compact, uniform lyophilization cake upon lyophilization compared with other formulations.
  • sucrose based formulations exhibited at least partial cake collapses (and in some cases significant cake collapse) as well as an increased melt-back (e.g., extensive melt-back) upon lyophilization.
  • melt-back e.g., extensive melt-back
  • mannitol-based aqueous formulations were found to exhibit less cake collapse and less melt-back.
  • phosphate-based buffers showed pH shifts on freezing during the lyophilization process, in contrast to formulations using arginine as a buffer. Accordingly, the compositions set forth herein were found to have desirable properties (e.g., greater stability and greater ease of use) compared with other formulations tested.
  • vehicles for brincidofovir formulations were prepared from 5 ⁇ sodium phosphate buffer stocks (e.g., at pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, or 8.0), various tonicifiers (e.g., 66.5 mM NaCl, 68.8 mM dextrose, 49.8 mM MgCl 2 , or 35.7 mM Ca D-gluconate) and various excipients (e.g., Cremophor®, edetate disodium (EDTA), hydroxypropyl beta-cyclodextrin (HPbCD), polyethyleneglycol (PEG) 300, ethanol, glycerin, propylene glycol (PG), N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA), N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), polysorbate 80, albumin, or benzyl alcohol, or mixtures thereof), with a brincidofovir concentration of 6.4 mg/mL.
  • various tonicifiers e.g.
  • tested formulations comprising dextrose or NaCl as a tonicifier and Cremophor® and DMA as excipients, did not precipitate over the course of 12 days at a pH of 6.5, and tested formulations comprising dextrose, but no excipient, did not precipitate over the course of 12 days at a pH of 8.0, but did precipitate at lower pH values.
  • formulations comprising NaCl, PEG300, and polysorbate 80, and formulations comprising NaCl, Cremophor® and ethanol did not precipitate at a pH of 7, but did precipitate at lower pH values of 12 days.
  • Formulations comprising NaCl, and Cremophor® did not precipitate at a pH of 7.
  • the equilibrium solubility of brincidofovir in aqueous infusion vehicles comprising 100 mM phosphate, and 69 mM dextrose was found to increase at higher pH.
  • solubility of a liquid formulation of the disclosure in a 5% dextrose solution to yield a liquid formulation comprising 10 mg/mL brincidofovir, 100 mM arginine and 5% (w/v) mannitol was 100% for at least 24 h after dilution of the liquid formulation. Furthermore, the resulting solution stayed clear and colorless, and no significant shifts in pH were observed.
  • liquid formulations of brincidofovir e.g., formulations comprising 10 mg/mL brincidofovir, 100 mM arginine and 5% (w/v) mannitol; formulations comprising 10 mg/mL or 15 mg/mL brincidofovir and 200 nM sodium phosphate; or formulations comprising 2 mg/mL brincidofovir, and 4 mM sodium phosphate
  • infusion vehicles e.g., sterilization filters, vials and stoppers in upright and inverted conditions, infusion bags, and infusion systems.
  • the formulations were diluted with 5% dextrose prior to testing. Without wishing to be bound by theory, no precipitation, pH shift or significant loss in recovery of brincidofovir were observed for any of the formulations at the end of the studies.
  • drugs e.g., intravenous drugs
  • hemolysis i.e., not to destroy red blood cells
  • Example 7 describes the hemolytic potential of brincidofovir using immediately collected (within 4 hrs) whole human or whole rat blood using a cyanmethemoglobin method to evaluate hemolysis.
  • the study measured hemoglobin released from red blood cells in the presence of brincidofovir to determine the extent to which brincidofovir lysed red blood cells.
  • lysis of red blood cells can cause local reactions such as cellulitis, phlebitis and can impact organ function.
  • the results presented herein demonstrate that the IV formulations of brincidofovir do not cause a hemolytic reaction when administered intravenously.
  • Rat and human whole blood (stabilized with K 2 EDTA) were obtained from 4 rats and 1 human donor. Each concentration (0.2, 0.5 and 1.6 mg/mL) of brincidofovir for the rat was mixed separately in a 1:4 ratio with rat whole blood while each concentration (0.2, 0.5 and 1.6 mg/mL) of brincidofovir for the human was mixed separately in a 1:4 ratio with human whole blood. All samples were then incubated for 20 minutes at 37 ⁇ 1° C.
  • the blood samples containing the BCV along with similarly prepared isotonic saline (negative control), 1% Saponin (positive control), 5% Dextrose (vehicle control), and untreated whole blood control samples, were then centrifuged and analyzed for hemolysis (supernatant hemoglobin concentration) using a cyanmethemoglobin method.
  • Representative BCV samples in isotonic saline were analyzed to ensure that the BCV did not interfere with the analysis of supernatant hemoglobin concentration.
  • brincidofovir demonstrated a hemolytic potential effect in rat whole blood that appeared to be concentration dependent with evidence of hemolysis observed at 1.6 mg/mL. However, brincidofovir was found to have no hemolytic potential in human whole blood up to the highest concentration tested corresponding to a final concentration of 0.2, 0.5 and 1.6 mg/mL.
  • brincidofovir is safe for administration to patients, including patients with hematological diseases (e.g., anemia).
  • hematological diseases e.g., anemia
  • Example 8 presents a maximum-tolerated Dose and 7-day dose range finding study (DRF) for BCV in rats.
  • the results presented detail an acute range finding study in the rat.
  • this data can be used to generate information to allow one to rationally set the doses to be administered in further toxicology studies.
  • Phase 1 was designed to determine the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of brincidofovir following intravenous infusion (2-hour) to rats.
  • Phase 1 encompassed a single escalating dose arm to assess any acute toxicity (e.g., ‘toxic syndrome’) that can present in general clinical signs generally within a 48+/ ⁇ hour period of exposure to BCV.
  • the escalating dose arm can identify any overt signs or symptoms of over-dosage.
  • Phase 2 the repeat-dose range-finding (DRF) phase (Phase II), was designed to assess the toxicity of brincidofovir and the plasma toxicokinetic profiles of brincidofovir and one of its metabolites, cidofovir.
  • Cidofovir is known to cause nephrotoxicity when administered intravenously to animals and humans.
  • Toxicokinetic parameters were evaluated following the first and last dose administration of two dose levels of brincidofovir (1 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg) administered via intravenous (2-hour) infusion on Days 1, 3, and 7.
  • Phase 2 of the present study the animals received a short term treatment of the high (15 mg/kg) or low (1 mg/kg) BCV IV infusion dose (3 doses over the course of 9 days).
  • this second phase of the study was used to determine if any potential cumulative toxicity can occur with repeat dosing.
  • the second phase also included a toxicokinetic arm to determine the establish IV toxicokinetics following single (the first dose administered) and repeat (the last dose administered) BCV IV infusion dosing.
  • Example 10 details a repeat-dose, subchronic study with IV BCV in rats. Without wishing to be bound by theory, this study explores the cumulative biological effects (e.g., clinical, macro and micro) of brincidofovir administered over a range of doses.
  • the effects can be qualitative, such as target organs, nature of effect or quantitative, such as plasma or tissue levels at which effects are observed.
  • the study can define the toxicity and the potential for recovery or progression.
  • Example 10 As set forth in Example 10, and without wishing to be bound by theory, none of the animals in the present study experienced diarrhea. All of the animals gained their expected weight during the study. There were no GI findings in intestines at terminal necropsy. There were no in-life clinical findings at the highest administered dose of IV brincidofovir (15 mg/kg). No transaminase elevations were observed.
  • FIG. 7A shows a histogram of histogram of rat intestine after oral administration of brincidofovir
  • FIG. 7B shows a histogram of rat intestine after IV administration of brincidofovir.
  • IV administration of brincidofovir is more well-tolerated in the intestine.
  • brincidofovir was administered twice weekly for 28 days via 2-hour intravenous infusion to Sprague-Dawley CD® rats (15/sex/group) at 0 (2 ⁇ Sodium Phosphate Buffer Solution), 1, 4 or 15 mg/kg/dose. Up to 5 animals/sex/group were held for a 14-day post-dosing recovery.
  • Brincidofovir-related findings were present in the male reproductive tract (testicular germ cell depletion, luminal cell debris in the epididymides and increased epithelial apoptosis in the seminal vesicles) and intestinal tract (single cell necrosis) at ⁇ 4 mg/kg/dose and sebaceous glands (atrophy) at 15 mg/kg/dose. All brincidofovir-related findings completely recovered with the exception of testicular changes in males at ⁇ 4 mg/kg/dose, which without wishing to be bound by theory would not be expected to fully recover in a 2 week period. In addition, a few animals administered 15 mg/kg/dose had decreased bone marrow cellularity and unilaterally or bilaterally soft and/or small testes and epididymides at the end of recovery.
  • the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for brincidofovir was considered to be 1 mg/kg/dose in males and 4 mg/kg/dose for in females.
  • the study can provide support for the initiation or continued conduct of clinical studies in humans.
  • the study can also be used to establish doses for longer term studies. Without wishing to be bound by theory, this study can also guide parameters such as the number of animals to assess when conducting longer-term studies. This study also contained a toxicokinetic arm following the first and last administered dose.
  • [ 14 C]Brincidofovir was administered to pigmented and non-pigmented rats by 2-hour IV infusion or by oral gavage at a dose of 15 mg/kg. Tissue distribution was determined by quantitative whole body autoradiography at time points up to 35-days post-dose.
  • tissue radioactive concentrations in small intestinal tissue after IV administration were approximately 1/10 the concentrations in small intestinal tissue after oral administration.
  • tissue radioactive exposure was generally higher after IV administration than after oral gavage administration. Peak concentrations of radioactivity in most tissues occurred at 4 to 8 h after oral administration, or at the end of the 2-h IV infusion.
  • Tissues with highest concentrations of radioactivity were associated with organs of clearance or elimination, e.g., liver, kidney and small intestine, regardless of route of administration.
  • the tissue to plasma ratios (T/P) in these organs were high (>30) and for kidney cortex and liver were similar between the IV and oral routes of administration.
  • Tissues with lowest concentrations of radioactivity were brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscle, white adipose tissue and bone. Association of radioactivity in the brain and spinal cord was higher after IV administration ( ⁇ 20% of plasma concentration compared to ⁇ 5% after oral administration). At 35 days post-dose, radioactivity was below the limit of quantification in all tissues except for bone marrow, lymph node, spleen and adrenal gland after IV administration; which were different from those tissues with residual concentrations after oral administration (kidney cortex, liver and small intestine). No evidence of specific association with melanin containing tissues (eye, uvea) was detected.
  • single cell necrosis in the small and large intestine were occasionally noted following IV BCV infusion.
  • These minor and reversible GI findings are explained by the lower concentrations of radioactivity seen in intestinal tissue following IV infusion of [ 14 C]brincidofovir. Further, the GI findings did not result in any dose-limiting GI toxicities (i.e., gastropathy, enteropathy or enteritis). Accordingly, the present disclosure provides IV formulations of BCV and methods of IV BCV administration that can be used to mitigate BCV-associated GI disturbances.
  • the C max of [ 14 C]brincidofovir total radioactivity in plasma after a 2-h IV infusion administration to male SD rats at 15 mg/kg (Group 2) was 10.3 ⁇ g equiv/mL, which occurred at a T max of 2 h (i.e., end of infusion), and the concentration decreased to 0.045 ⁇ g equiv/mL at 72 h post-dose.
  • the AUC last of [ 14 C]brincidofovir total radioactivity was 64.4 ⁇ g equiv ⁇ h/mL, and the t 1/2 was 13.0 h.
  • [ 14 C]Brincidofovir-derived radioactivity was well distributed into most tissues of albino and pigmented male rats after a 2-h IV infusion at 15 mg/kg, and most tissues had concentrations that were slightly higher than plasma, in particular, excretory and alimentary canal tissues, which were much higher than plasma (tissue AUC all :plasma ratio >1.9).
  • the C max of [ 14 C]brincidofovir-derived radioactivity in most tissues were found at 2 h post-dose (i.e., end of infusion) when most of the tissues had concentrations that were between 1.0 and 6.0 ⁇ g equiv/g.
  • the tissues of albino and pigmented male rats with the highest concentrations (>20.0 ⁇ g equiv/g) at the respective T max after a 2-h IV infusion at 15 mg/kg were observed in liver, kidney cortex, small intestine, kidney medulla, and urinary bladder.
