[go: up one dir, main page]

US20150275341A1 - Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications - Google Patents

Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20150275341A1
US20150275341A1 US14/434,664 US201314434664A US2015275341A1 US 20150275341 A1 US20150275341 A1 US 20150275341A1 US 201314434664 A US201314434664 A US 201314434664A US 2015275341 A1 US2015275341 A1 US 2015275341A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
bal
layer
work piece
alloy
less
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US14/434,664
Inventor
Justin Lee Cheney
John Hamilton Madok
Kyle Walter Rafa
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Scoperta Inc
Original Assignee
Scoperta Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Scoperta Inc filed Critical Scoperta Inc
Priority to US14/434,664 priority Critical patent/US20150275341A1/en
Assigned to SCOPERTA, INC. reassignment SCOPERTA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: RAFA, KYLE WALTER, CHENEY, JUSTIN LEE, MADOK, JOHN HAMILTON
Assigned to SCOPERTA, INC. reassignment SCOPERTA, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: RAFA, KYLE WALTER, CHENEY, JUSTIN LEE, MADOK, JOHN HAMILTON
Publication of US20150275341A1 publication Critical patent/US20150275341A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/58—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
    • B23K35/004—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces at least one of the workpieces being of a metal of the iron group
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
    • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
    • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
    • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
    • B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
    • B23K35/308—Fe as the principal constituent with Cr as next major constituent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D1/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, based on inorganic substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D5/00—Coating compositions, e.g. paints, varnishes or lacquers, characterised by their physical nature or the effects produced; Filling pastes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
    • C22C37/06—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium
    • C22C37/08—Cast-iron alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C37/00—Cast-iron alloys
    • C22C37/10—Cast-iron alloys containing aluminium or silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/002—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing In, Mg, or other elements not provided for in one single group C22C38/001 - C22C38/60
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/08—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing nickel
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/14—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/36—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.7% by weight of carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/38—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with more than 1.5% by weight of manganese
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/44—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with molybdenum or tungsten
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/46—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with vanadium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/48—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with niobium or tantalum
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/50—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with titanium or zirconium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/54—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with boron
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/56—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with more than 1.7% by weight of carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C30/00—Coating with metallic material characterised only by the composition of the metallic material, i.e. not characterised by the coating process
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
    • C22C29/02—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides
    • C22C29/06—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on carbides or carbonitrides based on carbides, but not containing other metal compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C29/00—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides
    • C22C29/14—Alloys based on carbides, oxides, nitrides, borides, or silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides, sulfides based on borides