  • the tissues with the lowest concentrations ( ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ g equiv/g) at their respective T max were: brain, spinal cord, white adipose, bone, skeletal muscle, and eye lens.
  • the tissues with the longest t 1/2 were spleen (378 h), lymph node (345 h), skin non-pigmented (310 h), and bone marrow (276 h).
  • the t 1/2 for tissues with quantifiable concentrations at 840 h ranged from 254 h (adrenal gland) to 378 h (spleen).
  • the C max of [ 14 C]brincidofovir total radioactivity in plasma after PO administration to male LE rats at 15 mg/kg was 1.5 ⁇ g equiv/mL at a T max of 8 h, and the concentration decreased to 0.180 ⁇ g equiv/mL at 24 h post-dose.
  • the AUC last of [ 14 C]brincidofovir total radioactivity was 21.0 ⁇ g equiv ⁇ h/mL, and the t 1/2 was not able to be determined due to insufficient data points.
  • [ 14 C]brincidofovir-derived radioactivity was well distributed into most tissues of pigmented and non-pigmented male rats after a PO administration at 15 mg/kg, and most tissues had concentrations that were slightly higher plasma, especially for excretory and alimentary canal tissues, which were much higher (tissue AUC all :plasma ratio >4.1).
  • the C max of [ 14 C]brincidofovir-derived radioactivity in most tissues were found at 8 h post-dose (22 of 38 tissues) when most of the tissues had concentrations that were between 0.7 and 17.8 ⁇ g equiv/g.
  • the tissues of pigmented male rats with the highest concentrations (>3.3 ⁇ g equiv/g) at the respective T max after a PO dose at 15 mg/kg were observed in: small intestine, liver kidney cortex, stomach (gastric mucosa), kidney medulla, cecum, esophagus, large intestine.
  • the tissues with the lowest concentrations ( ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ g equiv/g) at their respective T max were: spinal cord, brain, bone, white adipose, and eye lens.
  • radioactivity was still present in kidney cortex, liver, and small intestine, but was approaching the LLOQ.
  • the t 1/2 for plasma was approximately 5 h.
  • the t 1/2 for all tissues ranged from 37.2 h for esophagus to 234 h for adipose (brown).
  • the tissues with the longest t 1/2 were adipose brown (234 h), spleen (115 h), pituitary gland (106 h), and lung (93 h).
  • the only tissue with a reliable t 1/2 and quantifiable concentrations at 840 h was small intestine at 98.1 h.
  • the AUC all blood to plasma ratio ranged between 1.1 and 1.4.
  • the blood to plasma ratio ranged from 0.64 to 1.5 with a median value of 1.00.
  • tissue with highest concentrations of radioactivity were associated with excretory organs (i.e., liver, kidney, and intestine).
  • the tissue to plasma ratios were high (>30) for each of these tissues, and in kidney cortex and liver the tissue/plasma ratios were similar between the IV and oral routes of administration.
  • tissue with the highest concentrations, ranked from highest to lowest, were liver, kidney cortex, small intestine, and kidney medulla for IV administration, and small intestine, liver, kidney cortex, kidney medulla, and cecum for oral administration.
  • the tissues with residual drug after 840 hours were the adrenal glands, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow for IV administration, and small intestine, liver, and kidney cortex for oral administration.
  • lower dose of BCV administered intravenously can provide similar plasma concentrations similar to those observed using oral administration at higher doses. Accordingly, the present disclosure provides treatment of a viral infection in a subject in need thereof using a lower dose of BCV than necessary with oral administration.
  • brincidofovir was administered to healthy subjects both orally and intravenously. It was found that IV brincidofovir administration at 10 mg provided similar exposure as orally administered brincidofovir at 100 mg. Accordingly, the present disclosure teaches administration of brincidofovir intravenously.
  • no drug-related adverse events e.g., no gastrointestinal events
  • no graded lab abnormalities e.g., no hemolytic toxicity and no kidney toxicity
  • Precipitation status and pH of vehicles and formulations All formulations except formulations # 30-32 were prepared with a Na phosphate buffer (100 nM).
  • the vehicles were clear, colorless solutions. Precipitation was observed for vehicles #11 and #12, and vehicle #29 was a clear light yellow solution. Formulations #11 and #12 inherited precipitation from their vehicles. Formulations #18, #30, #31, and #32 were observed with precipitation on day 1 after preparation. Formulations were stored at 2-8° C. from day 2 onwards, and the appearance was monitored over 12 days.
  • Vehicle #11 and #12 were found to form precipitate upon preparation of the formulation (i.e, addition of brincidofovir).
  • Formulations with a low pH formed precipitate in the presence of solubilizing excipients such as Cremophor®, PEG 300, polysorbate 80, and ethanol (formulation #1, #6, #18, and #22), while formulations with the same composition, but higher pH (formulation #2, #7, #19, and #24) maintained the ability to solubilize brincidofovir (Table 1).
  • solubilizing excipients such as Cremophor®, PEG 300, polysorbate 80, and ethanol
  • Formulation vehicles #33-40 and #49-56 were saturated with brincidofovir and rotated at ambient conditions. The recovery of brincidofovir in the sample supernatant was determined at different time points to establish when the solubility equilibrium was reached.
  • the relatively high brincidofovir concentrations observed in equilibrium solubility testing led to a significant shift of the vehicle pH. Filtration of the formulations saturated with brincidofovir through the selected syringe filters did not reveal any issues regarding the ease of filtration, loss of brincidofovir, or introduction of impurities.
  • a formulation vehicle comprising 100 mM phosphate and 69 mM dextrose (vehicle/Formulation #57), was prepared and tested further with respect to the a) equilibrium solubility, and b) filterability.
  • the testing solutions were filtered (5 mL filter pass) through a syringe filter (25 mm, 0.2 ⁇ m PES membrane). The ease of the filtration was observed and the pH as well as brincidofovir recovery (HPLC assay) were recorded at the pre- and post-filtration stage. No significant change in pH, loss of brincidofovir, or introduction of impurities was observed (Table 4).
  • brincidofovir formulations A compounding process for preparation of brincidofovir formulations was developed and has been specified for the tonicifier (dextrose)-free formulation.
  • tonicifier diextrose
  • brincidofovir formulations were prepared on a scale of up to 0.5 L:
  • a brincidofovir formulation containing dextrose as tonicifier was applied in stability study I as well as in the infusion vehicle compatibility assessment.
  • the outline of the corresponding formulation preparation is as follows:
  • a brincidofovir formulation lacking dextrose was applied in stability study II, as well as in the adsorption assessment, and the majority of experiments associated with material compatibility assessments.
  • the tonicifier-free formulation was prepared as follows:
  • Vehicle control initial, 1, 5, 8, and 14 days.
  • the stability testing results (accelerated conditions), i.e., the changes of pH and trends of brincidofovir recovery over the course of the stability study are summarized in Table 8 and Table 9 for the formulations at 10 mg/mL and 15 mg/mL respectively.
  • the accelerated stability study with strong biphasic rate trends did not allow for an Arrhenius analysis and calculation of a brincidofovir half-life or extrapolation to degradation rates at typical storage conditions.
  • the test results on the vehicle controls in the accelerated stability study (75° C. station only) are summarized in Table 5.
  • the stability study I designed to evaluate the chemical and physical degradation properties of the liquid brincidofovir formulation was repeated without the presence of dextrose.
  • a color change of the solution potential Maillard browning
  • a pH-shift could be correlated with the presence of dextrose that consequently might have influenced the degradation routes and impaired the observed rates for brincidofovir degradation.
  • the study setup for this repeated analysis was modified with regard to the tested formulation as well as stability station parameters. The exact parameters are specified below:
  • Accelerated stability study 50° C., 60° C., 70° C., and 75° C.
  • Brincidofovir formulation appearance, pH, c(BCV) recovery (HPLC), purity (HPLC), and liquid particle counting (physical degradation and benchmark stability study samples only),
  • the obtained recovery data were applied to determine the degradation rate at the different temperatures via an Arrhenius analysis, i.e., by logarithmically plotting the brincidofovir recovery as a function of time, and determining the rate constant through a linear fit.
  • the half-life for the dextrose-free 15 mg/mL brincidofovir formulation was so determined to 729 days and 295 days at stability station temperatures of 5° C. and 25° C. respectively.
  • the Arrhenius analysis is illustrated in FIG. 2 .
  • the formulation sample from one serum vial (5.0 mL filling) was sonicated for 1 min before decrimping of the vial.
  • the tonicifier-free sample was subjected to liquid particle counting as described above for the tonicifier containing formulations.
  • the Results of the analysis are summarized in Table 15.
  • brincidofovir An adsorption assessment on brincidofovir was performed to test for adsorption of brincidofovir to vials and/or stoppers. For this, different storage conditions that might have an impact (e.g. vial orientation) were assessed. Solutions of brincidofovir were studied at the formulation strength (10 mg/mL) and at a low concentration (0.2 mg/mL).
  • BCV recovery c(BCV) Day n /c(BCV) Day 0 ⁇ 100%. It was defined as 100% at the initial time point. BCV recovery was defined as 100.00% on the initial time point for samples with and without treatment. 3 Not applicable for samples without treatment. 4 The sample for the initial time point was not subjected to any conditions.
  • BCV recovery c(BCV) Day n /c(BCV) Day 0 ⁇ 100%. It was defined as 100% at the initial time point. BCV recovery was defined as 100.00% on the initial time point for samples with and without treatment. c The sample for the initial time point was not subjected to any conditions.
  • An array of materials was tested for compatibility with the formulation. This includes testing materials from the manufacturing stage, pre-clinical toxicology as well as clinical tests.
  • the applied compatibility tests evaluate 1) a potential loss of brincidofovir by adsorption or precipitation (appearance, brincidofovir recovery by HPLC) and 2) a shift in pH that could compromise stability.
  • Materials that were tested include the infusion vehicle, filters for sterilization, product vials and stoppers, infusion systems for testing animals (rats) and infusion bags and IV systems for clinical applications.
  • the diluted solutions were stored at ambient conditions, and samples were collected at initially at the beginning of the experiment, and after 2 h, 8 h, and 24 h and evaluated for appearance, pH, and recovery of c(BCV) (via HPLC). No significant changes in appearance, pH, or c(BCV) were observed for the tested solutions over 24 hours at ambient conditions. Detailed results of the study are summarized below (Table 18).
  • Formulations of the disclosure were evaluated for sterilization filter compatibility. Aliquots of a testing brincidofovir formulation were filtered through the corresponding syringe filters as follows:
  • the first and last 10% of the filtrate were collected. Samples of the collected filtrates, along with samples of the pre filtration formulation, were assessed for their appearance, pH, and c(BCV).
  • Formulations of the disclosure were evaluated for sterilization filter compatibility.
  • the vials were stoppered with West NovaPure® stoppers and crimped with Afton Ready-To-Fill® sterilized seals, and stored for 6 hours at ambient conditions in upright and inverted orientations.
  • Samples of the filling solution were collected before filling and after 6 hours of storage under the respective condition.
  • the collected samples were assessed for their appearance, pH, and c(BCV). No significant changes in appearance, pH, or c(BCV) were observed for the tested formulation after 6 hours of contact with the tested vials and stoppers. No additional impurity was introduced following contact.
  • a standard mini-infusion bag (100 mL) was subjected to material compatibility testing with the following formulation:
  • the testing clinical infusion bag is specified as follows:
  • the infusion bags were then stored at ambient conditions, and samples were collected from the infusion bags at the time points (t 0 , t 1h , t 8h , and t 24h ) for assessments of appearance, pH, and c(BCV).
  • the 5% dextrose solution was removed from a separate infusion bag, and external dilutions (standard laboratory glassware) of the testing formulation with the 5% dextrose solution were performed applying identical dilution factors. Samples of the external diluted solution were likewise analyzed. The results are summarized in Table 22.
  • the testing procedure can be summarized as follows:
  • Pre-lyophilization formulations were prepared as set forth in Table 24, below and subjected to the lyophilization process.
  • the glass transition temperature T g′ (amorphous), the eutectic melting point T eu (crystalline), the onset temperature of melting T melt , onset, and the freezing temperature T freeze of the formulations 1-8 of Table 27 were determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. For this, 5 ⁇ L of each formulation was dispensed into an aluminum sample pan and hermetically sealed. DSC scans were performed by down and up scanning in the temperature interval of +25° C. to ⁇ 65° C. to +25° C. with a ramp rate of 5° C./min. The tested formulations displayed a sharp freezing point and a well-defined melting transition. The results of the DSC study are summarized in Table 25.