Definitions

  • the disclosure relates to non-magnetic metal alloys with excellent wear properties for use in dynamic three-body tribological wear environments.
  • Conditions of abrasive wear can be damaging as they often involve sand, rock particles, or other extremely hard media wearing away against a surface.
  • Applications which see severe abrasive wear typically utilize materials of high hardness, 40 R c +, encompassing hard metals or carbides.
  • drilling string components including drill stems it is advantageous for drilling string components including drill stems to be made of materials with magnetic permeability values below 1.02 or possibly even less than 1.01 (API Specification 7 regarding drill string components), in order to be able to follow the exact position of the bore hole and to ascertain and correct deviations from its projected course.
  • a number of disclosures are directed to non-magnetic alloys for use in forming drilling components including U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,728 which details a method for manufacturing non-magnetic drilling string components, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0047952 which describes a non-magnetic corrosion resistant high strength steel, although both the patent and application describe magnetic permeability of less than 1.01. Both the patent and application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • the compositions described have a maximum of 0.15 wt. % carbon, 1 wt. % silicon and no boron.
  • the low levels and absence of the above mentioned hard particle forming elements suggests that the alloys would not precipitate sufficient, if any, hard particles. It can be further expected that inadequate wear resistance and hardness for high wear environments would be provided.
  • a work piece can have at least a portion of its surface covered by a layer which can comprise an austenitic matrix microstructure containing fine-scaled hard particles comprising one or more of boride, carbide, borocarbide, nitride, carbonitride, aluminide, oxide, intermetallic, or laves phase, wherein the layer comprises a macro-hardness of 40 HRC or above and a relative magnetic permeability of 1.02 or less.
  • the macro-hardness of the layer can be 45 HRC or more. In some embodiments, the macro-hardness of the layer can be between 45 and 60 HRC, or between 50 and 60 HRC. In some embodiments, the relative magnetic permeability of the layer can be 1.01 or less.
  • a surface of the of the layer can exhibit high wear resistance as characterized by an ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 1.5 grams or less. In some embodiments, the surface of the layer can exhibit high wear resistance as characterized by an ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 0.35 grams or less. In some embodiments, the surface of the layer can have a mass loss measured by ASTM G105 testing of below 0.5 grams.
  • the austenitic matrix can contain fine-scaled hard particles up to 50 vol. % with average sizes between 100 nm-20 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the austenitic matrix can contain fine-scaled hard particles up to 30 vol. % (or up to about 30 vol. %) with average sizes between 1-5 ⁇ m.
  • the layer can comprise in wt. % of Fe: bal, Mn: 8-20, Cr: 0-6, Nb: 2-8, V: 0-3, C: 1-6, B: 0-1.5, W: 0-10, Ti: 0-0.5.
  • the layer can comprise in wt. % of Fe: bal, B: 0-1, C: 0.85-3, Cr: 0-20, Mn: 0-12, Nb: 0-4, Ni: 0-10, Ti: 0-6, V: 0-6, and W: 0-15.
  • the alloy composition can be selected from group consisting of alloys comprising in wt. %:
  • Fe bal, Mn: 4.7, Mo: 1.4, Ni: 7.2, Si: 1.1, Cr: 26.4, C: 1.9;
  • Fe bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 2.5, V: 0.5, C; 1.5, W: 4;
  • Fe bal, C: 2.25, Cr: 20, Mn: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, Ti: 0.2, V: 0.5, W: 4;
  • Fe bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, Ti: 2, V: 2, W: 4; and combinations thereof.
  • the layer does not contain preformed carbides.
  • the layer can be used as a hardfacing layer configured to protect oilfield components used in directional drilling applications against abrasive wear.
  • a method of forming a coated work piece which can comprise depositing a layer on at least a portion of a surface of a work piece, wherein the layer comprises an austenitic matrix microstructure containing fine-scaled hard particles comprising one or more of boride, carbide, borocarbide, nitride, carbonitride, aluminide, oxide, intermetallic, and laves phase, and wherein the layer comprises a macro-hardness of 40 HRC or above and a relative magnetic permeability of 1.02 or less.
  • the relative magnetic permeability of the layer can be 1.01 or less.
  • the portion of the surface can be preheated to a temperature of 200° C. or greater prior to deposition of the layer.
  • the layer can be deposited in a thickness of 1 mm to 10 mm.
  • the method can further comprise cooling the layer at a rate ranging from 50 to 5000 K/s.
  • the layer can comprise in wt. % of Fe: bal, Mn: 8-20, Cr: 0-6, Nb: 2-8, V: 0-3, C: 1-6, B: 0-1.5, W: 0-10, Ti: 0-0.5.
  • the layer can comprise in wt.
  • the alloy composition can be selected from group consisting of alloys comprising in wt. %:
  • Fe bal, Mn: 4.7, Mo: 1.4, Ni: 7.2, Si: 1.1, Cr: 26.4, C: 1.9;
  • Fe bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 2.5, V: 0.5, C; 1.5, W: 4;
  • Fe bal, C: 2.25, Cr: 20, Mn: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, Ti: 0.2, V: 0.5, W: 4;
  • the macro-hardness of the layer can be 50 HRC or more, the relative magnetic permeability of the layer can be 1.01 or less, a surface of the layer can exhibit high wear resistance as characterized by an ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 0.35 grams or less, and the austenitic matrix can contain fine-scaled hard boride, carbide, or boro-carbide particles up to 30 vol. % with average sizes between 1-5 ⁇ m. In some embodiments, the layer does not contain preformed carbides.
  • a work piece which can have at least a portion of its surface covered by a layer which can comprise an alloy having an FCC-BCC transition temperature equal to or below 900-950K and an equilibrium total concentration of hard precipitates greater than 20-30 mole percent at a temperature of 1300K.
  • the hard precipitates can comprise at least one of cementite, iron boride, (W,Fe)B, NbC, (Nb,Ti)C, Ti 2 B, (Cr,Mn) 23 (C,B) 6 , Cr 3 C 2 , Cr 5 Si, Cr 2 B, SiC, Mn 7 C 3 , W 6 C, WC, FeNbNi laves, WFe laves and combinations thereof.
  • the layer can comprise in wt. % of Fe: bal, Mn: 8-20, Cr: 0-6, Nb: 2-8, V: 0-3, C: 1-6, B: 0-1.5, W: 0-10, Ti: 0-0.5.
  • the layer can comprise in wt. % of Fe: bal, B: 0-1, C: 0.85-3, Cr: 0-20, Mn: 0-12, Nb: 0-4, Ni: 0-10, Ti: 0-6, V: 0-6, and W: 0-15.
  • the FCC-BCC transition temperature can be equal to or below 850K.
  • the equilibrium total concentration of hard precipitates can be greater than 20 and less than 30 mole percent at a temperature of 1300K.
  • the layer exhibits a corrosion rate of 2 mils per year or less in water having 100,000 ppm NaCl, 500 ppm acetic acid, and 500 ppm sodium acetate in tap water under ASTM G31.
  • the layer can comprise a macro-hardness of 40 HRC or more, a relative magnetic permeability of 1.01 or less, and can exhibit high wear resistance as characterized by ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 0.35 grams or less.
  • an alloy comprising, in weight %.
  • the alloy composition can be selected from group consisting of alloys comprising in wt. %:
  • Fe bal, Mn: 4.7, Mo: 1.4, Ni: 7.2, Si: 1.1, Cr: 26.4, C: 1.9;
  • the alloy composition can be tested from a sample produced in an arc melting furnace with a chilled copper base. In some embodiments, the alloy composition is tested from a sample sectioned from the top layer of a six layer weld.
  • FIG. 1A illustrates a scanning electron micrograph at 500 ⁇ magnification of an austenitic alloy demonstrating large, interconnected carbides providing paths for crack propagation.
  • FIG. 1B illustrates an optical micrograph of an embodiment of the alloy in the disclosure which demonstrates finely distributed hard particles in a soft austenitic matrix.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a magnetic permeability survey showing the permeability of an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a magnetic field gradient survey showing the uniformity of the magnetic field of an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a stainless steel tool joint welded with an embodiment of the present disclosure with 3 parallel beads.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the microstructure of an embodiment of a weld bead of FIG. 4 examined with optical micrographs at 500 ⁇ magnification.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a solidification diagram of Alloy 1 showing the FCC to BCC transition temperature.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a scanning electron micrograph of Alloy 17 deposited as a single layer MIG weld on a stainless steel plate.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a scanning electron micrograph of Alloy 18 deposited as a single layer MIG weld on a stainless steel plate.
  • the present disclosure relates to a non-magnetic metal alloy for use in single or multi-stage tribological processes involving multiple bodies of varying hardness, and applications employing the metal alloy, e.g., hardbanding (or hardfacing) applications.
  • the disclosure can be used to manufacture a coating for a drilling component for use in directional drilling applications capable of withstanding service abrasion.
  • the drilling component can have at least one surface protected by, for example, a welded layer comprising one of the metal alloy compositions disclosed below.
  • the disclosure can be defined by the alloy compositions and compositional ranges which meet certain thermodynamic, microstructural, and performance criteria.
  • “Casing” as used herein is defined as a metal pipe or tube used as a lining for water, oil, or gas well.
  • Coating as used herein is comprised of one or more adjacent layers and any included interfaces. Coating also refers to a layer placed directly on the substrate of a base body assembly to be protected, or the hardbanding placed on a base substrate material. In another embodiment, “coating” refers to the top protective layer. “Coating” may be used interchangeably with “hardbanding,” as defined below.
  • a “layer” as used herein is a thickness of a material that may serve a specific functional purpose such as reduced coefficient of friction, high stiffness, or mechanical support for overlying layers or protection of underlying layers.
  • Hardband refers to a process to deposit a layer of a special material, e.g., super hard metal, onto drill pipe tool joints, collars and heavy weight pipe in order to protect both the casing and drill string components from wear associated with drilling practices.
  • Hardbanding or “hardband” or “hardfacing”) as used herein refers to a layer of superhard material to protect at least a portion of the underlying equipment or work piece, e.g., tool joint, from wear such as casing wear. Hardbanding can be applied as an outermost protective layer, or an intermediate layer interposed between the outer surface of the body assembly substrate material and the buttering layer(s), buffer layer, or a coating.
  • Hard particles as used herein include but are not limited to any single or combination of hard boride, carbide, borocarbide, nitride, carbonitride, aluminide, oxide, intermetallic, or laves phase.
  • hard particles can be one of cementite, iron boride, (W,Fe)B, NbC, (Nb,Ti)C, Ti 2 B, (Cr,Mn) 23 (C,B) 6 , Cr 3 C 2 , Cr 5 Si, Cr 2 B, SiC, Mn 7 C 3 , W 6 C, WC, FeNbNi laves, WFe laves and combinations thereof.
  • As-welded refers to the condition of a weld without work hardening, heat treating, etc. or any other process which alter the properties or microstructure through post-welding processing.
  • the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” as used herein represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result.
  • the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of the stated amount.
  • Embodiments of a metal alloy for hardfacing can be characterized as having an austenitic microstructure (face centered cubic gamma phase) and comprising, in wt. %: Mn: 8-20 (or about 8 to about 20), Cr: 0-6 (or about 0 to about 6), Nb: 2-8 (or about 2 to about 8), V: 0-3 (or about 0 to about 3), C: 1-6 (or about 1 to about 6), B: 0-1.5 (or about 0 to about 1.5), W: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), balance Fe and impurities as trace elements.
  • Mn face centered cubic gamma phase
  • the alloy may comprise Mn, Cr, Nb, V, C, B, W, Ti, Fe, and impurities.
  • Embodiments of a non-magnetic composition can have minimal, if any, cracking in the coating and a high resistance to abrasive wear.
  • the alloy can be composed of the followings in wt. %:
  • Fe bal, Mn: 10 (or about 10), Cr: 5 (or about 5), Nb: 4 (or about 4), V: 0.5 (or about 0.5), C: 4 (or about 4), W: 5 (or about 5), Ti: 0.25 (or about 0.25);
  • Fe bal, Mn: 10 (or about 10), Cr: 5 (or about 5), Nb: 4 (or about 4), V: 0.5 (or about 0.5), C: 3.5 (or about 3.5), W: 5 (or about 5), Ti: 0.20 (or about 0.20);
  • Fe bal, Mn: 16 (or about 16), Cr: 5 (or about 5), Nb: 4 (or about 4), V: 0.5 (or about 0.5), C: 3.25 (or about 3.25), W: 5 (or about 5), Ti: 0.20 (or about 0.20);
  • Fe bal, Mn: 10 (or about 10), Cr: 5 (or about 5), Nb: 4 (or about 4), V: 0.5 (or about 0.5), C: 3 (or about 3), W: 5 (or about 5), Ti: 0.20 (or about 0.20);
  • Mn 8-16 (or about 8 to about 16), Cr: 3-6 (or about 3 to about 6), Nb: 3-6 (or about 3 to about 6), V: 0-1 (or about 0 to about 1), C: 1.5-5 (or about 1.5 to about 5), B: 0-1.5 (or about 0 to about 1.5), W: 3-6 (or about 3 to about 6), Ti: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), balance Fe and impurities as trace elements; and
  • B 0-1 (or about 0 to about 1), C: 1.5-3 (or about 1.5 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), V: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), W: 0-15 (or about 0 to about 15).
  • the above alloys may comprise Mn, Cr, Nb, Ni, V, C, W, Ti, B, Fe, and impurities, and combinations thereof.
  • alloy compositions can be used.
  • Embodiments of alloys described above can incorporate the above elemental constituents a total of 100 wt. %.
  • the alloy may include, may be limited to, or may consist essentially of the above named elements.
  • the alloy may include 2% (or about 2%) or less of impurities. Impurities may be understood as elements or compositions that may be included in the alloys due to inclusion in the feedstock components, through introduction in the manufacturing process.
  • the feedstock can contain silicon in the amount such that the final alloy contains 0.15 wt. % (or about 0.15 wt. %) although the ingot form did not contain any.
  • hard particles can be precipitated from molten metal during solidification of the alloy.
  • the austenitic microstructure of the above described alloys can contain embedded hard particles in an amount of 50 vol. % (or about 50 vol. %) or less.
  • the soft austenite matrix of the alloy can provide toughness and ductility, while the precipitated hard particles can impart wear resistance.
  • the soft matrix can further prevent spalling of the hard particles.
  • the fine distribution of hard particles can also allow for uniform wear and prevents selective wear of the soft matrix.
  • embodiments of alloys described in the present disclosure can be deposited using standard welding process without feeding preformed carbides into the weld. This simplifies the application process allowing for more uniform and repeatable hardfaced layers both on a single part and between multiple parts.
  • the metal alloy can be applied as a coating of Fe-based (austenitic) matrix containing fine-scaled hard boride, carbide, and complex carbide or boro-carbide particles, e.g., borocarbide particles (e.g., M 2 B or MC, where M is a transition metal) having average particle sizes of 100 nm-20 ⁇ m (or about 100 nm to about 20 ⁇ m), in an amount of 50 vol. % (or about 50 vol. %) or less.
  • the hard particles are present in an amount of 30 vol. % (or about 30 vol. %) or less.
  • the carbide particles have an average particle size of 1-5 (or about 1 to about 5) ⁇ m.
  • the boride phase can be represented as M 2 B, wherein M is a transition metal.
  • the embedded hard particles in the austenitic Fe-based matrix can contain Nb, Cr, and W with both carbon and/or boron.
  • the particles can be in the form of embedded Nb carbide and Fe—W-boro carbide precipitates.
  • the Nb carbide precipitates are 5 ⁇ m (or about 5 ⁇ m) or less in size.
  • the Nb carbide precipitates first at higher temperatures, acting as a site for lower temperature forming carbides to nucleate.
  • the alloy may be formed by blending various feedstock materials together, which may then be melted in a hearth or furnace and formed into ingots.
  • the ingots can be re-melted and flipped one or more times, which may increase homogeneity of the ingots.
  • Each composition after melting into ingot form was sectioned on a wet abrasive saw as to avoid heating the ingot and subsequently altering the microstructure.
  • the magnetic permeability was measured using a Low-Mu Magnetic Permeability Tester manufactured by Severn Engineering.
  • a reference standard with a known magnetic permeability was placed in the tester.
  • the tester was comprised of the reference standard and a pivoting magnet. The magnet extended from the side of the tester opposite the reference standard. The magnet tip was brought into contact with the surface of the ingot. If the magnet was not attracted to the ingot, then the magnetic permeability was less than that of the reference standard being used.
  • the magnetic permeability of each ingot composition is listed in Table II.
  • each ingot composition was tested for hardness using a Rockwell C hardness tester. An average of 5 hardness measurements was recorded as the hardness of that ingot.
  • the hardness of each ingot composition is detailed in Table II. Ingots A1-A11 were made prior to having a magnetic permeability test method. Therefore, they were evaluated using a hand-magnet as either magnetic or non-magnetic, and only those alloys showing no magnetism using the hand magnet were hardness tested.
  • Embodiments of the disclosed alloys can contain a sufficient amount of the ductile austenite matrix along with embedded hard particles. Furthermore, a large volume fraction of finely distributed hard particles can be found in embodiments of the disclosed alloys. Large interconnected hard particles can be undesirable due to increasing the brittleness of the ingot, as shown in FIG. 1A . Fine disconnected hard particles, as shown in FIG. 1B which is an embodiment of the disclosed alloys, can reduce or eliminate paths for crack propagation, thereby decreasing the likelihood of cracking during the welding process or in service.
  • a work piece having at least a portion of its surface coated or having a welded layer of the austenitic alloy composition, e.g., a hardbanding layer, can be characterized as having an as-welded macro-hardness as measured via standard Rockwell C test of 40 R c , 45 R c , or 50 R c (or about 40 R c , about 45 R c , or about 50 R c ) or greater.
  • the alloy composition as deposited on the surface of a work piece can be characterized as being crack-free, as inspected by any of magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, etching, visual inspection, hardness checking, dye penetration inspection, or ultrasound inspection.
  • the absence of cracks in the coating can protect the underlying part from exposure to any corrosive media present.
  • the fine-grained microstructural features in embodiments of the above disclosed alloy can provide durability and prevent wear on secondary “softer” bodies which come into contact with the work piece protected by the coatings.
  • the hardbanding material comes into contact with some softer materials, such as mild steel
  • the hardbanding alloy may not aggressively grind away the mild steel. This grinding away commonly happens in drilling environments where a hardbanded pipe is run inside a mild steel casing. Hardbands with preformed carbides, due to the large size of the carbides, can aggressively cut away at the casing, creating problems.
  • the component protected by the alloy can be characterized as having elevated wear resistance with a dry sand abrasion mass loss (ASTM G65-04 procedure A, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) of 0.6 grams (or about 0.6 grams) or less, or 0.35 grams (or about 0.35 grams) or less.
  • ASTM G65-04 procedure A hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety
  • embodiments of the present disclosure can generate 1 mg (or about 1 mg) or less of material loss on casing steel.
  • Embodiments of the above disclosed alloys can have low magnetic permeability as well.
  • Magnetic permeability is the measure of how well a material can support a magnetic field within it.
  • the relative magnetic permeability of a vacuum is 1.
  • an austenite phase described as a component of this disclosure can be naturally paramagnetic.
  • ferrite which composes typical hardbanding applications, is ferromagnetic. When a magnet is brought into close proximity or contact with a ferromagnetic hardband, it exhibits attractive forces. A magnet exhibits no detectable attraction to an entirely austenitic material.
  • non-magnetic material suitable for use on a drill collar is ⁇ 1.01 according to API Specification 7. Even slight amounts of ferrite or martensite in a mainly austenitic material can cause the magnetic permeability to exceed 1.01, and therefore embodiments of the disclosed alloy can avoid the formation of ferrite or martensite in a mainly austenitic material. Ferrite and martensite can increased the overall permeability as they have a magnetic permeability greater than 50 depending on the alloy composition.
  • the alloy composition in some embodiments can be further characterized as having magnetic permeability values (using a Low-Mu Permeability Tester) of 1.02 or less, 1.01 or less, or 1.005 or less (or about 1.02 or less, about 1.01 or less, or about 1.005 or less).
  • the alloy when applied as hardbanding on drill stem components can provide paramagnetic behavior for the operator to be able to monitor the progress of the bore hole required in directional drillings.
  • the magnetic permeability was measured at a commercial testing facility and the results are illustrated in FIG. 2 . As shown in FIG. 2 , the results stayed below 1.01 (or below about 1.01).
  • a magnetic field gradient is a measure of the uniformity of the magnetic field.
  • embodiments of the above described alloys can maintain a magnetic field gradient of ⁇ 0.05 (or ⁇ about 0.05) microtesla which can meet the requirements of API Specification 7, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the commercially measured magnetic field gradient was ⁇ 0.05 microtesla (or ⁇ about 0.05 microtesla).
  • no hot spots exceeding the 0.05 microtesla (or about 0.05 microtesla) range were found. This indicates a uniform magnetic field, as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • alloys can have a magnetic field strength of 0.95 (or about 0.95 microtesla) or above.
  • An alloy composition of Alloy 1 (Mn: 10%, Cr: 5%, Nb: 4%, V: 0.5%, C: 3.5%, W: 5%, Ti: 0.25%, Fe: balance) was produced in the form of a 1/16′′ cored wire.
  • the alloy was arc-welded onto a 65 ⁇ 8′′ outer diameter box Stainless Steel tool joint pre-heated to 450° F.
  • the joint was rotated at a rotation rate of one full rotation every 2 min and 30 sec.
  • the welding parameters are 290 amps, 29.5 volts and a 1′′ wire stickout.
  • the welding head was moved through the action of an oscillator at a rate of 58 cycle/min, resulting in a weld bead approximately 1′′ wide and 4/32′′ thick. Three consecutive beads were made, one next to another to produce three adjacent 1′′ beads for a total width of roughly 3′′.
  • the joint was wrapped in insulation to reduce the cooling rate and allowed to cool to room temperature.
  • the as-welded tool joint can be seen
  • the microstructure of the weld bead was examined with optical micrographs as shown in FIG. 5 .
  • a section of a weld was taken and wear tested producing an ASTM G65 wear loss of 0.35 g (or about 0.35 g).
  • Relative magnetic permeability was measured with a probe and provided a value of less than 1.01 (or less than about 1.01).
  • Rockwell C hardness was measured at 43 (or about 43).
  • alloys such as the ones disclosed above, can be defined by the specific compositions and compositional ranges which meet certain thermodynamic, microstructural, and performance criteria outlined in the below disclosure.
  • a listing of potential alloy compositions can be created that comply partially or fully with different thermodynamic, microstructural, and performance criteria.
  • Certain metal alloy compositions can be achieved that result in certain desired performances. These metal alloys can be created, for example, by looking at thermodynamic and microstructural criteria. While the explicit criteria are further defined below, this section discusses the alloy compositions that at least partially meet those criteria.
  • Table III shows a series of alloy compositions evaluated using both modeling and experimental techniques. As discussed below, T ⁇ is the FCC to BCC transition temperature, ⁇ hard is the summed fraction of hard phases at 1300K (or about 1300K), ⁇ is the relative magnetic permeability, and HRC is the Rockwell C hardness.
  • the 33 alloys shown in Table III meet at least some of the performance, microstructural, and thermodynamic criteria further described below (64.5% meet all criteria). Because there is such a high correlation between the alloys meeting all of the criteria (64.5%), if an alloy meets one of these criteria classes, it is highly likely that it meets all the described criteria, thermodynamic, microstructural, and performance.
  • an alloy composition that will meet the described criteria can comprise B, C, Cr, Mn, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W, Fe, and impurities, and combinations thereof, and can contain in wt. %:
  • B 0-1 (or about 0 to about 1), C: 0.85-3 (or about 0.85 to about 3), Cr: 2-27 (or about 2 to about 27), Mn: 0-12 (or about 0 to about 12), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-2 (or about 0 to about 2), V: 0-6 (or about 0 to about 6), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • the alloy can be described by a series of compositional ranges which meet the specified thermodynamic criteria.
  • C 1.5-3 (or about 1.5 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-0.2 (or about 0 to about 0.2), V: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • B can be added to the composition for the purposes of increasing hardness and wear resistance, while not affecting the magnetic properties of the material.
  • an alloy composition having B can comprise B, C, Cr, Mn, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W, Fe, and impurities, and combinations thereof, and can contain in wt. %:
  • B 0-1 (or about 0 to about 1), C: 1.5-3 (or about 1.5 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-0.2 (or about 0 to about 0.2), V: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • the summed Mn+Ni concentration does not fall below 10 wt. % (or below about 10 wt. %).
  • Non-limiting examples of such alloy compositions can comprise C, Cr, Mn, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W, Fe, and impurities, and combinations thereof, and can contain in wt. %:
  • C 1.5-3 (or about 1.5 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 10 (or about 10), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-0.2 (or about 0 to about 0.2), V: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • C 1.5-3 (or about 1.5 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 5 (or about 5), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 5-10 (or about 5 to about 10), Ti: 0-0.2 (or about 0 to about 0.2), V: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • C 1.5-2.25 (or about 1.5 to about 2.25), Cr 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 10 (or about 10), Ti: 0-0.2 (or about 0 to about 0.2), V: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • the Ti, V, and/or W concentration can be increased for the purposes of increasing the hard particle fraction, while not affecting the magnetic properties of the material.
  • the alloy can comprise B, C, Cr, Mn, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W, Fe, and impurities, and can contain, in wt. %:
  • B 0-1 (or about 0 to about 1), C: 0.85-3 (or about 0.85 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-6 (or about 0 to about 6), V: 0-6 (or about 0 to about 6), W: 0-15 (or about 0 to about 15), and Fe: bal.
  • the alloys can be described by the measured chemical compositions of manufactured 1/16′′ metal cored wires. Alloys 1, 8, 14, 15, 22, and 23 were produced in the form of 1/16′′ metal cored wires for the purposes of weld testing. Each wire chemistry was measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and a LECO carbon analyzer. The results of the analysis for each material are described below in weight %:
  • Alloy 1 Al: 0.09, B: 0.01, C: 3.13, Cr: 5.52, Cu: 0.03, Mo: 0.02, Mn: 9.58, Nb: 3.85,
  • Alloy 8 Al: 0.08, B: 0.01, C: 2.61, Cr: 11.95, Cu: 0.09, Mo: 0.03, Mn: 9.97, Nb: 4.00,
  • Alloy 14 (run 1): Al: 0.04, B: 0.01, C: 1.75, Cr: 14.60, Cu: 0.21, Mo: 0.13, Mn: 7.66,
  • Nb 2.81, Ni: 5.22, P: 0.019, S: 0.007, Si: 0.64, Ti: 0.12, V: 0.39, W: 3.58;
  • Alloy 14 (run 2): B: 0.01, C: 2.06, Co: 0.29, Cr: 14.93, Cu: 0.32, Mo: 0.24, Mn: 9.28,
  • Nb 3.89, Ni: 5.69, P: 0.260, S: 0.006, Si: 0.41, Ti: 0.27, V: 0.46, W: 5.84;
  • Alloy 15 Al: 0.05, B: 0.98, C: 0.85, Co: 0.03, Cr: 12.38, Cu: 0.12, Mo: 0.03, Mn: 9.36,
  • Nb 3.79, Ni: 5.40, P: 0.030, S: 0.006, Si: 0.39, Ti: 0.18, V: 0.77, W: 4.55;
  • Alloy 23 B: 0.01, C: 1.74, Co: 0.02, Cr: 18.6, Cu: 0.20, Mo: 0.04, Mn: 11.16, Nb: 3.63,
  • the balance is Fe. Due to the manufacturing process, Al, B, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, P, S, and W have been added in measurable quantities in alloys where the nominal composition does not contain these elements.
  • the alloys were present in their undiluted form and cooled from a liquid state at a rate of 50K/s or greater. In all cases, the alloys were welded onto test coupons and were shown to exhibit at least the minimum performance criteria of 40 HRC or greater and a relative magnetic permeability of below 1.02.
  • the alloy composition was tested from a sample produced in an arc melting furnace with a chilled copper base. In some embodiments, the alloy composition was tested from a sample sectioned from the top layer of a six layer weld.
  • alloys can be defined by thermodynamic criteria that result in a specified performance of an alloy.
  • a thermodynamic criteria can be for alloys which possess an equilibrium FCC-BCC transition temperature equal to or below 900-950K (or about 900 to about 950K), and simultaneously possess an equilibrium total concentration of combined hard precipitates (carbides, borides, or borocarbides) in excess of 20-30 mole percent (or about 20 to about 30 mole percent) at a temperature of 1300K (or about 1300K).
  • This thermodynamic criteria than can be used to predict performance of embodiments of alloys having the specified FCC-BCC transition temperature and the hard phase fraction.
  • Thermodynamic criteria can be calculated using the CALPHAD method.
  • a potential result of such calculations is an equilibrium phase diagram such as that shown in FIG. 6 .
  • the FCC-BCC transition temperature can be defined as the temperature where the mole fraction of the FCC phase (austenite) begins to drop with decreasing temperature, and the BCC phase (ferrite) now exists.
  • the hard phase fraction can be defined as the mole fraction sum of all the carbides, borides, or boro-carbides at 1300K (or about 1300K).
  • the specific carbides can change depending on the alloy composition and the elements present in the alloy.
  • the alloy can be defined as an alloy which possesses a FCC-BCC transition temperature below 900-950K (or about 900 to about 950K) and a hard phase fraction at least above 20% (or at least above 20%).
  • the FCC-BCC transition temperature can be an indicator of the final phase of a hardfacing weld.
  • the predicted final structure of the alloy shown is BCC Fe (ferrite), which is a magnetic phase of iron or steel.
  • BCC Fe ferrite
  • a hardfacing weld overlay deposit of this alloy will form the non-magnetic phase of iron or steel: the FCC structure or austenite.
  • the actual alloy microstructure may not reach equilibrium, and thus be metastable.
  • equilibrium thermodynamic calculations can be used to predict non-equilibrium conditions.
  • a FCC-BCC transition temperature of 900-950K (or about 900 to about 950) or below, as described above, can be a positive indicator for forming austenitic matrix microstructure and achieving the specified magnetic performance.
  • a thermodynamic criteria can be a FCC-BCC transition temperature at or below 950K (or about 950K). In some embodiments, a thermodynamic criteria can be a FCC-BCC transition temperature at or below 900K (or about 900K). 92% of the alloys evaluated in Table III that met this criteria were determined to be non-magnetic (relative permeability ⁇ 1.02). In some embodiments, a thermodynamic criteria can be a FCC-BCC transition temperature at or below 850K (or about 850K). 100% of the alloys evaluated in Table III that met this criteria were determined to be non-magnetic (relative permeability ⁇ 1.02).
  • the hard phase fraction can be an indicator of the hardness and/or wear resistance of the hardfacing alloy. Due to issues with predicting metastable processes with equilibrium calculations, the hard phase fraction can be calculated from at a temperature of 1300K (or about 1300K). Thus, the hard phases fraction of the weld can be considered ‘frozen in’ at this temperature due to the cooling rate of the hardfacing process, and not allowed to further change. This has been supported with experimental measurements.
  • a hard phase fraction at or above 0.2-0.30 mole fraction (or about 0.2 to about 0.30 mole fraction) can be a positive indicator for reaching the wear and hardness performance criteria described in this disclosure. Out of the 33 alloys evaluated in Table III, 75% of those with a hard phase fraction of 20% or greater possessed greater than 40 HRC.
  • thermodynamic criteria can be a mole fraction of no less than 0.20 (or about 0.20) hard particles. In some embodiments, a thermodynamic criteria can be a mole fraction of no less than 0.25 (or about 0.25) hard particles. Out of the 33 alloys evaluated in Table III, 90% of those with a hard phase fraction of 25% or greater possessed greater than 40 HRC. In some embodiments, thermodynamic criteria can be a mole fraction of no less than 0.30 (or about 0.30) hard particles. Out of the 33 alloys evaluated as shown in Table III, 100% of those with a hard phase fraction of 30% or greater possessed greater than 40 HRC.
  • the hard precipitates include cementite, NbC, (Cr,Mn) 23 (C,B) 6 , Cr 3 C 2 , Mn 7 C 3 , and WC.
  • the sum of these hard precipitates is 32% mole fraction.
  • the thermodynamic criteria can be useful for defining alloy performance used in processes with cooling rates from 1K/s to 10,000 K/s (or about 1K/s to about 10,000 K/s). In some embodiments, the thermodynamic criteria can be useful for defining alloy performance used in processes with cooling rates from 10K/s to 100K/s (or about 10K/s to about 100K/s), 1K/s to 500 K/s (or about 1K/s to about 500K/s), or 50 K/s to about 500 K/s (or about 50 K/s to about 500 K/s).
  • an alloy can be defined by the microstructural criteria which result in a specified performance of the alloy.
  • the microstructural criteria of this disclosure can be divided into two categories, the matrix phase and the hard precipitates.
  • the disclosure can be defined by a set of microstructural features such as, for example, alloys which possess an 90-95% (or about 90 to about 95%) or greater volume fraction of austenite in the matrix phase, and possess a hard precipitate fraction (carbides, borides, or borocarbides) in excess of 20-30 (or about 20 to about 30) volume percent when deposited as a hardfacing layer.
  • the matrix phase can be austenitic iron, which is the non-magnetic form of iron or steel. In some embodiments, the matrix can be predominantly austenitic in order for specified performance criteria to be met. In some embodiments of this disclosure, the matrix can be at least 90%, 95%, or 99% austenite (or about 90%, about 95%, or about 99% austenite). Ferrite and martensite are the two most common and likely forms of the matrix phase in this alloy space, however both are highly magnetic and may prevent the hardfacing alloy from meeting the magnetic performance requirements if present in sufficient quantities. Therefore, ferrite and martensite can be minimized in embodiments of the alloys.
  • hard precipitates can precipitate into embodiments of alloys.
  • Hard precipitates can be defined as carbide, boride, or borocarbide phases which can be present in a range of morphologies.
  • the hard precipitate volume fraction can exceed 20 volume % (or about 20 volume %). This can ensure that the hardfacing alloy meets the hardness and wear resistance performance criteria discussed in this disclosure.
  • FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 show scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of Alloy 17 and Alloy 18, respectively, described in Table III, which meet the above described microstructural criteria.
  • the micrographs show an austenitic matrix (darker grey phase) embedded with hard particles (white and lighter grey phases).
  • the phase fractions of each alloy were evaluated using image analysis software.
  • Alloy 17 possesses 22.5% volume fraction carbides (or about 22.5% volume fraction carbides) and Alloy 18 possesses 24.9% volume fraction carbides (or about 24.9% volume fraction carbides). This corresponds closely to the calculated mole fractions of hard particles for each alloy as shown in Table III.
  • Both alloys contained three different types of hard particles: (Mn,Cr) 23 (C) 6 , (Nb,Ti)C, and W 6 C.
  • embodiments such as those having some level of impact resistance or mechanical toughness, there may be an upper limit on the hard phase fraction.
  • embodiments could have a hard phase fraction greater than 20% (or greater than about 20%), but lower than 30% (or lower than about 30%).
  • manufacturing processes can be controlled. For example, by varying welding parameters, a high rate of dilution with the base material can be achieved, which can result in an artificially low hard phase volume fraction using alloys of this disclosure.
  • the disclosed alloys can be used as either feedstock chemistry for a specific coating process or as the final chemistry of the coating after process related effects, such as dilution with the base material, have occurred.
  • embodiments of the disclosed alloy composition embodiments may possess a microstructure or performance characteristic outside of the specified bounds when used in certain coating deposition processes.
  • alloys can be defined by their performance.
  • two performance criteria can be 1) the relative magnetic permeability and 2) the wear resistance of the hardfacing layer.
  • alloys can have a relative magnetic permeability of 1.02 or less, or 1.01 or less (or about 1.02 or less, or about 1.01 or less), when deposited as a hardfacing layer.
  • the durability of embodiments of the alloys can be defined by the ASTM G65 procedure A test, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, and the hardfacing layer can exhibit 1.5 grams or less mass loss when subjected to this test, below 1.0 grams or less, or below 0.5 grams or less (or below about 1.5 grams or less, below about 1.0 grams or less, or below about 0.5 grams or less).
  • the durability of embodiments of the alloys can be defined by mass loss measured in ASTM G105 testing can be below 0.5 grams, below 0.2 grams, or below 0.05 grams (or below about 0.5 grams, below about 0.2 grams, or below about 0.05 grams).
  • the durability of the alloy can be defined by the Rockwell C hardness, which, for example, can be 40, 45, or 50 HRC (or about 40, about 45, or about 50 HRC) or greater. Testing results of certain embodiments of alloys are shown in Table V.
  • the hardfacing layer can have a minimum level of corrosion resistance.
  • Certain embodiments of this disclosure have shown a desirable corrosion resistance to salt water, an environment relevant to many industries, such as oil and gas, mining, marine, construction, automotive, aerospace, and others. Embodiments which have demonstrated this resistance by exhibiting a corrosion rate of 2 mils per year or less (or about 2 mils per year or less) in the produced water (100,000 ppm NaCl, 500 ppm acetic acid, 500 ppm sodium acetate in tap water) include but are not limited to Alloy 14 and Alloy 15. The corrosion rate of Alloy 14 and 15 were measured at 2 mpy or less when tested under ASTM G31 in produced water.
  • the hardfacing layer can have a minimum layer of impact resistance. It is expected that due to the austenitic matrix present in the embodiments of this disclosure, that such embodiments will inherently have high impact resistance, exceeding those of ferritic or martensitic hardfacing materials.
  • the alloys described above can be suitable for use as hardbanding/hardfacing in hard bodies wear applications.
  • the material loss in coatings is typically caused by abrasive wear of the harder abrading particles, such as sand, rock, or earth.
  • the hardness of the coating can be increased and/or the amount of comparably hard particles (comparable as related to the abradable particles) or phases within the coating can be increased.
  • the alloys can contain a sufficient amount of hard particles and display a sufficient hardness property for the protected equipment under these conditions.
  • the metal alloys can be applied onto a surface using techniques including, but not limited to, thermal spray coating, laser welding, weld-overlay, laser cladding, vacuum arc spraying, plasma spraying, and combinations thereof.
  • the alloys can be deposited as wire feedstock employing hardfacing known in the art, e.g., weld overlay.
  • the alloys can be applied with mobile or fixed, semi or automatic welding equipment.
  • the alloys are applied using any of laser welding, shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), stick welding, plasma transfer arc welding (PTAW), gas metal arc-welding (GMAW), metal inert gas welding (MIG), submerged arc welding (SAW), or open arc welding (OAW), although the type of application is not limiting.
  • SMAW shielded metal arc welding
  • PTAW plasma transfer arc welding
  • GMAW gas metal arc-welding
  • MIG metal inert gas welding
  • SAW submerged arc welding
  • OFAW open arc welding
  • the alloy can be deposited onto a machined surface.
  • the surface can be surface blast cleaned to white metal (e.g., ISO 8501-1, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • white metal e.g., ISO 8501-1, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the depth of the machined surface can be grooved for flush type application depends on the welding applicator.
  • the existing hardbanding can be first completely removed by gouging, grinding, or using other suitable techniques.
  • the coating can be applied as raised (“proud”) or flush (“recessed”) coating.
  • the coating can be applied on used equipment, e.g., pipe with no previous hardbanding, or to be hardbanded on new work pieces.
  • the coating can be deposited over pre-existing weld deposits and many other previous hard-facing and hard-banding deposits.
  • the old hardbanding on the equipment is first removed before the application of the alloy
  • the disclosed alloys can be particularly useful for oil & gas applications, such as for prolonging service life.
  • the alloys can be used for work pieces employed in directional drilling operations as coating for drill stem assemblies, exposed outer surface of a bottom hole assembly, coatings for tubing coupled to a bottom hole assembly, coatings for casings, hardbanding on at least a portion of the exposed outer surface of the body, and as coatings for oil and gas well production devices, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0042069A1, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples further include devices for use in drilling rig equipment, marine riser systems, tubular goods, wellhead, formation and sandface completions, lift equipment, etc.
  • the coating can be on a least a portion of the inner surface of the work piece, at least a portion of the outer surface, or combinations thereof, preventing wear on the drill collar.
  • the coatings can provide protection in operations with wear from vibration (stick-slip and torsional) and abrasion during straight hole or directional drilling, allowing for improved rates of penetration and enable ultra-extended reach drilling with existing equipment.
  • embodiments of the above disclosed alloys can be used in the fabrication of articles of manufacture, including drill collars and housings for containing measurement-while-drilling equipment used in the directional drilling of oil and gas wells.
  • a drill collar can be made from a bar, which can be trepanned to form an internal bore to desired dimensions. Following trepanning, at least the interior surface can be treated so as to place it into compression, for example as by burnishing or peening.
  • the alloys can also be used as coatings or forming work pieces in many other applications, including but not limited to, coatings for fuel cell components, cryogenic applications, and the like, for equipment operating in corrosive environments with non-magnetic requirements.
  • combinations of powders of the above described alloys may be contained in conventional steel sheaths, which when melted may provide the targeted alloy composition.
  • the steel sheaths may include plain carbon steel, low, medium, or high carbon steel, low alloy steel, or stainless steel sheaths.
  • the ingots may then be melted and atomized or otherwise formed into an intermediate or final product.
  • the forming process may occur in a relatively inert environment, including an inert gas.
  • Inert gasses may include, for example, argon or helium. If atomized, the alloy may be atomized by centrifugal, gas, or water atomization to produce powders of various sizes, which may be applied to a surface to provide a hard surface.
  • the alloys may be provided in the form of stick, wire, powder, cored wire, billet, bar, rod, plate, sheet, and strip.
  • the alloys are formed into a stick electrode, e.g., a wire, of various diameters, e.g., 1-5 mm (or about 1 to about 5 mm).
  • the cored wire may contain flux, which may allow for welding without a cover gas and without porosity-forming in the weld deposit.
  • the surfaces for deposition can be first preheated at a temperature of 200° C. (or about 200° C.). or greater, e.g., 275-500° C. (or about 275° C. to about 500° C.), for 0.01 hours to 100 hours (or about 0.01 to about 100 hours).
  • the preheat may reduce or prevent cracking of the deposited welds.
  • the alloy may be applied to a surface in one or more layers as an overlay.
  • each layer can have an individual thickness of 1 mm to 10 mm.
  • the overlay has a total thickness of 1 to 30 mm.
  • the width of the individual hard-band ranges from 5 mm to 40 mm. In another embodiment, the width of the total weld overlay ranges from 5 mm to 20 feet.
  • the alloy After deposition on a substrate, the alloy can be allowed to cool to form a protective coating.
  • the cooling rate can range from 100 to 5000 K/s (or about 100 to about 5000 K/s), a rate sufficient for the alloy to produce iron rich phases containing embedded hard particles (e.g., carbides, borides, and/or borocarbides).
  • Embodiments of alloys that have been tested as welds e.g. 1, 2, 3, 8, 14, and 15
  • have shown that ferrite formation can be prevented when the cooling rate is above 50 K/s (or above about 50 K/s).
  • Embodiments of alloys that have been tested as ingots e.g.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Hard Magnetic Materials (AREA)

Abstract

Disclosed are non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications that relate to non-magnetic metal alloys with excellent wear properties for use in dynamic three-body tribological wear environments. In some embodiments, the disclosure can relate to a drilling component for use in directional drilling applications capable of withstanding service abrasion. In some embodiments, a hardbanding for protecting a drilling component for use in directional drilling can be provided. In some embodiments, thermodynamic, microstructure, and performance criteria can be determined for hardbanding alloys.