  • a conservative lyophilization cycle was applied for lyophilization of brincidofovir formulations including parameters informed by the DSC analysis (see Table 28).
  • the cycle consisted of the following steps: freezing, annealing, primary drying and a secondary drying.
  • the set point temperature, ramp rate, step time and load time for each step in an exemplary lyophilization cycle are summarized in Table 26.
  • Sample vials (5 mL vial size, 1 mL filling volume) were processed under best clean conditions in a biosafety cabinet. For each formulation, nine samples were prepared. For each formulation condition, one sample vial was equipped with a product probe to monitor the product temperature (T product ) along with the shelf temperature of the lyophilizer (T shelf ) throughout the lyophilization cycle. The end of the primary drying was determined as the time when T product ⁇ T shelf is observed. At the end of the lyophilization cycle, the sample vials were back-filled nitrogen (N 2 ), stoppered and removed from the lyophilizer to be inspected and analyzed.
  • N 2 back-filled nitrogen
  • FIG. 1 displays the product temperature profiles of Formulations 1-8 during this step.
  • T product
  • T product
  • T product
  • T shelf
  • the lyophilized products were evaluated based on structure and uniformity of the lyophilization cakes. The observation of a ‘melt-back’ or ‘cake collapses’ led to a lowered ranking. Four vials from each formulation were randomly selected for the appearance evaluation. The assessment and ranking are summarized in Table 27.
  • the mannitol based formulations (Formulations 1, 3, 5 and 7) yielded a more compact and uniform lyophilization cake, and the sucrose based formulations (Formulations 2, 4, 6 and 8) revealed partial cake collapses as well as an increased melt-back.
  • Lyophilization product vials were weighed before and after lyophilization in order to determine the reconstitution solution volume.
  • the lyophilized products were reconstituted with DI water. After addition of the solvent the vials were gently swirled and the reconstitution appearance as well as the reconstitution time were recorded.
  • the reconstituted product was further analyzed for its pH and brincidofovir recovery (determined via HPLC).
  • the described parameters were complemented by recording the intensity of foaming as well as the foam dissipation time.
  • the results of the reconstitution assessment for Formulations 1-8 are summarized in Table 30.
  • Formulation 3 was found to lack foaming upon reconstitution, and Formulation 7 was found to be able to be reconstituted with different buffers or infusion vehicles.
  • lyophilization feasibility assessment For the development of a lyophilized drug product of brincidofovir, five different activities have been executed: i) lyophilization feasibility assessment, ii) lyophilization process development, iii) short-term stability studies, iv) preparation of drug product batches for stability testing, and v) material compatibility assessment.
  • Cycle Activity # Purpose Formula Results Feasibility assessment 1 Lyophilization of 1-8 Tromethamine and sucrose containing starting matrix formulations did not have sufficient formulations stability. (feasibility); 1 mL fill volume, 5 mL vials 2 Scale of product unit 1, 3, 7 i) Scale-up prevented completion of drying size (5 mL fill, 20 mL during the prim, drying phase. vials) ii) Less foaming (reconstitution) observed for # 3. 3 i) Cycle parameter 1, 3, 7 Products obtained w/2% volatiles. A adjustment. reconstitution analysis was not performed ii) Obtain products w/ for this lyophilization cycle. acceptable residual moisture.
  • liquid fill solutions were prepared and evaluated as outlined below.
  • liquid fill solutions were prepared comprising:
  • liquid fill solutions were prepared comprising:
  • cycles #1, #2, and #5 the applied reconstitution volumes were determined by gravimetric analysis of the product vials before and after lyophilization for each of the formulations. In case of cycles #1 and #2 the specific measured volumes were applied. For reconstitution of lyophilized products of cycle #5 an average reconstitution volume was applied to all formulations. For the lyophilized product of lyophilization cycle #7, the liquid fill volume was scaled in accordance to the previously determined difference between liquid fill and reconstitution volume.
  • Formulations 1, 3, and 3a The stability of Formulations 1, 3, and 3a was assessed at 25° C. and 60° C. by evaluating appearance and pH of each formulation, as well as recovery of c(BCV), at the time of reconstitution (t 0 ), after 2 days (t 2 days ), 7 days (t 7 days ), 10 days (t 10 days ), and 14 days (t 14 days ). In addition, the foaming intensity was evaluated at 10, 20 and 30 minutes after reconstitution.
  • Formulation 3a was compounded according to the following procedure: The pH of a 1M buffer solution of arginine in DI water was adjusted to 8 using Hydrochloric acid (35-37%) under pH-control before Q.S. Then Mannitol was added to the buffer solution followed by BCV. The pH of the resulting solution was adjusted to 8 using sodium hydroxide. DI water was used to Q.S. the solution in separate volumetric flasks. The two solutions were then mixed and sterile filtered to yield the desired Formulation 3a. The procedure yielded Formulation 3a with an observed c(BCV) of 9.9 mg/mL.
  • the liquid fill solution for the lyophilized Formulation 3a was tested for compatibility with infusion vehicles as well as a series of materials from the manufacturing and clinical stage.
  • the results of the infusion vehicle compatibility testing are summarized in Table 38. No precipitation, pH shift or significant loss in recovery of brincidofovir were observed at the end of the study.
  • the appearance, pH, and brincidofovir recovery were evaluated at the time of preparing the test solution (to), and after 2 h (t 2h ), 8 h (t 8h ), and 24 h (t 24h )
  • the liquid Formulation 3a was tested for compatibility with two syringe filters for aseptic processing. 10 mL of the liquid Formulation 3a, were filtered through one of the filters a (0.2 ⁇ m, 25 mm, syringe filter, Posidyne® membrane) orb (0.2 ⁇ m, 25 mm, syringe filter, Supor® membrane (PES)), and the first and last 10% filtrate were evaluated for appearance, pH and recovery of brincidofovir.
  • the filters a 0.2 ⁇ m, 25 mm, syringe filter, Posidyne® membrane
  • PES Supor® membrane
  • the liquid Formulation 3a was tested for compatibility with vials and stoppers.
  • the vials were filled with 5 mL of the liquid Formulation 3a, stoppered, crimped, and stored for 6 hours at ambient conditions in upright and inverted orientations.
  • the vials used for testing were clear, 20 mL, Class A borosilicate glass serum vials, and the stoppers were 20 mm Novapure® stoppers, with FluroTec® coating.
  • the liquid Formulation 3a was tested for compatibility with a 100 mL infusion bag. Solutions of Formulation 3a, in a 5% dextrose injection vehicle, were prepared at two different formulation strengths (1.0 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL brincidofovir), and stored in the infusion bag at ambient conditions. Samples form the infusion bags and from an externally diluted standard were evaluated for appearance, pH and brincidofovir recovery (determined via HPLC) at the beginning of the study (t 0 ), after 8 h (t 8h ), and after 24 h (t 24h ). The results of the infusion bag compatibility assessment are summarized in Table 38.
  • the liquid formulation was diluted into infusion bags as previously described (tested final concentrations: 1.0 mg/mL and 0.1 mg/mL) and an aliquot was collected from the infusion bag for analysis of brincidofovir recovery after 24 h (t0, bag).
  • the infusion systems were then attached to the infusion bag and manually filled with solution from the infusion bag. Aliquots were collected as an end-of-line sample for analysis (t0, eol).
  • the IV lines were closed between time points with the infusate resting within the infusion system and stored at ambient temperature. At testing time points, approximately 17 mL (approx. volume of the IV system) of infusate solution were drained, which led to a replacement of the solution in the IV system from the bag reservoir. Following this replacement, another end-of-line sample was collected for the assessments (t10 min, eol, t3 h, eol, and t6 h, eol). The samples were evaluated for appearance, pH, and brincidofovir recovery. The results of infusion system compatibility testing are summarized in Table 42.
  • a liquid formulation comprising arginine, mannitol, and brincidofovir at a concentration of 10 mg/mL was kept in a 10 mL glass vial, stoppered (rubber stopper or 20 mm serum stopper) and sealed (aluminum seals), and kept at about 5° C. or about 25° C. for up to 12 months.
  • the appearance, pH and brincidofovir content of the stored formulation were monitored along with impurities and particulate matter, at various time intervals (i.e., after 2 weeks, after 1 month, after 2 months, after 3 months, after 6 months, after 9 months and after 12 months).
  • Impurities were evaluated via HPLC and are identified herein by their relative retention time. The same experiment was repeated for a solution of the lyophilized powder, comprising 10 mg/mL of brincidofovir.
  • a 20 mL glass vial with a 20 mm rubber stopper was used for the lyophilized formulations. Furthermore, the appearance of the lyophilized powder (i.e., the lyophilization cake) was recorded.
  • Each concentration of test item for the rat was mixed separately in a 1:4 ratio with rat whole blood while each concentration of test item for the human was mixed separately in a 1:4 ratio with human whole blood.
  • These samples plus control samples [vehicle control (vehicle+whole blood, 1 for rat and 1 for humans), positive control (1% Saponin+whole blood), untreated whole blood control and negative control (saline+whole blood) were analyzed for hemolysis (supernatant hemoglobin concentration).
  • the rat and human whole blood samples were incubated in test or control items at 37 ⁇ 1° C. for 20 minutes and then immediately (within 2 minutes) centrifuged at 3500 ⁇ 100 rpm (2740 g) at room temperature for 5-10 minutes.
  • the supernatant was extracted and subjected to a hemoglobin analysis using the cyanmethemoglobin method employed on the Siemens Advia 120 hematology analyzer. If the test item has a potential for causing hemolysis, then hemoglobin released from lysed red blood cells into the plasma supernatant can be quantified via the reaction of heme iron in solution being oxidized from a ferrous to a ferric state in the presence of potassium cyanide.
  • the reaction results in the formation of methemoglobin, which then combines with cyanide to form a stable cyanmethemoglobin.
  • cyanmethemoglobin When measured spectrophotometrically at 546 nm the absorbance of cyanmethemoglobin follows Beer's Law and is directly proportional to the concentration of hemoglobin released into solution.
  • the formulated test item at each concentration assessed was mixed in a 1:4 ratio with saline and then directly analyzed to ensure that the test item formulations did not interfere with the Siemens Advia measurement of hemoglobin.
  • Tube 1A contained 0.2 mg/mL Tube 1B contained 0.5 mg/mL Tube 1C contained 1.6 mg/mL f Test item assay for hemolysis: Tube 1A contained 0.2 mg/mL Tube 1B contained 0.5 mg/mL Tube 1C contained 1.6 mg/mL f Test item assay for hemolysis: Tube 1A contained 0.2 mg/mL Tube 1B contained 0.5 mg/mL Tube 1C contained 1.6 mg/mL f Test item assay for hemolysis: Tube 1A contained 0.2 mg/mL Tube 1B contained 0.5 mg/mL Tube 1C contained 1.6 mg/mL f Test item assay for hemolysis: Tube 1A contained 0.2 mg/mL Tube 1B contained 0.5 mg/mL Tube 1C contained 1.6 mg/mL f Test item assay for hemolysis: Tube 1A contained 0.2 mg/mL Tube 1B contained 0.5 mg/mL Tube 1C contained 1.6 mg/mL f Test item assay for hemolysis: Tube 1A contained 0.2 mg/mL Tube 1B contained
  • the brincidofovir injectable liquid stock formulation is stable for 28 days under refrigerated conditions (2 to 8° C.).
  • Brincidofovir injectable liquid stock formulation was diluted with 5% dextrose to yield the desired dose concentration.
  • Saponin was diluted with saline to the appropriate concentration on the day of testing.
  • Human whole blood ( ⁇ 20 mL) was collected for use in this study from one human volunteer in the presence of K 2 EDTA anticoagulant.
  • the blood samples were held for no more than 4 hours at room temperature following collection, for use in hemolytic potential testing in this study.
  • Each concentration of test item for the rat was mixed separately in a 1:4 ratio with rat whole blood while each concentration of test item for the human was mixed separately in a 1:4 ratio with human whole blood.
  • These samples plus control samples [vehicle control (vehicle+whole blood, 1 for rat and 1 for humans), positive control (1% Saponin+whole blood), untreated whole blood control and negative control (saline+whole blood) were analyzed for hemolysis (supernatant hemoglobin concentration).
  • the rat and human whole blood samples were incubated in test or control items at 37 ⁇ 1° C. for 20 minutes and then immediately (within 2 minutes) centrifuged at 3500 ⁇ 100 rpm (2740 g) at room temperature for 5-10 minutes.