Description

    INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE TO ANY PRIORITY APPLICATIONS
  • Any and all applications for which a foreign or domestic priority claim is identified in the Application Data Sheet as filed with the present application are hereby incorporated by reference under 37 CFR 1.57.
    • BACKGROUND
  • 1. Field
  • The disclosure relates to non-magnetic metal alloys with excellent wear properties for use in dynamic three-body tribological wear environments.
  • 2. Description of the Related Art
  • Conditions of abrasive wear can be damaging as they often involve sand, rock particles, or other extremely hard media wearing away against a surface. Applications which see severe abrasive wear typically utilize materials of high hardness, 40 Rc+, encompassing hard metals or carbides.
  • In certain wear applications, e.g., exploration wells in crude oil or natural gas fields such as directional bores and the like, it is advantageous for drilling string components including drill stems to be made of materials with magnetic permeability values below 1.02 or possibly even less than 1.01 (API Specification 7 regarding drill string components), in order to be able to follow the exact position of the bore hole and to ascertain and correct deviations from its projected course.
  • A number of disclosures are directed to non-magnetic alloys for use in forming drilling components including U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,728 which details a method for manufacturing non-magnetic drilling string components, and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0047952 which describes a non-magnetic corrosion resistant high strength steel, although both the patent and application describe magnetic permeability of less than 1.01. Both the patent and application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. The compositions described have a maximum of 0.15 wt. % carbon, 1 wt. % silicon and no boron. The low levels and absence of the above mentioned hard particle forming elements suggests that the alloys would not precipitate sufficient, if any, hard particles. It can be further expected that inadequate wear resistance and hardness for high wear environments would be provided.
  • Further, U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,728 describes alloys which contain carbon levels below 0.25 wt. % while U.S. Patent Publication No. 2005/0047952 details carbon levels below 0.1 wt. %. With these levels of carbon in conjunction with the absence of boron, few hard particles can form which impart wear resistance to a hardband.
  • Also in U.S. Pat. No. 4,919,728, a method for cold working at various temperatures is used to achieve the desired properties. Cold working is not possible in coating applications such as hardfacing. The size and geometry of the parts would require excessive deformations loads as well as currently unknown methods to uniformly cold work specialized parts such as tool joints.
  • Additionally, U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0009089, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, details a non-magnetic for coatings adapted for high wear applications where non-magnetic properties are required. The alloys listed in this publication are nickel-based with preformed tungsten carbide hard spherical particles poured into the molten weld material during welding in the amount of 30-60 wt. %.
  • Disclosures offering alloying solutions for competing wear mechanisms in oil & gas drilling hardfacing applications include but are not limited to U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,277,108; 4,666,797; 6,117,493; 6,326,582; 6,582,126; 7,219,727; and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2002/0054972. U.S. Publication Nos. 2011/0220415 and 2011/004069 disclose an ultra-low friction coating for drill stem assemblies. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,375,895, 7,361,411, 7,569,286, 20040206726, 20080241584, and 2011/0100720 disclose the use of hard alloys for the competing wear mechanisms. The patents and patent applications listed in this paragraph are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.
  • There is still a need for non-magnetic alloy compositions for hardbanding components for use in directional drilling applications that have resistance to abrasion. There is also a need for an improved method to protect drill collars from heavy abrasion during drilling operations.
    • SUMMARY
  • Disclosed herein are metallic alloys, work pieces having a least a portion of its surface covered by a layer of a metallic alloy, methods of manufacturing the alloys, methods of applying the alloys to a work piece or other components, and uses of such alloys in different applications. In one embodiment, a work piece can have at least a portion of its surface covered by a layer which can comprise an austenitic matrix microstructure containing fine-scaled hard particles comprising one or more of boride, carbide, borocarbide, nitride, carbonitride, aluminide, oxide, intermetallic, or laves phase, wherein the layer comprises a macro-hardness of 40 HRC or above and a relative magnetic permeability of 1.02 or less.
  • In some embodiments, the macro-hardness of the layer can be 45 HRC or more. In some embodiments, the macro-hardness of the layer can be between 45 and 60 HRC, or between 50 and 60 HRC. In some embodiments, the relative magnetic permeability of the layer can be 1.01 or less.
  • In some embodiments, a surface of the of the layer can exhibit high wear resistance as characterized by an ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 1.5 grams or less. In some embodiments, the surface of the layer can exhibit high wear resistance as characterized by an ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 0.35 grams or less. In some embodiments, the surface of the layer can have a mass loss measured by ASTM G105 testing of below 0.5 grams.
  • In some embodiments, the austenitic matrix can contain fine-scaled hard particles up to 50 vol. % with average sizes between 100 nm-20 μm. In some embodiments, the austenitic matrix can contain fine-scaled hard particles up to 30 vol. % (or up to about 30 vol. %) with average sizes between 1-5 μm.
  • In some embodiments, the layer can comprise in wt. % of Fe: bal, Mn: 8-20, Cr: 0-6, Nb: 2-8, V: 0-3, C: 1-6, B: 0-1.5, W: 0-10, Ti: 0-0.5. In some embodiments, the layer can comprise in wt. % of Fe: bal, B: 0-1, C: 0.85-3, Cr: 0-20, Mn: 0-12, Nb: 0-4, Ni: 0-10, Ti: 0-6, V: 0-6, and W: 0-15. In some embodiments, the alloy composition can be selected from group consisting of alloys comprising in wt. %:
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 4, W: 5, Ti: 0.25;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 16, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.25, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.75, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 3, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 9, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 1, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 10, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 4.7, Mo: 1.4, Ni: 7.2, Si: 1.1, Cr: 26.4, C: 1.9;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 2.5, V: 0.5, C; 1.5, W: 4;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 1.5, W: 4;
  • Fe: bal, C: 2.25, Cr: 20, Mn: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, Ti: 0.2, V: 0.5, W: 4;
  • Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 4;
  • Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4;
  • Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4;
  • Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 6, W: 2;
  • Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 2;
  • Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, Ti: 2, V: 2, W: 4; and combinations thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the layer does not contain preformed carbides. In some embodiments, the layer can be used as a hardfacing layer configured to protect oilfield components used in directional drilling applications against abrasive wear.
  • Disclosed is a method of forming a coated work piece which can comprise depositing a layer on at least a portion of a surface of a work piece, wherein the layer comprises an austenitic matrix microstructure containing fine-scaled hard particles comprising one or more of boride, carbide, borocarbide, nitride, carbonitride, aluminide, oxide, intermetallic, and laves phase, and wherein the layer comprises a macro-hardness of 40 HRC or above and a relative magnetic permeability of 1.02 or less.
  • In some embodiments, the relative magnetic permeability of the layer can be 1.01 or less. In some embodiments, the portion of the surface can be preheated to a temperature of 200° C. or greater prior to deposition of the layer. In some embodiments, the layer can be deposited in a thickness of 1 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the method can further comprise cooling the layer at a rate ranging from 50 to 5000 K/s. In some embodiments, the layer can comprise in wt. % of Fe: bal, Mn: 8-20, Cr: 0-6, Nb: 2-8, V: 0-3, C: 1-6, B: 0-1.5, W: 0-10, Ti: 0-0.5. In some embodiments, the layer can comprise in wt. % of Fe: bal, B: 0-1, C: 0.85-3, Cr: 0-20, Mn: 0-12, Nb: 0-4, Ni: 0-10, Ti: 0-6, V: 0-6, and W: 0-15. In some embodiments, the alloy composition can be selected from group consisting of alloys comprising in wt. %:
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 4, W: 5, Ti: 0.25;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 16, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.25, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.75, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 3, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 9, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 1, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 10, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 4.7, Mo: 1.4, Ni: 7.2, Si: 1.1, Cr: 26.4, C: 1.9;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 2.5, V: 0.5, C; 1.5, W: 4;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 1.5, W: 4;
  • Fe: bal, C: 2.25, Cr: 20, Mn: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, Ti: 0.2, V: 0.5, W: 4;
  • Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 4;
  • Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4;
  • Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4;
  • Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 6, W: 2;
  • Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 2;
  • Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, Ti: 2, V: 2, W: 4;
  • and combinations thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the macro-hardness of the layer can be 50 HRC or more, the relative magnetic permeability of the layer can be 1.01 or less, a surface of the layer can exhibit high wear resistance as characterized by an ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 0.35 grams or less, and the austenitic matrix can contain fine-scaled hard boride, carbide, or boro-carbide particles up to 30 vol. % with average sizes between 1-5 μm. In some embodiments, the layer does not contain preformed carbides.
  • Also disclosed is a work piece which can have at least a portion of its surface covered by a layer which can comprise an alloy having an FCC-BCC transition temperature equal to or below 900-950K and an equilibrium total concentration of hard precipitates greater than 20-30 mole percent at a temperature of 1300K.
  • In some embodiments, the hard precipitates can comprise at least one of cementite, iron boride, (W,Fe)B, NbC, (Nb,Ti)C, Ti2B, (Cr,Mn)23(C,B)6, Cr3C2, Cr5Si, Cr2B, SiC, Mn7C3, W6C, WC, FeNbNi laves, WFe laves and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the layer can comprise in wt. % of Fe: bal, Mn: 8-20, Cr: 0-6, Nb: 2-8, V: 0-3, C: 1-6, B: 0-1.5, W: 0-10, Ti: 0-0.5. In some embodiments, the layer can comprise in wt. % of Fe: bal, B: 0-1, C: 0.85-3, Cr: 0-20, Mn: 0-12, Nb: 0-4, Ni: 0-10, Ti: 0-6, V: 0-6, and W: 0-15.
  • In some embodiments, the FCC-BCC transition temperature can be equal to or below 850K. In some embodiments, the equilibrium total concentration of hard precipitates can be greater than 20 and less than 30 mole percent at a temperature of 1300K. In some embodiments, the layer exhibits a corrosion rate of 2 mils per year or less in water having 100,000 ppm NaCl, 500 ppm acetic acid, and 500 ppm sodium acetate in tap water under ASTM G31. In some embodiments, the layer can comprise a macro-hardness of 40 HRC or more, a relative magnetic permeability of 1.01 or less, and can exhibit high wear resistance as characterized by ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 0.35 grams or less.
  • Also disclosed is an alloy comprising, in weight %. Fe: bal, B: 0-1, C: 0.85-3, Cr: 0-20, Mn: 0-12, Nb: 0-4, Ni: 0-10, Ti: 0-6, V: 0-6, and W: 0-15, wherein the alloy comprises the following properties when present in an undiluted form and cooled from a liquid state at a rate of 50K/s or greater: a macro-hardness of 40 HRC or greater, and a relative magnetic permeability of 1.02 or less.
  • In some embodiments, the alloy composition can be selected from group consisting of alloys comprising in wt. %:
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 4, W: 5, Ti: 0.25;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 16, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.25, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.75, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 3, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 9, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 1, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 10, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 4.7, Mo: 1.4, Ni: 7.2, Si: 1.1, Cr: 26.4, C: 1.9;
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 2.5, V: 0.5, C; 1.5, W: 4
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 1.5, W: 4
  • Fe: bal, C: 2.25, Cr: 20, Mn: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, Ti: 0.2, V: 0.5, W: 4
  • Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 4
  • Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4
  • Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4
  • Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 6, W: 2
  • Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 2
  • Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, Ti: 2, V: 2, W: 4
  • and combinations thereof.
  • In some embodiments, the alloy composition can be tested from a sample produced in an arc melting furnace with a chilled copper base. In some embodiments, the alloy composition is tested from a sample sectioned from the top layer of a six layer weld.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1A illustrates a scanning electron micrograph at 500× magnification of an austenitic alloy demonstrating large, interconnected carbides providing paths for crack propagation.
  • FIG. 1B illustrates an optical micrograph of an embodiment of the alloy in the disclosure which demonstrates finely distributed hard particles in a soft austenitic matrix.
  • FIG. 2 illustrates a magnetic permeability survey showing the permeability of an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a magnetic field gradient survey showing the uniformity of the magnetic field of an embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a stainless steel tool joint welded with an embodiment of the present disclosure with 3 parallel beads.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the microstructure of an embodiment of a weld bead of FIG. 4 examined with optical micrographs at 500× magnification.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a solidification diagram of Alloy 1 showing the FCC to BCC transition temperature.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a scanning electron micrograph of Alloy 17 deposited as a single layer MIG weld on a stainless steel plate.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a scanning electron micrograph of Alloy 18 deposited as a single layer MIG weld on a stainless steel plate.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • The present disclosure relates to a non-magnetic metal alloy for use in single or multi-stage tribological processes involving multiple bodies of varying hardness, and applications employing the metal alloy, e.g., hardbanding (or hardfacing) applications. For example, the disclosure can be used to manufacture a coating for a drilling component for use in directional drilling applications capable of withstanding service abrasion. The drilling component can have at least one surface protected by, for example, a welded layer comprising one of the metal alloy compositions disclosed below. In some embodiments, the disclosure can be defined by the alloy compositions and compositional ranges which meet certain thermodynamic, microstructural, and performance criteria.
  • The following terms will be used throughout the specification and will have the following meanings unless otherwise indicated.
  • “Casing” as used herein is defined as a metal pipe or tube used as a lining for water, oil, or gas well.
  • “Coating” as used herein is comprised of one or more adjacent layers and any included interfaces. Coating also refers to a layer placed directly on the substrate of a base body assembly to be protected, or the hardbanding placed on a base substrate material. In another embodiment, “coating” refers to the top protective layer. “Coating” may be used interchangeably with “hardbanding,” as defined below.
  • A “layer” as used herein is a thickness of a material that may serve a specific functional purpose such as reduced coefficient of friction, high stiffness, or mechanical support for overlying layers or protection of underlying layers.
  • “Hardband” (or “hardface”) as used herein refers to a process to deposit a layer of a special material, e.g., super hard metal, onto drill pipe tool joints, collars and heavy weight pipe in order to protect both the casing and drill string components from wear associated with drilling practices. “Hardbanding” (or “hardband” or “hardfacing”) as used herein refers to a layer of superhard material to protect at least a portion of the underlying equipment or work piece, e.g., tool joint, from wear such as casing wear. Hardbanding can be applied as an outermost protective layer, or an intermediate layer interposed between the outer surface of the body assembly substrate material and the buttering layer(s), buffer layer, or a coating.
  • “Hard particles” as used herein include but are not limited to any single or combination of hard boride, carbide, borocarbide, nitride, carbonitride, aluminide, oxide, intermetallic, or laves phase. In some embodiments, hard particles can be one of cementite, iron boride, (W,Fe)B, NbC, (Nb,Ti)C, Ti2B, (Cr,Mn)23(C,B)6, Cr3C2, Cr5Si, Cr2B, SiC, Mn7C3, W6C, WC, FeNbNi laves, WFe laves and combinations thereof.
  • “As-welded” as used herein refers to the condition of a weld without work hardening, heat treating, etc. or any other process which alter the properties or microstructure through post-welding processing.
  • The terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” as used herein represent an amount close to the stated amount that still performs a desired function or achieves a desired result. For example, the terms “approximately”, “about”, and “substantially” may refer to an amount that is within less than 10% of, within less than 5% of, within less than 1% of, within less than 0.1% of, and within less than 0.01% of the stated amount.
    • Metal Alloy Composition
  • Embodiments of a metal alloy for hardfacing can be characterized as having an austenitic microstructure (face centered cubic gamma phase) and comprising, in wt. %: Mn: 8-20 (or about 8 to about 20), Cr: 0-6 (or about 0 to about 6), Nb: 2-8 (or about 2 to about 8), V: 0-3 (or about 0 to about 3), C: 1-6 (or about 1 to about 6), B: 0-1.5 (or about 0 to about 1.5), W: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), balance Fe and impurities as trace elements. The alloy may comprise Mn, Cr, Nb, V, C, B, W, Ti, Fe, and impurities. Embodiments of a non-magnetic composition can have minimal, if any, cracking in the coating and a high resistance to abrasive wear.
  • In some embodiments, the alloy can be composed of the followings in wt. %:
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10 (or about 10), Cr: 5 (or about 5), Nb: 4 (or about 4), V: 0.5 (or about 0.5), C: 4 (or about 4), W: 5 (or about 5), Ti: 0.25 (or about 0.25);
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10 (or about 10), Cr: 5 (or about 5), Nb: 4 (or about 4), V: 0.5 (or about 0.5), C: 3.5 (or about 3.5), W: 5 (or about 5), Ti: 0.20 (or about 0.20);
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 16 (or about 16), Cr: 5 (or about 5), Nb: 4 (or about 4), V: 0.5 (or about 0.5), C: 3.25 (or about 3.25), W: 5 (or about 5), Ti: 0.20 (or about 0.20);
  • Fe: bal, Mn: 10 (or about 10), Cr: 5 (or about 5), Nb: 4 (or about 4), V: 0.5 (or about 0.5), C: 3 (or about 3), W: 5 (or about 5), Ti: 0.20 (or about 0.20);
  • Mn: 8-16 (or about 8 to about 16), Cr: 3-6 (or about 3 to about 6), Nb: 3-6 (or about 3 to about 6), V: 0-1 (or about 0 to about 1), C: 1.5-5 (or about 1.5 to about 5), B: 0-1.5 (or about 0 to about 1.5), W: 3-6 (or about 3 to about 6), Ti: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), balance Fe and impurities as trace elements; and
  • B: 0-1 (or about 0 to about 1), C: 1.5-3 (or about 1.5 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), V: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), W: 0-15 (or about 0 to about 15). The above alloys may comprise Mn, Cr, Nb, Ni, V, C, W, Ti, B, Fe, and impurities, and combinations thereof.
  • In some embodiments, combinations of the above described alloy compositions can be used. Embodiments of alloys described above can incorporate the above elemental constituents a total of 100 wt. %. In some embodiments, the alloy may include, may be limited to, or may consist essentially of the above named elements. In some embodiments, the alloy may include 2% (or about 2%) or less of impurities. Impurities may be understood as elements or compositions that may be included in the alloys due to inclusion in the feedstock components, through introduction in the manufacturing process. In another embodiment, the feedstock can contain silicon in the amount such that the final alloy contains 0.15 wt. % (or about 0.15 wt. %) although the ingot form did not contain any.
  • In some embodiments of the present disclosure, hard particles can be precipitated from molten metal during solidification of the alloy. In some embodiments, the austenitic microstructure of the above described alloys can contain embedded hard particles in an amount of 50 vol. % (or about 50 vol. %) or less. Accordingly, the soft austenite matrix of the alloy can provide toughness and ductility, while the precipitated hard particles can impart wear resistance. The soft matrix can further prevent spalling of the hard particles. The fine distribution of hard particles can also allow for uniform wear and prevents selective wear of the soft matrix.
  • Other alloys, such as those listed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2010/0009089, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, use preformed carbides or borides which are poured into the solidifying metal during welding. These carbides and borides are larger where the particle size ranges from 50-180 (or about 50 to about 180) μm. Particles this large often spall due to poor adhesion with the matrix and break leading to reduced wear resistance. Further, using preformed carbides requires a large hopper directly above the welding arc in order to feed the particles into the molten weld. In this process, feeding the carbides into the weld too quickly or too slowly can be detrimental to the performance of the weld. Also, not only does the welding wire need to be purchased, but preformed carbides as well increasing the overall cost of applying the hardface. On the other hand, embodiments of alloys described in the present disclosure can be deposited using standard welding process without feeding preformed carbides into the weld. This simplifies the application process allowing for more uniform and repeatable hardfaced layers both on a single part and between multiple parts.
  • In some embodiments, the metal alloy can be applied as a coating of Fe-based (austenitic) matrix containing fine-scaled hard boride, carbide, and complex carbide or boro-carbide particles, e.g., borocarbide particles (e.g., M2B or MC, where M is a transition metal) having average particle sizes of 100 nm-20 μm (or about 100 nm to about 20 μm), in an amount of 50 vol. % (or about 50 vol. %) or less. In another embodiment, the hard particles are present in an amount of 30 vol. % (or about 30 vol. %) or less. In some embodiments, the carbide particles have an average particle size of 1-5 (or about 1 to about 5) μm.
  • In some embodiments, the boride phase can be represented as M2B, wherein M is a transition metal. In some embodiments, the embedded hard particles in the austenitic Fe-based matrix can contain Nb, Cr, and W with both carbon and/or boron. In some embodiments, the particles can be in the form of embedded Nb carbide and Fe—W-boro carbide precipitates. In another embodiment, the Nb carbide precipitates are 5 μm (or about 5 μm) or less in size. In some embodiments, the Nb carbide precipitates first at higher temperatures, acting as a site for lower temperature forming carbides to nucleate.
    • Method for Designing Hardbanding
  • In some embodiments, the alloy may be formed by blending various feedstock materials together, which may then be melted in a hearth or furnace and formed into ingots. The ingots can be re-melted and flipped one or more times, which may increase homogeneity of the ingots.
  • Each ingot produced was evaluated by examining its microstructure, hardness and magnetic permeability. Incremental changes in composition were made in each successive ingot, leading to the final alloys. The compositions of the ingots made are listed in Table I.
  • TABLE I
    Ingot Compositions
    amounts in weight percent
    Alloy
    Name Fe Mn Cr Nb V C B W Si Ti Ni
    A1 54.5 2 18 4 2 1.25 0.85 7 0.15 0.25 10
    A2 60.5 2 15 4 2 1.25 0.85 7 0.15 0.25 7
    A3 60.25 2 15 4 2 1.5 0.85 7 0.15 0.25 7
    A4 60.5 2 15 4 2 1 1.1 7 0.15 0.25 7
    A5 60.25 2 15 4 2 1 1.35 7 0.15 0.25 7
    A6 60 2 15 4 2 1 1.6 7 0.15 0.25 7
    A7 59.2 2 15 4.3 2 1.5 1.6 7 0.15 0.25 7
    A8 79.1 1.5 5 4 0.5 1.5 1 5 0.15 0.25 2
    A9 78.31 2.50 4.95 3.96 0.50 1.49 1.00 4.95 0.15 0.25 2.00
    A10 76.74 2.45 4.85 3.88 0.49 1.46 0.98 4.85 0.15 0.24 4
    A11 75.21 2.40 4.75 3.80 0.48 1.43 0.96 4.75 0.14 0.24 6.00
    A12 72.58 6.00 4.59 3.67 0.46 1.38 0.93 4.59 0.14 0.23 5.79
    A13 65.25 10.00 5 4 0.5 1.5 1 5 1.5 0.25 6.00
    A14 72.75 10 5 4 0.5 1.5 1 5 0 0.25 0
    A15 72.25 10 5 4 0.5 1 1 5 1 0.25 0
    A16 72.00 10 5 4 0.5 1.25 1 5 1 0.25 0
    A17 71.28 11.00 4.95 3.96 0.50 1.24 0.99 4.95 0.99 0.25 0.00
    A18 69.85 13.00 4.85 3.88 0.49 1.21 0.97 4.85 0.97 0.24 0.00
    A19 69.25 12 5 4 0.5 1.5 1 5 1.5 0.25 0
    A20 68.75 12 5 4 0.5 1.5 1.5 5 1.5 0.25 0
    A21 70.25 12 5 4 0.5 2 1 5 0 0.25 0
    A22 68.8 14.0 4.9 3.9 0.5 2.0 1.0 4.9 0.0 0.2 0.0
    A23 67.00 16.00 4.80 3.84 0.48 1.92 0.96 4.80 0.00 0.24 0.00
    A24 67.80 16.00 5.00 4.00 0.50 1.50 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
    A25 66.80 16.00 5.00 4.00 0.50 2.50 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
    A26 66.30 16.00 5.00 4.00 0.50 3.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
    A27 72.80 10.00 5.00 4.00 0.50 2.50 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
    A28 72.30 10.00 5.00 4.00 0.50 2.50 0.50 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
    A29 69.41 9.60 4.80 3.84 0.48 2.40 0.48 9.00 0.00 0.19 0.00
    A30 72.80 10.00 5.00 4.00 0.50 0.50 2.00 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
    A31 68.23 16.00 4.60 3.66 0.47 0.47 1.88 4.70 0.00 0.19 0.00
    A32 65.30 16.00 5.00 4.00 0.50 4.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
    A33 71.30 10 5.00 4.00 0.50 4.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
    A34 71.80 10 5.00 4.00 0.50 3.50 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
    A35 72.30 10 5.00 4.00 0.50 3.00 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
    A36 72.05 10 5.00 4.00 0.50 3.25 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
    A37 65.80 10.00 12.00 4.00 0.50 2.50 0.00 5.00 0.00 0.20 0.00
  • Each composition after melting into ingot form was sectioned on a wet abrasive saw as to avoid heating the ingot and subsequently altering the microstructure. The magnetic permeability was measured using a Low-Mu Magnetic Permeability Tester manufactured by Severn Engineering. A reference standard with a known magnetic permeability was placed in the tester. The tester was comprised of the reference standard and a pivoting magnet. The magnet extended from the side of the tester opposite the reference standard. The magnet tip was brought into contact with the surface of the ingot. If the magnet was not attracted to the ingot, then the magnetic permeability was less than that of the reference standard being used. The magnetic permeability of each ingot composition is listed in Table II.
  • TABLE II
    Magnetic Permeability and Hardness
    Alloy Name Magnetic Permeability. Hardness (HRc)
    A1 no 24
    A2 no 29
    A3 no 33
    A4 yes 27.5
    A5 no 31
    A6 no 32
    A7 no 35
    A8 Yes NA
    A9 Yes NA
    A10 Yes NA
    A11 Yes NA
    A12 >1.04 NA
    A13 <1.03 34
    A14 <1.02 53.5
    A15 >1.04 47
    A16 >1.04 NA
    A17 >1.04 43
    A18 <1.02 38
    A19 >1.04 46.5
    A20 >1.04 NA
    A21 >1.04 56
    A22 <1.03 57.5
    A23 >1.04 60
    A24 <1.01 29
    A25 <1.01 37
    A26 <1.01 40
    A27 <1.01 35
    A28 <1.01 48
    A29 <1.01 36
    A30 >1.04 54
    A31 >1.04 35
    A32 <1.01 50
    A33 <1.01 52
    A34 <1.02 41
    A35 <1.01 41.5
    A36 <1.01 46
    A37 <1.01 39
  • After magnetic permeability was measured, each ingot composition was tested for hardness using a Rockwell C hardness tester. An average of 5 hardness measurements was recorded as the hardness of that ingot. The hardness of each ingot composition is detailed in Table II. Ingots A1-A11 were made prior to having a magnetic permeability test method. Therefore, they were evaluated using a hand-magnet as either magnetic or non-magnetic, and only those alloys showing no magnetism using the hand magnet were hardness tested.
  • Achieving both a sufficiently low magnetic permeability and high as-welded hardness can be difficult, as non-magnetic austenite is softer than the magnetic ferrite. For example, if a magnetic and a non-magnetic alloy with the same volume percentage of hard particles is examined, the non-magnetic alloy will be significantly softer. However, as shown in Table II, embodiments of the present disclosure can achieve both high hardness and low magnetic permeability.
  • The microstructure of each ingot was evaluated by optical microscopy. Embodiments of the disclosed alloys can contain a sufficient amount of the ductile austenite matrix along with embedded hard particles. Furthermore, a large volume fraction of finely distributed hard particles can be found in embodiments of the disclosed alloys. Large interconnected hard particles can be undesirable due to increasing the brittleness of the ingot, as shown in FIG. 1A. Fine disconnected hard particles, as shown in FIG. 1B which is an embodiment of the disclosed alloys, can reduce or eliminate paths for crack propagation, thereby decreasing the likelihood of cracking during the welding process or in service.
    • Properties
  • A work piece having at least a portion of its surface coated or having a welded layer of the austenitic alloy composition, e.g., a hardbanding layer, can be characterized as having an as-welded macro-hardness as measured via standard Rockwell C test of 40 Rc, 45 Rc, or 50 Rc (or about 40 Rc, about 45 Rc, or about 50 Rc) or greater.
  • The alloy composition as deposited on the surface of a work piece can be characterized as being crack-free, as inspected by any of magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, etching, visual inspection, hardness checking, dye penetration inspection, or ultrasound inspection. The absence of cracks in the coating can protect the underlying part from exposure to any corrosive media present.
  • When applied as coatings, e.g., hardbanding, for protection of work pieces, the fine-grained microstructural features in embodiments of the above disclosed alloy can provide durability and prevent wear on secondary “softer” bodies which come into contact with the work piece protected by the coatings. However, when the hardbanding material comes into contact with some softer materials, such as mild steel, the hardbanding alloy may not aggressively grind away the mild steel. This grinding away commonly happens in drilling environments where a hardbanded pipe is run inside a mild steel casing. Hardbands with preformed carbides, due to the large size of the carbides, can aggressively cut away at the casing, creating problems.
  • According to embodiments of the disclosure, the component protected by the alloy can be characterized as having elevated wear resistance with a dry sand abrasion mass loss (ASTM G65-04 procedure A, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) of 0.6 grams (or about 0.6 grams) or less, or 0.35 grams (or about 0.35 grams) or less. Further, under a modified ASTM G77 test, where the load is increased up to 5000 lb./ft. (or about 5000 lb./ft.), and mineral oil is used as a lubricant, embodiments of the present disclosure can generate 1 mg (or about 1 mg) or less of material loss on casing steel.
  • Embodiments of the above disclosed alloys can have low magnetic permeability as well. Magnetic permeability is the measure of how well a material can support a magnetic field within it. The relative magnetic permeability of a vacuum is 1. For example, an austenite phase described as a component of this disclosure can be naturally paramagnetic. However, ferrite, which composes typical hardbanding applications, is ferromagnetic. When a magnet is brought into close proximity or contact with a ferromagnetic hardband, it exhibits attractive forces. A magnet exhibits no detectable attraction to an entirely austenitic material.
  • The definition of a non-magnetic material suitable for use on a drill collar is <1.01 according to API Specification 7. Even slight amounts of ferrite or martensite in a mainly austenitic material can cause the magnetic permeability to exceed 1.01, and therefore embodiments of the disclosed alloy can avoid the formation of ferrite or martensite in a mainly austenitic material. Ferrite and martensite can increased the overall permeability as they have a magnetic permeability greater than 50 depending on the alloy composition.
  • The alloy composition in some embodiments can be further characterized as having magnetic permeability values (using a Low-Mu Permeability Tester) of 1.02 or less, 1.01 or less, or 1.005 or less (or about 1.02 or less, about 1.01 or less, or about 1.005 or less). The alloy when applied as hardbanding on drill stem components can provide paramagnetic behavior for the operator to be able to monitor the progress of the bore hole required in directional drillings. In some embodiments, the magnetic permeability was measured at a commercial testing facility and the results are illustrated in FIG. 2. As shown in FIG. 2, the results stayed below 1.01 (or below about 1.01).
  • A magnetic field gradient is a measure of the uniformity of the magnetic field. In some embodiments, embodiments of the above described alloys can maintain a magnetic field gradient of ±0.05 (or ±about 0.05) microtesla which can meet the requirements of API Specification 7, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, the commercially measured magnetic field gradient was <0.05 microtesla (or <about 0.05 microtesla). In some embodiments, no hot spots exceeding the 0.05 microtesla (or about 0.05 microtesla) range were found. This indicates a uniform magnetic field, as shown in FIG. 3. In some embodiments, alloys can have a magnetic field strength of 0.95 (or about 0.95 microtesla) or above.
    • Example
  • The following example is intended to be non-limiting.
  • An alloy composition of Alloy 1 (Mn: 10%, Cr: 5%, Nb: 4%, V: 0.5%, C: 3.5%, W: 5%, Ti: 0.25%, Fe: balance) was produced in the form of a 1/16″ cored wire. The alloy was arc-welded onto a 6⅝″ outer diameter box Stainless Steel tool joint pre-heated to 450° F. The joint was rotated at a rotation rate of one full rotation every 2 min and 30 sec. The welding parameters are 290 amps, 29.5 volts and a 1″ wire stickout. The welding head was moved through the action of an oscillator at a rate of 58 cycle/min, resulting in a weld bead approximately 1″ wide and 4/32″ thick. Three consecutive beads were made, one next to another to produce three adjacent 1″ beads for a total width of roughly 3″. The joint was wrapped in insulation to reduce the cooling rate and allowed to cool to room temperature. The as-welded tool joint can be seen in FIG. 4
  • The microstructure of the weld bead was examined with optical micrographs as shown in FIG. 5. A section of a weld was taken and wear tested producing an ASTM G65 wear loss of 0.35 g (or about 0.35 g). Relative magnetic permeability was measured with a probe and provided a value of less than 1.01 (or less than about 1.01). Rockwell C hardness was measured at 43 (or about 43).
    • Thermodynamic, Microstructural, and Performance Criteria Analysis
  • In some embodiments, alloys, such as the ones disclosed above, can be defined by the specific compositions and compositional ranges which meet certain thermodynamic, microstructural, and performance criteria outlined in the below disclosure. A listing of potential alloy compositions can be created that comply partially or fully with different thermodynamic, microstructural, and performance criteria.
    • Metal Alloy Composition
  • Certain metal alloy compositions can be achieved that result in certain desired performances. These metal alloys can be created, for example, by looking at thermodynamic and microstructural criteria. While the explicit criteria are further defined below, this section discusses the alloy compositions that at least partially meet those criteria.
  • Table III shows a series of alloy compositions evaluated using both modeling and experimental techniques. As discussed below, Tγ→α is the FCC to BCC transition temperature, Σhard is the summed fraction of hard phases at 1300K (or about 1300K), μ is the relative magnetic permeability, and HRC is the Rockwell C hardness.
  • The 33 alloys shown in Table III meet at least some of the performance, microstructural, and thermodynamic criteria further described below (64.5% meet all criteria). Because there is such a high correlation between the alloys meeting all of the criteria (64.5%), if an alloy meets one of these criteria classes, it is highly likely that it meets all the described criteria, thermodynamic, microstructural, and performance.
  • After producing a table meeting the below described criteria, a general alloy composition can be determined. For example, based at least in part on Table III, and the manufacturing variances of selected wires, an alloy composition that will meet the described criteria can comprise B, C, Cr, Mn, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W, Fe, and impurities, and combinations thereof, and can contain in wt. %:
  • B: 0-1 (or about 0 to about 1), C: 0.85-3 (or about 0.85 to about 3), Cr: 2-27 (or about 2 to about 27), Mn: 0-12 (or about 0 to about 12), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-2 (or about 0 to about 2), V: 0-6 (or about 0 to about 6), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • In some embodiments, the alloy can be described by a series of compositional ranges which meet the specified thermodynamic criteria. A listing of specific alloy compositions which meet the specified thermodynamic criteria, described below, are listed in Table IV. Based at least in part on Table IV, an alloy composition can comprise C, Cr, Mn, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W, Fe, and impurities, and combinations thereof, and can contain in wt. %:
  • C: 1.5-3 (or about 1.5 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-0.2 (or about 0 to about 0.2), V: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • In some embodiments, B can be added to the composition for the purposes of increasing hardness and wear resistance, while not affecting the magnetic properties of the material. Based at least in part on Table IV, an alloy composition having B can comprise B, C, Cr, Mn, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W, Fe, and impurities, and combinations thereof, and can contain in wt. %:
  • B: 0-1 (or about 0 to about 1), C: 1.5-3 (or about 1.5 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-0.2 (or about 0 to about 0.2), V: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • In some embodiments, the summed Mn+Ni concentration does not fall below 10 wt. % (or below about 10 wt. %).
  • Further described are certain compositional ranges using Table IV that can meet the below described criteria. Non-limiting examples of such alloy compositions can comprise C, Cr, Mn, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W, Fe, and impurities, and combinations thereof, and can contain in wt. %:
  • C: 1.5-3 (or about 1.5 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 10 (or about 10), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-0.2 (or about 0 to about 0.2), V: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • C: 1.5-3 (or about 1.5 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 5 (or about 5), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 5-10 (or about 5 to about 10), Ti: 0-0.2 (or about 0 to about 0.2), V: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • C: 1.5-2.25 (or about 1.5 to about 2.25), Cr 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 10 (or about 10), Ti: 0-0.2 (or about 0 to about 0.2), V: 0-0.5 (or about 0 to about 0.5), W: 0-5 (or about 0 to about 5), and Fe: bal.
  • In some embodiments, the Ti, V, and/or W concentration can be increased for the purposes of increasing the hard particle fraction, while not affecting the magnetic properties of the material. Based at least in part on Table III, Table IV, and the manufacturing variances of selected wires the alloy can comprise B, C, Cr, Mn, Nb, Ni, Ti, V, W, Fe, and impurities, and can contain, in wt. %:
  • B: 0-1 (or about 0 to about 1), C: 0.85-3 (or about 0.85 to about 3), Cr: 0-20 (or about 0 to about 20), Mn: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Nb: 0-4 (or about 0 to about 4), Ni: 0-10 (or about 0 to about 10), Ti: 0-6 (or about 0 to about 6), V: 0-6 (or about 0 to about 6), W: 0-15 (or about 0 to about 15), and Fe: bal.
  • In some embodiments the alloys can be described by the measured chemical compositions of manufactured 1/16″ metal cored wires. Alloys 1, 8, 14, 15, 22, and 23 were produced in the form of 1/16″ metal cored wires for the purposes of weld testing. Each wire chemistry was measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and a LECO carbon analyzer. The results of the analysis for each material are described below in weight %:
  • Alloy 1: Al: 0.09, B: 0.01, C: 3.13, Cr: 5.52, Cu: 0.03, Mo: 0.02, Mn: 9.58, Nb: 3.85,
  • Ni: 0.01, P: 0.016, S: 0.006, Si: 0.17, Ti: 0.18, V: 0.51, W: 4.88;
  • Alloy 8: Al: 0.08, B: 0.01, C: 2.61, Cr: 11.95, Cu: 0.09, Mo: 0.03, Mn: 9.97, Nb: 4.00,
  • Ni: 4.84, P: 0.016, S: 0.007, Si: 0.49, Ti: 0.29, V: 0.61, W: 4.36;
  • Alloy 14 (run 1): Al: 0.04, B: 0.01, C: 1.75, Cr: 14.60, Cu: 0.21, Mo: 0.13, Mn: 7.66,
  • Nb: 2.81, Ni: 5.22, P: 0.019, S: 0.007, Si: 0.64, Ti: 0.12, V: 0.39, W: 3.58;
  • Alloy 14 (run 2): B: 0.01, C: 2.06, Co: 0.29, Cr: 14.93, Cu: 0.32, Mo: 0.24, Mn: 9.28,
  • Nb: 3.89, Ni: 5.69, P: 0.260, S: 0.006, Si: 0.41, Ti: 0.27, V: 0.46, W: 5.84;
  • Alloy 15: Al: 0.05, B: 0.98, C: 0.85, Co: 0.03, Cr: 12.38, Cu: 0.12, Mo: 0.03, Mn: 9.36,
  • Nb: 3.79, Ni: 5.40, P: 0.030, S: 0.006, Si: 0.39, Ti: 0.18, V: 0.77, W: 4.55;
  • Alloy 22: B: 0.02, C: 1.87, Co: 0.09, Cr: 26.44, Cu: 0.27, Mo: 4.68, Mn: 4.68, Ni: 7.19,
  • P: 0.024, S: 0.007, Si: 1.09, Ti: 0.01, V: 0.08, W: 0.04;
  • Alloy 23: B: 0.01, C: 1.74, Co: 0.02, Cr: 18.6, Cu: 0.20, Mo: 0.04, Mn: 11.16, Nb: 3.63,
  • Ni: 1.02, P: 0.270, S: 0.006, Si: 0.39, Ti: 0.17, V: 0.77, W: 4.55
  • In all cases, the balance is Fe. Due to the manufacturing process, Al, B, Co, Cu, Mo, Ni, P, S, and W have been added in measurable quantities in alloys where the nominal composition does not contain these elements. In some embodiments, the alloys were present in their undiluted form and cooled from a liquid state at a rate of 50K/s or greater. In all cases, the alloys were welded onto test coupons and were shown to exhibit at least the minimum performance criteria of 40 HRC or greater and a relative magnetic permeability of below 1.02. In some embodiments, the alloy composition was tested from a sample produced in an arc melting furnace with a chilled copper base. In some embodiments, the alloy composition was tested from a sample sectioned from the top layer of a six layer weld.
  • TABLE III
    Comparison of Performance Criteria with Thermodynamic Criteria for Selected
    Alloy Chemistries
    Alloys which do not meet the performance criteria have been indicated with an (*).
    Fe represents the balance of all alloy chemistries
    Alloy B C Cr Mn Mo Nb Ni Si Ti V W Tγ→α Σhard μ HRC
     1 0 3 5 10 0 4 0 0 0.2 0.5 5 870 31.86% <1.01 46.0
     2 0 2.75 5 10 0 4 0 0 0.2 0.5 5 850 32.43% <1.01 40.0
     3 0 2.5 5 10 0 4 0 0 0.2 0.5 5 910 40.66% <1.01 41.0
     4 0 2.5 5 10 0 4 1 0 0.2 0.5 5 920 33.10% <1.01 41.7
     5 0 2.5 5 10 0 4 3 0 0.2 0.5 5 920 30.09% <1.01 40.0
     6 0 2.5 5 10 0 4 5 0 0.2 0.5 5 920 30.77% <1.01 40.0
     7 0 2.5 9 10 0 4 5 0 0.2 0.5 5 830 12.82% <1.01 42.7
     8 0 2.5 12 10 0 4 5 0 0.2 0.5 5 870 28.37% <1.01 43.2
     9* 0 2 12 10 0 4 5 0 0.2 0.5 5 860 25.64% <1.01 35.7
     10* 0 1.5 12 10 0 4 5 0 0.2 0.5 5 840 12.50% <1.01 36.2
     11* 0 1 12 10 0 4 5 0 0.2 0.5 5 860 20.59% <1.01 27.8
     12* 0 1 12 10 0 4 5 0.5 0.2 0.5 5 860 22.93% <1.01 28.5
     13* 0 1 12 10 0 4 5 1 0.2 0.5 5 840 12.07% <1.01 31.2
    14 0 2 18 10 0 4 5 0 0.2 0.5 5 860 20.13% <1.01 41.2
    15 1 1 12 10 0 4 5 0 0.2 0.5 5 880 27.87% <1.01 45.2
     16* 0 2 18 10 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 870 23.71% <1.01 35.8
    17 1 3 18 10 0 4 10 0 0.2 0.5 5 833 51.69% <1.02 50.4
     18* 1 1.5 2 10 0 4 2 0 0.2 0.5 5 917 21.42% >1.04 41.8
    19 1 3 10 10 0 4 0 0 0.2 0.5 5 953 49.42% <1.01 60.0
    20 1 3 18 10 0 4 0 0 0.2 0.5 5 941 56.21% <1.02 59.8
     21* 1 1.5 2 10 0 4 10 0 0.2 0.5 5 863 22.23% >1.04 36.0
    22 0 1.9 26.4 4.7 1.4 0 7.2 1.1 0 0 0 873 31.61% <1.01 47.0
    23 0 1.5 16.5 10 0 3 2.5 0 0.2 0.5 4 800   31% <1.01 43.0
    24 0 1.5 16.5 10 0 3 1 0 0.2 0.5 4 850   26% <1.01 41.0
    25 0 2.25 20 5 0 4 10 0 0.2 0.5 4 900   37% <1.01 41.0
     26* 0 1.5 20 0 0 0 10 0 0.2 0.5 4 900   29% <1.01 32.6
    27 1 2.5 18 10 0 4 0 0 0 4 4 900   48% <1.01 51.3
    28 0 2 18 10 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 900   28% <1.01 45.3
    29 0.5 1.5 18 10 0 4 0 0 0 0 4 900   29% <1.01 49.3
    30 0 2 18 10 0 4 0 0 0 6 2 750   28% <1.01 47.5
     31* 0.5 1.5 18 10 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 900   22% >1.04 35.3
    32 0 3 18 10 0 4 0 0 0 2 0 900   34% <1.01 45.3
    33 0 3 18 10 0 4 0 0 2 2 4 900   43% <1.01 44.7
  • TABLE IV
    Disclosed Alloy Chemistries which Meet Thermodynamic Criteria
    Alloy Fe B C Cr Mn Nb Ni Ti V W Tγ→α Σhard
    34 48.3 0 3 20 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 42%
    35 50.3 0 3 20 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 41%
    36 52.3 0 3 20 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 41%
    37 49.05 0 2.25 20 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 38%
    38 54.3 0 3 20 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 2 850 38%
    39 50.3 0 3 20 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 2 850 37%
    40 52.3 0 3 20 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 2 850 37%
    41 56.3 0 3 20 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 0 850 37%
    42 51.05 0 2.25 20 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 37%
    43 54.3 0 3 20 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 0 850 37%
    44 52.3 0 3 20 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 0 850 36%
    45 53.05 0 2.25 20 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 36%
    46 51.05 0 2.25 20 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 2 850 34%
    47 53.05 0 2.25 20 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 2 850 32%
    48 58.3 0 3 10 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 32%
    49 55.05 0 2.25 20 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 2 850 31%
    50 53.8 0 1.5 20 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 29%
    51 57.05 0 2.25 20 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 0 850 28%
    52 55.8 0 1.5 20 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 2 850 28%
    53 55.05 0 2.25 20 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 0 850 28%
    54 53.05 0 2.25 20 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 0 850 27%
    55 51.8 0 1.5 20 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 27%
    56 56.8 0 1.5 20 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 4 850 26%
    57 53.8 0 1.5 20 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 2 850 26%
    58 59.05 0 2.25 10 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 25%
    59 58.8 0 1.5 20 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 2 850 25%
    60 49.8 0 1.5 20 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 24%
    61 54.8 0 1.5 20 5 4 10 0.2 0.5 4 850 24%
    62 55.8 0 1.5 20 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 0 850 24%
    63 54.8 0 1.5 20 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 4 850 24%
    64 51.8 0 1.5 20 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 2 850 23%
    65 53.8 0 1.5 20 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 0 850 23%
    66 58.8 0 1.5 20 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 0 850 22%
    67 53.3 0 3 20 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 44%
    68 55.3 0 3 20 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 43%
    69 57.3 0 3 20 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 42%
    70 56.05 0 2.25 20 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 39%
    71 55.3 0 3 20 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 38%
    72 57.3 0 3 20 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 38%
    73 58.05 0 2.25 20 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 38%
    74 54.05 0 2.25 20 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 37%
    75 59.3 0 3 20 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 37%
    76 54.05 0 2.25 20 5 4 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 37%
    77 61.3 0 3 20 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 36%
    78 59.05 0 2.25 20 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 4 900 36%
    79 56.05 0 2.25 20 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 36%
    80 56.05 0 2.25 20 5 2 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 36%
    81 59.3 0 3 20 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 36%
    82 59.05 0 2.25 20 0 4 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 35%
    83 57.3 0 3 20 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 35%
    84 61.05 0 2.25 20 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 2 900 35%
    85 58.05 0 2.25 20 5 0 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 35%
    86 61.05 0 2.25 20 0 2 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 35%
    87 63.05 0 2.25 20 0 0 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 34%
    88 58.05 0 2.25 20 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 34%
    89 62.3 0 3 10 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 33%
    90 60.3 0 3 10 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 32%
    91 60.05 0 2.25 20 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 32%
    92 64.3 0 3 10 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 32%
    93 56.05 0 2.25 20 5 4 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 32%
    94 62.3 0 3 10 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 31%
    95 67.3 0 3 10 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 31%
    96 66.3 0 3 10 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 31%
    97 60.3 0 3 10 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 31%
    98 65.3 0 3 10 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 31%
    99 58.05 0 2.25 20 5 2 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 31%
    100 63.3 0 3 10 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 31%
    101 64.3 0 3 10 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 31%
    102 69.3 0 3 10 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 31%
    103 61.05 0 2.25 20 0 4 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 30%
    104 62.3 0 3 10 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 30%
    105 60.05 0 2.25 20 5 0 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 30%
    106 67.3 0 3 10 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 30%
    107 79.3 0 3 0 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 30%
    108 63.05 0 2.25 20 0 2 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 30%
    109 81.3 0 3 0 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 30%
    110 71.3 0 3 10 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 30%
    111 65.05 0 2.25 20 0 0 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 30%
    112 65.3 0 3 10 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 30%
    113 69.3 0 3 10 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 30%
    114 77.3 0 3 0 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 30%
    115 67.3 0 3 10 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 29%
    116 58.8 0 1.5 20 5 0 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 29%
    117 63.8 0 1.5 20 0 0 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 29%
    118 62.05 0 2.25 20 5 0 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 28%
    119 58.8 0 1.5 20 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 28%
    120 60.05 0 2.25 20 5 2 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 28%
    121 77.3 0 3 0 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 28%
    122 58.05 0 2.25 20 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 27%
    123 79.3 0 3 0 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 27%
    124 62.05 0 2.25 20 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 27%
    125 63.05 0 2.25 20 0 4 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 27%
    126 58.05 0 2.25 20 5 4 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 27%
    127 75.3 0 3 0 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 27%
    128 60.8 0 1.5 20 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 27%
    129 63.8 0 1.5 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 4 900 27%
    130 60.05 0 2.25 20 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 27%
    131 56.8 0 1.5 20 5 2 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 26%
    132 61.8 0 1.5 20 0 2 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 26%
    133 61.8 0 1.5 20 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 26%
    134 65.8 0 1.5 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 2 900 26%
    135 64.05 0 2.25 10 5 4 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 26%
    136 58.8 0 1.5 20 5 2 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 26%
    137 60.8 0 1.5 20 5 0 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 26%
    138 66.05 0 2.25 10 5 2 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 25%
    139 64.05 0 2.25 10 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 25%
    140 63.8 0 1.5 20 0 2 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 25%
    141 68.05 0 2.25 10 5 0 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 25%
    142 66.05 0 2.25 10 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 25%
    143 61.8 0 1.5 20 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 4 900 25%
    144 67.8 0 1.5 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 0 900 25%
    145 61.05 0 2.25 10 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 25%
    146 77.3 0 3 0 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 24%
    147 75.3 0 3 0 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 24%
    148 68.05 0 2.25 10 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 24%
    149 63.05 0 2.25 10 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 24%
    150 59.8 0 1.5 20 0 4 10 0.2 0.5 4 900 24%
    151 60.8 0 1.5 20 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 24%
    152 65.8 0 1.5 20 0 0 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 24%
    153 63.8 0 1.5 20 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 2 900 24%
    154 73.3 0 3 0 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 24%
    155 59.8 0 1.5 20 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 4 900 24%
    156 65.05 0 2.25 10 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 24%
    157 70.05 0 2.25 10 5 0 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 23%
    158 63.05 0 2.25 10 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 23%
    159 75.05 0 2.25 10 0 0 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 23%
    160 56.8 0 1.5 20 5 4 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 23%
    161 68.05 0 2.25 10 5 2 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 23%
    162 61.8 0 1.5 20 0 4 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 23%
    163 61.05 0 2.25 10 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 23%
    164 66.05 0 2.25 10 5 4 10 0.2 0.5 2 900 23%
    165 67.05 0 2.25 10 10 0 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 23%
    166 62.8 0 1.5 20 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 23%
    167 72.05 0 2.25 10 5 0 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 23%
    168 59.8 0 1.5 20 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 4 900 23%
    169 65.05 0 2.25 10 10 2 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 23%
    170 70.05 0 2.25 10 5 2 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 23%
    171 65.8 0 1.5 20 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 0 900 23%
    172 77.05 0 2.25 10 0 0 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 23%
    173 61.8 0 1.5 20 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 23%
    174 63.05 0 2.25 10 10 4 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 22%
    175 68.05 0 2.25 10 5 4 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 22%
    176 58.8 0 1.5 20 5 4 10 0.2 0.5 0 900 22%
    177 70.05 0 2.25 10 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 22%
    178 68.05 0 2.25 10 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 22%
    179 66.05 0 2.25 10 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 2 900 22%
    180 72.05 0 2.25 10 10 0 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 22%
    181 61.8 0 1.5 20 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 2 900 22%
    182 63.8 0 1.5 20 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 22%
    183 70.05 0 2.25 10 10 2 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 22%
    184 68.05 0 2.25 10 10 4 5 0.2 0.5 0 900 21%
    185 63.8 0 1.5 20 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 0 900 21%
    186 58.3 0 3 20 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 48%
    187 60.3 0 3 20 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 46%
    188 62.3 0 3 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 44%
    189 60.3 0 3 20 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 41%
    190 63.05 0 2.25 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 40%
    191 62.3 0 3 20 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 39%
    192 64.3 0 3 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 38%
    193 61.05 0 2.25 20 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 38%
    194 61.05 0 2.25 20 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 4 950 37%
    195 59.05 0 2.25 20 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 4 950 37%
    196 63.05 0 2.25 20 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 37%
    197 63.05 0 2.25 20 5 0 5 0.2 0.5 4 950 36%
    198 66.3 0 3 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 35%
    199 65.05 0 2.25 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 35%
    200 64.3 0 3 20 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 34%
    201 62.3 0 3 20 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 34%
    202 61.05 0 2.25 20 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 2 950 33%
    203 63.05 0 2.25 20 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 33%
    204 72.3 0 3 10 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 32%
    205 70.3 0 3 10 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 32%
    206 68.3 0 3 10 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 32%
    207 63.05 0 2.25 20 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 2 950 32%
    208 65.05 0 2.25 20 5 0 5 0.2 0.5 2 950 31%
    209 84.3 0 3 0 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 30%
    210 86.3 0 3 0 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 30%
    211 82.3 0 3 0 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 29%
    212 74.3 0 3 10 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 29%
    213 72.3 0 3 10 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 29%
    214 76.3 0 3 10 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 29%
    215 70.3 0 3 10 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 29%
    216 67.05 0 2.25 20 0 0 10 0.2 0.5 0 950 28%
    217 74.3 0 3 10 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 28%
    218 72.3 0 3 10 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 28%
    219 63.8 0 1.5 20 5 0 5 0.2 0.5 4 950 28%
    220 65.05 0 2.25 20 0 2 10 0.2 0.5 0 950 28%
    221 67.05 0 2.25 20 5 0 5 0.2 0.5 0 950 28%
    222 82.3 0 3 0 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 27%
    223 84.3 0 3 0 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 27%
    224 65.05 0 2.25 20 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 27%
    225 65.05 0 2.25 20 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 0 950 27%
    226 65.8 0 1.5 20 5 0 5 0.2 0.5 2 950 27%
    227 80.3 0 3 0 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 27%
    228 80.3 0 3 0 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 4 950 27%
    229 73.05 0 2.25 10 0 0 10 0.2 0.5 4 950 26%
    230 71.05 0 2.25 10 0 2 10 0.2 0.5 4 950 26%
    231 67.05 0 2.25 20 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 26%
    232 82.3 0 3 0 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 2 950 26%
    233 69.05 0 2.25 10 0 4 10 0.2 0.5 4 950 26%
    234 63.05 0 2.25 20 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 0 950 26%
    235 69.05 0 2.25 10 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 26%
    236 69.05 0 2.25 10 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 4 950 26%
    237 71.05 0 2.25 10 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 4 950 26%
    238 71.05 0 2.25 10 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 26%
    239 73.05 0 2.25 10 5 0 5 0.2 0.5 4 950 26%
    240 73.05 0 2.25 10 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 25%
    241 63.8 0 1.5 20 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 2 950 25%
    242 80.3 0 3 0 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 24%
    243 82.3 0 3 0 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 24%
    244 78.3 0 3 0 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 4 950 24%
    245 80.3 0 3 0 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 2 950 24%
    246 82.3 0 3 0 5 0 5 0.2 0.5 4 950 24%
    247 78.3 0 3 0 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 4 950 24%
    248 84.3 0 3 0 5 0 5 0.2 0.5 2 950 23%
    249 73.05 0 2.25 10 0 2 10 0.2 0.5 2 950 23%
    250 71.05 0 2.25 10 0 4 10 0.2 0.5 2 950 23%
    251 84.3 0 3 0 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 0 950 23%
    252 75.05 0 2.25 10 0 2 10 0.2 0.5 0 950 23%
    253 73.05 0 2.25 10 0 4 10 0.2 0.5 0 950 22%
    254 65.8 0 1.5 20 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 0 950 22%
    255 75.05 0 2.25 10 5 0 5 0.2 0.5 2 950 22%
    256 73.05 0 2.25 10 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 2 950 22%
    257 71.05 0 2.25 10 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 2 950 22%
    258 77.05 0 2.25 10 5 0 5 0.2 0.5 0 950 22%
    259 75.05 0 2.25 10 5 2 5 0.2 0.5 0 950 22%
    260 73.05 0 2.25 10 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 0 950 21%
    261 75.05 0 2.25 10 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 21%
    262 71.05 0 2.25 10 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 21%
    263 73.05 0 2.25 10 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 2 950 21%
    264 82.3 0 3 0 5 4 5 0.2 0.5 0 950 21%
    265 77.05 0 2.25 10 10 0 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 20%
    266 75.05 0 2.25 10 10 2 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 20%
    267 73.05 0 2.25 10 10 4 0 0.2 0.5 0 950 20%
    268 62 0 2 18 10 4 0 4 0 0 900 20%
    269 64.5 0 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 0 900 21%
    270 64.5 0 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 2 900 21%
    271 62.5 0 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 2 900 22%
    272 64 0.5 1.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 0 900 22%
    273 62.5 0 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 4 900 22%
    274 60.5 0 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 4 900 23%
    275 62 0.5 1.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 2 800 24%
    276 64 0 2 18 10 4 0 2 0 0 900 24%
    277 59.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 6 0 0 900 25%
    278 60 0.5 1.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 4 850 25%
    279 62 0 2 18 10 4 0 2 2 0 900 25%
    280 64 0 2 18 10 4 0 0 2 0 900 25%
    281 62 0 2 18 10 4 0 2 0 2 900 26%
    282 60 0 2 18 10 4 0 2 2 2 900 26%
    283 62 0.5 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 0 900 26%
    284 66 0.5 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 0 900 27%
    285 61.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 4 0 0 900 27%
    286 60 0 2 18 10 4 0 2 0 4 900 27%
    287 58 0 2 18 10 4 0 2 2 4 900 27%
    288 65.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 0 950 27%
    289 64 0.5 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 0 900 27%
    290 58 0 2 18 10 4 0 0 6 2 750 28%
    291 59.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 4 0 2 900 28%
    292 64 0.5 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 2 900 28%
    293 66 0 2 18 10 4 0 0 0 0 950 28%
    294 62 0 2 18 10 4 0 0 4 0 900 28%
    295 65.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 0 0 950 28%
    296 63.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 0 950 28%
    297 59.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 2 0 900 28%
    298 63.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 0 900 28%
    299 62 0.5 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 2 900 28%
    300 61.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 0 0 900 29%
    301 61.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 0 900 29%
    302 63.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 2 0 900 29%
    303 61.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 2 2 0 900 29%
    304 62 0.5 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 4 900 29%
    305 56 0 2 18 10 4 0 0 6 4 800 29%
    306 60 0 2 18 10 4 0 0 4 2 900 30%
    307 60 0.5 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 4 900 30%
    308 57.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 2 2 900 30%
    309 59.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 0 2 900 30%
    310 64 0 2 18 10 4 0 0 0 2 900 30%
    311 61.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 2 900 30%
    312 59.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 2 4 0 800 30%
    313 62 0 2 18 10 4 0 0 2 2 900 30%
    314 61.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 2 0 900 31%
    315 63.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 2 0 0 900 31%
    316 59 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 6 0 0 900 31%
    317 61.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 4 0 900 31%
    318 55.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 2 4 900 31%
    319 57.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 0 4 900 31%
    320 61.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 2 2 0 900 31%
    321 58 0 2 18 10 4 0 0 4 4 900 31%
    322 63 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 0 0 950 31%
    323 62 0 2 18 10 4 0 0 0 4 900 31%
    324 63.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 0 900 31%
    325 59.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 4 900 31%
    326 59.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 6 0 900 31%
    327 55.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 6 2 750 31%
    328 61.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 0 900 31%
    329 60 0 2 18 10 4 0 0 2 4 900 32%
    330 59.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 6 0 900 32%
    331 59.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 4 0 900 32%
    332 61 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 2 0 950 32%
    333 57 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 6 0 2 800 32%
    334 61.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 2 0 2 900 32%
    335 57 0 3 18 10 4 0 6 2 0 900 32%
    336 59 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 4 0 900 32%
    337 59 1 2 18 10 4 0 4 2 0 900 32%
    338 59.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 2 2 2 900 32%
    339 61 1 2 18 10 4 0 4 0 0 900 33%
    340 59 0 3 18 10 4 0 6 0 0 900 33%
    341 63.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 0 950 33%
    342 65.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 0 950 33%
    343 61 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 2 0 900 33%
    344 65 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 0 0 950 33%
    345 63 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 0 950 33%
    346 57.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 6 2 900 33%
    347 57 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 4 0 600 33%
    348 59.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 2 0 4 900 33%
    349 57.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 4 2 900 33%
    350 55 0 3 18 10 4 0 6 2 2 900 33%
    351 59.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 2 900 33%
    352 59 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 6 0 900 33%
    353 57.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 2 2 4 900 33%
    354 65 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 0 950 34%
    355 61.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 2 900 34%
    356 57 0 3 18 10 4 0 6 0 2 900 34%
    357 61.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 2 900 34%
    358 63 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 2 0 900 34%
    359 59 1 2 18 10 4 0 4 0 2 900 34%
    360 59.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 2 2 900 34%
    361 65 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 0 0 950 34%
    362 63.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 2 900 34%
    363 59 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 2 0 900 34%
    364 59 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 6 0 900 34%
    365 59.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 2 900 34%
    366 53 0 3 18 10 4 0 6 2 4 850 34%
    367 57.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 6 2 900 35%
    368 61 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 4 0 950 35%
    369 63 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 0 950 35%
    370 55.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 4 4 850 35%
    371 61 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 0 0 900 35%
    372 55 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 4 2 800 35%
    373 55.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 6 4 900 35%
    374 61.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 2 900 35%
    375 61 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 4 0 900 35%
    376 53 0 3 18 10 4 0 4 6 2 750 35%
    377 61 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 0 900 35%
    378 57 0 3 18 10 4 0 4 4 0 900 35%
    379 55 0 3 18 10 4 0 6 0 4 900 35%
    380 57 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 6 0 900 35%
    381 59 1 2 18 10 4 0 2 4 0 900 35%
    382 59.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 4 2 900 35%
    383 63 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 2 0 950 35%
    384 57 1 2 18 10 4 0 4 0 4 900 35%
    385 57.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 4 900 35%
    386 59.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 4 900 35%
    387 57.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 2 4 900 35%
    388 61.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 4 900 36%
    389 57 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 2 2 900 36%
    390 59 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 0 2 900 36%
    391 55.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 6 4 900 36%
    392 61.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 2 2 900 36%
    393 59.5 1 1.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 4 900 36%
    394 59 0 3 18 10 4 0 4 2 0 900 36%
    395 59 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 4 0 900 36%
    396 53 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 4 4 800 36%
    397 63.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 0 2 950 36%
    398 55 0 3 18 10 4 0 4 4 2 750 36%
    399 59 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 6 0 900 36%
    400 61 1 2 18 10 4 0 2 2 0 900 36%
    401 61 0 3 18 10 4 0 4 0 0 900 36%
    402 61 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 2 2 950 37%
    403 57.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 4 4 900 37%
    404 57 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 6 0 900 37%
    405 63 1 2 18 10 4 0 2 0 0 950 37%
    406 55 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 6 2 900 37%
    407 55 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 2 4 900 37%
    408 59 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 4 2 900 37%
    409 63.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 2 950 37%
    410 57 1 2 18 10 4 0 2 4 2 900 37%
    411 57 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 0 4 900 37%
    412 57 0 3 18 10 4 0 4 2 2 900 37%
    413 62.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 0 0 950 37%
    414 61.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 0 4 950 38%
    415 53 0 3 18 10 4 0 4 4 4 850 38%
    416 56.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 6 2 0 900 38%
    417 60.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 0 0 950 38%
    418 59 0 3 18 10 4 0 4 0 2 900 38%
    419 62.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 0 950 38%
    420 59.5 0.5 2 18 10 4 0 0 2 4 900 38%
    421 57.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 4 900 38%
    422 59 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 2 2 900 38%
    423 63 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 0 2 950 38%
    424 61 1 2 18 10 4 0 2 0 2 900 38%
    425 60.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 2 0 950 38%
    426 55 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 6 2 900 38%
    427 59 1 2 18 10 4 0 2 2 2 900 38%
    428 58.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 4 0 900 38%
    429 58.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 4 0 900 38%
    430 58.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 2 0 850 38%
    431 57 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 6 2 900 38%
    432 57 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 6 2 900 38%
    433 54.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 6 0 900 38%
    434 61 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 2 950 38%
    435 58.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 6 0 0 900 38%
    436 55 0 3 18 10 4 0 4 2 4 900 38%
    437 60.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 2 0 950 39%