  • the supernatant was extracted and subjected to a hemoglobin analysis using the cyanmethemoglobin method employed on the Siemens Advia 120 hematology analyzer.
  • hemoglobin released from lysed red blood cells into the plasma supernatant can be quantified via the reaction of heme iron in solution being oxidized from a ferrous to a ferric state in the presence of potassium cyanide.
  • test item at each concentration assessed was mixed in a 1:4 ratio with saline and then directly analyzed to ensure that the test item formulations did not interfere with the Siemens Advia measurement of hemoglobin.
  • the testing was conducted in 2 phases.
  • the 1% Saponin positive control must demonstrate hemoglobin value >(Negative Control+0.5 g/dL) for the assay run to be considered acceptable.
  • Pointe Scientific liquid hemoglobin controls have no established target range for the ADVIA instrument but should demonstrate a rank order in response (based on concentration) of High>Mid>Low.
  • test item+saline sample must demonstrate hemoglobin value ⁇ (Negative Control+0.5 g/dL) for the assay run to be considered valid.
  • the vehicle control sample must demonstrate hemoglobin value ⁇ (Negative Control+0.5 g/dL) for the assay to be considered valid
  • the (Pointe Scientific) liquid QC control set containing hemolysates prepared from human erythrocytes ranging from Low, Mid, and High concentrations were used to verify the ability of the Advia to measure liquid hemolysates using the Advia cyanmethemoglobin procedure.
  • the rank order of the control sets meets the protocol criteria.
  • the (R&D System) whole blood quality controls were used to verify the operational performance of the Siemens Advia 120 hematology instrument.
  • the QC values recorded in the raw data were within the defined manufacturer's acceptable ranges for the Advia instrument.
  • the amphipathic glycoside Saponin which complexes with cholesterol to form pores in cell membrane bilayers and cause red blood cell lysis, was utilized for the positive hemolytic control.
  • the 1% Saponin-treated positive controls for rat and human whole blood hemolysis generated a mean hemoglobin concentration of 3.9 and 11.0 g/dL in the supernatant, respectively (Tables 47, 48, 49 and 50). These values met the protocol defined assay acceptability criterion of hemoglobin concentration >(Negative Control+0.5 g/dL).
  • the vehicle control (5% Dextrose) in rat and human whole blood in Phases 1 and 2 generated a mean hemoglobin concentration of 0.0 g/dL (Tables 47, 48, 49 and 50).
  • the vehicle control from both phases met the protocol defined sample analysis criterion of ⁇ (Negative Control +0.5 g/dL).
  • Point scientific controls are system tests to verify the measurement of hemoglobin in solution phase.
  • brincidofovir demonstrated a hemolytic potential effect in rat whole blood that appears to be concentration dependent. Presumptive evidence of this effect was observed at the 0.5 mg/mL concentration and more distinct evidence of hemolysis was observed at the 1.6 mg/mL concentration.
  • the estimated % hemolysis for detectable levels of hemoglobin in this study can be calculated using the mean normal hemoglobin concentration for rat whole blood and the appropriate dilution factor. For instance, a rat whole blood normal hemoglobin value of 13 g/dL corrected for dilution by test article, results in a value of 10.4 g/dL (13 ⁇ 0.8). The calculated % hemolysis for hemoglobin values of 0.25 and 1.35 g/dL was 2.4% and 13.0% respectively. Formulations with a hemolysis value of ⁇ 10% are considered to be non-hemolytic while values >25% are considered to be at risk for hemolysis (Amin and Dannenfelser, 2006).
  • the 0.2 mg/mL concentration showed no detectable hemoglobin and is thus considered non-hemolytic. Concentrations of 0.5 and 1.6 mg/mL resulted in detectable hemoglobin levels in rat whole blood, but the levels noted were not considered a hemolytic risk.
  • Test item controls met the protocol defined sample analysis criterion which indicates acceptable runs in Phases 1 and 2.
  • the purpose of this 2-phase study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of brincidofovir, when administered via a single 2-hour intravenous infusion to rats and to assess the toxicity, as well as the single and repeat and toxicokinetic profile of brincidofovir when administered via 2-hour intravenous infusion to rats on Days 1, 4 and 7.
  • MTD maximum tolerated dose
  • the study design incorporated elements of general regulatory guidelines for toxicity studies.
  • Phase 1 was a maximum tolerated dose (MTD) study and Phase 2 was a repeat dose range-finding (DRF) study.
  • MTD maximum tolerated dose
  • DPF repeat dose range-finding
  • Parameters evaluated during Phase 1 were: viability and clinical observations.
  • Sprague-Dawley CD® rats (2/sex/dosing interval) were dosed with brincidofovir via 2-hour IV infusion once at 2, 4, 10 or 15 mg/kg.
  • the maximum feasible dose (MFD) was limited to 15 mg/kg because of increased hemolytic potential when the concentration of brincidofovir exceeds 1 mg/mL in the dosing solution.
  • the dose volume was 10 mL/kg/hr for all dosing intervals. Each dose administration was followed by a 2-3 day observation period. At the end of the Phase 1 treatment period, all animals were euthanized and discarded without macroscopic examination.
  • Parameters evaluated during Phase 2 were: viability, clinical observations, body weights, food consumption, hematology (termination of dosing), clinical chemistry (termination of dosing) and macroscopic observations.
  • Phase 2 Sprague-Dawley CD® rats (5/sex/group) were dosed with brincidofovir via 2-hour IV infusion with 0 [2 ⁇ sodium phosphate buffer solution (400 mM, pH 8.0 ⁇ 0.04)], 1 or 15 mg/kg on Days 1, 4 and 7. The dose volume was 10 mL/kg/hr for all groups. At the end of the Phase 2 treatment period, all animals were euthanized and necropsied. Phase 2 satellite animals (3/sex/Group 1 and 6/sex/Group 2-3) were similarly dosed and blood samples collected on Days 1 and 7 for toxicokinetic analysis of brincidofovir and one of its metabolites, cidofovir.
  • the M/P ratio is calculated by first converting the relevant parameters to molar units and then dividing the molar exposure value of the metabolite by the molar exposure value of the parent compound.
  • Plasma samples (108) were collected 2 hours following the initiation of dosing on Day 1 and Day 7 (Group 1), or at 1, 2, 8, and 24 hours following the initiation of dosing on Day 1, and prior to administration and at 2, 8, and 24 hours following the initiation of dosing on Day 7 (Groups 2 and 3), and analyzed to determine the concentrations of brincidofovir and the metabolite, cidofovir), by LC/MS/MS.
  • Brincidofovir-related hematologic findings were limited to slight decreases in reticulocytes in males and females administered 15 mg/kg brincidofovir ( ⁇ 33% and ⁇ 30% controls, respectively; statistically significant in males only), associated with increases in mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in males (+2.1% controls, statistically significant). Decreases red cell mass (hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells) were negligible (to ⁇ 4.2% controls) at the end of the 7-day dosing phase
  • Phase 1 each animal was administered a single dose of brincidofovir via 2-hour intravenous infusion. At each dose interval, an escalated dose was administered to na ⁇ ve animals to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). MTD data were used to select doses for Phase 2.
  • Phase 2 the selected doses were administered via 2-hour intravenous infusion on Days 1, 4 and 7 to evaluate the toxicity of repeated doses of the brincidofovir and to aid in the selection of doses for subsequent toxicity studies.
  • a seven-day study can be appropriate for selecting doses for subsequent repeat dose GLP toxicity studies.
  • the number of animals (2/sex/dose interval) in Phase 1 (MTD) was the minimum number that would be required to determine the maximum tolerated dose in male and female rats.
  • Four dose levels of the brincidofovir were expected to be sufficient to determine the maximum tolerated dose.
  • new animals were used at each dose level to eliminate possible additive effects of repeat dosing that could confound determination of a maximum tolerated single dose level.
  • the number of main study animals (5/sex/group) in Phase 2 (DRF) was the minimum number that would control for the expected variability among animals.
  • the negative control group and the two brincidofovir-treated groups receiving a low and high multiple of the proposed human dose were considered the minimum number of groups necessary to establish a baseline and provide a range of effects and allow for extrapolation of results for additional repeat dose studies.
  • the starting dose for Phase 1 of this study was 2 mg/kg.
  • the low and high doses for Phase 2 of this study (1 and 15 mg/kg) were selected based on the study results of Phase 1 of the present study. In some embodiments, the low and high doses were selected by the lack of clinical signs during the post-administration observation period in animals that were administered 15 mg/kg during Phase 1 of the present study.
  • Phase 1 For Phase 1 (MTD), up to four dose levels of brincidofovir were administered as escalating single doses in na ⁇ ve male and female rats via intravenous infusion (2-hour). Each dose administration was followed by a 2-3 day observation period. Each subsequent dose level was increased and administered to na ⁇ ve animals based on the response to the preceding doses until the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was identified, or until the maximum feasible dose (MFD) based on prior evidence of hemolysis of 15 mg/kg was achieved.
  • MTD maximum tolerated dose
  • MFD maximum feasible dose
  • test and control articles were administered, via intravenous 2-hour IV infusion to rats on Days 1, 4, and 7.
  • a vehicle solution of 2 ⁇ sodium phosphate buffer solution (400 mM, pH 8.0 ⁇ 0.04) was prepared by mixing the appropriate amounts of monobasic sodium phosphate solution (400 mM) and dibasic sodium phosphate solution (400 mM). The pH of the solution was adjusted with monobasic sodium phosphate solution (400 mM), when necessary. The solution was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m Millex®-GP filter under a laminar flow hood into a sterile vessel.
  • the vehicle (control article) was stored refrigerated 2-8° C. Fresh vehicle solution was prepared once prior to each phase, and used within one month of preparation.
  • a brincidofovir stock of 15 mg/mL was perpared by mixing the appropriate amount of brincidofovir with 2 ⁇ sodium phosphate buffer solution, sterile water for injection, USP, and 1N sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The solution was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m Millex®-GP filter under a laminar flow hood into a sterile vessel.
  • Dose formulations for Phase 1 and 2 were prepared by diluting the appropriate amounts of the brincidofovir stock (15 mg/mL) or of the stock solution vehicle (2 ⁇ sodium phosphate buffer solution) with the appropriate amounts of 5% dextrose for injection, USP, into a sterile vial under a laminar flow hood and inverting 10 times to mix. During Phase 1 and 2, fresh dose formulations were prepared on each dosing day and were stored refrigerated 2-8° C. and protected from light when not in use.
  • Intravenous infusion over 2-hours Treated at constant doses in 20 mL/kg/2 hours.
  • Catheters for infusion were implanted approximately 1-2 weeks prior to dose administration. All animals, including the spares, were surgically implanted with a catheter.
  • the surgical site was prepared as per Testing Facility's SOP for aseptic, recovery surgical procedures. Animals received analgesics pre-emptively (flunixin meglumine (USP) 2 mg/kg, subcutaneously).
  • analgesics pre-emptively (flunixin meglumine (USP) 2 mg/kg, subcutaneously).
  • the animals were placed in jackets and the implanted catheters were attached to pins with capped septum connectors. The catheters were locked with taurolidine citrate locking solution. Each animal received enrofloxacin 5.0 mg/kg intramuscularly on the day of surgery.
  • Implanted femoral vein catheters were assessed for patency as per Testing Facility's SOP prior to placing animals on study.
  • the individual animal concentrations were calculated from the most recently recorded scheduled bodyweight.
  • each animal received a single dose administered via intravenous infusion (2-hours), followed by a 2-3 day observation period after each dose interval. Following the single intravenous (2-hour) infusion, the animals had their jackets and dosing sets removed and were not returned to saline maintenance.
  • each animal received brincidofovir administrations via intravenous infusion (2-hours) on Days 1, 4 and 7.
  • Animals were maintained on sterile saline at a rate of 0.5 mL/hour between doses.
  • Catheters were tied off after the completion of dose administration on Day 7 (a knot was placed in the catheter and the catheter was receded under the skin) and jackets were removed.
  • the lock solution was withdrawn from each animal's implanted catheter (if possible) and the catheter was flushed with saline before connecting to a tether and infusion dosing set. After connecting the animals' catheters, the animals were infused with sterile saline (0.9% NaCl, USP) at a rate of 0.5 mL/hr by a calibrated Medfusion syringe pump until dose administration on Day 1.
  • a saline flush was infused to deliver the brincidofovir in the infusion lines and to ensure the delivery of a complete dose (an additional ⁇ 0.5 to 1 mL volume, at the same rate as the brincidofovir, was administered to flush the catheter line).
  • Plasma was separated by centrifugation (10 minutes at approximately 2000 g, at approximately 2-8° C.). Approximately 0.10 mL of plasma was transferred into a single cryotube appropriately labeled with study number, animal number, time point, date of sampling and sample type. Remaining plasma was transferred into a second cryotube and retained as a backup sample. Plasma frozen at approximately ⁇ 80 ⁇ 10° C. within approximately 2 hours after collection of each blood sample until analysis. Animals were euthanized (CO 2 inhalation) after the final blood collection.
  • All plasma sample tubes were stored frozen ( ⁇ 80 ⁇ 10° C.) and shipped (frozen, on dry ice) to Pyxant Labs, Colorado Springs, Colorado for analysis. Samples were shipped within 1 month of collection.
  • TK parameters were estimated using mean plasma concentrations of brincidofovir and cidofovir derived from the composite blood sampling design using Phoenix WinNonLin (V 6.3).
  • Phase 1 Signs of poor health or toxic or pharmacologic effects (e.g., abnormalities in general condition, appearance, activity, behavior, respiration, etc.) observed during infusion period were recorded.
  • toxic or pharmacologic effects e.g., abnormalities in general condition, appearance, activity, behavior, respiration, etc.
  • Phase 1 Animals were removed from their cages and weighed twice pretest and prior to each dose.
  • Phase 2 Animals were removed from their cages and weighed twice pretest, prior to each dose and following the last dose administered during the afternoon of Day 7. Terminal, fasted body weights were obtained just prior to necropsy.
  • Hemoglobin concentration HGB
  • Hematocrit HCT
  • Erythrocyte count RBC
  • Platelet count PHT
  • Mean corpuscular volume MV
  • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin MH
  • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCHC
  • Red cell distribution width RDW
  • Total leukocyte count WBC
  • Reticulocyte count RETIC
  • Differential leukocyte count Manual differential leukocyte counts were performed for verification and absolute values were calculated if necessary
  • Neutrophils ANEU
  • Lymphocytes ALYM
  • Eosinophils AEOS
  • Basophils ABASO
  • Monocytes AMONO
  • Large unstained cells ALUC
  • a peripheral blood smear was prepared for each animal at each blood collection interval and was available for confirmation of automated results and/or other evaluations deemed necessary by the Clinical Pathologist.
  • Phase 1 All animals were euthanized by exsanguination following carbon dioxide inhalation and discarded without macroscopic examination after the completion of the observation period.
  • Phase 2 Main DRF study animals were euthanized by exsanguination following isoflurane inhalation and TK satellite animals via carbon dioxide inhalation.
  • the macroscopic examination included examination of the external surface and all orifices; the external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord; the organs and tissues of the cranial, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities and neck; and the remainder of the carcass for the presence of macroscopic morphologic abnormalities. Animals were discarded after examination; no tissues were collected or preserved.
  • CS Clotted specimen
  • LA Lab accident
  • NVIM Not valid due to improbable result
  • CLSE Severe platelet clumping noted
  • CLSL Slight platelet clumping noted
  • NCLP No clumping.
  • Globulin was calculated as: total protein—albumin Albumin/globulin ratio (A/G) was calculated as: albumin/globulin
  • the following data types were analyzed at each timepoint separately for Phase 2: body weight; body weight change from interval to interval; cumulative body weight change from baseline; food consumption, hematology, and clinical chemistry.
  • the parameters to analyze were identified as continuous, discrete or binary. Brincidofovir treated groups were then compared to the control using the following procedures.
  • Table 54 below summarizes details regarding the study conduct, including but not limited to test animals, study materials, study design, dosing, observations, and results.
  • a composite blood sampling design was used such that each rat was sampled twice per sampling day.
  • Blood samples were collected according to the scheme shown in Table 54. Blood was collected via tail vein from unanesthetized animals into tubes containing anticoagulant and placed on wet ice in an upright position. Animals were not fasted prior to blood collection. Plasma was separated by centrifugation (for 10 minutes at approximately 2000 g, at approximately 2-8° C.), and transferred into individually labeled cryotubes. All cryotubes containing the collected plasma samples were appropriately labeled as to study number, animal number, time point, date of sampling and sample type. All plasma samples were obtained and frozen at approximately ⁇ 80° C. ( ⁇ 10° C.) within approximately 2 hours after collection of each blood sample until analysis.
  • Rat plasma bioanalysis was conducted by Pyxant Laboratories. Plasma samples were analyzed for concentrations of brincidofovir and cidofovir using a method based upon protein precipitation extraction followed by LC-MS/MS analysis; calibration ranges for brincidofovir and cidofovir were 1.00-1500 ng/mL and 5.00-750 ng/mL, respectively, (Pyxant study number 3025) for a 50 ⁇ L aliquot of rat plasma. Sample analysis for ISR was not performed as part of this non-GLP study.
  • Mean Profile BLQ values for the purposes of NCA, are recorded in Table 63 and Table 64, with the original Mean Profile BLQ result in the column labeled [Mean Concentration] and the imputed values used for NCA analysis in the column labeled [Imputed Mean Concentration].
  • Statistical Analysis was limited to descriptive statistical analysis including arithmetic mean, standard deviation, % CV of the arithmetic mean.
  • the coefficient of variation (% CV) for mean plasma concentrations ranged from (9.98 to 173% CV) for brincidofovir and (4.82 to 173% CV) for cidofovir.
  • the brincidofovir C max and AUC last values on Day 7 showed a trend toward lower values on Day 7 compared to Day 1 (Day7/Day1 accumulation ratios (AR) of 0.44 to 0.53). Further, no sex differences in brincidofovir TK parameters were observed.
  • Bioanalysis was performed on 108 plasma samples collected only during Phase 2 to determine the concentrations of brincidofovir and the cidofovir metabolite, cidofovir.
  • the plasma samples were collected at 2 hours following the initiation of dosing on Day 1 and Day 7 (Group 1), or at 1, 2, 8, and 24 hours following the initiation of dosing on Day 1, and prior to administration and at 2, 8, and 24 hours following the initiation of dosing on Day 7 (Groups 2 and 3) and analyzed by LC/MS/MS.
  • brincidofovir C max increased in approximate proportion to dose (for female rats), or less than proportionally to dose (for male rats). For a 15-fold increase in dose from 1 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, C max increased 17.3- to 18.2-fold for females and 9.2- to 18.6-fold for males.
  • brincidofovir AUC last increased in approximate proportion (for female rats); for a 15-fold increase in dose, the AUC last increased 14.1- to 16.1-fold. Due to insufficient data points in male rats after 1 mg/kg administration, proportionality of AUC last could not be determined.
  • the brincidofovir C max on Days 1 and 7 for a 1 or 15 mg/kg dose were similar (difference within 54%).
  • the brincidofovir AUC last for a 1 mg/kg dose could not be compared due to insufficient data points to calculate AUC in males.
  • the brincidofovir C max and AUC last values on Day 7 for female animals following twice-weekly dosing of brincidofovir at 1 mg/kg, and for both female and male animals after 15 mg/kg, showed a trend toward lower C max and AUC last on Day 7 compared to Day 1 (Day7/Day1 accumulation ratios (AR) of 0.44 to 0.53).
  • cidofovir C max generally increased less than proportional to dose. For a 15-fold increase in brincidofovir dose from 1 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, cidofovir C max increased 2.9- to 4.1-fold for female animals and 5.6- to 16.8-fold for males. On Days 1 and 7, cidofovir AUC last increased less than proportionally to dose for female animals; for a 15-fold increase in brincidofovir dose, cidofovir AUC last increased 9.4- to 16.2-fold. Due to insufficient data points in male rats after 1 mg/kg administration, proportionality of AUC last could not be determined.
  • cidofovir C max and AUC last on Day 7 for female animals following twice-weekly dosing of brincidofovir at 1 mg/kg showed a trend toward higher C max and AUC last on Day 7 compared to Day 1 (Day7/Day1 AR ranged from 1.6 to 1.9). However, cidofovir C max and AUC last for both female and male animals administered 15 mg/kg (3 doses), were similar (Day7/Day1 AR ranged from 1.0 to 1.1).
  • the metabolite-to-parent (M/P) ratio, calculated on a molar basis, of AUC last on Day 1 for female animals were 0.190 and 0.661 for doses of 1 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg of brincidofovir, respectively.
  • the M/P ratios on Day 7 for female animals were 0.193 and 0.444 for doses of 1 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg of brincidofovir, respectively.
  • Cidofovir TK Parameters Following Single and Multiple 2-Hour Intravenous Infusion Administrations of brincidofovir on Days 1, 3 and 7 to Rats Brincidofovir Dose (mg/kg) 1 15 Male Female Male Female Period Period TK Parameter Day 1 Day 7 Day 1 Day 7 Day 1 Day 7 Day 1 Day 7 T max (h) 8 8 2 2 8 8 8 8 T last (h) 8 8 8 8 24 24 24 C max (ng/mL) 1.95 5.73 9.35 15 32.8 32.8 38.6 43.6 C max /Dose 1.95 5.73 9.35 15 2.18 2.18 2.57 2.91 [(ng/mL)/(mg/kg)] AUC last NR NR 43.4 80.1 548 624 705 756 (h*ng/mL) AUC last /Dose NR NR 43.4 80.1 36.5 41.6 47 50.4 [(h*ng/mL)/(mg/kg)] AR: C max NA 2.94 NA 1.60 NA 1.00 NA 1.
  • Dose 4 (15 mg/kg): Clinical signs in both male and one female animal included decreased activity with or without irregular breathing, piloerection, and bilateral partially closed eyes.
  • Brincidofovir-related hematologic findings were limited to slight decreases in reticulocytes in males and females at 15 mg/kg ( ⁇ 33% and ⁇ 30% controls, respectively; statistically significant in males only), associated with increases in mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) in males (+2.1% controls, statistically significant).
  • MCHC mean cell hemoglobin concentration
  • Decreases in red cell mass (hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells) were negligible (to ⁇ 4.2% controls) at the end of the 7-day dosing phase.
  • the minimal effect of reticulocyte decreases on red cell mass was attributed to the long lifespan of red blood cells in rats ( ⁇ 45-68 days) relative to reticulocytes (2-5 days).
  • Red cell mass decreases would be expected to be more pronounced with continued dosing.
  • Decreases in reticulocytes were indicative of decreased erythropoiesis in hematopoietic tissues. In the absence of decreases in food consumption or body weight or poor clinical condition, they were likely to be due to brincidofovir-related suppression of erythropoiesis, which is not unexpected with this class of drug (nucleotide analog).
  • Macroscopic findings were few, occurred sporadically, and were not considered to be brincidofovir-related as they occurred at a similar incidence in control animals, lacked a dose relationship, or were considered congenital anomalies (Animal No. 3048).
  • Male Animal No. 3048 did not have a left seminal vesicle or a left kidney; the absence of the left kidney correlated with elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and phosphorus in this animal.
  • BUN blood urea nitrogen
  • mean brincidofovir C max and AUC increased approximately proportional to the increase in dose from 1 to 15 mg/kg, though AUC was determined on few concentration values after 1 mg/kg dosing.
  • the brincidofovir C max and AUC last values on Day 7 showed a trend toward lower values on Day 7 compared to Day 1 (Day7/Day1 accumulation ratios (AR) of 0.44 to 0.53). Further, no sex differences in brincidofovir TK parameters were observed.
  • the concentrations of brincidofovir and cidofovir in all control plasma samples were BLQ for each analyte ( ⁇ 1.0 ng/mL and ⁇ 5.0 ng/mL, respectively).
  • Concentrations of brincidofovir reached BLQ in all males and some females 8 hours following administration of 1 mg/kg and were at or near the LLOQ by 24 hours following administration of 15 mg/kg.
  • the coefficient of variation (% CV) for mean plasma concentrations for brincidofovir ranged from 13.0 to 173% for female animals and from 9.98 to 28.1% for male animals. In general, the highest % CV was observed at later time points when concentrations were at or near the LLOQ.
  • brincidofovir C max increased in approximate proportion to dose (for female rats), or less than proportionally to dose (for male rats). For a 15-fold increase in dose from 1 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, C max increased 17.3- to 18.2-fold for females and 9.2- to 18.6-fold for males.