    438 57 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 4 2 900 39%
    439 59.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 4 900 39%
    440 55 1 2 18 10 4 0 2 4 4 900 39%
    441 57 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 4 2 900 39%
    442 59 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 2 900 39%
    443 57 0 3 18 10 4 0 4 0 4 900 39%
    444 54.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 6 2 2 850 39%
    445 64.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 0 0 950 39%
    446 58.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 6 0 900 39%
    447 58.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 6 0 900 39%
    448 56.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 6 0 900 39%
    449 59 1 2 18 10 4 0 2 0 4 900 39%
    450 57 1 2 18 10 4 0 2 2 4 900 39%
    451 53 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 6 4 850 40%
    452 61.5 0 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 4 950 40%
    453 56.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 6 0 2 900 40%
    454 64.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 0 950 40%
    455 58.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 2 0 900 40%
    456 57 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 6 2 900 40%
    457 56.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 6 0 900 40%
    458 59 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 2 2 900 40%
    459 55 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 6 4 900 40%
    460 52.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 6 2 900 40%
    461 61 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 2 2 950 40%
    462 61 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 2 950 40%
    463 56.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 4 0 900 40%
    464 62.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 2 0 950 40%
    465 55 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 4 4 900 40%
    466 59 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 4 2 900 40%
    467 52.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 6 2 4 850 40%
    468 60.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 0 0 900 40%
    469 60.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 4 0 950 40%
    470 60.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 0 950 41%
    471 63 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 2 950 41%
    472 62.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 0 950 41%
    473 54.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 6 0 4 900 41%
    474 61 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 0 2 950 41%
    475 56.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 2 2 900 41%
    476 57 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 2 4 900 41%
    477 57 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 4 4 900 41%
    478 55 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 6 4 900 41%
    479 59 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 4 950 41%
    480 55 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 4 4 900 41%
    481 59 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 2 4 950 41%
    482 50.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 6 4 850 42%
    483 54.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 4 2 900 42%
    484 54.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 6 2 900 42%
    485 58.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 0 2 900 42%
    486 60.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 2 2 950 42%
    487 58.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 4 2 950 42%
    488 57 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 4 4 900 42%
    489 58.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 2 2 950 42%
    490 63 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 0 2 950 42%
    491 55 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 6 4 900 42%
    492 56.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 6 2 900 43%
    493 57 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 2 4 900 43%
    494 56.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 4 2 900 43%
    495 56.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 2 2 900 43%
    496 62.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 0 2 950 43%
    497 52.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 4 4 850 43%
    498 56.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 4 0 4 900 43%
    499 54.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 6 2 900 43%
    500 59 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 4 950 43%
    501 60.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 2 950 43%
    502 57 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 4 900 43%
    503 52.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 6 4 850 43%
    504 59 0 3 18 10 4 0 2 0 4 950 43%
    505 58.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 2 950 43%
    506 58.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 0 2 950 44%
    507 56.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 4 2 900 44%
    508 61 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 0 4 950 44%
    509 59 1 2 18 10 4 0 0 2 4 900 44%
    510 58.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 2 2 900 44%
    511 54.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 2 4 900 44%
    512 60.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 0 2 950 44%
    513 52.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 6 4 900 45%
    514 56.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 6 2 900 45%
    515 62.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 2 950 45%
    516 56.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 4 0 4 900 45%
    517 54.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 4 4 900 45%
    518 61 0 3 18 10 4 0 0 0 4 950 46%
    519 60.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 2 950 46%
    520 61 0.5 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 4 950 46%
    521 56.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 4 4 950 46%
    522 54.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 6 4 900 46%
    523 58.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 2 4 950 46%
    524 54.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 4 4 900 47%
    525 56.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 2 4 900 47%
    526 56.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 2 4 950 47%
    527 54.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 6 4 900 47%
    528 58.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 2 0 4 950 47%
    529 58.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 2 4 950 48%
    530 56.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 4 4 900 48%
    531 58.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 2 0 4 950 50%
    532 60.5 0.5 3 18 10 4 0 0 0 4 950 51%
    533 60.5 1 2.5 18 10 4 0 0 0 4 950 52%
    534 75.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 22%
    535 73.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 22%
    536 73.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 5 900 22%
    537 71.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 5 950 23%
    538 71.8 1 1.5 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 23%
    539 69.8 1 1.5 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 5 950 23%
    540 71.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 23%
    541 69.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 23%
    542 67.8 1 1.5 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 23%
    543 75.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 5 950 23%
    544 68.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 24%
    545 68.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 10 900 25%
    546 66.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 10 950 25%
    547 66.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 25%
    548 64.8 1 1.5 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 10 950 25%
    549 64.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 25%
    550 62.8 1 1.5 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 25%
    551 70.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 25%
    552 77.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 5 950 26%
    553 68.8 1 1.5 6 4 4 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 26%
    554 66.8 1 1.5 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 26%
    555 63.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 15 950 27%
    556 61.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 15 950 27%
    557 71.3 1 2 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 5 900 27%
    558 61.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 27%
    559 70.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 27%
    560 69.3 1 2 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 5 900 27%
    561 69.3 1 2 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 27%
    562 59.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 27%
    563 67.3 1 2 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 27%
    564 73.3 1 2 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 28%
    565 71.3 1 2 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 28%
    566 68.3 1 2 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 10 900 28%
    567 57.8 1 1.5 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 28%
    568 66.3 1 2 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 29%
    569 72.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 29%
    570 68.3 1 2 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 29%
    571 70.3 1 2 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 29%
    572 66.3 1 2 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 10 900 29%
    573 63.8 1 1.5 6 4 4 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 29%
    574 64.3 1 2 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 29%
    575 61.8 1 1.5 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 15 950 29%
    576 64.3 1 2 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 10 900 29%
    577 63.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 15 950 30%
    578 59.8 1 1.5 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 15 900 30%
    579 62.3 1 2 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 30%
    580 65.3 1 2 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 15 950 30%
    581 73.3 1 2 6 4 4 4 0.2 0.5 5 950 30%
    582 63.3 1 2 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 15 900 30%
    583 65.8 1 1.5 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 30%
    584 61.3 1 2 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 30%
    585 65.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 15 950 30%
    586 63.3 1 2 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 15 950 31%
    587 73.3 1 2 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 5 900 31%
    588 71.3 1 2 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 31%
    589 61.3 1 2 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 15 900 31%
    590 66.3 1 2 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 31%
    591 59.3 1 2 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 31%
    592 59.3 1 2 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 15 900 32%
    593 67.8 1 1.5 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 32%
    594 57.3 1 2 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 32%
    595 75.3 1 2 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 5 950 32%
    596 75.3 1 2 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 32%
    597 65.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 33%
    598 63.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 10 900 33%
    599 61.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 33%
    600 68.3 1 2 6 4 4 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 33%
    601 77.3 1 2 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 5 950 34%
    602 62.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 15 950 34%
    603 60.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 15 900 35%
    604 60.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 15 950 35%
    605 58.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 15 900 35%
    606 58.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 35%
    607 56.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 35%
    608 68.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 5 900 35%
    609 66.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 35%
    610 70.3 1 2 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 35%
    611 65.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 10 900 36%
    612 63.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 36%
    613 67.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 36%
    614 61.3 1 2 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 15 950 36%
    615 70.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 36%
    616 64.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 15 900 36%
    617 62.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 15 900 36%
    618 63.3 1 2 6 4 4 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 37%
    619 60.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 37%
    620 72.3 1 2 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 37%
    621 67.3 1 2 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 38%
    622 65.3 1 2 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 38%
    623 72.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 4 0.2 0.5 5 950 38%
    624 70.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 5 900 39%
    625 68.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 39%
    626 74.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 5 950 39%
    627 72.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 39%
    628 69.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 40%
    629 67.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 10 900 40%
    630 65.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 40%
    631 67.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 40%
    632 58.3 1 3 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 15 900 41%
    633 60.3 1 3 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 15 900 41%
    634 56.3 1 3 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 41%
    635 69.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 41%
    636 64.8 1 2.5 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 41%
    637 62.8 1 2.5 6 4 4 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 41%
    638 70.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 42%
    639 72.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 5 900 42%
    640 76.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 5 950 42%
    641 71.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 42%
    642 66.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 42%
    643 74.8 1 2.5 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 42%
    644 65.3 1 3 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 44%
    645 61.3 1 3 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 44%
    646 63.3 1 3 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 10 900 44%
    647 58.3 1 3 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 45%
    648 60.3 1 3 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 15 900 45%
    649 62.3 1 3 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 15 900 45%
    650 67.3 1 3 6 4 4 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 45%
    651 68.3 1 3 6 4 4 8 0.2 0.5 5 900 45%
    652 62.3 1 3 6 4 4 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 46%
    653 66.3 1 3 6 4 4 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 46%
    654 70.3 1 3 6 4 4 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 46%
    655 72.3 1 3 6 4 4 4 0.2 0.5 5 950 46%
    656 64.3 1 3 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 46%
    657 65.3 1 3 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 10 900 47%
    658 67.3 1 3 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 47%
    659 63.3 1 3 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 47%
    660 64.3 1 3 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 15 900 48%
    661 69.3 1 3 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 48%
    662 62.3 1 3 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 15 900 49%
    663 60.3 1 3 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 15 900 49%
    664 68.3 1 3 6 4 2 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 49%
    665 70.3 1 3 6 4 2 8 0.2 0.5 5 900 49%
    666 66.3 1 3 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 15 950 49%
    667 74.3 1 3 6 4 2 4 0.2 0.5 5 950 49%
    668 72.3 1 3 6 4 2 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 49%
    669 67.3 1 3 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 10 900 50%
    670 65.3 1 3 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 10 900 50%
    671 69.3 1 3 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 10 950 50%
    672 70.3 1 3 6 4 0 10 0.2 0.5 5 900 51%
    673 71.3 1 3 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 10 950 51%
    674 76.3 1 3 6 4 0 4 0.2 0.5 5 950 51%
    675 72.3 1 3 6 4 0 8 0.2 0.5 5 900 52%
    676 74.3 1 3 6 4 0 6 0.2 0.5 5 950 52%
    • Thermodynamic Criteria
  • In some embodiments, alloys can be defined by thermodynamic criteria that result in a specified performance of an alloy. For example, a thermodynamic criteria can be for alloys which possess an equilibrium FCC-BCC transition temperature equal to or below 900-950K (or about 900 to about 950K), and simultaneously possess an equilibrium total concentration of combined hard precipitates (carbides, borides, or borocarbides) in excess of 20-30 mole percent (or about 20 to about 30 mole percent) at a temperature of 1300K (or about 1300K). This thermodynamic criteria than can be used to predict performance of embodiments of alloys having the specified FCC-BCC transition temperature and the hard phase fraction.
  • Thermodynamic criteria can be calculated using the CALPHAD method. A potential result of such calculations is an equilibrium phase diagram such as that shown in FIG. 6. The FCC-BCC transition temperature can be defined as the temperature where the mole fraction of the FCC phase (austenite) begins to drop with decreasing temperature, and the BCC phase (ferrite) now exists. Additionally, the hard phase fraction can be defined as the mole fraction sum of all the carbides, borides, or boro-carbides at 1300K (or about 1300K). The specific carbides can change depending on the alloy composition and the elements present in the alloy. The hard phase fraction criterion may not be dependent on the type of carbide, borides, or boro-carbides, rather the sum of all carbide, borides, or boro-carbides regardless of their specific chemistry, morphology, or atomic structure. Therefore, in some embodiments, the alloy can be defined as an alloy which possesses a FCC-BCC transition temperature below 900-950K (or about 900 to about 950K) and a hard phase fraction at least above 20% (or at least above 20%).
  • In some embodiments, the FCC-BCC transition temperature can be an indicator of the final phase of a hardfacing weld. As shown in FIG. 6, the predicted final structure of the alloy shown is BCC Fe (ferrite), which is a magnetic phase of iron or steel. Thus, it is not obvious to suggest that a hardfacing weld overlay deposit of this alloy will form the non-magnetic phase of iron or steel: the FCC structure or austenite. However, as the welding process possesses a certain cooling rate, the actual alloy microstructure may not reach equilibrium, and thus be metastable. As such, in some embodiments, equilibrium thermodynamic calculations can be used to predict non-equilibrium conditions. This may not apply to equilibrium processes and can correspond to industrial processes with specific cooling rates which are characterized by some level of metastability. For example, a FCC-BCC transition temperature of 900-950K (or about 900 to about 950) or below, as described above, can be a positive indicator for forming austenitic matrix microstructure and achieving the specified magnetic performance. Out of the 33 alloys evaluated in Table III, 30 possessed a calculated FCC-BCC transition temperature, and 27 were also measured (90%) experimentally to be non-magnetic (relative permeability <1.02).
  • In some embodiments, a thermodynamic criteria can be a FCC-BCC transition temperature at or below 950K (or about 950K). In some embodiments, a thermodynamic criteria can be a FCC-BCC transition temperature at or below 900K (or about 900K). 92% of the alloys evaluated in Table III that met this criteria were determined to be non-magnetic (relative permeability <1.02). In some embodiments, a thermodynamic criteria can be a FCC-BCC transition temperature at or below 850K (or about 850K). 100% of the alloys evaluated in Table III that met this criteria were determined to be non-magnetic (relative permeability <1.02).
  • Additionally, in some embodiments, the hard phase fraction can be an indicator of the hardness and/or wear resistance of the hardfacing alloy. Due to issues with predicting metastable processes with equilibrium calculations, the hard phase fraction can be calculated from at a temperature of 1300K (or about 1300K). Thus, the hard phases fraction of the weld can be considered ‘frozen in’ at this temperature due to the cooling rate of the hardfacing process, and not allowed to further change. This has been supported with experimental measurements. A hard phase fraction at or above 0.2-0.30 mole fraction (or about 0.2 to about 0.30 mole fraction) can be a positive indicator for reaching the wear and hardness performance criteria described in this disclosure. Out of the 33 alloys evaluated in Table III, 75% of those with a hard phase fraction of 20% or greater possessed greater than 40 HRC.
  • In some embodiments, a thermodynamic criteria can be a mole fraction of no less than 0.20 (or about 0.20) hard particles. In some embodiments, a thermodynamic criteria can be a mole fraction of no less than 0.25 (or about 0.25) hard particles. Out of the 33 alloys evaluated in Table III, 90% of those with a hard phase fraction of 25% or greater possessed greater than 40 HRC. In some embodiments, thermodynamic criteria can be a mole fraction of no less than 0.30 (or about 0.30) hard particles. Out of the 33 alloys evaluated as shown in Table III, 100% of those with a hard phase fraction of 30% or greater possessed greater than 40 HRC.
  • In the specific example of Alloy 1, shown in FIG. 6, the hard precipitates include cementite, NbC, (Cr,Mn)23(C,B)6, Cr3C2, Mn7C3, and WC. The sum of these hard precipitates is 32% mole fraction.
  • In some embodiments, the thermodynamic criteria can be useful for defining alloy performance used in processes with cooling rates from 1K/s to 10,000 K/s (or about 1K/s to about 10,000 K/s). In some embodiments, the thermodynamic criteria can be useful for defining alloy performance used in processes with cooling rates from 10K/s to 100K/s (or about 10K/s to about 100K/s), 1K/s to 500 K/s (or about 1K/s to about 500K/s), or 50 K/s to about 500 K/s (or about 50 K/s to about 500 K/s).
    • Microstructural Criteria
  • In some embodiments, an alloy can be defined by the microstructural criteria which result in a specified performance of the alloy. The microstructural criteria of this disclosure can be divided into two categories, the matrix phase and the hard precipitates. In some embodiments, the disclosure can be defined by a set of microstructural features such as, for example, alloys which possess an 90-95% (or about 90 to about 95%) or greater volume fraction of austenite in the matrix phase, and possess a hard precipitate fraction (carbides, borides, or borocarbides) in excess of 20-30 (or about 20 to about 30) volume percent when deposited as a hardfacing layer.
  • In some embodiments, the matrix phase can be austenitic iron, which is the non-magnetic form of iron or steel. In some embodiments, the matrix can be predominantly austenitic in order for specified performance criteria to be met. In some embodiments of this disclosure, the matrix can be at least 90%, 95%, or 99% austenite (or about 90%, about 95%, or about 99% austenite). Ferrite and martensite are the two most common and likely forms of the matrix phase in this alloy space, however both are highly magnetic and may prevent the hardfacing alloy from meeting the magnetic performance requirements if present in sufficient quantities. Therefore, ferrite and martensite can be minimized in embodiments of the alloys.
  • Further, hard precipitates can precipitate into embodiments of alloys. Hard precipitates can be defined as carbide, boride, or borocarbide phases which can be present in a range of morphologies. In some embodiments, the hard precipitate volume fraction can exceed 20 volume % (or about 20 volume %). This can ensure that the hardfacing alloy meets the hardness and wear resistance performance criteria discussed in this disclosure.
  • FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 show scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of Alloy 17 and Alloy 18, respectively, described in Table III, which meet the above described microstructural criteria. The micrographs show an austenitic matrix (darker grey phase) embedded with hard particles (white and lighter grey phases). The phase fractions of each alloy were evaluated using image analysis software. Alloy 17 possesses 22.5% volume fraction carbides (or about 22.5% volume fraction carbides) and Alloy 18 possesses 24.9% volume fraction carbides (or about 24.9% volume fraction carbides). This corresponds closely to the calculated mole fractions of hard particles for each alloy as shown in Table III. Both alloys contained three different types of hard particles: (Mn,Cr)23(C)6, (Nb,Ti)C, and W6C.
  • In some embodiments, such as those having some level of impact resistance or mechanical toughness, there may be an upper limit on the hard phase fraction. For example, embodiments could have a hard phase fraction greater than 20% (or greater than about 20%), but lower than 30% (or lower than about 30%).
  • Furthermore, in some embodiments, manufacturing processes can be controlled. For example, by varying welding parameters, a high rate of dilution with the base material can be achieved, which can result in an artificially low hard phase volume fraction using alloys of this disclosure. In some embodiments, the disclosed alloys can be used as either feedstock chemistry for a specific coating process or as the final chemistry of the coating after process related effects, such as dilution with the base material, have occurred. Thus, embodiments of the disclosed alloy composition embodiments may possess a microstructure or performance characteristic outside of the specified bounds when used in certain coating deposition processes.
    • Performance Criteria
  • In some embodiments, alloys can be defined by their performance. In some embodiments, two performance criteria can be 1) the relative magnetic permeability and 2) the wear resistance of the hardfacing layer.
  • For example, in some embodiments, alloys can have a relative magnetic permeability of 1.02 or less, or 1.01 or less (or about 1.02 or less, or about 1.01 or less), when deposited as a hardfacing layer. Further, in some embodiments, the durability of embodiments of the alloys can be defined by the ASTM G65 procedure A test, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety, and the hardfacing layer can exhibit 1.5 grams or less mass loss when subjected to this test, below 1.0 grams or less, or below 0.5 grams or less (or below about 1.5 grams or less, below about 1.0 grams or less, or below about 0.5 grams or less). In some embodiments, the durability of embodiments of the alloys can be defined by mass loss measured in ASTM G105 testing can be below 0.5 grams, below 0.2 grams, or below 0.05 grams (or below about 0.5 grams, below about 0.2 grams, or below about 0.05 grams). In some embodiments, the durability of the alloy can be defined by the Rockwell C hardness, which, for example, can be 40, 45, or 50 HRC (or about 40, about 45, or about 50 HRC) or greater. Testing results of certain embodiments of alloys are shown in Table V.
  • TABLE V
    Wear Performance Results of Selected Alloy Compositions
    Alloy ASTM G65 ASTM G105
     1 0.24 N/M
     8 0.48 N/M
    14 0.43 0.15
    15 1.32 0.046
    All measurements in grams lost (N/M = not measured)
  • In some embodiments, the hardfacing layer can have a minimum level of corrosion resistance. Certain embodiments of this disclosure have shown a desirable corrosion resistance to salt water, an environment relevant to many industries, such as oil and gas, mining, marine, construction, automotive, aerospace, and others. Embodiments which have demonstrated this resistance by exhibiting a corrosion rate of 2 mils per year or less (or about 2 mils per year or less) in the produced water (100,000 ppm NaCl, 500 ppm acetic acid, 500 ppm sodium acetate in tap water) include but are not limited to Alloy 14 and Alloy 15. The corrosion rate of Alloy 14 and 15 were measured at 2 mpy or less when tested under ASTM G31 in produced water.
  • In some embodiments, the hardfacing layer can have a minimum layer of impact resistance. It is expected that due to the austenitic matrix present in the embodiments of this disclosure, that such embodiments will inherently have high impact resistance, exceeding those of ferritic or martensitic hardfacing materials.
    • Applications
  • In some embodiments, the alloys described above can be suitable for use as hardbanding/hardfacing in hard bodies wear applications. In these applications, the material loss in coatings is typically caused by abrasive wear of the harder abrading particles, such as sand, rock, or earth. To reduce the material loss in this process, the hardness of the coating can be increased and/or the amount of comparably hard particles (comparable as related to the abradable particles) or phases within the coating can be increased. In some embodiments, the alloys can contain a sufficient amount of hard particles and display a sufficient hardness property for the protected equipment under these conditions.
  • In some embodiments, the metal alloys can be applied onto a surface using techniques including, but not limited to, thermal spray coating, laser welding, weld-overlay, laser cladding, vacuum arc spraying, plasma spraying, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the alloys can be deposited as wire feedstock employing hardfacing known in the art, e.g., weld overlay. The alloys can be applied with mobile or fixed, semi or automatic welding equipment. In some embodiments, the alloys are applied using any of laser welding, shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), stick welding, plasma transfer arc welding (PTAW), gas metal arc-welding (GMAW), metal inert gas welding (MIG), submerged arc welding (SAW), or open arc welding (OAW), although the type of application is not limiting.
  • In some embodiments, the alloy can be deposited onto a machined surface. In some embodiments, the surface can be surface blast cleaned to white metal (e.g., ISO 8501-1, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The depth of the machined surface can be grooved for flush type application depends on the welding applicator. In some embodiments for application on a used pipe, the existing hardbanding can be first completely removed by gouging, grinding, or using other suitable techniques.
  • The coating can be applied as raised (“proud”) or flush (“recessed”) coating. The coating can be applied on used equipment, e.g., pipe with no previous hardbanding, or to be hardbanded on new work pieces. The coating can be deposited over pre-existing weld deposits and many other previous hard-facing and hard-banding deposits. In some embodiments, the old hardbanding on the equipment is first removed before the application of the alloy
  • The disclosed alloys can be particularly useful for oil & gas applications, such as for prolonging service life. For example, the alloys can be used for work pieces employed in directional drilling operations as coating for drill stem assemblies, exposed outer surface of a bottom hole assembly, coatings for tubing coupled to a bottom hole assembly, coatings for casings, hardbanding on at least a portion of the exposed outer surface of the body, and as coatings for oil and gas well production devices, such as disclosed in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0042069A1, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples further include devices for use in drilling rig equipment, marine riser systems, tubular goods, wellhead, formation and sandface completions, lift equipment, etc. Specific examples include drillpipe tool joints, drill collars, casings, risers, and drill strings. The coating can be on a least a portion of the inner surface of the work piece, at least a portion of the outer surface, or combinations thereof, preventing wear on the drill collar. The coatings can provide protection in operations with wear from vibration (stick-slip and torsional) and abrasion during straight hole or directional drilling, allowing for improved rates of penetration and enable ultra-extended reach drilling with existing equipment.
  • Besides the use as protective coatings, embodiments of the above disclosed alloys can be used in the fabrication of articles of manufacture, including drill collars and housings for containing measurement-while-drilling equipment used in the directional drilling of oil and gas wells. A drill collar can be made from a bar, which can be trepanned to form an internal bore to desired dimensions. Following trepanning, at least the interior surface can be treated so as to place it into compression, for example as by burnishing or peening.
  • Outside the oil & gas industry, the alloys can also be used as coatings or forming work pieces in many other applications, including but not limited to, coatings for fuel cell components, cryogenic applications, and the like, for equipment operating in corrosive environments with non-magnetic requirements.
  • In some embodiments, combinations of powders of the above described alloys may be contained in conventional steel sheaths, which when melted may provide the targeted alloy composition. The steel sheaths may include plain carbon steel, low, medium, or high carbon steel, low alloy steel, or stainless steel sheaths.
  • The ingots may then be melted and atomized or otherwise formed into an intermediate or final product. The forming process may occur in a relatively inert environment, including an inert gas. Inert gasses may include, for example, argon or helium. If atomized, the alloy may be atomized by centrifugal, gas, or water atomization to produce powders of various sizes, which may be applied to a surface to provide a hard surface.
  • The alloys may be provided in the form of stick, wire, powder, cored wire, billet, bar, rod, plate, sheet, and strip. In some embodiments, the alloys are formed into a stick electrode, e.g., a wire, of various diameters, e.g., 1-5 mm (or about 1 to about 5 mm). In some embodiments, the cored wire may contain flux, which may allow for welding without a cover gas and without porosity-forming in the weld deposit.
  • In some embodiments, the surfaces for deposition can be first preheated at a temperature of 200° C. (or about 200° C.). or greater, e.g., 275-500° C. (or about 275° C. to about 500° C.), for 0.01 hours to 100 hours (or about 0.01 to about 100 hours). In some embodiments, the preheat may reduce or prevent cracking of the deposited welds.
  • The alloy may be applied to a surface in one or more layers as an overlay. In some embodiments, each layer can have an individual thickness of 1 mm to 10 mm. In some embodiments, the overlay has a total thickness of 1 to 30 mm. In some embodiments, the width of the individual hard-band ranges from 5 mm to 40 mm. In another embodiment, the width of the total weld overlay ranges from 5 mm to 20 feet.
  • After deposition on a substrate, the alloy can be allowed to cool to form a protective coating. In some embodiments, the cooling rate can range from 100 to 5000 K/s (or about 100 to about 5000 K/s), a rate sufficient for the alloy to produce iron rich phases containing embedded hard particles (e.g., carbides, borides, and/or borocarbides). Embodiments of alloys that have been tested as welds (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 8, 14, and 15) have shown that ferrite formation can be prevented when the cooling rate is above 50 K/s (or above about 50 K/s). Embodiments of alloys that have been tested as ingots (e.g. all alloys in Table 2) have shown that ferrite formation is prevented when the cooling rate is above 1000 K/S (or above about 1000 K/s). After weld deposition, cooling in open air can cause a cooling rate which is too rapid, leading to cracking of the weld. Wrapping of the welded part with a thermally insulating blanket can be sufficient to reduce the cooling rate to an acceptable level.
  • Features, materials, characteristics, or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment, or example are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith. All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. The protection is not restricted to the details of any foregoing embodiments. The protection extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.
  • While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of protection. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in some embodiments, the actual steps taken in the processes illustrated and/or disclosed may differ from those shown in the figures. Depending on the embodiment, certain of the steps described above may be removed, others may be added. Furthermore, the features and attributes of the specific embodiments disclosed above may be combined in different ways to form additional embodiments, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • Although the present disclosure includes certain embodiments, examples and applications, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present disclosure extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof, including embodiments which do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited by the specific disclosures of preferred embodiments herein, and may be defined by claims as presented herein or as presented in the future.