  • brincidofovir AUC last increased in approximate proportion (for female rats); for a 15-fold increase in dose, the AUC last increased 14.1- to 16.1-fold. Due to insufficient data points in male rats after 1 mg/kg administration, proportionality of AUC last could not be determined.
  • the brincidofovir C max on Days 1 and 7 for a 1 or 15 mg/kg dose were similar (difference within 54%).
  • the brincidofovir AUC last for a 1 mg/kg dose could not be compared due to insufficient data points to calculate AUC in males.
  • the brincidofovir C max and AUC last values on Day 7 for female animals following twice-weekly dosing of brincidofovir at 1 mg/kg, and for both female and male animals after 15 mg/kg, showed a trend toward lower C max and AUC last on Day 7 compared to Day 1 [Day7/Day1 accumulation ratios (AR) of 0.44 to 0.53].
  • concentrations of cidofovir reached BLQ by 24 hours following single and twice-weekly administration 1 mg/kg brincidofovir and did not reach BLQ by 24 hours (last time point) following single or twice-weekly administration of 15 mg/kg brincidofovir.
  • the % CV for mean concentrations of cidofovir ranged from 4.82 to 88.4% for female animals and 5.49 to 173% for male animals. In general, the highest % CV was observed at early or later time points when cidofovir concentrations were at or near the LLOQ.
  • TK parameters for cidofovir following single and twice weekly administration of brincidofovir as an intravenous infusion to rats are summarized in Table 58.
  • cidofovir C max On Days 1 and 7, cidofovir C max generally increased less than proportional to dose. For a 15-fold increase in brincidofovir dose from 1 mg/kg to 15 mg/kg, cidofovir C max increased 2.9- to 4.1-fold for female animals and 5.7- to 16.8-fold for males. On Days 1 and 7, cidofovir AUC last increased less than proportionally to dose for female animals; for a 15-fold increase in brincidofovir dose, cidofovir AUC last increased 9.4- to 16.2-fold. Due to insufficient data points in male rats after 1 mg/kg administration, proportionality of AUC last could not be determined.
  • cidofovir C max and AUC last on Day 7 for female animals following twice-weekly dosing of brincidofovir at 1 mg/kg showed a trend toward higher C max and AUC last on Day 7 compared to Day 1 (Day7/Day1 AR ranged from 1.6 to 1.9). However, cidofovir C max and AUC last for both female and male animals administered 15 mg/kg (3 doses), were similar (Day7/Day1 AR ranged from 1.0 to 1.1).
  • the metabolite-to-parent (M/P) ratio of AUC last on Day 1 for female animals were 0.190 and 0.661 for doses of 1 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg of brincidofovir, respectively.
  • the M/P ratios on Day 7 for female animals were 0.193 and 0.444 for doses of 1 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg of brincidofovir, respectively.
  • Example 9 Mass Balance, Pharmacokinetics and Tissue Distribution by Quantitative Whole-Body Autoradiography in Rats Following a Single Oral or Intravenous Dose of [ 14 C]Brincidofovir
  • the objectives of this study were to characterize the tissue distribution of total radioactivity in male Sprague Dawley (SD) and Long-Evans (LE) rats following administration of a single intravenous (IV, 2-h infusion) or oral (PO, gavage) dose of [ 14 C]brincidofovir.
  • the rate and extent of excretion (mass balance) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of total radioactivity in male Sprague Dawley rats following a single intravenous (IV, 2-h infusion) dose of [ 14 C]brincidofovir was examined. Residual plasma and excreta collected on this study were stored at ⁇ 70° C. for metabolite profile and identification experiment conducted under a different protocol.
  • Rats in Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 were administered a single 2-hour (h) IV infusion of [ 14 C]brincidofovir at a target dose of 15 mg/kg.
  • Rats in Group 5 were administered a single 2-h IV infusion of [ 14 C]brincidofovir at a target dose of 2 mg/kg.
  • Rats in Group 6, and 7 were administered a single oral gavage administration of [ 14 C]brincidofovir at a target dose of 15 mg/kg.
  • the IV formulation for Groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 contained a vehicle of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer in 5% dextrose solution at pH 8.0( ⁇ 0.1).
  • the IV formulation for Group 5 contained a vehicle of 16 mM sodium phosphate buffer in 5% dextrose solution at pH 8.0( ⁇ 0.1), and the PO dosing formulation contained a vehicle of 12.5 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 8.0( ⁇ 0.1).
  • the IV dose formulation for Group 5 and the PO dose formulation for Groups 6 and 7 contained higher concentration of buffer so that the final buffer concentration was approximately 10 mM in all dose formulations.
  • Rats in Groups 1-5 were surgically modified to have indwelling femoral vein cannulas (FVC) for IV infusion.
  • FVC indwelling femoral vein cannulas
  • the body weight range, source, vendor, and receipt date of the animals was documented in the raw data.
  • Animals placed on study were assigned a permanent identification number using a permanent marker on the tail, while unused spare animals were returned to stock after successful dose administration of animals placed on study. Randomization was performed by cannula patency and QPS SOP.
  • Tables 65 and 66 give summaries of the dosing and sample collection protocols.
  • Animal body weights which were used for determining the dosing volume, were measured before dosing on the day of dose administration. Dose assay results, animal body weights, and targeted dosing parameters were entered into the Debra LIMS and target dose volumes for each animal were determined by the Debra LIMS. Animals received a single 2-h IV infusion of [ 14 C]brincidofovir at a target oral dose of 15 mg/kg (Groups 1-4) or 2 mg/kg (Group 5), or an oral gavage administration of [ 14 C]brincidofovir at a target oral dose of 15 mg/kg (Groups 6 and 7).
  • the actual dose administered to each rat was determined by the Debra LIMS, which used individual animal body weight data and by subtracting the weight of the emptied dose syringe/needle or needle/infusion line after dosing from the weight of the full syringe/needle or needle/infusion line prior to dosing.
  • the mean pre-dose radioactivity concentration (dpm/g dosing solution) was multiplied by the net weight of the administered dosing solution to calculate the amount of radioactivity administered to each animal. Actual doses are presented in Table 67.
  • Dose preparation activity of the PO formulation was 42.2151 ⁇ Ci/g b
  • Specific activity of the intravenous (IV) infusion formulations were 13.5694 (at 15 mg/kg) and 101.5100 (at 2 mg/kg) ⁇ Ci/mg [ 14 C]brincidofovir.
  • Urine, feces, blood/plasma, cage residue samples, and carcasses were collected during this study as described below for each group
  • Urine samples were collected from each animal into pre-labeled urine collection tubes at pre-dose (overnight) and at intervals of 0-8 h, 8-24 h, and at every subsequent 24 h interval until 168 h post-dose. All urine specimens were collected over dry ice. The total weight of each urine collection was documented, and the samples were stored frozen at approximately ⁇ 70° C. until LSC analysis. Samples were maintained at approximately ⁇ 70° C. following analysis, and were saved for further analysis, to be conducted under a separate protocol.
  • Feces samples were collected from each animal into a pre-labeled feces collection tube at pre-dose (overnight) and at 24 h intervals post-dose until 168 h post-dose. Feces specimens were collected over dry ice and the total weight of each feces sample was documented. Feces samples were stored at approximately ⁇ 70° C. until homogenization and LSC analysis, were maintained at approximately ⁇ 70° C. following analysis, and were saved for further analysis, to be conducted under a separate protocol.
  • Cage residue specimens were collected. Cages were rinsed with approximately 30 mL of deionized water following each daily post-dose excreta collection beginning at 24 h post-dose. The interior surfaces of the metabolism cage were sprayed with approximately 90 mL of Windex solution (or equivalent detergent solution) and wiped with gauze pads following the final excreta collection. Cage rinse and cage wash specimens were collected into tared and pre-labeled containers. The total weight of each cage rinse and wash were documented. Cage rinse, cage wash, and cage wipe collections were stored at approximately ⁇ 20° C. Carcasses of animals in Groups 1 and 2 were retained at approximately ⁇ 20° C. Carcasses and cage residues were not analyzed because the recovery of radioactivity in excreta was >90%.
  • Terminal blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture into pre-labeled blood collection tubes that contained K 2 EDTA as an anticoagulant.
  • Triplicate weighed aliquots of blood (0.100 g) were removed and analyzed for total radioactivity using combustion followed by LSC. Blood aliquots were maintained at approximately 4° C. until analysis. The remaining blood samples were maintained on wet ice (approximately 4° C.) and then centrifuged to obtain plasma within 1 h of the blood collection time. Centrifuge settings were recorded in the study notebook.
  • Duplicate aliquots of plasma (0.050 mL) were analyzed for radioactivity using direct counting by LSC, and residual plasma was stored at approximately ⁇ 70° C. and was saved for possible future analysis under a separate study protocol. Residual red blood cells and the animal carcasses of Group 2 rats were discarded as radioactive waste.
  • a blood sample was collected by cardiocentesis (approximately 2 mL) into tubes that contained K 2 EDTA as the anticoagulant, and the rat was euthanized by being frozen in a hexane/solid carbon dioxide bath for at least 15 min.
  • the blood samples were maintained on wet ice (approximately 4° C.) and then centrifuged to obtain plasma within 1 h of the blood collection time. Centrifuge settings were recorded in the study notebook. Duplicate aliquots of plasma (0.050 mL) were analyzed for radioactivity using direct counting by LSC, and residual plasma was stored at approximately ⁇ 70° C. and was saved for possible future analysis under a separate study protocol. Residual red blood cells were discarded as radioactive waste.
  • Carcass and cage residue samples were stored frozen at ⁇ 20° C. until sample analysis, and residual plasma and excreta were stored frozen at ⁇ 70° C.
  • Feces were homogenized and analyzed for total radioactivity content. Weighed feces specimens for each rat were homogenized in approximately 3 volumes of water (approximately 3 ⁇ the weight of the feces specimen). The total weight of each homogenate was determined and triplicate weighed aliquots ( ⁇ 0.5 g) were combusted in a Packard Sample Oxidizer, followed by LSC analysis. The actual weights of the individual aliquots and the amount of solvent used in homogenization were recorded. Pre-weighed portions of each feces homogenate were placed into a CombustoCone® that contained a CombustoPad®, allowed to dry over-night in a fume hood, and were burned completely in the sample oxidizer.
  • Fecal homogenates were maintained at approximately ⁇ 70° C. after analysis and were saved for further analysis under a separate study protocol.
  • Urine (0.300 mL), and plasma (0.050 mL) specimens were thawed, if necessary, then aliquoted in duplicate by volume and analyzed by LSC. Volumes or weights of sample aliquots were documented in the study records.
  • Ultima Gold scintillation fluid (5 mL, PerkinElmer) was added to each urine, and plasma aliquot, aliquot were mixed thoroughly, and then analyzed by LSC for radioactivity.
  • the radioactivity (counts per minute) in each sample was converted to disintegrations per minute (dpm) by means of an external standardization and a quench curve. Radioactivity content was quantified by a Model 2800TR or Model 2900TR Liquid Scintillation Analyzer (PerkinElmer). All samples were counted for at least 5 minutes or at least 100,000 counts per minute (cpm). LSC results for duplicate samples that differed by more than 10% from the mean value, were re-aliquoted and re-analyzed, if sufficient volume was available. If the LSC results for triplicate samples had a % CV that was >10%, then the sample was re-homogenized and re-analyzed, if sufficient volume was available.
  • LLOQ lower limit of quantification
  • the pinna, distal limbs, hair, and tail were removed from each frozen carcass and each frozen carcass was embedded in an aqueous suspension of approximately 2% (w/v) carboxymethylcellulose and frozen into a block.
  • the blocks were stored at approximately ⁇ 20° C. prior to sectioning.
  • Each blocked carcass was mounted on the object stage of a cryomicrotome (Leica CM3600 Cryomacrocut, Nussloch, Germany and Vibratome 9800, St. Louis, Mo.) maintained at approximately ⁇ 20° C.
  • Tissue concentration data was determined for the following tissues and/or contents: adipose (brown and white), adrenal gland, bile (in duct), blood (cardiac), bone, bone marrow, brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla), cecum (and contents), large intestine (and contents), epididymis, esophagus, eye (uvea and lens), Harderian gland, heart, kidney (cortex and medulla), liver, lung, lymph node, pancreas, pituitary gland, prostate gland, salivary gland, seminal vesicles, skeletal muscle, skin (pigmented and non-pigmented), small intestine (and contents), stomach (gastric mucosa and contents), spleen, spinal cord, testis, thymus, thyroid, and urinary bladder (and contents).