Claims (36)

What is claimed is:
1. A work piece having at least a portion of its surface covered by a layer comprising an austenitic matrix microstructure containing fine-scaled hard particles comprising one or more of boride, carbide, borocarbide, nitride, carbonitride, aluminide, oxide, intermetallic, and laves phase, wherein the layer comprises a macro-hardness of 40 HRC or more and a relative magnetic permeability of 1.02 or less.
2. The work piece of claim 1, wherein the macro-hardness of the layer is 45 HRC or more.
3. The work piece of claim 2, wherein the macro-hardness of the layer is between 45 and 60 HRC.
4. The work piece of claim 1, wherein the relative magnetic permeability of the layer is 1.01 or less.
5. The work piece claim 1, wherein a surface of the of the layer exhibits high wear resistance as characterized by an ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 1.5 grams or less.
6. The work piece of claim 5, wherein the surface of the layer exhibits high wear resistance as characterized by an ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 0.35 grams or less.
7. The work piece of claim 1, wherein the surface of the layer has a mass loss measured by ASTM G105 testing of below 0.5 grams.
8. The work piece of claim 1, wherein the austenitic matrix contains fine-scaled hard particles up to 50 vol. % with average sizes between 100 nm-20 μm.
9. The work piece of claim 8, wherein the austenitic matrix contains fine-scaled hard particles up to 30 vol. % with average sizes between 1-5 μm.
10. The work piece of claim 1, wherein the layer comprises in wt. % of Mn: 8-20, Cr: 0-6, Nb: 2-8, V: 0-3, C: 1-6, B: 0-1.5, W: 0-10, Ti: 0-0.5.
11. The work piece of claim 1, wherein the layer comprises in wt. % of B: 0-1, C: 0.85-3, Cr: 0-20, Mn: 0-12, Nb: 0-4, Ni: 0-10, Ti: 0-6, V: 0-6, and W: 0-15.
12. The work piece of claim 1, wherein the alloy composition is selected from group consisting of alloys comprising in wt. %:
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 4, W: 5, Ti: 0.25;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 16, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.25, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.75, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 3, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 9, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 1, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 10, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 4.7, Mo: 1.4, Ni: 7.2, Si: 1.1, Cr: 26.4, C: 1.9;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 2.5, V: 0.5, C; 1.5, W: 4;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 1.5, W: 4;
Fe: bal, C: 2.25, Cr: 20, Mn: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, Ti: 0.2, V: 0.5, W: 4;
Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 4;
Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4;
Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4;
Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 6, W: 2;
Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 2;
Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, Ti: 2, V: 2, W: 4;
and combinations thereof.
13. The work piece of claim 1, wherein the layer does not contain preformed carbides.
14. The work piece of claim 1, where the layer is used as a hardfacing layer configured to protect oilfield components used in directional drilling applications against abrasive wear.
15. A method of forming a coated work piece comprising:
depositing a layer on at least a portion of a surface of a work piece;
wherein the layer comprises an austenitic matrix microstructure containing fine-scaled hard particles comprising one or more of boride, carbide, borocarbide, nitride, carbonitride, aluminide, oxide, intermetallic, and laves phase; and
wherein the layer comprises a macro-hardness of 40 HRC or more and a relative magnetic permeability of 1.02 or less.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the relative magnetic permeability of the layer is 1.01 or less.
17. The method of claim 15, wherein the portion of the surface is preheated to a temperature of 200° C. or greater prior to deposition of the layer.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein the layer is deposited in a thickness of 1 mm to 10 mm.
19. The method of claim 15, further comprising cooling the layer at a rate ranging from 50 to 5000 K/s.
20. The method of claim 15, wherein the layer comprises in wt. % of Mn: 8-20, Cr: 0-6, Nb: 2-8, V: 0-3, C: 1-6, B: 0-1.5, W: 0-10, Ti: 0-0.5.
21. The method of claim 15, wherein the layer comprises in wt. % of B: 0-1, C: 0.85-3, Cr: 0-20, Mn: 0-12, Nb: 0-4, Ni: 0-10, Ti: 0-6, V: 0-6, and W: 0-15.
22. The method of claim 15, wherein the alloy composition is selected from group consisting of alloys comprising in wt. %:
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 4, W: 5, Ti: 0.25;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 16, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.25, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.75, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 3, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 9, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 1, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 10, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 4.7, Mo: 1.4, Ni: 7.2, Si: 1.1, Cr: 26.4, C: 1.9;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 2.5, V: 0.5, C; 1.5, W: 4;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 1.5, W: 4;
Fe: bal, C: 2.25, Cr: 20, Mn: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, Ti: 0.2, V: 0.5, W: 4;
Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 4;
Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4;
Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4;
Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 6, W: 2;
Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 2;
Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, Ti: 2, V: 2, W: 4;
and combinations thereof.
23. The method of claim 15, wherein the macro-hardness of the layer is 40 HRC or more, the relative magnetic permeability of the layer is 1.01 or less, a surface of the layer exhibits high wear resistance as characterized by an ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 0.35 grams or less, and the austenitic matrix contains fine-scaled hard boride, carbide, or boro-carbide particles up to 30 vol. % with average sizes between 1-5 μm.
24. The method of claim 15, wherein the layer does not contain preformed carbides.
25. A work piece having at least a portion of its surface covered by a layer comprising an alloy having an FCC-BCC transition temperature equal to or below 900-950K and an equilibrium total concentration of hard precipitates greater than 20-30 mole percent at a temperature of 1300K.
26. The work piece of claim 25, wherein the hard precipitates comprise at least one of cementite, iron boride, (W,Fe)B, NbC, (Nb,Ti)C, Ti2B, (Cr,Mn)23(C,B)6, Cr3C2, Cr5Si, Cr2B, SiC, Mn7C3, W6C, WC, FeNbNi laves, WFe laves and combinations thereof.
27. The work piece of claim 25, wherein the layer comprises in wt. % of Mn: 8-20, Cr: 0-6, Nb: 2-8, V: 0-3, C: 1-6, B: 0-1.5, W: 0-10, Ti: 0-0.5.
28. The work piece of claim 25, wherein the layer comprises in wt. % of B: 0-1, C: 0.85-3, Cr: 0-20, Mn: 0-12, Nb: 0-6, Ni: 0-10, Ti: 0-6, V: 0-6, and W: 0-15.
29. The work piece of claim 25, wherein the FCC-BCC transition temperature is equal to or below 850K.
30. The work piece of claim 25, wherein the equilibrium total concentration of hard precipitates is great than 20 and less than 30 mole percent at a temperature of 1300K.
31. The work piece of claim 25, wherein the layer exhibits a corrosion rate of less than 2 mils per year in water having 100,000 ppm NaCl, 500 ppm acetic acid, and 500 ppm sodium acetate in tap water under ASTM G31.
32. The work piece of claim 25, wherein the layer comprises a macro-hardness of 40 HRC or more, a relative magnetic permeability of 1.01 or more, and exhibits high wear resistance as characterized by ASTM G65 dry sand wear test mass loss of 0.35 grams or less.
33. An alloy comprising, in weight %:
Fe: bal, B: 0-1, C: 0.85-3, Cr: 0-20, Mn: 0-12, Nb: 0-4, Ni: 0-10, Ti: 0-6, V: 0-6, and W: 0-15;
wherein the alloy comprises the following properties when present in an undiluted form and cooled from a liquid state at a rate of 50K/s or greater:
a macro-hardness of 40 HRC or greater; and
a relative magnetic permeability of 1.02 or less.
34. The alloy of claim 33, wherein the alloy composition is selected from group consisting of alloys comprising in wt. %:
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 4, W: 5, Ti: 0.25;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 16, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3.25, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.75, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 3, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 9, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2.5, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 2, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 12, Nb: 4, Ni: 5, V: 0.5, C: 1, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 10, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, B: 1, Mn: 10, Cr: 18, Nb: 4, V: 0.5, C: 3, W: 5, Ti: 0.20;
Fe: bal, Mn: 4.7, Mo: 1.4, Ni: 7.2, Si: 1.1, Cr: 26.4, C: 1.9;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 2.5, V: 0.5, C; 1.5, W: 4;
Fe: bal, Mn: 10, Cr: 16.5, Mo: 0, Nb: 3, Ni: 1, V: 0.5, C: 1.5, W: 4;
Fe: bal, C: 2.25, Cr: 20, Mn: 5, Nb: 4, Ni: 10, Ti: 0.2, V: 0.5, W: 4;
Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 4;
Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4;
Fe: bal, B: 0.5, C: 1.5, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, W: 4;
Fe: bal, C: 2, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 6, W: 2;
Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, V: 2;
Fe: bal, C: 3, Cr: 18, Mn: 10, Nb: 4, Ti: 2, V: 2, W: 4;
and combinations thereof.
35. The alloy of claim 33, wherein the alloy composition is tested from a sample produced in an arc melting furnace with a chilled copper base.
36. The method of claim 33, wherein the alloy composition is tested from a sample sectioned from the top layer of a six layer weld.
US14/434,664 2012-10-11 2013-10-10 Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications Abandoned US20150275341A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14/434,664 US20150275341A1 (en) 2012-10-11 2013-10-10 Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201261712716P 2012-10-11 2012-10-11
US14/434,664 US20150275341A1 (en) 2012-10-11 2013-10-10 Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications
PCT/US2013/064391 WO2014059177A1 (en) 2012-10-11 2013-10-10 Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20150275341A1 true US20150275341A1 (en) 2015-10-01

Family

ID=50475474

Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/434,664 Abandoned US20150275341A1 (en) 2012-10-11 2013-10-10 Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications
US14/051,150 Expired - Fee Related US9738959B2 (en) 2012-10-11 2013-10-10 Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications
US15/679,868 Abandoned US20180066345A1 (en) 2012-10-11 2017-08-17 Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US14/051,150 Expired - Fee Related US9738959B2 (en) 2012-10-11 2013-10-10 Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications
US15/679,868 Abandoned US20180066345A1 (en) 2012-10-11 2017-08-17 Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (3) US20150275341A1 (en)
CN (1) CN104838032A (en)
AU (1) AU2013329190B2 (en)
CA (1) CA2887726A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2014059177A1 (en)

Cited By (26)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20160024621A1 (en) * 2014-07-24 2016-01-28 Scoperta, Inc. Hardfacing alloys resistant to hot tearing and cracking
WO2017044475A1 (en) 2015-09-08 2017-03-16 Scoperta, Inc. Non-magnetic, strong carbide forming alloys for power manufacture
US9738959B2 (en) 2012-10-11 2017-08-22 Scoperta, Inc. Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications
WO2017165546A1 (en) * 2016-03-22 2017-09-28 Scoperta, Inc. Fully readable thermal spray coating
US9802387B2 (en) 2013-11-26 2017-10-31 Scoperta, Inc. Corrosion resistant hardfacing alloy
US10000839B2 (en) 2016-05-24 2018-06-19 Caterpillar Inc. Thermal spray composition and component made therewith
US10100388B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2018-10-16 Scoperta, Inc. Coating compositions
US10105796B2 (en) 2015-09-04 2018-10-23 Scoperta, Inc. Chromium free and low-chromium wear resistant alloys
WO2018231779A1 (en) 2017-06-13 2018-12-20 Scoperta, Inc. High hard phase fraction non-magnetic alloys
US10173290B2 (en) 2014-06-09 2019-01-08 Scoperta, Inc. Crack resistant hardfacing alloys
US20190061069A1 (en) * 2013-10-09 2019-02-28 Hobart Brothers Company Systems and methods for corrosion-resistant welding electrodes
US10329647B2 (en) 2014-12-16 2019-06-25 Scoperta, Inc. Tough and wear resistant ferrous alloys containing multiple hardphases
US10465269B2 (en) 2014-07-24 2019-11-05 Scoperta, Inc. Impact resistant hardfacing and alloys and methods for making the same
US10954588B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2021-03-23 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Oxidation controlled twin wire arc spray materials
US11421292B2 (en) * 2017-03-13 2022-08-23 Lg Electronics Inc. Air conditioner
US11421293B2 (en) * 2017-03-13 2022-08-23 Lg Electronics Inc. Air conditioner
US11421308B2 (en) * 2017-03-13 2022-08-23 Lg Electronics Inc. Air conditioner
US11426825B2 (en) 2014-10-17 2022-08-30 Hobart Brothers Llc Systems and methods for welding mill scaled workpieces
US11447839B2 (en) * 2017-03-13 2022-09-20 Lg Electronics Inc. Air conditioner
US11460223B2 (en) * 2017-06-26 2022-10-04 Lg Electronics Inc. Gas heat pump system
US11633814B2 (en) 2012-08-28 2023-04-25 Hobart Brothers Llc Systems and methods for welding electrodes
US11697171B2 (en) 2012-08-28 2023-07-11 Hobart Brothers Llc Systems and methods for welding zinc-coated workpieces
US11939646B2 (en) 2018-10-26 2024-03-26 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Corrosion and wear resistant nickel based alloys
US12076788B2 (en) 2019-05-03 2024-09-03 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Powder feedstock for wear resistant bulk welding configured to optimize manufacturability
US12227853B2 (en) 2019-03-28 2025-02-18 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Thermal spray iron-based alloys for coating engine cylinder bores
US12378647B2 (en) 2018-03-29 2025-08-05 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Reduced carbides ferrous alloys

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN109830269B (en) 2013-10-10 2023-09-19 思高博塔公司 Method for selecting a material composition and designing a material having a target property
US20160024628A1 (en) * 2014-07-24 2016-01-28 Scoperta, Inc. Chromium free hardfacing materials
US20160083830A1 (en) * 2014-09-19 2016-03-24 Scoperta, Inc. Readable thermal spray
RU2625197C1 (en) * 2016-09-12 2017-07-12 Юлия Алексеевна Щепочкина Wear resistant alloy based on iron
EP3327151A1 (en) * 2016-11-04 2018-05-30 Richemont International S.A. Resonator for a clock piece
CN110551938A (en) * 2019-09-27 2019-12-10 中国科学院金属研究所 Alloy powder for melting wear-resistant layer of agricultural machine part
CN110549034B (en) * 2019-10-14 2021-01-12 湘潭大学 A kind of composite powder for open arc surfacing welding austenitic high chromium alloy and application method thereof
CN113388777B (en) * 2021-04-22 2022-07-08 宁国市开源电力耐磨材料有限公司 Wear-resistant steel casting and preparation process thereof

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6331688B1 (en) * 1996-09-23 2001-12-18 Höganás AB Use of a metal powder for surface coating by submerged arc welding
US20110068152A1 (en) * 2009-09-17 2011-03-24 Justin Lee Cheney Compositions and methods for determining alloys for thermal spray, weld overlay, thermal spray post processing applications, and castings