  • a set of whole-body sections for each rat was mounted on a cardboard backing, covered with a thin plastic wrap, and exposed along with calibration standards, which were 14 C-glucose mixed with blood at 10 different concentrations (0.0009595 to 7.806 ⁇ Ci/g), to a 14 C-sensitive phosphor imaging plate (Fuji Biomedical, Stamford, Conn.).
  • the imaging plate and sections were placed in light-tight exposure cassettes, in a copper-lined lead safe, for a 4-day exposure at room temperature.
  • the imaging plate was scanned using the Typhoon 9410 image acquisition system (GE/Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif., USA) and the resultant image stored on a dedicated QPS computer server.
  • Quantification was performed by image densitometry using MCD image analysis software (v. 7.0, Interfocus Imaging Ltd) and a standard curve constructed from the integrated response [i.e., Molecular Dynamics Counts per square millimeter (MDC/mm 2 )] and the nominal concentrations of the 14 C-calibration standards.
  • concentrations of radioactivity were expressed as the ⁇ g equivalents of [ 14 C]brincidofovir per gram sample ( ⁇ g equiv/g).
  • LLOQ lower limit of quantification
  • Tissue concentrations that fell below the LLOQ were identified as being below the quantification limit (BQL). Tissue areas that were not visualized on autoradiographic images were identified as no sample (NS) and reported as BQL. If no tissues were visualized on the autoradiograph(s) for an animal, then no calibration curves were generated and all tissue concentrations for that animal were reported as BQL.
  • the results are based on original, electronic, digital images that were selected from a complete set of autoradiographs.
  • the plasma total radioactivity concentration versus time data, PK parameters, and blood to plasma ratios for Group 2 male SD rats are reported in Table 69.
  • the C max of [ 14 C]brincidofovir total radioactivity in plasma after a 2-h IV infusion administration to male rats at 15 mg/kg was 10.3 ⁇ g equiv/mL at a T max of 2 h (i.e., end of infusion), and the concentration decreased to 0.045 ⁇ g equiv/mL at 72 h post-dose.
  • the AUC last of [ 14 C]brincidofovir in plasma was 64.4 ⁇ g equiv. h/mL, and the t 1/2 was 13.0 h.
  • Groups 3-7 Comparison of Blood to Plasma Concentration Ratios in Albino and Pigmented Rats after IV and PO Administration of 15 mg/kg (IV and PO) and 2 mg/kg (IV)
  • the blood to plasma concentration ratios for Group 3 to Group 7 male SD and LE rats are reported in Table 70.
  • a comparison of blood and plasma concentration versus time profiles obtained from Groups 3-7 is presented in FIG. 3 .
  • the tissues with the highest concentrations (>20.0 ⁇ g equiv/g) at the respective T max were: liver (229.4 ⁇ g equiv/g), kidney cortex (106.5 ⁇ g equiv/g), small intestine (43.7 ⁇ g equiv/g), urinary bladder (36.0 ⁇ g equiv/g), and kidney medulla (33.4 ⁇ g equiv/g).
  • the tissues with the lowest concentrations ( ⁇ 1.0 ⁇ g equiv/g) at their respective T max were: brain, spinal cord, white adipose, bone, skeletal muscle, and eye lens.
  • the tissues with the highest concentrations (>20.0 ⁇ g equiv/g) at the respective T max were: liver (229.7 ⁇ g equiv/g), kidney cortex (97.3 ⁇ g equiv/g), small intestine (71.0 ⁇ g equiv/g), kidney medulla (27.0 ⁇ g equiv/g), and urinary bladder (22.8 ⁇ g equiv/g).
  • the tissues with the lowest concentrations ( ⁇ 0.5 ⁇ g equiv/g) at their respective T max were: brain (cerebrum and medulla), spinal cord, white adipose, prostate gland, bone, skeletal muscle, and eye lens.
  • Group 5 QWBA Tissue Distribution in Pigmented Male Rats after IV Dosing at 2 mg/kg (Sparse Sampling)
  • [ 14 C]Brincidofovir-derived radioactivity was well distributed into most tissues of pigmented male rats after a 2-h IV infusion at 2 mg/kg, and most tissues had concentrations that were slightly lower than in blood/plasma at the end of infusion, but were higher than blood/plasma for later time points. Excretory and alimentary canal tissues were much higher than blood/plasma at all time points.
  • the highest observed concentration of [ 14 C] brincidofovir—derived radioactivity in blood was 0.771 ⁇ g equiv/g, which was observed at 2 h (end of infusion and the first collection time point for this sparsely-sampled group) and was 7-fold lower than observed after a 15 mg/kg dose.
  • Mean tissue concentration ratios were generally greater in the small intestine, indicating a greater than proportional increase in small intestine concentrations with an increase in dose from 2 to 15 mg/kg.
  • the tissues with the highest concentrations >1.0 ⁇ g equiv/g at the respective T max were: liver (34.2 ⁇ g equiv/g), kidney cortex (11.0 ⁇ g equiv/g), kidney medulla (3.4 ⁇ g equiv/g), small intestine (2.5 ⁇ g equiv/g), and large intestine (1.0 ⁇ g equiv/g).
  • the tissues with the lowest concentrations ( ⁇ 0.20 ⁇ g equiv/g) at their respective T max were: brain, spinal cord, white adipose, prostate gland, bone, skeletal muscle, and eye lens.
  • Group 6 and 7 QWBA Tissue Distribution in Albino and Pigmented Male Rats after PO Dosing at 15 mg/kg
  • the tissues with the highest concentrations (>7.0 ⁇ g equiv/g) at the respective T max were: small intestine (236.3 ⁇ g equiv/g), liver (20.6 ⁇ g equiv/g), kidney cortex (18.4 ⁇ g equiv/g), urinary bladder (17.3 ⁇ g equiv/g), stomach (11.2 ⁇ g equiv/g), kidney medulla (7.9 ⁇ g equiv/g), and cecum (7.5 ⁇ g equiv/g).
  • the tissues with the lowest concentrations ( ⁇ 0.10 ⁇ g equiv/g) at their respective T max were: brain, spinal cord, white adipose, bone, skeletal muscle, and eye lens.
  • FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show plots of the concentration of brincidofovir in various tissue as a function of time and route of administration.
  • FIG. 4 compares the concentration of brincidofovir in the small intestine for oral and IV dosing as a function of time.
  • FIG. 5 compares the concentration of brincidofovir in the kidney cortex for oral and IV dosing as a function of time.
  • the tissues with the highest concentrations (>2.0 ⁇ g equiv/g) at the respective T max were: small intestine (458.5 ⁇ g equiv/g), liver (36.1 ⁇ g equiv/g), kidney cortex (17.8 ⁇ g equiv/g), stomach (12.0 ⁇ g equiv/g), kidney medulla (9.1 ⁇ g equiv/g), cecum (7.6 ⁇ g equiv/g), urinary bladder (3.7 ⁇ g equiv/g), and large intestine (3.3 ⁇ g equiv/g).
  • the tissues with the lowest concentrations ( ⁇ 0.10 ⁇ g equiv/g) at their respective T max were: brain, spinal cord, white adipose, bone, skeletal muscle, and eye lens.
  • C max ranged from 187.6 ⁇ g equiv/g in small intestine at 4 h to 1004.6 ⁇ g equiv/g in stomach at 1 h), urinary bladder contents (110.9 ⁇ g equiv/g at 8 h), and bile (36.3 ⁇ g equiv/g at 4 h), which reflected route of dose administration and/or the routes of elimination for the [ 14 C]brincidofovir drug-derived radioactivity after a single oral dose.
  • radioactivity in most tissues increased in proportion to dose (from 2 to 15 mg/kg) across each time point. In small intestinal tissue, the increase was greater than proportional to dose. Following oral administration radioactivity was readily absorbed. Radioactivity was well distributed with peak concentrations of radioactivity in most tissues (34 of 38) occurring at 4 to 8 h after oral administration, and at the end of the IV infusion (2-h). The qualitative distribution patterns of the radioactivity were similar after IV or oral administration; quantitatively, tissue radioactive exposure, adjusted for the radioactive bioavailability (approximately 50%), generally was greater after IV administration than after oral gavage.
  • Tissues with highest concentrations of radioactivity were associated with excretory organs (i.e., liver, kidney, and intestine).
  • the tissue to plasma ratios were high (>30) for each of these tissues, and in kidney cortex and liver the ratios were similar between the IV and oral routes of administration.
  • notable radioactivity was associated with the small intestine (tissue to plasma ratio 32) after IV infusion.
  • the predicted exposure in humans following a 100 ⁇ Ci oral dose was estimated using four different methods (including single tissue and whole body exposure estimates), all of which resulted in a human exposure that was 4% or less of the FDA and ICRP allowed limits.
  • a single dose of oral BCV at 100 mg and 200 mg resulted in about 5% instance of diarrhea, and a 350 mg dose resulted in about 20% instance of diarrhea.
  • FIG. 6 shows a plot of the plasma brincidofovir concentration (AUC mr (ng*h/mL)) at different 100 mg oral administration, 10 mg IV administration, and 25 mg IV administration.
  • AUC mr ng*h/mL
  • IV administration of 10 mg brincidofovir provided substantially the same plasma concentration as oral administration of 100 mg brincidofovir
  • IV administration of 25 mg brincidofovir provided higher plasma concentration than both the IV 10 mg dose and the oral 100 mg dose.
  • Sprague-Dawley CD® rats (15/sex/group) were administered 0 (2 ⁇ Sodium Phosphate Buffer Solution), 1, 4 or 15 mg/kg/dose brincidofovir twice per week via 2-hour intravenous infusion on a total of 9 occasions over 29 days.
  • the dose rate was 10 mL/kg/hr for all dose groups.
  • At the end of the treatment phase up to 10 animals/sex/group were euthanized and necropsied. The remaining animals (up to 5 animals/sex/group) were held for a 14-day recovery phase in order to determine progression or reversibility of any brincidofovir-related effects.
  • Satellite animals (up to 3/sex/group) were similarly dosed and serial blood samples were collected from each animal on Days 1 and 29 for toxicokinetic analysis of brincidofovir and the brincidofovir metabolite (Cidofovir, CDV). Parameters evaluated during the study were: viability, clinical observations, ophthalmology, body weights, food consumption, clinical pathology (termination of dosing and end of recovery), organ weights, macroscopic observations and microscopic pathology.
  • CDV C max and AUC On Days 1 and 29, following intravenous administration of brincidofovir, CDV C max and AUC last values increased with increasing brincidofovir dose (from 1 to 15 mg/kg). In general, there was little to no accumulation of CDV over the course of the study and male to female ratio generally indicated there were no sex differences in CDV exposures.
  • the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for brincidofovir was considered to be 1 mg/kg/dose in males and 4 mg/kg/dose for in females.
  • the purpose of this study was to assess the toxicity and toxicokinetics of brincidofovir when administered via intravenous (2-hour) infusion to rats 2 times per week for a total of 9 doses over the course of 29 days, and to evaluate the progression or reversibility of brincidofovir effects during a drug-free post-treatment recovery period of 14 days.
  • the study design incorporates elements of general regulatory guidelines for toxicity studies.
  • Pre-clinical studies in two or more species are recommended by regulatory agencies such as the FDA to support administration in humans.
  • the rat is an animal model commonly utilized in toxicity studies.
  • a historical data base is available for comparative evaluation.
  • the test item was administered intravenously up to 2 times per week.
  • the number of animals in this study was considered to be the minimum necessary for statistical, regulatory and scientific reasons.
  • the purpose of this study was to monitor for toxicity and progression or reversibility of effects of the test item.
  • Historical control data indicate that clinical laboratory data, organ weight data and microscopic examination of tissues vary among individual animals.
  • the number of rats utilized in the conduct of subchronic studies (10 animals/sex/group) is recommended by regulatory guidance documents and was considered the minimum number that would account for the expected variability among animals.
  • additional post-treatment (recovery) animals (5 animals/sex/group) were included in the study.
  • Three test item-treated groups receiving low, intermediate and high multiples of the proposed human dose and a negative control group were considered the minimum number of groups necessary to provide a range of effects and allowed for extrapolation of results to humans.
  • the number of animals selected for toxicokinetic evaluations was considered the minimum number necessary to provide meaningful data, given the inherent variability in absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion processes.
  • a control group with 3 animals/sex was necessary to evaluate the absence of the test item.
  • the doses for this study (0, 1, 4 and 15 mg/kg/dose) were 2, 4, 10 or 15 mg/kg/dose over the course of 2 hours in the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) phase, and a second set of animals were then administered 3 doses of 1 or 15 mg/kg/dose over the course of 2 hours in the dose range finding (DRF) phase over the course of 9 days.
  • the high dose (15 mg/kg) administered on this 2-phase study was determined to be the maximum feasible dose (MFD) based on hemolysis observed at higher concentrations.
  • the first day of dosing was defined as Day 1 of the study.
  • Brincidofovir was provided as a white powder and was stored at room temperature. The purity was determined to be 99.8%.
  • the diluent was a 5% dextrose solution for injection (USP) and was supplied as a clear liquid (96.8% pure). It was stored at room temperature.
  • Sodium Phosphate buffer solution was used as a control. It was prepared from monobasic sodium phosphate (anhydrous), supplied as a white crystalline powder and stored at room temperature (100% pure). The phosphate buffer (control) solution was dissolved in sterile water and pH was adjusted with sodium hydroxide.
  • a vehicle solution of 2 ⁇ sodium phosphate buffer solution (400 mM, pH 8.0 ⁇ 0.04) was prepared by mixing the appropriate amounts of monobasic sodium phosphate solution (400 mM) and dibasic sodium phosphate solution (400 mM). The pH of the solution was adjusted with monobasic sodium phosphate solution (400 mM), when necessary. The solution was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m Millex®-GP (PES) filter within a laminar flow hood into a sterile vessel.
  • PES 0.22 ⁇ m Millex®-GP
  • the vehicle (control item) was stored refrigerated at 2-8° C. Fresh vehicle solution was formulated twice; once prior to Dose 1 and again prior to Dose 4, and each formulation was used within one month of preparation.
  • a brincidofovir stock of 15 mg/mL was prepared by mixing the appropriate amount of brincidofovir with 2 ⁇ sodium phosphate buffer solution, sterile water for injection, USP and 1N sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The solution was filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m Millex®-GP filter under a laminar flow hood into a sterile vessel. Brincidofovir stock was prepared once prior to Dose 1 and again prior to Dose 4, and stored refrigerated at 2-8° C.
  • Dosing formulations were prepared by diluting the appropriate amounts of the brincidofovir stock (15 mg/mL) or stock vehicle (2 ⁇ sodium phosphate buffer solution) with the appropriate amounts of 5% dextrose for injection, USP, into a sterile vial under a laminar flow hood and inverting 10 times to mix. Fresh dosing formulations were prepared weekly and were stored refrigerated 2-8° C. when not in use.
  • brincidofovir formulations at concentrations bracketing those used in this study (0.05 mg/mL and 2.0 mg/mL) are stable for 24 hours when stored at room temperature, and for 8 days when stored refrigerated at 2 to 8° C.
  • the brincidofovir stock solution of 15.0 mg/mL was stable for 24 hours when stored at room temperature (nominally 20° C.) and for 8, 14 and 28 days when stored at 2 to 8° C.
  • Brincidofovir was administered as an intravenous infusion over 2 hours. Animals were treated at constant doses in 20 mL/kg/2 hours.
  • Catheters for infusion were implanted approximately 1-3 weeks prior to dose administration. All animals, including the spares, were surgically implanted with a catheter.
  • the surgical site was prepared as per Testing Facility's SOP for aseptic, recovery surgical procedures. Animals received analgesics pre-emptively (flunixin meglumine (USP) 2 mg/kg, subcutaneously).
  • analgesics pre-emptively (flunixin meglumine (USP) 2 mg/kg, subcutaneously).
  • the animals were placed in jackets and the implanted catheters were attached to pins with capped septum connectors. The catheters were locked with taurolidine citrate locking solution. Each animal received enrofloxacin 5.0 mg/kg intramuscularly on the day of surgery.
  • Surgical repairs (1 repair per animal limit) to restore catheter patency were performed as necessary, during the pretest period and at the discretion of the Study Director during the on-test period.
  • Analgesics were administered preemptively (flunixin meglumine 2 mg/kg (USP), subcutaneously). Animals undergoing a surgical repair received an appropriate dose of antibiotics (as per the Standard Operating Procedures of the Testing Facility) on the day of surgery.
  • Implanted femoral vein catheters were assessed for patency as per Testing Facility's SOP prior to placing animals on study.
  • the individual animal concentrations were calculated from the most recently recorded scheduled bodyweight.
  • test/control item was administered via 2 hours intravenous infusion twice weekly for a total of 9 individual doses over 29 days. Test/control item administration continued through the day prior to terminal necropsy. Recovery animals were held for a 14 day observation period after the last dose.
  • the lock solution was withdrawn from each animal's implanted catheter (if possible) and the catheter was flushed with saline before connecting to a tether and infusion dosing set. After connecting the animals' catheters, the animals were infused with sterile saline (0.9% NaCl, USP) at a rate of 0.5 mL/hr by a calibrated Medfusion syringe pump until dose administration on Day 1.
  • a saline flush was infused to deliver the test item in the infusion lines and to ensure the delivery of a complete dose (an additional ⁇ 0.5 to 1 mL volume, at the same rate as the test item, was administered to flush the catheter line).
  • Animals with an unusable/non-functioning catheter were surgically repaired when possible. If repair was not possible, these animals were dosed via a peripheral tail vein in a restrainer, at the discretion of the Study Director. Animals were placed into individual plastic cones for no more than 2.25 hours (15 minutes for dose site preparation activities and 2 hours for dose administration via tail vein injection).
  • the pretest period was approximately 4 weeks. All animals were examined during the pretest period to confirm suitability for study. Pretest procedures were not performed until animals had been allowed to stabilize for 5 days.
  • Each rat was implanted with a BMDS IMI-1000 Implantable Radio Frequency Transponder (microchip) programmed with a unique number. This number was cross referenced with an animal number assigned by the Testing Facility; this number plus the study number comprised a unique identification number for each animal.
  • each cage was provided with a cage card that was color-coded for dose level identification and contained study number and facility-assigned animal number information.
  • Bioanalytical samples were analyzed using a validated liquid chromatographic-triple quadruple mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay at Pyxant Labs.
  • LC-MS/MS liquid chromatographic-triple quadruple mass spectrometric
  • Lids, lacrimal apparatus and conjunctiva were examined visually.
  • the cornea, anterior chamber, lens, iris, vitreous humor, retina and optic disc were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy.
  • the pupils of each animal were dilated prior to examination using tropicamide ophthalmic solution.
  • Urine obtained via a 16-hour overnight collection period was analyzed for up to 10 toxicity animals/sex/group at the termination of dosing and up to 5 recovery animals/sex/group at the end of recovery. Animals were fasted but not water-deprived during the collection period.
  • Hemoglobin concentration HGB
  • Hematocrit HCT
  • Erythrocyte count RBC
  • Platelet count PHT
  • Mean corpuscular volume MV
  • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin MH
  • Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration MCHC
  • Red cell distribution width RDW
  • Total leukocyte count WBC
  • Reticulocyte count RETIC
  • Differential leukocyte count Manual differential leukocyte counts were performed for verification and absolute values were calculated if necessary).
  • Neutrophils ANEU
  • Lymphocytes ALYM
  • Eosinophils AEOS
  • Basophils ABASO
  • Monocytes AMONO
  • Large unstained cells AUC
  • a peripheral blood smear was prepared for each animal at each blood collection interval and was available for confirmation of automated results and/or other evaluations deemed necessary.
  • Blood samples (approximately 1.0 mL) were collected into tubes containing sodium citrate anticoagulant and analyzed for the following using a Diagnostica Stago Products STA Compact® mechanical clot detection system: Prothrombin time (PT): and Activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT).
  • PT Prothrombin time
  • APTT Activated partial thromboplastin time
  • AST Aspartate aminotransferase
  • ALT Alanine aminotransferase
  • ALKP Alkaline phosphatase
  • BUN Blood urea nitrogen
  • CREAT Creatinine
  • GLU Glucose Hexokinase II Method
  • Cholesterol CHOL
  • Urine was collected into ice-chilled containers overnight (approximately 16 hours) from toxicity study animals housed in metabolism cages.
  • Urine samples were analyzed for the following using Multistix reagent strips, interpreted using a Siemens Clinitek Advantus: pH; Protein (PRO); Glucose (GLU); Ketones (KET); Bilirubin (BIL); and Occult blood (BLD).
  • Siemens Clinitek Advantus pH; Protein (PRO); Glucose (GLU); Ketones (KET); Bilirubin (BIL); and Occult blood (BLD).
  • APP Appearance
  • Sp.G. Specific gravity
  • VOL Volume
  • Necropsy was performed on up to 10 toxicity study animals/sex/group after animals had been treated for 29 days and on up to 5 toxicity study animals/sex/group after a 14 day treatment-free recovery period. Animals were fasted overnight prior to necropsy. Necropsy schedules were established to ensure that examination of animals of both sexes from each group were performed at similar times of the day throughout the necropsy periods.
  • Toxicokinetic animals were euthanized following the final blood collection on Day 29 and discarded without examination.
  • the macroscopic examination included examination of the external surface and all orifices; the external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord; the organs and tissues of the cranial, thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities and neck; and the remainder of the carcass for the presence of macroscopic morphologic abnormalities.
  • Organs indicated below were weighed for all surviving toxicity and recovery study animals at the scheduled sacrifice intervals. Prior to weighing, the organs were carefully dissected and properly trimmed to remove adipose and other contiguous tissues in a uniform manner. Organs were weighed as soon as possible after dissection in order to avoid drying. Paired organs were weighed together.
  • the tissues listed below were obtained from all animals and preserved. In addition, slides of the indicated tissues were prepared and examined microscopically. Any abnormalities not noted during macroscopic examinations which were seen during histology processing were recorded.
  • NBF neutral buffered formalin
  • the data collection system used for collecting the in-life and post-life data divides the study into phases. The start of each phase begins with Day 1/Week 1. The phases presented in this report are:
  • Pre-Treatment Begins the day the animals arrive. Phase days/weeks are labeled P1, P2, P3, etc. During this phase, animals are not being dosed and they have not been assigned their permanent identification numbers.
  • Randomization Begins the day the animals are sorted into groups and assigned their permanent identification numbers. Phase days/weeks are labeled Ra1, Ra2, Ra3, etc. Animals are not being dosed during this phase.
  • Treatment Begins for each animal when it receives its first administration of test/control item as specified in the study plan.
  • the death codes used have the following meanings:
  • Clinical observations are presented for each animal that showed signs, providing detail of the type of sign, day or week of occurrence and information on the duration of the sign applicable.
  • AM Morning Observation
  • PM Afternoon Observation
  • Unsched Unscheduled Observation
  • Post Dose Immediately After Completion of Dosing
  • 2 Hr PD 2 Hours After Completion of Dosing.

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US10487061B2 (en) * 2013-11-15 2019-11-26 Chimerix, Inc. Morphic forms of hexadecyloxypropyl-phosphonate esters and methods of synthesis thereof
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US20250049822A1 (en) * 2023-08-07 2025-02-13 Symbio Pharmaceuticals Limited Treatment of adenovirus infection or disease associated with adenovirus infection

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JP6878473B2 (ja) 2021-05-26
CA3024886A1 (fr) 2018-01-04
US20230210873A1 (en) 2023-07-06
CN109475497A (zh) 2019-03-15
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EP3474822A1 (fr) 2019-05-01
PL3474822T3 (pl) 2025-11-03
ES3037596T3 (en) 2025-10-03
JP7221485B2 (ja) 2023-02-14
US20200138835A1 (en) 2020-05-07
US12485131B2 (en) 2025-12-02
AU2023204117A1 (en) 2023-07-13
CN114569547A (zh) 2022-06-03
JP2023033538A (ja) 2023-03-10
FI3474822T3 (fi) 2025-08-15
AU2017290703B2 (en) 2023-03-30
EP4295853A3 (fr) 2024-03-06
JP2019519570A (ja) 2019-07-11
EP4295853A2 (fr) 2023-12-27
JP2021143178A (ja) 2021-09-24
PT3474822T (pt) 2025-08-21
CN119139329A (zh) 2024-12-17
EP3474822B1 (fr) 2025-07-09
WO2018005676A1 (fr) 2018-01-04

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