Family Cites Families (181)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2043952A (en) 1931-10-17 1936-06-09 Goodyear Zeppelin Corp Process of welding material
US2156306A (en) 1936-01-11 1939-05-02 Boehler & Co Ag Geb Austenitic addition material for fusion welding
US2608495A (en) 1943-12-10 1952-08-26 Dow Chemical Co Method of rendering water-wettable solid material water repellent and product resulting therefrom
GB637849A (en) * 1948-02-20 1950-05-24 Hadfields Ltd Improvements in or relating to ferrous compositions and their manufacture and application
US2873187A (en) 1956-12-07 1959-02-10 Allegheny Ludlum Steel Austenitic alloys
US2936229A (en) 1957-11-25 1960-05-10 Metallizing Engineering Co Inc Spray-weld alloys
US3024137A (en) 1960-03-17 1962-03-06 Int Nickel Co All-position nickel-chromium alloy welding electrode
US3113021A (en) 1961-02-13 1963-12-03 Int Nickel Co Filler wire for shielded arc welding
BE635019A (en) 1962-11-21
US3303063A (en) 1964-06-15 1967-02-07 Gen Motors Corp Liquid nitriding process using urea
GB1147753A (en) 1965-05-04 1969-04-10 British Oxygen Co Ltd Submerged arc welding of nickel steels
US3554792A (en) 1968-10-04 1971-01-12 Westinghouse Electric Corp Welding electrode
US3650734A (en) 1969-06-16 1972-03-21 Cyclops Corp Wrought welding alloys
BE791741Q (en) 1970-01-05 1973-03-16 Deutsche Edelstahlwerke Ag
BE787254A (en) 1971-08-06 1973-02-05 Wiggin & Co Ltd Henry NICKEL-CHROME ALLOYS
US3843359A (en) 1973-03-23 1974-10-22 Int Nickel Co Sand cast nickel-base alloy
JPS529534B2 (en) 1973-06-18 1977-03-16
JPS5246530B2 (en) 1973-11-29 1977-11-25
US4010309A (en) 1974-06-10 1977-03-01 The International Nickel Company, Inc. Welding electrode
US4042383A (en) 1974-07-10 1977-08-16 The International Nickel Company, Inc. Wrought filler metal for welding highly-castable, oxidation resistant, nickel-containing alloys
US4066451A (en) 1976-02-17 1978-01-03 Erwin Rudy Carbide compositions for wear-resistant facings and method of fabrication
IT1108126B (en) * 1977-11-30 1985-12-02 Fischer Ag Georg ALLOY FOR NON MAGENTIZABLE AUSTENITIC STEEL JETS
DE2754437A1 (en) * 1977-12-07 1979-07-26 Thyssen Edelstahlwerke Ag Hard-facing welding rod produced by continuous casting - contains carbon, boron, silicon manganese chromium vanadium and iron and opt. nitrogen, cobalt molybdenum, tungsten etc.
JPS5481119A (en) * 1977-12-12 1979-06-28 Sumitomo Metal Ind Ltd Nonmagnetic steel excellent in machinability
JPS6031897B2 (en) * 1978-03-10 1985-07-25 大同特殊鋼株式会社 Deformed reinforced steel bar
US4235630A (en) 1978-09-05 1980-11-25 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Wear-resistant molybdenum-iron boride alloy and method of making same
US4255709A (en) 1978-09-22 1981-03-10 Zatsepin Nikolai N Device for providing an electrical signal proportional to the thickness of a measured coating with an automatic range switch and sensitivity control
US4214145A (en) 1979-01-25 1980-07-22 Stoody Company Mild steel, flux-cored electrode for arc welding
US4277108A (en) 1979-01-29 1981-07-07 Reed Tool Company Hard surfacing for oil well tools
US4365994A (en) 1979-03-23 1982-12-28 Allied Corporation Complex boride particle containing alloys
US4576653A (en) 1979-03-23 1986-03-18 Allied Corporation Method of making complex boride particle containing alloys
US4419130A (en) 1979-09-12 1983-12-06 United Technologies Corporation Titanium-diboride dispersion strengthened iron materials
US4297135A (en) 1979-11-19 1981-10-27 Marko Materials, Inc. High strength iron, nickel and cobalt base crystalline alloys with ultrafine dispersion of borides and carbides
US4415530A (en) 1980-11-10 1983-11-15 Huntington Alloys, Inc. Nickel-base welding alloy
US4666797A (en) 1981-05-20 1987-05-19 Kennametal Inc. Wear resistant facings for couplings
JPS58132393A (en) 1982-01-30 1983-08-06 Sumikin Yousetsubou Kk Composite wire for welding 9% ni steel
SE431301B (en) 1982-06-10 1984-01-30 Esab Ab ELECTRIC FOR LIGHT BACK WELDING WITH RUB-SHAPED, METALLIC WRAPPING AND A POWDER FILLING
JPS59501551A (en) 1982-07-19 1984-08-30 ジ−アイダブリユ・インダストリ−ス・インコ−ポレ−テツド Wear-resistant white cast iron
US4606977A (en) 1983-02-07 1986-08-19 Allied Corporation Amorphous metal hardfacing coatings
ZA844074B (en) * 1983-05-30 1986-04-30 Vickers Australia Ltd Abrasion resistant materials
US4635701A (en) 1983-07-05 1987-01-13 Vida-Weld Pty. Limited Composite metal articles
US4981644A (en) 1983-07-29 1991-01-01 General Electric Company Nickel-base superalloy systems
JPS60133996A (en) 1983-12-22 1985-07-17 Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd Welding material having excellent creep rupture ductility
GB8403036D0 (en) 1984-02-04 1984-03-07 Sheepbridge Equipment Ltd Cast iron alloys
US4673550A (en) 1984-10-23 1987-06-16 Serge Dallaire TiB2 -based materials and process of producing the same
US4639576A (en) 1985-03-22 1987-01-27 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Welding electrode
US4596282A (en) 1985-05-09 1986-06-24 Xaloy, Inc. Heat treated high strength bimetallic cylinder
AT381658B (en) 1985-06-25 1986-11-10 Ver Edelstahlwerke Ag METHOD FOR PRODUCING AMAGNETIC DRILL STRING PARTS
US4822415A (en) 1985-11-22 1989-04-18 Perkin-Elmer Corporation Thermal spray iron alloy powder containing molybdenum, copper and boron
JPS6326205A (en) 1986-07-17 1988-02-03 Kawasaki Steel Corp Production of steel sheet having excellent weatherability and sea water resistance
US4803045A (en) 1986-10-24 1989-02-07 Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. Cobalt-free, iron-base hardfacing alloys
US4762681A (en) 1986-11-24 1988-08-09 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Carburization resistant alloy
JPH089113B2 (en) * 1987-07-16 1996-01-31 三菱マテリアル株式会社 Fe-based overlay alloy with excellent corrosion and wear resistance
US5120614A (en) 1988-10-21 1992-06-09 Inco Alloys International, Inc. Corrosion resistant nickel-base alloy
US5252149B1 (en) 1989-08-04 1998-09-29 Warman Int Ltd Ferrochromium alloy and method thereof
JP2501127B2 (en) 1989-10-19 1996-05-29 三菱マテリアル株式会社 Ni-base heat-resistant alloy welding wire manufacturing method
US5094812A (en) * 1990-04-12 1992-03-10 Carpenter Technology Corporation Austenitic, non-magnetic, stainless steel alloy
US5306358A (en) 1991-08-20 1994-04-26 Haynes International, Inc. Shielding gas to reduce weld hot cracking
DE4202828C2 (en) 1992-01-31 1994-11-10 Werner Dr Ing Theisen Use of a wear-resistant alloy
US7235212B2 (en) 2001-02-09 2007-06-26 Ques Tek Innovations, Llc Nanocarbide precipitation strengthened ultrahigh strength, corrosion resistant, structural steels and method of making said steels
ZA934072B (en) 1992-06-19 1994-01-19 Commw Scient Ind Res Org Rolls for metal shaping
JPH0778242B2 (en) 1993-02-12 1995-08-23 日本ユテク株式会社 Method for manufacturing wear resistant composite metal member
US5495837A (en) * 1993-06-11 1996-03-05 Mitsubishi Materials Corporation Engine valve having improved high-temperature wear resistance
US5567251A (en) 1994-08-01 1996-10-22 Amorphous Alloys Corp. Amorphous metal/reinforcement composite material
US5618451A (en) 1995-02-21 1997-04-08 Ni; Jian M. High current plasma arc welding electrode and method of making the same
US5570636A (en) 1995-05-04 1996-11-05 Presstek, Inc. Laser-imageable lithographic printing members with dimensionally stable base supports
JP3017059B2 (en) 1995-10-25 2000-03-06 株式会社神戸製鋼所 High nitrogen flux cored wire for welding Cr-Ni stainless steel
US5653299A (en) 1995-11-17 1997-08-05 Camco International Inc. Hardmetal facing for rolling cutter drill bit
US5858558A (en) 1996-10-30 1999-01-12 General Electric Company Nickel-base sigma-gamma in-situ intermetallic matrix composite
US5935350A (en) 1997-01-29 1999-08-10 Deloro Stellite Company, Inc Hardfacing method and nickel based hardfacing alloy
US5907017A (en) 1997-01-31 1999-05-25 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. Semifluorinated side chain-containing polymers
US5942289A (en) 1997-03-26 1999-08-24 Amorphous Technologies International Hardfacing a surface utilizing a method and apparatus having a chill block
US5820939A (en) 1997-03-31 1998-10-13 Ford Global Technologies, Inc. Method of thermally spraying metallic coatings using flux cored wire
US6669790B1 (en) 1997-05-16 2003-12-30 Climax Research Services, Inc. Iron-based casting alloy
JP3586362B2 (en) 1997-08-22 2004-11-10 株式会社神戸製鋼所 Flux-cored wire for gas shielded arc welding
US20050047952A1 (en) 1997-11-05 2005-03-03 Allvac Ltd. Non-magnetic corrosion resistant high strength steels
US6030472A (en) 1997-12-04 2000-02-29 Philip Morris Incorporated Method of manufacturing aluminide sheet by thermomechanical processing of aluminide powders
US6117493A (en) 1998-06-03 2000-09-12 Northmonte Partners, L.P. Bearing with improved wear resistance and method for making same
US6582126B2 (en) 1998-06-03 2003-06-24 Northmonte Partners, Lp Bearing surface with improved wear resistance and method for making same
US6232000B1 (en) 1998-08-28 2001-05-15 Stoody Company Abrasion, corrosion, and gall resistant overlay alloys
US6210635B1 (en) 1998-11-24 2001-04-03 General Electric Company Repair material
US6302318B1 (en) 1999-06-29 2001-10-16 General Electric Company Method of providing wear-resistant coatings, and related articles
US6355356B1 (en) 1999-11-23 2002-03-12 General Electric Company Coating system for providing environmental protection to a metal substrate, and related processes
US6375895B1 (en) 2000-06-14 2002-04-23 Att Technology, Ltd. Hardfacing alloy, methods, and products
KR100352644B1 (en) 2000-07-28 2002-09-12 고려용접봉 주식회사 Flux cored welding wire having properties of anti-stress corrosion, anti-pitting and good weldibilty for dual phase stainless steel
US20020054972A1 (en) 2000-10-10 2002-05-09 Lloyd Charpentier Hardbanding material and process
US6689234B2 (en) 2000-11-09 2004-02-10 Bechtel Bwxt Idaho, Llc Method of producing metallic materials
KR100473039B1 (en) 2000-11-16 2005-03-09 스미토모 긴조쿠 고교 가부시키가이샤 Ni-base heat resistant alloy excellent in weldability and strength at elavated temperature, weld joint using the same, and tube for ethylene cracking furnace or reformer furnace using the same
CA2353249A1 (en) 2001-07-18 2003-01-18 Maurice William Slack Pipe centralizer and method of attachment
SE0101602L (en) 2001-05-07 2002-11-08 Alfa Laval Corp Ab Material for coating and product coated with the material
US6608286B2 (en) 2001-10-01 2003-08-19 Qi Fen Jiang Versatile continuous welding electrode for short circuit welding
FR2845098B1 (en) 2002-09-26 2004-12-24 Framatome Anp NICKEL-BASED ALLOY FOR ELECTRIC WELDING OF NICKEL ALLOYS AND WELDED STEEL STEELS AND USE THEREOF
US20040115086A1 (en) 2002-09-26 2004-06-17 Framatome Anp Nickel-base alloy for the electro-welding of nickel alloys and steels, welding wire and use
US6750430B2 (en) 2002-10-25 2004-06-15 General Electric Company Nickel-base powder-cored article, and methods for its preparation and use
US6702905B1 (en) 2003-01-29 2004-03-09 L. E. Jones Company Corrosion and wear resistant alloy
DE112004000275T5 (en) 2003-02-11 2006-03-16 The Nanosteel Co., Maitland Highly active liquid melts for the formation of coatings
US20090258250A1 (en) 2003-04-21 2009-10-15 ATT Technology, Ltd. d/b/a Amco Technology Trust, Ltd. Balanced Composition Hardfacing Alloy
US7361411B2 (en) 2003-04-21 2008-04-22 Att Technology, Ltd. Hardfacing alloy, methods, and products
JP4265604B2 (en) 2003-06-10 2009-05-20 住友金属工業株式会社 Austenitic steel welded joint
US7052561B2 (en) 2003-08-12 2006-05-30 Ut-Battelle, Llc Bulk amorphous steels based on Fe alloys
US8187529B2 (en) 2003-10-27 2012-05-29 Global Tough Alloys Pty Ltd. Wear resistant alloy and method of producing thereof
US7250134B2 (en) 2003-11-26 2007-07-31 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Infiltrating a powder metal skeleton by a similar alloy with depressed melting point exploiting a persistent liquid phase at equilibrium, suitable for fabricating steel parts
KR100933849B1 (en) 2004-09-27 2009-12-24 더 리젠츠 오브 더 유니버시티 오브 캘리포니아 Composite material and its manufacturing method
US7357958B2 (en) 2004-10-29 2008-04-15 General Electric Company Methods for depositing gamma-prime nickel aluminide coatings
US7491910B2 (en) 2005-01-24 2009-02-17 Lincoln Global, Inc. Hardfacing electrode
US7345255B2 (en) * 2005-01-26 2008-03-18 Caterpillar Inc. Composite overlay compound
US8704134B2 (en) * 2005-02-11 2014-04-22 The Nanosteel Company, Inc. High hardness/high wear resistant iron based weld overlay materials
US7935198B2 (en) 2005-02-11 2011-05-03 The Nanosteel Company, Inc. Glass stability, glass forming ability, and microstructural refinement
US7553382B2 (en) 2005-02-11 2009-06-30 The Nanosteel Company, Inc. Glass stability, glass forming ability, and microstructural refinement
US7383806B2 (en) 2005-05-18 2008-06-10 Caterpillar Inc. Engine with carbon deposit resistant component
DE502005005347D1 (en) 2005-10-24 2008-10-23 Siemens Ag Filler metal, use of filler metal and method of welding
US20100101780A1 (en) 2006-02-16 2010-04-29 Michael Drew Ballew Process of applying hard-facing alloys having improved crack resistance and tools manufactured therefrom
US8669491B2 (en) 2006-02-16 2014-03-11 Ravi Menon Hard-facing alloys having improved crack resistance
US9682446B2 (en) 2006-02-17 2017-06-20 Kobe Steel, Ltd. Flux-cored wire for different-material bonding and method of bonding different materials
EP1835040A1 (en) 2006-03-17 2007-09-19 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Welding material, use of the welding material and method of welding a structural component
EP1857204B1 (en) 2006-05-17 2012-04-04 MEC Holding GmbH Nonmagnetic material for producing parts or coatings adapted for high wear and corrosion intensive applications, nonmagnetic drill string component, and method for the manufacture thereof
JP4800856B2 (en) 2006-06-13 2011-10-26 大同特殊鋼株式会社 Low thermal expansion Ni-base superalloy
US8613886B2 (en) 2006-06-29 2013-12-24 L. E. Jones Company Nickel-rich wear resistant alloy and method of making and use thereof
TWI315345B (en) 2006-07-28 2009-10-01 Nat Univ Tsing Hua High-temperature resistant alloys
WO2008021650A2 (en) 2006-08-08 2008-02-21 Huntington Alloys Corporation Welding alloy and articles for use in welding, weldments and method for producing weldments
US20100189588A1 (en) 2006-08-09 2010-07-29 Ing Shoji Co., Ltd. Iron-based corrosion resistant wear resistant alloy and deposit welding material for obtaining the alloy
KR100774155B1 (en) 2006-10-20 2007-11-07 고려용접봉 주식회사 Flux cored wire for welding stainless steel and its manufacturing method
US8568901B2 (en) 2006-11-21 2013-10-29 Huntington Alloys Corporation Filler metal composition and method for overlaying low NOx power boiler tubes
US20080149397A1 (en) 2006-12-21 2008-06-26 Baker Hughes Incorporated System, method and apparatus for hardfacing composition for earth boring bits in highly abrasive wear conditions using metal matrix materials
US8801872B2 (en) 2007-08-22 2014-08-12 QuesTek Innovations, LLC Secondary-hardening gear steel
US8673402B2 (en) 2007-11-09 2014-03-18 The Nanosteel Company, Inc. Spray clad wear plate
US9193011B2 (en) 2008-03-19 2015-11-24 Hoganas Ab (Publ) Iron-chromium based brazing filler metal
US8808471B2 (en) 2008-04-11 2014-08-19 Questek Innovations Llc Martensitic stainless steel strengthened by copper-nucleated nitride precipitates
JP5254693B2 (en) 2008-07-30 2013-08-07 三菱重工業株式会社 Welding material for Ni-base alloy
US8307717B2 (en) 2008-08-22 2012-11-13 Refractory Anchors, Inc. Method and apparatus for installing an insulation material to a surface and testing thereof
SE533988C2 (en) 2008-10-16 2011-03-22 Uddeholms Ab Steel material and process for making them
US8197748B2 (en) 2008-12-18 2012-06-12 Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute Corrosion resistant structural alloy for electrolytic reduction equipment for spent nuclear fuel
JP4780189B2 (en) 2008-12-25 2011-09-28 住友金属工業株式会社 Austenitic heat-resistant alloy
US8636667B2 (en) 2009-07-06 2014-01-28 Nellcor Puritan Bennett Ireland Systems and methods for processing physiological signals in wavelet space
US8268453B2 (en) 2009-08-06 2012-09-18 Synthesarc Inc. Steel based composite material
AU2010282595B2 (en) * 2009-08-10 2015-03-12 Lincoln Global Inc. Feedstock powder for production of high hardness overlays
US8561707B2 (en) 2009-08-18 2013-10-22 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company Ultra-low friction coatings for drill stem assemblies
KR100935816B1 (en) * 2009-08-18 2010-01-08 한양대학교 산학협력단 Cr-free fe-based hardfacing alloy with excellent abrasion resistance
US8562760B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2013-10-22 Scoperta, Inc. Compositions and methods for determining alloys for thermal spray, weld overlay, thermal spray post processing applications, and castings
US20110064963A1 (en) 2009-09-17 2011-03-17 Justin Lee Cheney Thermal spray processes and alloys for use in same
US8647449B2 (en) 2009-09-17 2014-02-11 Scoperta, Inc. Alloys for hardbanding weld overlays
WO2011053928A1 (en) 2009-10-30 2011-05-05 The Nanosteel Company, Inc. Glass forming hardbanding material
CN102686757B (en) 2009-12-10 2014-02-12 新日铁住金株式会社 Austenitic Heat Resistant Alloys
JP4995888B2 (en) 2009-12-15 2012-08-08 株式会社神戸製鋼所 Stainless steel arc welding flux cored wire
US8479700B2 (en) 2010-01-05 2013-07-09 L. E. Jones Company Iron-chromium alloy with improved compressive yield strength and method of making and use thereof
JP5198481B2 (en) 2010-01-09 2013-05-15 株式会社神戸製鋼所 Ni-based alloy flux cored wire
CN102233490B (en) 2010-04-27 2012-12-05 昆山京群焊材科技有限公司 Austenitic electrode
CA2797391C (en) 2010-04-30 2018-08-07 Questek Innovations Llc Titanium alloys
JP4835771B1 (en) 2010-06-14 2011-12-14 住友金属工業株式会社 Welding material for Ni-base heat-resistant alloy, weld metal and welded joint using the same
WO2012027591A2 (en) 2010-08-25 2012-03-01 Massachusetts Institute Of Technology Articles and methods for reducing hydrate adhesion
JP5411820B2 (en) 2010-09-06 2014-02-12 株式会社神戸製鋼所 Flux-cored welding wire and overlay welding arc welding method using the same
US9314880B2 (en) 2010-10-21 2016-04-19 Stoody Company Chromium free hardfacing welding consumable
US9174293B2 (en) 2010-12-16 2015-11-03 Caterpillar Inc. Hardfacing process and parts produced thereby
US20120156020A1 (en) 2010-12-20 2012-06-21 General Electric Company Method of repairing a transition piece of a gas turbine engine
US20120160363A1 (en) 2010-12-28 2012-06-28 Exxonmobil Research And Engineering Company High manganese containing steels for oil, gas and petrochemical applications
WO2012129505A1 (en) 2011-03-23 2012-09-27 Scoperta, Inc. Fine grained ni-based alloys for resistance to stress corrosion cracking and methods for their design
CN102357750B (en) 2011-09-21 2013-05-22 于风福 A flux-cored welding wire surfacing material
US20130094900A1 (en) 2011-10-17 2013-04-18 Devasco International Inc. Hardfacing alloy, methods, and products thereof
KR101382981B1 (en) 2011-11-07 2014-04-09 주식회사 포스코 Steel sheet for warm press forming, warm press formed parts and method for manufacturing thereof
US20130171367A1 (en) 2011-12-30 2013-07-04 Grzegorz Jan Kusinski Coating compositions, applications thereof, and methods of forming
CN104039483B (en) 2011-12-30 2017-03-01 思高博塔公司 Coating composition
US20130167965A1 (en) 2011-12-30 2013-07-04 Justin Lee Cheney Coating compositions, applications thereof, and methods of forming
US9316341B2 (en) 2012-02-29 2016-04-19 Chevron U.S.A. Inc. Coating compositions, applications thereof, and methods of forming
CA2871851A1 (en) 2012-03-06 2013-09-12 Scoperta, Inc. Alloys for hardbanding weld overlays
US8765052B2 (en) 2012-03-27 2014-07-01 Stoody Company Abrasion and corrosion resistant alloy and hardfacing/cladding applications
US20130266798A1 (en) 2012-04-05 2013-10-10 Justin Lee Cheney Metal alloy compositions and applications thereof
JP6449155B2 (en) 2012-08-28 2019-01-09 クエステック イノベーションズ リミテッド ライアビリティ カンパニー Cobalt alloy
US20150275341A1 (en) 2012-10-11 2015-10-01 Scoperta, Inc. Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications
US20140234154A1 (en) 2013-02-15 2014-08-21 Scoperta, Inc. Hard weld overlays resistant to re-heat cracking
US20160017463A1 (en) 2013-02-15 2016-01-21 Scoperta, Inc. Hard weld overlays resistant to re-heat cracking
CN109830269B (en) 2013-10-10 2023-09-19 思高博塔公司 Method for selecting a material composition and designing a material having a target property
CA2931842A1 (en) 2013-11-26 2015-06-04 Scoperta, Inc. Corrosion resistant hardfacing alloy
WO2015157169A2 (en) 2014-04-07 2015-10-15 Scoperta, Inc. Fine-grained high carbide cast iron alloys
WO2016014665A1 (en) 2014-07-24 2016-01-28 Scoperta, Inc. Impact resistant hardfacing and alloys and methods for making the same
US10465267B2 (en) 2014-07-24 2019-11-05 Scoperta, Inc. Hardfacing alloys resistant to hot tearing and cracking
US20160024628A1 (en) 2014-07-24 2016-01-28 Scoperta, Inc. Chromium free hardfacing materials
US20160083830A1 (en) 2014-09-19 2016-03-24 Scoperta, Inc. Readable thermal spray
US10329647B2 (en) 2014-12-16 2019-06-25 Scoperta, Inc. Tough and wear resistant ferrous alloys containing multiple hardphases
WO2016112341A1 (en) 2015-01-09 2016-07-14 Scoperta, Inc. Molten aluminum resistant alloys
US20160201169A1 (en) 2015-01-09 2016-07-14 Scoperta, Inc. High entropy alloys with non-high entropy second phases
WO2016164360A1 (en) 2015-04-06 2016-10-13 Scoperta, Inc. Fine-grained high carbide cast iron alloys

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6331688B1 (en) * 1996-09-23 2001-12-18 Höganás AB Use of a metal powder for surface coating by submerged arc welding
US20110068152A1 (en) * 2009-09-17 2011-03-24 Justin Lee Cheney Compositions and methods for determining alloys for thermal spray, weld overlay, thermal spray post processing applications, and castings

Cited By (35)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11085102B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2021-08-10 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Coating compositions
US10100388B2 (en) 2011-12-30 2018-10-16 Scoperta, Inc. Coating compositions
US11633814B2 (en) 2012-08-28 2023-04-25 Hobart Brothers Llc Systems and methods for welding electrodes
US11697171B2 (en) 2012-08-28 2023-07-11 Hobart Brothers Llc Systems and methods for welding zinc-coated workpieces
US12128506B2 (en) 2012-08-28 2024-10-29 Hobart Brothers Llc Systems and methods for welding electrodes
US9738959B2 (en) 2012-10-11 2017-08-22 Scoperta, Inc. Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications
US20190061069A1 (en) * 2013-10-09 2019-02-28 Hobart Brothers Company Systems and methods for corrosion-resistant welding electrodes
US11052493B2 (en) * 2013-10-09 2021-07-06 Hobart Brothers Llc Systems and methods for corrosion-resistant welding electrodes
US9802387B2 (en) 2013-11-26 2017-10-31 Scoperta, Inc. Corrosion resistant hardfacing alloy
US11111912B2 (en) 2014-06-09 2021-09-07 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Crack resistant hardfacing alloys
US10173290B2 (en) 2014-06-09 2019-01-08 Scoperta, Inc. Crack resistant hardfacing alloys
US11130205B2 (en) 2014-06-09 2021-09-28 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Crack resistant hardfacing alloys
US10465269B2 (en) 2014-07-24 2019-11-05 Scoperta, Inc. Impact resistant hardfacing and alloys and methods for making the same
US10465267B2 (en) * 2014-07-24 2019-11-05 Scoperta, Inc. Hardfacing alloys resistant to hot tearing and cracking
US20160024621A1 (en) * 2014-07-24 2016-01-28 Scoperta, Inc. Hardfacing alloys resistant to hot tearing and cracking
US11426825B2 (en) 2014-10-17 2022-08-30 Hobart Brothers Llc Systems and methods for welding mill scaled workpieces
US10329647B2 (en) 2014-12-16 2019-06-25 Scoperta, Inc. Tough and wear resistant ferrous alloys containing multiple hardphases
US10105796B2 (en) 2015-09-04 2018-10-23 Scoperta, Inc. Chromium free and low-chromium wear resistant alloys
US11253957B2 (en) 2015-09-04 2022-02-22 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Chromium free and low-chromium wear resistant alloys
US10851444B2 (en) 2015-09-08 2020-12-01 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Non-magnetic, strong carbide forming alloys for powder manufacture
WO2017044475A1 (en) 2015-09-08 2017-03-16 Scoperta, Inc. Non-magnetic, strong carbide forming alloys for power manufacture
US10954588B2 (en) 2015-11-10 2021-03-23 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Oxidation controlled twin wire arc spray materials
US11279996B2 (en) 2016-03-22 2022-03-22 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Fully readable thermal spray coating
WO2017165546A1 (en) * 2016-03-22 2017-09-28 Scoperta, Inc. Fully readable thermal spray coating
US10000839B2 (en) 2016-05-24 2018-06-19 Caterpillar Inc. Thermal spray composition and component made therewith
US11421308B2 (en) * 2017-03-13 2022-08-23 Lg Electronics Inc. Air conditioner
US11447839B2 (en) * 2017-03-13 2022-09-20 Lg Electronics Inc. Air conditioner
US11421293B2 (en) * 2017-03-13 2022-08-23 Lg Electronics Inc. Air conditioner
US11421292B2 (en) * 2017-03-13 2022-08-23 Lg Electronics Inc. Air conditioner
WO2018231779A1 (en) 2017-06-13 2018-12-20 Scoperta, Inc. High hard phase fraction non-magnetic alloys
US11460223B2 (en) * 2017-06-26 2022-10-04 Lg Electronics Inc. Gas heat pump system
US12378647B2 (en) 2018-03-29 2025-08-05 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Reduced carbides ferrous alloys
US11939646B2 (en) 2018-10-26 2024-03-26 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Corrosion and wear resistant nickel based alloys
US12227853B2 (en) 2019-03-28 2025-02-18 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Thermal spray iron-based alloys for coating engine cylinder bores
US12076788B2 (en) 2019-05-03 2024-09-03 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Powder feedstock for wear resistant bulk welding configured to optimize manufacturability

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20140105780A1 (en) 2014-04-17
CA2887726A1 (en) 2014-04-17
US20180066345A1 (en) 2018-03-08
CN104838032A (en) 2015-08-12
WO2014059177A1 (en) 2014-04-17
US9738959B2 (en) 2017-08-22
AU2013329190B2 (en) 2017-09-28
AU2013329190A1 (en) 2015-05-21

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
AU2013329190B2 (en) Non-magnetic metal alloy compositions and applications
US20130266798A1 (en) Metal alloy compositions and applications thereof
US20130266820A1 (en) Metal alloy compositions and applications thereof
US8460604B2 (en) Nonmagnetic material for producing parts or coatings adapted for high wear and corrosion intensive applications, nonmagnetic drill string component, and method for the manufacture thereof
US20100101780A1 (en) Process of applying hard-facing alloys having improved crack resistance and tools manufactured therefrom
US11883906B2 (en) High manganese steel pipe with step-out weld zone erosion-corrosion resistance and method of making the same
CN106661702B (en) Cracking resistance hard-facing alloys
ES2898832T3 (en) Fully readable thermal spray coating
WO2013152306A1 (en) Metal alloy compositions and applications thereof
JP2017534766A (en) Readable thermal spraying
KR20180132960A (en) Field Hose Welding Technology for High Manganese Steel Slurry Pipelines
Alvaraes et al. Microstructural characterization of Inconel 625 nickel-based alloy weld cladding obtained by electroslag welding process
WO2013133944A1 (en) Alloys for hardbanding weld overlays
WO2019043369A1 (en) Iron based alloy
US20140360788A1 (en) Nonmagnetic material for producing parts or coatings adapted for high wear and corrosion intensive applications, nonmagnetic drill string component, and method for the manufacture thereof
Sankarapandian et al. Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Behavior of Co‐Based Stellite 6 Multilayer Overlays Deposited on ASTM A36 Steel by Gas Metal Arc Welding Process
Henzler et al. Influence of austenitic interlayer on the properties of stellite padding welds after impact-hardening
Menon et al. The development of hardfacing alloys for wear and corrosion resistance
Wu et al. Wear and Corrosion Resistant Alloys for Oil Drilling and Refineries
Yao et al. Balance Of Alloying Elements In Wear Resistant Co-Based Alloys For Oil Drilling Applications
Tibblin Characterization of a newly developed martensitic stainless steel powder for Laser and PTA cladding

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: SCOPERTA, INC., CALIFORNIA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CHENEY, JUSTIN LEE;MADOK, JOHN HAMILTON;RAFA, KYLE WALTER;SIGNING DATES FROM 20131031 TO 20131112;REEL/FRAME:031633/0417

AS Assignment

Owner name: SCOPERTA, INC., CALIFORNIA

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CHENEY, JUSTIN LEE;MADOK, JOHN HAMILTON;RAFA, KYLE WALTER;SIGNING DATES FROM 20150714 TO 20150722;REEL/FRAME:036195/0708

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION