US20140335117A1 - Identification and Attenuation of the Immunosuppressive Domains in Fusion Proteins of Enveloped RNA Viruses - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to enveloped RNA viruses. The invention in particular relates to the generation of superior antigens for mounting an immune response by first identifying then mutating the immunosuppressive domains in fusion proteins of enveloped RNA viruses resulting in decreased immunosuppressive properties of viral envelope proteins from the viruses.

Description

• The present invention relates to enveloped RNA viruses. In particular, the invention relates to the generation of superior antigens for mounting an immune response by first identifying then mutating the immunosuppressive domains in fusion proteins of enveloped RNA viruses resulting in decreased immunosuppressive properties of viral envelope proteins from said viruses.
TECHNICAL BACKGROUND Classification of Viruses ICTV Classification
• The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) developed the current classification system and wrote guidelines that put a greater weight on certain virus properties to maintain family uniformity. A unified taxonomy (a universal system for classifying viruses) has been established. The 7th ICTV Report formalized for the first time the concept of the virus species as the lowest taxon (group) in a branching hierarchy of viral taxa. However, at present only a small part of the total diversity of viruses has been studied, with analyses of samples from humans finding that about 20% of the virus sequences recovered have not been seen before, and samples from the environment, such as from seawater and ocean sediments, finding that the large majority of sequences are completely novel.
• The general taxonomic structure is as follows:
• • Order (-virales)
  • Family (-viridae)
  • Subfamily (-virinae)
  • Genus (-virus)
  • Species (-virus)
• In the current (2008) ICTV taxonomy, five orders have been established, the Caudovirales, Herpesvirales, Mononegavirales, Nidovirales, and Picornavirales. The committee does not formally distinguish between subspecies, strains, and isolates. In total there are 5 orders, 82 families, 11 subfamilies, 307 genera, 2,083 species and about 3,000 types yet unclassified.
Baltimore Classification
• The Baltimore Classification of viruses is based on the method of viral mRNA synthesis.
• The ICTV classification system is used in conjunction with the Baltimore classification system in modern virus classification.
• The Baltimore classification of viruses is based on the mechanism of mRNA production. Viruses must generate mRNAs from their genomes to produce proteins and replicate themselves, but different mechanisms are used to achieve this in each virus family. Viral genomes may be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds), RNA or DNA, and may or may not use reverse transcriptase (RT). Additionally, ssRNA viruses may be either sense (+) or antisense (−). This classification places viruses into seven groups:
• • I: dsDNA viruses (e.g. Adenoviruses, Herpesviruses, Poxviruses)
  • II: ssDNA viruses (+)sense DNA (e.g. Parvoviruses)
  • III: dsRNA viruses (e.g. Reoviruses)
  • IV: (+)ssRNA viruses (+)sense RNA (e.g. Picornaviruses, Togaviruses)
  • V: (−)ssRNA viruses (−)sense RNA (e.g. Orthomyxoviruses, Rhabdoviruses)
  • VI: ssRNA-RT viruses (+)sense RNA with DNA intermediate in life-cycle (e.g. Retroviruses)
  • VII: dsDNA-RT viruses (e.g. Hepadnaviruses)
• As an example of viral classification, the chicken pox virus, varicella zoster (VZV), belongs to the order Herpesvirales, family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, and genus Varicellovirus. VZV is in Group I of the Baltimore Classification because it is a dsDNA virus that does not use reverse transcriptase.
• Many viruses (e.g. influenza and many animal viruses) have viral envelopes covering their protein cores. The envelopes typically are derived from portions of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. Functionally, viral envelopes are used to enable viruses to enter host cells. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host's membrane. Subsequently the viral envelope then fuses with that of the host's, allowing the viral capsid and viral genome to enter and infect the host.
• Typically, in RNA viruses a single transmembrane glycoprotein, a fusion protein, undergoes a conformational transition triggered by receptor recognition or low pH, leading to the insertion of a fusion peptide into the plasma membrane or the membrane of an endocytic vesicle. For some RNA viruses, including members of the paramyxovirus family, separate envelope proteins mediate attachment and fusion.
• Membrane fusion can occur either at the plasma membrane or at an intracellular location following internalization of virus by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Fusion is mediated by viral transmembrane proteins known as fusion proteins. Upon appropriate triggering, the fusion protein interacts with the target membrane through a hydrophobic fusion peptide and undergoes a conformational change that drives the membrane fusion reaction. There are a variety of fusion triggers, including various combinations of receptor binding, receptor/coreceptor binding, and exposure to the mildly acidic pH within the endocytic pathway. Fusion proteins from different viruses have different names in spite of the common functionality.
• Based on important structural features, many virus membrane fusion proteins are currently annotated to either the “class I” membrane fusion proteins exemplified by the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) or HIV-1 gp41, or the “class II” proteins of the alphaviruses and flaviviruses. The alphaviruses and flaviviruses are members of the Togaviridae and Flaviviridae families, respectively. These small enveloped positive-sense RNA viruses are composed of a capsid protein that assembles with the RNA into the nucleocapsid, and a lipid bilayer containing the viral transmembrane (TM) proteins.
• Class I fusion proteins are synthesized as single chain precursors, which then assemble into trimers. The polypeptides are then cleaved by host proteases, which is an essential step in rendering the proteins fusion competent. This proteolytic event occurs late in the biosynthetic process because the fusion proteins, once cleaved are metastable and readily activated. Once activated, the protein refolds into a highly stable conformation. The timing of this latter event is of crucial importance in the fusion process. Maintenance of the intact precursor polypeptide during folding and assembly of the oligomeric structure is essential if the free energy that is released during the refolding event is to be available to overcome the inherent barriers to membrane fusion. The new amino-terminal region that is created by the cleavage event contains a hydrophobic sequence, which is known as the fusion peptide. The authentic carboxy-terminal region of the precursor polypeptide contains the transmembrane anchor. In the carboxy-terminal polypeptide, there are sequences known as the heptad repeat that are predicted to have an alpha helical structure and to form a coiled coil structure. These sequences participate in the formation of highly stable structure that characterizes the post-fusion conformation of the fusion protein.
• The class II fusion proteins are elongated finger-like molecules with three globular domains composed almost entirely of β-sheets. Domain I is a β-barrel that contains the N-terminus and two long insertions that connect adjacent β-strands and together form the elongated domain II. The first of these insertions contains the highly conserved fusion peptide loop at its tip, connecting the c and d β-strands of domain II (termed the cd loop) and containing 4 conserved disulfide bonds including several that are located at the base of the fusion loop. The second insertion contains the ij loop at its tip, adjacent to the fusion loop, and one conserved disulfide bond at its base. A hinge region is located between domains I and II. A short linker region connects domain Ito domain III, a β-barrel with an immunoglobulin-like fold stabilized by three conserved disulfide bonds. In the full-length molecule, domain III is followed by a stem region that connects the protein to the virus TM anchor. Fitting of the structure of alphavirus E1 to cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of the virus particle reveals that E1 is located almost parallel to the virus membrane, and that E1-E1 interactions form the an icosahedral lattice.
• Immunosuppressive Properties of Enveloped Viruses with Type I Fusion Proteins
• Fusion proteins of a subset of enveloped Type I [1] viruses (retrovirus, lentivirus and filoviruses) have previously been shown to feature an immune suppressive activity. Inactivated retroviruses are able to inhibit proliferation of immune cells upon stimulation [2-4]. Expression of these proteins is enough to enable allogenic cells to grow to a tumor in immune competent mice. In one study, introduction of ENV expressing construct into MCA205 murine tumor cells, which do not proliferate upon s.c. injection into an allogeneic host, or into CL8.1 murine tumor cells (which overexpress class I antigens and are rejected in a syngeneic host) resulted in tumor growth in both cases [5]. Such immunosuppressive domains have been found in a variety of different viruses with type 1 fusion mechanism such as gamma-retroviruses like Mason pfeizer monkey virus (MPMV) and murine leukemia virus (MLV), lentiviruses such as HIV and in filoviruses such as Ebola and Marburg viruses [6-9].
• This immune suppressive activity was in all cases located to a very well-defined structure within the class I fusion proteins, more precisely at the bend in the heptad repeat just N-terminale of the transmembrane structure in the fusion protein. The immunosuppressive effects range from significant inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation [7,8], cytokine skewing (up regulating IL-10; down regulating TNF-α, IL-12, IFN-γ) [10] and inhibition of monocytic burst [11] to cytotoxic T cell killing [12]. Importantly, peptides spanning ISD in these assays must either be linked as dimers or coupled to a carrier (i.e. >monomeric) to be active. Such peptides derived from immune-suppressive domains are able to reduce or abolish immune responses such as cytokine secretion or proliferation of T-cells upon stimulation. The protection mediated by the immunosuppressive properties of the fusion protein from the immune system of the host is not limited to the fusion protein but covers all the viral envelope proteins displayed at viral or cellular membranes in particular also the protein mediating attachment of the virus to the cell.
Co-Location of the Immunosuppression Domain and the Fusion Domain
• The immunosuppressive domain of retro-, lenti- and filoviruses overlap a structurally important part of the fusion subunits of the envelope proteins. Although the primary structure (sequence) of this part of the fusion proteins can vary greatly from virus to virus, the secondary structure, which is very well preserved among different virus families, is that of an alpha helix that bends in different ways during the fusion process This structure plays a crucial role during events that result in fusion of viral and cellular membranes. It is evident that the immunosuppressive domains of these (retroviral, lentiviral and filoviral) class I fusion proteins overlap with a very important protein structure needed for the fusion proteins mechanistic function.
• The energy needed for mediating the fusion of viral and cellular membranes is stored in the fusion proteins, which are thus found in a meta-stable conformation on the viral surface. Once the energy is released to drive the fusion event, the protein will find its most energetically stable conformation. In this regard fusion proteins can be compared with loaded springs that are ready to be sprung. This high energy conformation makes the viral fusion proteins very susceptible to modifications; Small changes in the primary structure of the protein often result in the protein to be folded in its stable post fusion conformation. The two conformations present very different tertiary structures of the same protein.
• It has been shown in the case of simple retroviruses that small structural changes in the envelope protein are sufficient to remove the immune suppressive effect without changing structure and hence the antigenic profile.
• The mutated non-immune suppressive envelope proteins are much better antigens for vaccination. The proteins can induce a 30-fold enhancement of anti-env antibody titers when used for vaccination and are much better at launching an effective CTL response [6]. Furthermore, viruses that contain the non-immunosuppressive form of the friend murine leukemia virus envelope protein, although fully infectious in irradiated immunocompromised mice cannot establish an infection in immunocompetent animals. Interestingly in the latter group the non-immunosuppressive viruses induce both a higher cellular and humeral immune response, which fully protect the animals from subsequent challenge by wild type viruses [13].
• Immunosuppressive domains in the fusion proteins (viral envelope proteins) from Retroviruses, lentiviruses and Filoviruses have been known since 1985 for retrovirus [7], since 1988 for lentivirus [8] and since 1992 for filoviruses [14]. These viruses, as mentioned above, all belong to enveloped RNA viruses with a type I fusion mechanism. The immunosuppressive domains of lentivirus, retroviruses and filoviruses show large structural similarity. Furthermore the immunosuppressive domain of these viruses are all located at the same position in the structure of the fusion protein, more precisely in the linker between the two heptad repeat structures just N-terminal of the transmembrane domain in the fusion protein. These heptad repeat regions constitute two alpha helices that play a critical role in the active mechanism of membrane fusion by these proteins. The immune suppressive domains can be located in relation to two well conserved cystein residues that are found in these structures. These cystein residues are between 4 and 6 amino acid residues from one another and in many cases are believed to form disulfide bridges that stabilize the fusion proteins. The immune suppressive domains in all three cases include at least some of the first 22 amino acids that are located N-terminal to the first cysteine residue. Recently the immunosuppressive domains in the fusion protein of these viruses have been successfully altered in such a way that the fusogenic properties of the fusion protein have been preserved. Such mutated fusion proteins with decreased immunosuppressive properties have been shown to be superior antigens for vaccination purposes [13].
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
• The inventors have been able to devise methods for the identification of new immunosuppressive domains or potentially immunosuppressive domains located in proteins displayed at the surface of enveloped RNA viruses. The inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found immunosuppressive domains or potentially immunosuppressive domains in fusion proteins in a large number of other enveloped RNA viruses in addition to lentivirus, retrovirus and filovirus, where such immunosuppressive domains had not been described previously. In addition, the inventors have been able to develop methods for mutating said immunosuppressive domains in order to reduce the immunosuppressive properties of viral surface proteins, which are useful for providing strategies for producing new vaccines with improved properties by making superior antigens, or for generation of neutralizing antibodies. Through such approaches, the inventors have been able to propose vaccination regimes against different types of viruses such as e.g. Hepatitis C, Dengue virus and Influenza where effective vaccination regimes have been in great demand for many years. This may allow the production of vaccines against virus for which no vaccines has been known e.g. hepatitis C and Dengue, as well as improved versions of known vaccines, e.g. for Influenza.
• According to an aspect, the inventors propose the use of up to four parameters for the identification of immunosuppressive domain in enveloped RNA viruses with hitherto un-described immunosuppressive properties. Proposed parameters used as part of a strategy for identifying a peptide sequence or a peptide which likely acts as immunosuppressive domains may comprise one or more of the following parameters (preferably all parameters are used):
• 1): The peptide is preferably located in the fusion protein of enveloped RNA viruses;
  2): The peptide is preferably capable of interacting with membranes;
  3): Preferably a high degree of homology in the primary structure (sequence) of the peptide of said domain exists either within the Order, Family, Subfamily, Genus, or Species of viruses. This feature is due to the immunosuppressive domain being under a dual selection pressures, one as an immunosuppressive entity ensuring protection of the viral particle from the host immune system, another as a peptide interacting with membranes;
  4): The position at the surface of the fusion protein at a given conformation is preferably a feature of immunosuppressive domains. This can be revealed either by position in a 3D structure or by antibody staining of cells expressing the fusion protein or on viral surfaces displaying the fusion protein.
• Based upon these parameters the inventors have inter alia identified three new groups of enveloped RNA viruses with immunosuppressive domains in their fusion protein:
• 1: The inventors have identified immunosuppressive domains among enveloped RNA viruses with type II fusion mechanism. Hitherto, immunosuppressive domains have not been described for any enveloped RNA viruses with a type II fusion mechanism. Immunosuppressive domains have been identified by the inventors at two positions in two different groups of viruses:
• i. Co-localizing with the fusion peptide exemplified by the identification of an common immunosuppressive domain in the fusion peptide of Flavivirus (Dengue virus, west Nile virus etc), and
• ii. In the hydrophobic alpha helix N-terminal of the transmembrane domain in the fusion protein exemplified by the finding of an immunosuppressive domain in said helixes of all flaviridae e.g. Hepatitis C virus, Dengue, west nile etc.
  2: The inventors have identified immunosuppressive domains in the fusion protein among enveloped RNA viruses with type I fusion mechanism (excluding lentivirus, retrovirus and filovirus). This position co-localizes with the fusion peptide of said fusion protein as demonstrated by the identification of a common immunosuppressive domain in the fusion peptide of all Influenza A and B types.
  3: The inventors have identified potential immunosuppressive domains located at various positions of type I enveloped RNA viruses (excluding lentivirus, retrovirus and filovirus) as well as in enveloped RNA viruses featuring a fusion protein with neither a type I nor a type II fusion structure.
• After identification of the immunosuppressive domains these must be mutated in order to decrease or completely abrogate the immunosuppressive properties of the whole envelope protein (preferably both the attachment and fusion part of the envelope protein if these are separate proteins). Such viral envelope proteins with reduced immunosuppressive properties are ideal candidates for use as antigens in vaccine compositions or for the production of neutralizing antibodies.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a method for identifying an immunosuppressive domain of an enveloped RNA virus containing a lipid membrane, said method comprising the following steps:
• • a. Identifying the fusion protein of said virus;
  • b. Identifying at least one well conserved domain preferably among the membrane associated domains of said fusion protein (where the immunosuppressive domain is preferably located at the surface of the protein in one or more of the different conformations of the fusion protein undergoing fusion);
  • c. Optionally multimerizing or dimerizing said peptide; and
  • d. Confirming the immunosuppressive activity of at least one optionally multimerized or dimerized peptide by testing said optionally dimerized or multimerized peptide for immunosuppressive activity.
• Concerning step a., fusion proteins or putative fusion proteins are usually identified by searching scientific databases, e.g. such as searching NCBI taxonomy database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/) and selecting proteins of the Family, Subfamily, Genus or Species to be investigated and subsequently searching these for fusion, or the specific fusion protein, such as the protein listed in Table 1 below.
• Concerning step b., vira are divided according to the following classification: Order (-virales), Family (-viridae), Subfamily (-virinae), Genus (-virus), Species (-virus). In order to localize conserved regions in the fusion proteins one or a few candidates from all viruses within an order are aligned first using an alignment tool such as the cobalt alignment tool (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/cobalt/). If stretches of conserved amino acids, such as ranging from 6 to 30 amino acids long, can be identified these are considered as candidates for immunosuppressive regions and are subjected to further investigation. If no candidates are found in an order, the same procedure is applied to the family of viruses. If still no candidates are found by testing different viruses belonging to a family of viruses we move on to the subfamily of viruses. If we cannot localize regions of homology among the subfamily we then test viruses from a genus and if we still cannot localize regions of homology we ultimately align as many possible individual viral sequences from a single species of virus (up to 1400 individual viral sequences). In general regions of homology are identified by having at least 25%, more preferred at least 30%, preferably at least 40%, more preferred at least 50%, more preferred at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, and even more preferably at least 75% homology (i.e. sequence identity) within a given region.
• Concerning step c., the dimerized peptide could be synthetic, the multimerized peptide could be displayed as dimerized or trimerized fusion proteins either displayed alone or on membranes such as a viral particle. Alternatively the multimerized peptides can be coupled to a carrier protein.
• According to another aspect, the invention concerns a method for decreasing or completely abrogating the immunosuppressive properties of an immunosuppressive domain of a fusion protein of an enveloped RNA virus containing a lipid membrane, said method comprising the steps of:
• • e. Mutating an immunosuppressive domain to produce at least one, preferably a plurality of mutated peptides
  • f. Optionally dimerizing or multimerizing said at least one, preferably plurality of mutated peptides;
  • g. Selecting at least one of said, preferably a plurality of said mutated peptides by testing for reduced immunosuppressive properties, preferably as shown by at least 25% reduction as compared to a wildtype peptide mono-, di- or multimer corresponding to the multimerization status of said mutated peptides;
  • h. Mutating a fusion protein of an enveloped RNA virus containing a lipid membrane to contain said selected mutated peptide having reduced immunosuppressive properties;
  • i. Confirming expression by testing the whole viral envelope protein encompassing said mutated fusion protein for capability of being expressed by at least one of cellular or viral surfaces.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a method, further comprising the step of:
• • j. Using said viral envelope protein encompassing said mutated fusion protein with reduced immunosuppressive properties as an antigen for generation of an enhanced immune response.
• A number of strategies are proposed for knock-out (i.e. decreasing or completely abrogating) of the immunosuppressive domain, these strategies comprise, but are not limited to, mutating or modifying the immunosuppressive domain into having the sequence of a mutant. A knock-out may be achieved e.g. by mutation, deletion or insertion in an immunosuppressive domain. A mutation may be at least one exchange of an amino acid with another amino acid, at least one insertion, at least one deletion, or a combination of one or more of these.
• Mutants decreasing or completely abrogating the immunosuppressive properties will be identified by performing a complete or partly scanning of said immunosuppressive peptide with either Isoleucine, Alanine Leucine, Asparagine, Lysine, Aspartic acid, Methionine, Cysteine, Phenylalanine, Glutamic acid, Threonine, Glutamine, Tryptophan, Glycine, Valine, Proline, Serine, Tyrosine, Arginine, Histidine, insertions, deletions or point mutations. Alternatively the literature will be searched for mutations in said regions where said mutation did not eliminate expression of the fusion protein on the surface of the cell or viral envelope. Dimerized versions of said mutants may be tested in a cell proliferation assay. The literature provides further details (as an example see Cross K J, Wharton S A, Skehel J J, Wiley D C, Steinhauer D A. Studies on influenza hemagglutinin fusion peptide mutants generated by reverse genetics. EMBO J. 2001 Aug. 15; 20(16):4432-42).
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a method for identifying an immunosuppressive domain in the fusion protein of an enveloped RNA virus having a lipid membrane, said method comprising:
• • a. Identifying at least one well conserved domain among the group consisting of the membrane associated domains of the fusion protein and the surface associated domains of the fusion protein;
  • b. Providing at least one peptide with the sequence of said identified at least one well conserved domain;
  • c. Optionally dimerizing or multimerizing said at least one peptide; and
  • d. Confirming the immunosuppressive activity of said at least one optionally dimerized or multimerized peptide by testing said at least one optionally dimerized or multimerized peptide for immunosuppressive activity.
• According to another aspect, the invention concerns an immunosuppressive domain identified according to the invention.
• According to another aspect, the invention concerns an immunosuppressive domain selected among the sequences of Table 1 and Seq. Id. 1-200.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a method for decreasing or completely abrogating the immunosuppressive properties of an immunosuppressive domain of the fusion protein of an enveloped RNA virus having a lipid membrane, said method comprising the steps of:
• • e. Mutating an immunosuppressive domain to provide at least one mutated peptide;
  • f. Optionally dimerizing or multimerizing said at least one mutated peptide;
  • g. Selecting one of said optionally dimerized or multimerized mutated peptides showing reduced immunosuppressive properties;
  • h. Mutating the fusion protein of the enveloped RNA virus to contain said selected mutated peptide having reduced immunosuppressive properties;
  • i. Confirming expression by testing the viral envelope protein encompassing said mutated fusion protein for capability of being expressed by at least one of cellular or viral surfaces.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a mutated peptide providing reduced immunosuppressive properties, said mutated peptide having a sequence according to Table 1 or any of Seq. Id. 201-203 or obtainable as said selected mutated peptide of the method according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a method for generating an enhanced immune response further comprising the step of:
• • j. Using said viral envelope protein encompassing said mutated fusion protein with reduced immunosuppressive properties as an antigen for generation of an enhanced immune response.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a method for making an envelope protein having diminished immunosuppressive activity, comprising: Mutating or modifying an immunosuppressive domain, identifiable according to the invention, of an enveloped RNA virus with a lipid membrane surrounding the core, to include a peptide obtainable according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns an envelope protein obtainable according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a mutated envelope protein obtainable according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a viral fusion protein from an enveloped RNA virus with reduced immunosuppressive properties, said fusion protein encompassing a mutated peptide, said mutated peptide displaying reduced immunosuppression, and said mutated peptide replacing an un-mutated wildtype peptide having a sequence of an ISU of Table 1 or is selected among Seq. Id. 1-200.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns an envelope protein comprising a mutated peptide according to the invention, said mutated fusion protein being displayed on the surface of cells wherein said mutated fusion protein is expressed.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns an enveloped RNA virus, different from a viruses selected among the group consisting of Retrovirus, Lentivirus and Filovirus, wherein an immunosuppressive domain has been modified or mutated to decrease or completely abrogate the immunosuppressive properties of an immunosuppressive domain of the fusion protein.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a virus selected among the vira of Table 1, wherein an immunosuppressive domain has been modified or mutated to decrease or completely abrogate the immunosuppressive properties of an immunosuppressive domain of the fusion protein.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns an antigen obtainable by selecting a part of a mutated envelope protein according to the invention, said part comprising the mutated domain of said envelope protein.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a nucleic acid sequence, preferably recombinant, encoding a mutated envelope protein, an envelope polypeptide or an antigen according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns an isolated eukaryotic expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a method for producing an antibody, said method comprising the steps of: Administering an entity selected among a mutated envelope, an envelope polypeptide, an antigen, a nucleic acid sequence or a vector according to the invention to a host, such as an animal; and obtaining the antibody from said host.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns an antibody obtainable according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns neutralizing antibodies obtained or identified by the use of at least one envelope protein according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a method for manufacturing neutralizing antibodies comprising the use of at least one protein according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a method for manufacturing humanized neutralizing antibodies, comprising the use of at least one sequence selected among the sequences of Table 1 and sequences 201 to 203.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a vaccine comprising a virus according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a vaccine composition comprising an envelope protein according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a vaccine composition comprising an entity selected among the group consisting of a mutated envelope protein, an envelope polypeptide, an antigen, a nucleic acid sequence, a vector and an antibody according to the invention, and in addition at least one excipient, carrier or diluent.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a medical composition comprising antibodies raised using a virus according to the invention.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a pharmaceutical composition comprising a mutated peptide, an envelope protein, a mutated envelope protein, an antigen, a nucleic acid sequence, a vector, an antibody or a vaccine composition according to the invention, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluents or carrier.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a use of a mutated peptide, an envelope protein, a mutated envelope protein, an antigen, a nucleic acid sequence, a vector or an antibody according to the invention, for a medical purpose, such as for the treatment, amelioration or prevention of a clinical condition, and/or such as for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, amelioration or prevention of a clinical condition.
• According to an aspect, the invention concerns a method of treating or ameliorating the symptoms of an individual, or prophylactic treating an individual, comprising administering an amount of mutated peptide, an envelope protein, a mutated envelope protein, antigen, nucleic acid sequence, vector or vaccine composition according to the invention.
DETAILED DISCLOSURE
• Table 1 provides a list of viruses and their immunosuppressive domain(s). Asterix denotes extremely conserved sequence in the immunosuppressive domain for a given class, group, family or species of viruses. New immunosuppressive domains identified and tested in CTLL-2 assay for a given class, group, family or species of viruses are listed. Both the columns with “Putative ISU as described in this application for identification of immunosuppressive domains” and “Peptides from domains from fusion proteins exhibiting immunosuppressive activity (ISU)” are candidates for domains which are immunosuppressive. Note that all of the entries of the latter column, were originally identified by the inventors as a member of the former column. Due to the redundancy, the entries of the latter column were not included in the former column.
• 1: The inventors have identified immunosuppressive domains in the fusion proteins among enveloped RNA viruses with a type II fusion mechanism. Insofar immunosuppressive domains have not been previously described for type II enveloped RNA viruses. The immunosuppressive domain has been identified at two positions in the fusion protein in two different groups of viruses A: Co-localizing with the fusion peptide exemplified by the identification of an common immunosuppressive domain in the fusion peptide of Flavivirus (Dengue virus, west Nile virus etc.) and B: in the hydrophobic alpha helix N-terminal of the transmembrane domain in the fusion protein exemplified by the finding of an immunosuppressive domain in said helixes of Flaviridae e.g. Hepatitis C virus, Dengue, West Nile virus etc, cf. Table 1.
  2: The inventors have identified immunosuppressive domains in the fusion protein among enveloped RNA viruses with type I fusion mechanism (excluding lentivirus, retrovirus and filovirus). This new position co-localizes with the fusion peptide of said fusion protein as demonstrated by the identification of a common immunosuppressive domain in the fusion peptide of all Influenza A and B types, cf. Table 1.
  3: The inventors have identified potential immunosuppressive domains located at various positions of type I enveloped RNA viruses (excluding lentivirus, retrovirus and filovirus) and enveloped RNA viruses with neither Type I nor type II fusion mechanism, cf. Table 1.

• TABLE 1
  Family	Genus	Species (group)	Species (Strain)	Putative ISU as identified	Peptides from domains	knock-out (K.O.)	Name of envelope	IU group and
  				using the criteria	from fusion proteins	mutants of the	attchment/fusion	fusion type
  				described in this	exhibiting	immuno-	protein
  				application for	immunosuppressive	suppressive
  				identification of	activity (ISU)	domain (ISU)
  				immunosuppressive domains
  Flavi-	Flavi-virus	Aroa virus	Bussuquara virus	NRGWNNGCGLFGKF		DRGWGNGCGDFGKG	Envelope protein	Group 1 Type
  viridae			guape virus	**************			prME Fusion	II Fusion
  			Naranjal virus	GDAAWDFGSVGGVFNSLGK			protein E	mechanism
  				**o****o*****oo*o**
  			Dengue 1	GGTAWDFGSIGGVFTSVKG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  				*o*****************	**************
  					KGSSIGMKMFESTYRGAKRMAIL
  					G
  			Dengue 2	GDTAWDFGSLGGVFTSVKG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  				****************o**	**************
  				KGSSIFKMFEATARGARRMAILG
  			Dengue 3	KGSSIGQMFETTMRGAKRMAILG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  					**************
  					GDTAWDFGSVGGVLNSLGK
  					*******************
  			Dengue 4	GETAWDFGSVGGLLTSLGK	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  				************oo*****	**************
  				KGSSIGKMFEATARGARRMAILG
  		Japanese	Japanese	LGDTAWDFGSIGGVFNSIG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  		encephalitis	encephalitis	***o***************	**************
  		virus group	virus
  			Koutango virus	LGDTAWDFGSVGGIFTSLG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  					**************
  			Murray Valley	LGDTAWDFGSVGGVFNSIG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  			encephalitis		**************
  			virus
  			St. Louis	LGDTAWDFGSIGGVFNSIG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  			encephalitis	*******************	**************
  			virus
  			Usutu virus	LGDTAWDFGSVGGIFNSVG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  				**********o********	**************
  			West Nile Virus	LGDTAWDFGSVGGVFTSVG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  				**********o********	**************
  		Kokobera virus	Kokobera virus	IGDDAWDFGSVGGILNSVG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  		group	unclassified
  			Kokobera virus
  			group
  		Modoc virus	Modoc virus	VGSAFWNSDQRFSAINLMD
  		group		DRGWGNGCALFGKG
  			Cowbone Ridge
  			virus
  			Jutiapa virus
  			Sal Vieja virus
  			San Perlita
  			virus
  		mosquito-borne	Ilheus virus	LGDTAWDFGSVGGIFNSIG	DRGWGNGCGLGFKG
  		viruses	Sepik virus	TGEHSWDFGSTGGFFASVG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  		Ntaya virus	Bagaza virus	LGDTAWDFGSVGGFFTSLG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  		group	Tembusu virus	LGDTAWDFGSVGGVLTSIG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  			Yokose virus	IGDDAWDFGSTFFIFNTIG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  		Rio Bravo	Apoi virus	SSAFWNSDEPFHFSNLISII	DEGWGNGCGLFGKG
  		virus group	Entebbe bat	GDDAWDFGSTGGIFNTIGKA	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  			virus
  			Rio Bravo virus	SSAYWSSSEPFTSAGIMRIL	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  			Saboya virus	DRGWGNGCALFGKG
  				GSSSWDFSSAGGFFGSIGKA
  		Seaborne tick-	Meaban virus	GDAAWDFGSVGGFMTSIGRA
  		borne virus		DRGWGNHCGLFGKG
  		group	Saumarez Reef	GETAWDFGSAGGFFTSVGRG
  			virus	DRGWGNHCGLFGKG
  			Tyuleniy virus	GEAAWDFGSAGGFFQSVGRG
  				DRGWGNHCGLFGKG
  		Spondweni	Zika virus	LGDTAWDFGSVGGVFNSLGK	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  		virus group		*************oo**o**
  			Kyasanur forest	VGEHAWDFGSVGGMLSSVGK
  			disease virus	*************o******
  				DRGWGNHCGLFGKG
  			Langat virus	VLGEHAWDFGSVGGVMTSIG
  				DRGWGNHCGLFGKG
  			Louping ill	IGEHAWDFGSAGGFFSSIG
  			virus	**********o***oo*o*
  				DRGWGNHCGLFGKG
  			Omsk hemorrh-	LGEHAWDFGSTFFGLSSIG
  			agic fever virus	DRGWGNHCGLFGKG
  			Powassan virus	VGEHAWDFGSVGGILSSVG
  				*************o*****
  				DRGWGNHCGFFGKG
  				**************
  			Royal farm virus	DRGWGNHCGLFGKG
  			Tick-borne	IGEHAWDFGSAGGFLSSIG
  			encephalitis	IGEHAWDFGSTFFGLTSVG
  			virus	IGEHAWDFGSTGGFLASVG
  				DRGWGNHCGLFGKG
  		Yaounde virus		LGDTAWDFGSIGGVFTSLG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  		Yellow fever	Banzi virus	VGSSSWDFSSTSGFFSSVG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  		virus group	Bouboui virus	VGRSSWDFSSAGGFFSSVG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  			Edge Hill virus
  			Ugansa S virus
  			Wesselsbron
  			virus
  			Yellow fever	MGDTAWDFSSAGGFFTSVG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  			virus	***o***************
  		unclassified	Batu Cave virus	NRGWGTGCFKWGIG	DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
  		Flavivirus	Cacipacore virus	NRGWGTGCGEWGLG
  			Calbertado virus
  			Cell fusing
  			agent virus
  			Chaoyang virus
  			Chimeric Tick-
  			borne
  			encephalitis
  			virus/Dengue
  			virus 4
  			Culex theileri
  			flavivirus
  			Donggang virus
  			Duck hemorrh-
  			agic ovaritis
  			virus
  			Flavivirus
  			Aedes/MO-Ac/
  			ITA/2009
  			Flavivirus
  			Anopheles/PV-
  			Am/ITA/2009
  			Flavivirus
  			CbaAr4001
  			Flavivirus FSME
  			Flavvivirus
  			Phlebotomine/
  			76/Arrabida/2007
  			Gadgets Gully
  			virus
  			Greek goat
  			encephalitis
  			virus
  			Jugra virus
  			Kadam virus
  			Kamiti River
  			virus
  			Kenougou virus
  			Montana myotis
  			leukoencephal-
  			itis virus
  			Mosquito
  			flavivirus
  			Ngoye virus
  			Nounane virus
  			Phlebotomus
  			flavivirus
  			Alg_F19
  			Phlebotomus
  			flavivirus
  			Alg_F8
  			Quang Binh virus
  			Russian Spring-
  			Summer encepha-
  			litis virus
  			Sokoluk virus
  			Spanish sheep
  			encephalitis
  			virus
  			T'Ho virus
  			Tai forest
  			virus B31
  			Tamana bat virus
  			Tick-borne
  			flavivirus
  			Wang Thong
  			virus
  			Flavivirus sp.
  			Aeses flavivirus	NRGWGTGCFEWGLG
  				HVAGRYSKHGMAGIGSVWEDLVR
  			Culex flavivirus	NRGWGTGCFKWGIG
  				VDKYRRFGTAGVGG
  	Hepaci	Hepatitis C	Hepatitis C		GLIHLHQNIVDVQYLYG		E1/E2
  	virus	virus	virus genotype		PALSTGLIHLHQNIVDVQ
  			1 a
  			Hepatitis C	GLIHLHRNIVDVQYLYG
  			virus genotype	PALSTGLIHLHRNIVDVQ
  			1b
  			Hepatitis C	GLIHLHQNIVDVQYMYG
  			virus genotype
  2	PALSTGLIHLHQNIVDVQ
  			Hepatitis C	PALSTGLIHLHQNIVDVQ	GLIHLHQNIVDVQYLYG
  			virus genotype 3
  			Hepatitis C	PALSTGLIHLHQNIVDVQ	GLIHLHQNIVDVQYLYG
  			virus genotype 4
  			Hepatitis C	GLIHLHQNIVDTQYLYG
  			virus genotype 5	PALSTGLIHLHQNIVDTQ
  			Hepatitis C	PALSTGLIHLHQNIVDVQ	GLIHLHQNIVDVQYLYG
  			virus genotype 6
  			All Hepatitis		GLIHLHQNIVDVQYLYG
  			C virus
  	Pesti virus	Border disease	Border disease	NTTLLNGSAFQLICPYGWVGRVEC			E1/E2
  		virus	virus-	SYFQQYMLKGQYQYSFDLE
  			Border disease
  			virus-X818
  			Border disease
  			virus
  1
  			Border disease
  			virus
  2
  			Border disease
  			virus 3
  			Border disease
  			virus isolates
  		Bovine viral	Bovine viral	NTTLLNGPAFQMVCPLGWTFTVSC
  		diarrhea virus	diarrhea virus	SYFQQYMLKGEYQYWFDLE
  		1	1-CP7
  			Bovine viral
  			diarrhea virus
  			1-NADL
  			Bovine viral
  			diarrhea virus
  			1-Osloss
  			Bovine viral
  			diarrhea virus
  			1-SD1
  			Bovine viral
  			diarrhea virus
  			isolates and
  			strains
  			Bovine viral
  			diarrhea virus
  			type 1a
  			Bovine viral
  			diarrhea virus
  			type 1b
  			Pestivirus
  			isolate 97-360
  			Pestivirus
  			isolate Hay
  			87/2210
  			Pestivirus
  			strain mousedeer
  			Pestivirus type
  			1 isolates
  		Bovine viral	Bovine viral	SLLNGPAFQMVCPQGWTGTIEC
  		diarrhea virus	diarrhea virus	DRYGQQYMLKGKWQYWFDLD
  		2 (BVDV-2)	2
  			Pestivirus sp.
  			strain 178003
  			Pestivirus sp.
  			strain
  			5250Giessen-3
  			Bovine viral
  			diarrhea virus-
  			2 isolate SCP
  		Classical swine	Classical swine	TLLNGSAFYLVCPIGWTGVIEC
  		fever virus	fever virus	SYFQQYMKGEYQYWFDLD
  			Hog cholera
  			virus strain
  			Zoelen
  		unclassified	Bovine viral	TLLNGPAFQLVCPYGWTFTIEC
  		Pestivirus	diarrhea virus 3	DNYFQQYMLKGKYQYWFDLEATD
  			Chamois	TLLNGSAFQMVCPFGWTGQVEC
  			pestivirus 1	DSYGQQYMLKGEYQYWFDLDAKD
  			Porcine pesti-	TLLNGPAFQLVCPYGWTFTIECD
  			virus isolate	SYYQQYIIKSGYQYWFDLTAKD
  			Bungowannah
  	Unclassi-		Barkedji virus
  	fied		Canine hepaci-
  	Flavi-		virus AAK-2011
  	viridae		GB virus A
  			Douroucouli
  			hepatitis GB
  			virus A
  			GBV-A-like
  			agents
  			GB virus D
  			GBV-C/HGV group
  			GB virus C
  			Hepatitis GB
  			virus C-like
  			virus
  			Hepatitis GB
  			virus B
  			Lammi virus
  			Marmoset
  			hepatitis GB
  			virus A
  			Nakiwogo virus
  			Turkey meningo-
  			encephalitis
  			virus
  Togaviridae	Alpha-virus	Aura virus		GVYPFMWGGAYCFCDTENTQVS			E2/E1
  		Barmah Forest		**********o****o**o*o*
  		virus		APFGCEIYTNPIRAENCAVGSIP
  		Middelburg		*****o*ooo*o**oo*oo*oo*
  		virus		SDFGGIATVKYSASKSGKCAVH
  		Ndumu virus		o***oooooo*ooooo*o*oo*
  		Salmon pancreas		FSTANIHPEFRLQICTSYVTCKGD
  		disease virus		*oooooooo*oooo*ooooo*ooo
  		Getah virus		CHPP
  		Mayaro virus		*o**
  		Trocara virus
  		EEEV complex
  		WEEV complex	Fort Morgan
  			virus
  			Highlands J
  			virus
  			Sindbis virus
  			Western equine
  			encephalo-
  			myelitis virus
  			Whataroa virus
  		VEEV complex	Cabassou virus
  			Mucambo virus
  			Pixuna virus
  			Venezuelan	GVYPFMWGGAYCFCD
  			equine enceph-	***************
  			alitis virus	GDCHPPKDHIVTHPQYHAQ
  				************o**o*o*
  				AVSKTAWTWLTS
  				*********oo*
  		SFV complex	Bebaru virus	GVYPFMWGGAYCFCDTWNTQVS
  			O'nyong-nyong	**********o****o**o*o*
  			virus	APFGCEIYTNPIRAENCAVGSIP
  			Ross River virus	*****o*ooo*o**oo*oo*oo*
  			Semliki forest	SDFGGIATVKYSASKSGKCAVH
  			virus	o***oooooo*ooooo*o*oo*
  			Una virus	FSTANIHPEFRLQICTSYVTCKGD
  				*oooooooo*oooo*ooooo*ooo
  				CHPP
  				*o**
  			Chikungunya	GVYPFMWGGAYCFCD
  			virus	***************
  				VHCAAECHPPKDHIVNY
  				oo*o*oo*ooooooooo
  				PASHTTLGVQDISATAMSWV
  				o****oo******o******
  	Rubivirus	Rubella virus	Rubella virus	ACTFWAVNAYSSGGYAQLASYFNPG
  			(strain BRD1)	***o*o****o**oo****o**o**
  			Rubella virus	GSYYK
  			(strain BRDII)	****o
  			Rubella virus	QYHPTACEVEPAFGHSDAACWGFPT
  			(strain	***o*o*o*o****o********o*
  			Cendehill)	DT
  			Rubella virus	**
  			(strain M33)	MSVFALASYVQHPHKTVRVKFHT
  			Rubella virus	***oo*****o**o**o******
  			(strain RN-UK86)	ETRTVWQLSVAGVSC
  			Rubella virus	o*o*********oo*
  			(strain THERIEN)	NVTTEHPFCNMPHGQLEVQVPP
  			Rubella virus	o*o*o**oo*o*o****o*oo*
  			(strain TO-336	DPGDLVEYIMNYTGNQQSRW
  			vaccine)	****o******o*o******
  			Rubella virus	GSPNCHGPDWASPVCQRHSPDCS
  			(strain TO-336)	****o***o**************
  			Rubella virus	RLVGATPERPRLRLV
  			(vaccine strain	o***o**o**o****
  			RA27/3)	DADDPLLRTAPGP
  				*oo**********
  				GEVWVTPVIGSQARKCGL
  				oo*o**o**o*****o**
  				HIRAGPYGHATVEM
  				oo***********o
  				PEWIHAHTTSDPWHP
  				o**oooo*o***o*o
  				PGPLGLKFKTVRPVALPR
  				****o***o**o*oo***
  				ALAPPRNVRVTGCYQCGTPAL
  				oooo**o*o*o**o*******
  				EGLAPGGGNCHLTVNGEDVG
  				***o*****o**oo*o*oo*
  				LLNTPPPYQVSCGG
  				******o*o*o***
  				RASARVIDPAAQSFTGVVYGTHT
  				**o***oo*o*************
  				TAVSETRQTWAEWAAAHWWQLTLG
  				o*******ooo*****o*******
  Bunya-	Hanta-virus	Amur virus		NPPDCPGVGTGCTACGVYLD			Gn(G2)/Gc(G1)
  viridae		Bayou virus		**o****o********o***
  		Black Creek		RKVCIQLGTEQTCKTIDSNDC
  		Canal virus		*oo*o*o*o*oo**oo*o***
  		Cano Delgadito		DTLLFLGPLEEGGMIFKQWCTTTC
  		virus		QFGDPGDIM
  		Calabazo virus		GSFRKKCSFATLPSCQYDGNTVSG
  		Catacamas virus		*o***o*o***o*o*ooo**oo**
  		Choclo virus		ATKDSFQSFNITEPH
  		Dobrava-		**o****o**oooo*
  		Belgrade virus		GSGVGFNLVCSVSLTEC
  		El Moro Canyon		******o*o*ooo****
  		virus		KACDSAMCYGSSTANLVRGQNT
  		Hantaan virus		****o*o***ooooo*o**o**
  		Isla Vista		GKGGHSGSKFMCCHDKKCSATGLV
  		virus		********o*o***ooo*ooo**o
  		Khabarovsk		AAAPHL
  		virus		*oo***
  		Laguna Negra		DDGAPQCGVHCWFKKSGEW
  		virus		***o*o*ooo***oo****
  		Limestone
  		Canyon virus
  		Monongahela
  		virus
  		Muleshoe virus
  		Muju virus
  		New York virus
  		Oran virus
  		Playa de Oro
  		virus
  		Prospect Hill
  		virus
  		Puumala virus
  		Rio Mamore
  		virus
  		Rio Segunda
  		virus
  		Saaremaa virus
  		Seoul virus
  		Sin Nombre
  		virus
  		Soochong virus
  		Thailand virus
  		Thottapalayam
  		virus
  		Topografov
  		virus
  		Tula virus
  	Ortho-	Anopheles A		KHDELCTGPCPVNINHQTGWLT
  	bunya-	virus		*o*o***o**oooooooo*o*o
  	virus	Anopheles B		WGCEEFGCLAVSDGCVFGSCQD
  		virus		**o*oo**o*ooo**oo*****
  		Bakau virus		GNGVPRFDYLCHLASRKEVIVRKC
  		Batama virus		*o*ooo*ooo*oooo*ooooo*o*
  		Bwamba virus		SCAGCINCFQNIHC
  		Caraparu virus		*o**ooooooooo*
  		Kaeng Khoi
  		virus
  		Kairi virus
  		Madrid virus
  		Main Drain
  		virus
  		Marituba virus
  		Nyando virus
  		Oriboca virus
  		Oropouche virus
  		Sathuperi virus
  		Shamonda virus
  		Shuni virus
  		Simbu virus
  		Tacaiuma virus
  		Tete virus
  		Turlock virus
  		unclassified
  		Orthobunyavirus
  		Akabane	Sabo virus
  		virus	Tinaroo virus
  			Yaba-7 virus
  		Bunyamwera	Batai virus
  		virus	Birao virus
  			Bozo virus
  			Cache Valley
  			virus
  			Fort Sherman
  			virus
  			Germiston virus
  			Guaroa virus
  			Iaco virus
  			Ilesha virus
  			Lokern virus
  			Maguari virus
  			Mboke virus
  			Ngari virus
  			Northway virus
  			Playas virus
  			Potosi virus
  			Shokwe virus
  			Tensaw virus
  			Tlacotalpan
  			virus
  			Xingu virus
  		California	California
  		Encephalitis	encephalitis
  		virus	serogrouop
  			virus LEIV
  			California
  			encephalitis
  			virus-BFS-283
  			Chatanga virus
  			Inkoo virus
  			Jamestown
  			Canyon virus
  			Jamestown
  			Canyon-like
  			virus
  			Jerry Slough
  			virus
  			Keystone virus
  			La Crosse
  			virus
  			Lumbo virus
  			Melao virus
  			Morro Bay virus
  			San Angelo
  			virus
  			Serra do Navio
  			virus
  			Snowshore hare
  			virus
  			South River
  			virus
  			Tahyna virus
  			Trivittatus
  			virus
  		Caraparu	Apeu virus
  		virus	Bruconha virus
  			Ossa virus
  			Vinces virus
  		Manzanilla	Buttonwillow
  		virus	virus
  			Ingwavuma virus
  			Mermet virus
  		Marituba	Gumbo Limbo
  		virus	virus
  			Murutucu virus
  			Nepuyo virus
  			Restan virus
  		Wyeomyia	Anhembi virus
  		virus	BeAr328208
  			virus
  			Macaua virus
  			Sororoca virus
  			Taiassui virus
  		Phlebovirus	Bujaru virus
  			Candiruvirus
  			Chilibre virus
  			Frijoles virus
  			Punta
  			Tor□Salehabad
  			virus
  			Sandflyfever
  			Naples virus
  			Uukuniemi
  			viruso virus
  		Rift Valley		KTVSSELSCREGQSYWT
  		fever virus		**oo**oo*o**o*o**
  				GSFSPKCLSSRRC
  				*******oooooo
  				ENKCFEQCGGWGCGCFNVNPSCLF
  				**o*o**o*oo*oo***ooo***o
  				VHT
  				**o
  				WGSVSLSLDAEGISGSNSFSF
  				**ooo*o**o*o*o*o*oo**
  				RQGFLGEIRCNSE
  				*o*****o**oo*
  				AHESCLRAPNLVSYKPMIDQLEC
  				*oo**oo**oooo*o*oo*ooo*
  				DPFVVFERGSLPQTR
  				**ooo*oo*o***o*
  				QAFSKGSVQADLTLMFD
  				**ooo*ooo*oooooo*
  				CDAAFLNLTGCYSCNAG
  				*o*o*o*oo*****oo*
  				STVVNPKSGSWN
  				*o*o**oooooo
  				FFDWFSGLMSWFGGPLK
  				*o***oo*o**oooooo
  		unclassified	Anhanga virus
  		Phlebovirus	Arumowot virus
  			Chagres virus
  			Corfou virus
  			Gabek Forest
  			virus
  			Itaproanga virus
  			Phlebovirus
  			Adria/ALB1/2005
  			Phlebovirus
  			Adria/ALB5/2005
  			Phlebovirus AH12
  			Phlebovirus
  			AH12/China/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			AH15/China/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			B105-05
  			Phlebovirus
  			B151-04
  			Phlebovirus
  			B43-02
  			Phlebovirus
  			B68-03
  			Phlebovirus
  			B79/02
  			Phlebovirus
  			Chios-A
  			Phlebovirus
  			Cyprus
  			Phlebovirus
  			HB29/China/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			HN13/China/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			HN6/China/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			Hu/Xinyang1/
  			China/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			Hu/Xinyang2/
  			China/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			IB13/04
  			Phlebovirus
  			JS2007-01
  			Phlebovirus JS24
  			Phlebovirus JS26
  			Phlebovirus
  			JS3/China/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			JS4/China/2010
  			Phlebovirus JS6
  			Phlebovirus JSD1
  			Phlebovirus
  			LN2/China/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			LN3/China/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			sandflies/Gr29/
  			Spain/2004
  			Phlebovirus
  			sandflies/Gr36/
  			Spain/2004
  			sandflies/Gr44/
  			Spain/2004
  			Phlebovirus
  			sandflies/Gr49/
  			Spain/2004
  			Phlebovirus
  			sandflies/Gr52/
  			Spain 2004
  			Phlebovirus
  			sandflies/Gr65/
  			Spain/2004
  			Phlebovirus
  			sandflies/Gr98/
  			Spain/2004
  			Phlebovirus
  			SD24/China/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			SD4/CHina/2010
  			Phlebovirus
  			tick/XCQ-2011
  			Phlebovirus
  			XLL/China/2009
  			Rio Grande virus
  			Salobo virus
  			Sandfly fever
  			sicilian virus
  			Sandfly Sicilian
  			Turkey virus
  			Utique virus
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			Be An 24262
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			Be An 356637
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			Be An 416992
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			Be An 578412
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			Be Ar 371637
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			Co Ar 170255
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			Co Ar 171616
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			GML 902878
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			Pa Ar 2381
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			PAN 479603
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			PAN 483391
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			VP-161A
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			VP-334K
  			Phlebovirus sp.
  			VP-366G
  Orthomyxo-	Influenza-	Influenza A	INFA H1	GLFGAIAGFIEGGWTGWTYNAELL		INF F#2 DELTA6:	HA (HA1/HA2)	Group 2
  viridae	virus A	virus		VLLENERTLDNAELLVLLENERTL		GLFGAAGFIENGWEG		Type I
  				DYHD		InF A H1-3:		fusion
  			INFA H2	GLFGAIAGFIEGGWQGWTYNAELL		NAELLVLLENERTLD		mechanism
  				VLMENERTLDNAELLVLMENERTL		FHD
  				DYHD
  			INFA H3	FIGGAIAGFIENGWEGWSYNAELL	GLFGAIAGFIENGWEG
  				VALENQHTIDNAELLVALENQHTI
  				DLTD
  			INFA H4	GLFGAIAGFIENGWQGWSYNAELL
  				VALENQHTIDNAELLVALENQHTI
  				DVTD
  			INFA H5	GLFGAIAGFIEGGWQGWTYNAELL
  				VLMENERTLDNAELLVLMENERTL
  				DFHD
  			INFA H6	GIFGAIAGFIEGGWTGGLFGAIAG
  				FIEGGWTGWTYNAELLVLLENERT
  				LDNAELLVLLENERTLDMHD
  			INFA H7	WSYNAELLVAMENQHTIDWSYNAE	GLFGAIAGFIENGWEG
  				LLVAMENQHLAD
  			INFA H8	GLFGAIAGRIEGGWSGWAYNAELL
  				VLLENQKTLDNAELLVLLENQKTL
  				DEHD
  			INFA H9	GLFGAIAGFIEGGWPGGLFGAIAG
  				GIEGGWSGWAYNAELLVLLENQKT
  				LDNAELLVLLENQKTLDEHD
  			INFA H10	WTYQAELLVAMENQHTIDQAELLV	GLFGAIAGFIENGWEG
  				AMENQHTIDMAD
  			INFA H11	GLFGAIAGFIEGGWPGWSYANQLL
  				VLLENEKTLDNAQLLVLLENEKTL
  				DLHD
  			INFA H12	GLFGAIAGFIEGGWPGWAYNAELL
  				VLLENQKTLKNAELLVLLENQKTL
  				DEHD
  			INFA H13	GLFGAIAGFIEGGWPGWSYNAKLL
  				VLLENDKTLDNAKLLVLLENDKTL
  				DMHD
  			INFA H14	GLFGAIAGFIENGWQGWSYNAELL
  				VALENQHTIDNAELLVALENQHTI
  				DVTD
  			INFA H15	WSYNAELLVAMENQHTIDNAELL	GLFGAIAGFIENGWEG
  				VAMENQHTIDLAD
  			INFA H16	GLFGAIGFIEGGWPGWSYNAKLL
  				VLIENDRTLDNAKLLVLIENDRT
  				LDLHD
  	Influenza-	Influenza B	All strains	GFFGAIAGFLEGGWEGISSQIEL
  	virus B	virus		AVLLSNEGIINQIELAVLLSNEG
  				IINSED
  	Influenza-	Influenza C
  	virus C	virus
  Paramyxo-	Paramyxo-	Avulavirus	Avian paramyxo-	GAIALGVATAAAVTAG			F0 (F2/F1)
  viridae	virinae		virus 2 Yucaipa	oooo*o*oo*o*oo**
  			virus
  			Avian paramyxo-
  			virus 3
  			Avian paramyxo-
  			virus 3b
  			Avian paramyxo-
  			virus 4
  			Avian paramyxo-
  			virus 5
  			Avian paramyxo-
  			virus 6
  			Avian paramyxo-
  			virus 7
  			Avian paramyxo-
  			virus 8
  			Avian paramyxo-
  			virus 9
  			Newcastle
  			disease virus
  			Pigeon para-
  			myxovirus 1
  			unclassified
  			Avulavirus
  			Avian paramyxo-
  			virus 10_Avian
  			paramyxovirus
  			duck/Miyagi/
  			885/05
  			Avian paramyxo-
  			virus penguin/
  			Falkland
  			Islands/324/2007
  			Goosramyxovirus
  			HZ
  			Goose para-
  			myxovirus
  			JS/1/97/Go
  			Goose para-
  			myxovirus SF02
  		Henipavirus	Hendra virus
  			Hendra virus
  			horse/Australia/
  			Hendra/1994
  			Nipah virus
  			unclassified
  			Henipavirus
  			Bat paramyxo-
  			virus
  			Eid.hel/GH45/
  			2008
  		Morbillivirus	Canine distemper
  			virus
  			Cetacean
  			morbillivirus_
  			Dolphin
  			morbillivirus_
  			Pilot whale
  			morbillivirus
  			Porpoise
  			morbillivirus
  			Measles virus
  			Peste-des-
  			petits-ruminants
  			virus
  			Phocine dis-
  			temper virus
  			Phocine dis-
  			temper virus 1
  			Phocine dis-
  			temper virus-2
  			Rinderpest
  			virus
  		Respirovirus	Bovine para-
  			influenza virus
  			3
  			Porcine para-
  			myxovirus strain
  			Frost Procine
  			paramyxovirus
  			strain Texas
  			Human parain-
  			fluenza virus 1
  			Human parain-
  			fluenza virus 3
  			Simian Agent 10
  			Sendai virus
  			unclassified
  			Respirovirus
  			Atlantic salmon
  			respirovirus
  			Guinea pig
  			parainfluenza
  			virus TS-9
  			Pacific salmon
  			paramyxovirus
  			Trask River
  			1983 Swine
  			parainfluenza
  			virus 3
  			Tursiops
  			truncatus
  			parainfluenza
  			virus 1
  		Rubulavirus	Human
  			parainfluenza
  			virus 2
  			Human
  			parainfluenza
  			virus 2
  			(strain Greer)
  			Human
  			parainfluenza
  			virus 2
  			(strain Toshiba)
  			Human
  			parainfluenza
  			virus 4
  			Human
  			parainfluenza
  			virus 4a
  			Human
  			parainfluenza
  			virus 4b
  			Mapuera virus
  			Mumps virus
  			Parainfluenza
  			virus 5
  			Porcine
  			rubulavirus
  			Simian virus 41
  			unclassified
  			Rubulavirus
  			Porcine
  			parainfluenza
  			virus
  			Tuhoko virus 1
  			Tuhoko virus 2
  			Tuhoko virus 3
  		unclassified	Atlantic salmon
  		Paramyxovirinae	paramyxovirus
  			Beilong virus
  			Canine
  			parainfluenza
  			virus
  			Chimeric human
  			parainfluenza
  			virus rPIV3-2
  			Fer-de-lance
  			virus
  			J-virus
  			Menangle virus
  			Mossman virus
  			Murayama virus
  			Ovine
  			parainfluenza
  			virus 3
  			Pacific salmon
  			paramyxovirus
  			Paramyxovirus
  			GonoGER85
  			Recombinant
  			PIV3/PIV1 virus
  			Reptilian
  			paramyxovirus
  			Salem virus
  			Salmo salar
  			paramyxovirus
  			Snake
  			ATCC-VR-1408
  			paramyxovirus
  			Snake
  			ATCC-VR-1409
  			paramyxovirus
  			Tioman virus
  			Tupaia
  			paramyxovirus
  	Pneumovirus	Human	Human	FLGLILGLGAAVTAGVA				Group 3
  		respiratory	respiratory	***oo**o*o*ooo*o*				Type I
  		syncytial	syncytial virus	TNEAVVSLTNGMSVL				fusion
  		virus	A	**o*****o**o***				mechanism
  			Human	VIRFQQLNKRLLE
  			respiratory	**o***o*o****
  			syncytial virus	REFSSNAGLT
  			(strain RSB1734)	****o***o*
  			Human	MLTDRELTSIVGGM
  			respiratory	***oo**o*oooo*
  			syncytial virus	YVIQLPLFGVMDTDCW
  			(strain RSB5857)	*oo***oo**o**o**
  			Human	CLARADNGWYCHNAGSLSYFP
  			respiratory	**ooo*o**o*o****o*o**
  			syncytial virus	DTLKSLTVPVTSRECN
  			(strain RSB6190)	**oo***o*ooooo**
  			Human	YDCKISTSKTYVSTAVLTTMG
  			respiratory	*o*o*o***ooo*oo*o*oo*
  			syncytial virus	VSCYGHNSCTVIN
  			(strain RSB6256)	*****ooo**oo*
  			Human	GIIRTLPDGCHYISNKGVDRVQVGN
  			respiratory	***o*ooo**o*o**o*o*o*o***
  			syncytial virus	TVYYLSKEVGK
  			(strain RSB642)	*o**oo*oo**
  			Human	PLSFPDDKFDVAIRDVEHSINQTRT
  			respiratory	**o**o*o*ooo*oo*ooo***ooo
  			syncytial virus	FLKASDQLL
  			(strain RSB6614)	*ooo**o**
  			Human	KIMTSKTDISSSVITSIGAIVSCYG
  			respiratory	o*o***ooo*oo*o*oo*oo*****
  			syncytial virus
  			A strain
  			Long LinkOut
  			Human
  			respiratory
  			syncytial virus
  			A2
  			Human
  			respiratory
  			syncytial virus
  			B
  			Human
  			respiratory
  			syncytial virus
  			(subgroup B/
  			strain 18537)
  			Human
  			respiratory
  			syncytial virus
  			(subgroup B/
  			strain 8/60)
  			Human
  			respiratory
  			syncytial virus
  			9320
  			Human
  			respiratory
  			syncytial virus
  			B1
  			Human
  			respiratory
  			syncytial virus
  			S2
  			Human
  			respiratory
  			syncytial virus
  			strain RSS-2
  			unclassified
  			Human
  			respiratory
  			syncytial virus
  		Bovine	All strains	FLGLILGLGAAVTAGVA				Group 3
  		respiratory		***oo**o*o*ooo*o*				Type I
  		syncytial		CLARADNGWYCHNAGSLSYFP				fusion
  		virus		**ooo*o**o*o****o*o**				mechanism
  				YVIQLPLFGVMDTDCW
  				*oo***oo**o**o**
  	Metapneumo	Avian	All strains
  	virus	metapneumo-
  		virus
  		Human	All strains
  		metapneumo-
  		virus
  Corona-	Corona-	Alphacorona-	Alphacorona-	RSAIEDLLFDKVKLSDVG			S (S1/S2)	Group 3
  viridae	virinae	virus	virus 1	**oo****oo**ooo*o*				Type I
  			Coronavirus	VPFYLNVQYRINGLGVT				fusion
  			group 1b	o**ooooo**o**o***				mechanism
  			Human corona-	VLSQNQKLIANAFNNALHAIQ
  			virus 229E	**oo***o*ooo*oo*ooo**
  			Human corona-	TNSALVKIQAVVNANA
  			virus NL63	*oo**o*o*o***oo*
  			Miniopterus bat	AEAQIRDLINGRLTALNAYVSQQL
  			coronavirus 1	*oo******o***oo*oo*oo***
  			Minoopterus bat	SAAQAMEKVNECVKSQSSRINFCGN
  			coronavirus HKU8	o*oo*oo*oo***oo*oo*oo***o
  			Porcine epidemic	GNHIIS
  			diarrhea virus	*o*oo*
  			Rhinolophus bat	APYGLYFIHFNYVP
  			coronavirus HKU2	**o*oo*o*oo*o*
  			Scotophilus bat
  			coronavirus 512
  			unclassified
  			Alphacorona-
  			virus
  		Betacorona-	Betacoronavirus	LQEAIKVLNHSYINLKDIGTYEYYV
  		virus	1	oo*oo*o**o*ooo*ooo*oo*o*o
  			Coronavirus	KWPWYVW
  			group 2b	*****o*
  			Coronavirus
  			group 2c
  			Human corona-
  			virus HKU1
  			Murine
  			coronavirus
  			Pipistrellus
  			bat coronavirus
  			HKU5
  			Rousettus bat
  			coronavirus
  			HKU9
  			Severe acute
  			respiratory
  			syndrome-related
  			coronavirus
  			recombinant
  			SARSr-CoV
  			SARS corona-
  			virus
  			Tylonycteris bat
  			coronavirus HKU4
  			unclassified
  			Betacoronavirus
  		Gammacorona-	Avian corona-
  		virus	virus
  			Beluga Whale
  			coronavirus SW1
  		unclassified	Alpaca corona-
  		coronaviruses	virus CA08-1/
  			2008
  			Bat coronavirus
  			Bird droppings
  			coronavirus
  			Bovine
  			respiratory
  			coronavirus
  			Chicken enteric
  			coronavirus
  			Coronavirus Anas
  			Coronavirus
  			oystercatcher/
  			p17/2006/GBR
  			Coronavirus red
  			knot/p60/2006/
  			GBR
  			Ferret enteric
  			coronavirus 1202
  			Ferret systemic
  			coronavirus
  			MSU-S
  			Ferret systemic
  			coronavirus
  			WADL
  			Guangxi
  			coronaviridae
  			Human
  			coronavirus NO
  			Human enteric
  			coronavirus
  			strain 4408
  			Kenya bat
  			coronavirus
  			Mink
  			coronavirus
  			strain WD1133
  			Parrot
  			coronavirus
  			AV71/99
  			Quail
  			coronavirus
  			Italy/Elvia/2005
  			Tai Forest
  			coronavirus
  			unidentified
  			coronavirus
  			unidentified
  			human
  			coronavirus
  Arena-	Arena-virus	LCMV-Lassa	Ippy virus	NALINDQLIMKNHLRDIMGIPYC			GpC (Gp1/Gp2)	Group 3
  viridae		virus (Old	Lassa virus	*o**o***o*o***o*o**o***				Type I
  		World) complex	Lujo virus	FTWTLSDSEGKDTPGGYCLT				fusion
  			Lymphocytic	oo*ooo*oo*ooo***o**o				mechanism
  			choriomenin-	KCFGNTAIAKCNQKHDEEFCDMLRL
  			gitis virus	***o*ooo****oo*oo****ooo*
  			Mobala virus	FDFN
  			Mopeia virus	oo*o
  				MLQKEYMERQGKTPLGLVDLFVFS
  				*ooo*oo**oo**oo*o*oooo*o
  		Tacaribe virus	Amapari virus	FTWTLSDSEGKDTPGGYCLT
  		(New World)	Chapare virus	oo*ooo*oo*ooo***o**o
  		complex	Flexal virus	KCFGNTAIAKCNQKHDEEFCDMLRL
  			Guanarito virus	***o*ooo****oo*oo****ooo*
  			Junin virus	FDFN
  			Latino virus	ooo*
  			Machupo virus	MLQKEYMERQGKTPLGLVDLFVFS
  			Oliveros virus	*ooo*oo**oo**oo*o*oooo*o
  			Paraná virus
  			Pichinde virus
  			Pirital virus
  			Sabiá virus
  			Tacaribe virus
  			Tamiami virus
  			Whitewater
  			Arroyo virus
  Hepadna-	Genus	Hepatitis B	HBV genotype A	FNPLGFFPSHQLDPLF			L and M and S	Group 3
  viridae	Orthohepa-	virus	HBV genotype B	o***o*o*o*o*o*o*				Fusion
  	dnavirus		HBV genotype C	ADWDKNPNKDPWP				mechanism-
  			HBV genotype D	o*o*o*oo*oooo				Neither
  			HBV genotype E	MESITSGFLGPLLVLQAVFF				type I nor
  			HBV genotype F	oooooooo*ooooo**oooo				type II
  			HBV genotype G	LLTRILTIPQSLDSWWTSLNFLGGA
  			HBV genotype H	oooooo*oooo*oooo***o*o*oo
  			Hepatitis B	CPPTCPGYRWMC
  			virus alpha1	oo*o*****o*o
  			Hepatitis B	LFILLLCLIFLLVLLDYQ
  			virus LSH/	*oo*ooo*oo*oo*oooo
  			chimpanzee
  			Hepatitis B
  			virus strain cpz
  			Hepatitis B
  			virus subtype
  			adr
  			Hepatitis B
  			virus subtype
  			adw
  			Hepatitis B
  			virus subtype
  			adyw
  			Hepatitis B
  			virus subtype
  			ayw
  Rhabdo-	Dimarhabdo-	Ephemerovirus	Bovine emhemeral	LDGYLCRKQKWEVTCTETWYFVTD			Glycoprotein G	Group 3
  viridae	virus		fever virus	*o*oo****o*ooo*o*****o*o				Neither
  				KYQIIEVIPTENEC				type I nor
  				o***o**o*oooo*				Type II
  				LKGEYIPPYYPPTNCVWNAIDTQE				fusion
  				oo*oo*******oo*o**oooo**				mechanism
  				IEDPVTMTLMDSKFTKPC
  				ooo*oooooo**o*oo**
  				LHCQIKSWECIPV
  				o**oo*o****o*
  				SHRNMMEALYLESPD
  				*oo*oo*o*oo*o**
  				LTFCGYNGILLDMGEWWSIY
  				o****oo**oooo******
  				ELEHEKCLGTLEKLQNGE
  				*****o**o*oo*oo*o*
  				LDLSYLSPSNPGKHYAY
  				**o***o*oo**oo***
  				IRAVCYYHTFSMNLD
  				o**o*o*oo*oooo*
  		Vesiculovirus	Carajas virus	EWKTTCDYRWYGPQYITHSI
  			Chandipura virus	o*o****o*****o*o*o*
  			Cocal virus	LGFPPQSCGWASVTT
  			Isfahan virus	o****oo**oooooo
  			Maraba virus	VQVTPHHVLVDEYTGEWVDSQFING
  			Piry virus	ooooo*o*oooo*o*o*o*oooooo
  			recombinant	KC
  			Vesiculovirus	oo
  			Spring viraemia
  			of carp virus
  			Vesicular
  			stomatitis
  			Alagoas virus
  			Vesicular
  			stomatitis
  			Indiana virus
  			Vesicular
  			stomatitis New
  			Jersey virus
  		Lyssavirus	Aravan virus
  			Australian bat
  			lyssavirus
  			Duvenhage virus
  			European bat
  			lyssavirus 1
  			European bat
  			lyssavirus 2
  			Irkut virus
  			Khujand virus
  			Lagos bat virus
  			Mokola virus
  			West Caucasian
  			bat virus
  		Rabies virus	Rabies virus	GFTCTGVVTEAETYTNFVGYVT
  			AB21	*o****o**o*oo*oooo***
  			Rabies virus	SLHNPYPDYRWLRTVKTT
  			AB22	*ooooooooooo***o*
  			Rabies virus	ESLVIISPSVADLDPYDRSLHS
  			AVO1	*ooo***oooo*o**ooo
  			Rabies virus	CKLKLCGVLGLRLMDGT
  			BNG4	*ooo****oooo*ooo*
  			Rabies virus	ILGPDGNVLIPEMQSS
  			BNG5	o**o*ooo*******o
  			Rabies virus	QHMELLESSVIPLVHPL
  			China/DRV	*ooo**o*ooo**oo**
  			Rabies virus
  			China/MRV
  			Rabies virus
  			CVS-11
  			Rabies virus
  			ERA
  			Rabies virus
  			Eth2003
  			Rabies virus
  			HEP-FLURY
  			Rabies virus
  			India
  			Rabies virus
  			Nishigahara RCEH
  			Rabies virus
  			Ontario fox
  			Rabies virus
  			Ontario skunk
  			Rabies virus
  			PM
  			Rabies virus
  			red fox/08RS-
  			1981/Udine/2008
  			Rabies virus
  			SAD B19
  			Rabies virus
  			silver-haired
  			bat-associated
  			SHBRV
  			Rabies virus
  			strain Pasteur
  			vaccin
  			Rabies virus
  			strain Street
  			Rabies virus
  			vnukovo-32
  			Thailand geno-
  			type 1 dog
  			lyssavirus
  		unclassified	Bokeloh bat
  		Lyssavirus	lyssavirus
  			European bat
  			lyssavirus
  			Lyssavirus
  			Ozernoe
  			Shimoni bat
  			virus
  	Novirhabdo-	Hirame
  	virus	rhabdovirus
  		Infectious
  		hematopoietic
  		necrosis virus
  		Snakehead
  		rhabdovirus
  		Viral
  		hemorrhagic
  		septicemia
  		virus
  	unassigned	Bangoran virus
  	Rhabdo-	Bimbo virus
  	viridae	Biven Arm virus
  		Flanders virus
  		Garba virus
  		Klamath virus
  		Malpais Spring
  		virus
  		Nasoule virus
  		Ngaingan virus
  		Ouango virus
  		Sigma virus
  		Tupaia virus
  		Wongabel virus

• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a method for identifying an immunosuppressive domain in the fusion protein of an enveloped RNA virus having a lipid membrane, said method comprising:
• • a. Identifying at least one well conserved domain among the group consisting of the membrane associated domains of the fusion protein and the surface associated domains of the fusion protein;
  • b. Providing at least one peptide with the sequence of said identified at least one well conserved domain;
  • c. Optionally dimerizing or multimerizing said at least one peptide; and
  • d. Confirming the immunosuppressive activity of said at least one optionally dimerized or multimerized peptide by testing said at least one optionally dimerized or multimerized peptide for immunosuppressive activity.
• The at least one well conserved domain may be identified among domains, which are membrane associated and domains, which are surface associated. Naturally, a domain which is both membrane and surface associated may be a well conserved domain.
• The fusion protein may be identified by searching NCBI taxonomy (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/), and selecting proteins of the Family, Subfamily, Genus or Species to be investigated, and subsequently search these for fusion or the specific name of the fusion protein, e.g. as listed in Table 1.
• The dimerized peptide could be synthetic, the multimerized peptide could be displayed as dimerized or trimerized fusion proteins either displayed alone or on membranes such as a viral particle.
• One way of testing the immunosuppressive activity of the at least one dimerized or multimerized peptide is to test the immunosuppressive activity of the fusion protein in the absence and presence of the at least one dimerized or multimerized peptide, and comparing the results.
• According to other embodiments, the invention concerns the method, wherein the identification of said at least one well conserved domain is done among the group consisting of the surface associated domains of the fusion protein in one or more of the different conformations of the fusion protein undergoing fusion.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a method, wherein the enveloped RNA virus is not selected among Retroviruses, Lentiviruses or Filoviruses. In particular, according to an embodiment, the invention concerns a method, wherein said at least one well conserved immunosuppressive domain is not located in the linker between the two heptad repeat structures just N-terminal of the transmembrane domain in the fusion protein of either Retrovirus, Lentivirus or Filovirus. More particularly, according to an embodiment, the invention concerns a method, wherein said at least one well conserved domain does not include some of the 22 amino acids located N-terminal to the first of two well conserved cysteine residues that are found in these structures in the fusion protein of either Retrovirus, Lentivirus or Filovirus. These cysteine residues are between 4 and 6 amino acid residues from one another and in many cases are believed to form disulfide bridges that stabilize the fusion proteins.
• According to other embodiments, the invention concerns the method, wherein said at least one well conserved domain is selected among the group consisting of Putative ISUs and Identified ISUs of Table 1 and Seq. Id. 1-200.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an immunosuppressive domain identified according to the invention.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an immunosuppressive domain selected among the sequences of Table 1 and Seq. Id. 1-200.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a method for decreasing or completely abrogating the immunosuppressive properties of an immunosuppressive domain of the fusion protein of an enveloped RNA virus having a lipid membrane, said method comprising the steps of:
• • e. Mutating an immunosuppressive domain to provide at least one mutated peptide;
  • f. Optionally dimerizing or multimerizing said at least one mutated peptide;
  • g. Selecting one of said optionally dimerized or multimerized mutated peptides showing reduced immunosuppressive properties;
  • h. Mutating the fusion protein of the enveloped RNA virus to contain said selected mutated peptide having reduced immunosuppressive properties;
  • i. Confirming expression by testing the viral envelope protein encompassing said mutated fusion protein for capability of being expressed by at least one of cellular or viral surfaces.
• The envelope protein may be identified by searching NCBI taxonomy (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/) and selecting proteins of the Family, Subfamily, Genus or Species to be investigated and subsequently searching these for envelope or the specific name for the envelope protein or the attachment and fusion protein, e.g. as listed in Table 1.
• According to other embodiments, the invention concerns the method, wherein:
• • e. Said immunosuppressive domain is mutated to provide a plurality of mutated peptides;
  • f. Said plurality of mutated peptides are optionally dimerized or multimerized;
  • g. One of said optionally dimerized or multimerized mutated peptides showing reduced immunosuppressive properties is selected;
  • h. The fusion protein of the enveloped RNA virus is mutated to contain said selected optionally dimerized or multimerized peptide having reduced immunosuppressive properties;
  • i. Expression is confirmed by testing the viral envelope protein encompassing said mutated fusion protein for capability of being expressed by at least one of cellular or viral surfaces.
• According to other embodiments, the invention concerns the method, wherein:
• • g. One of said optionally dimerized or multimerized mutated peptide(s) is selected, which has reduced immunosuppressive properties as shown by at least 25% reduction as compared to a dimerized Wildtype peptide.
• According to other embodiments, the invention concerns the method, wherein:
• • e. Said mutated immunosuppressive domain is mutated to provide a knock-out mutant of Table 1 or selected among the sequences of Seq. Id. 201-203.
• According to an embodiment, a proven knock-out (i.e. a mutation of the immunosuppressive domain abrogating the immunosuppressive properties of the peptide) from one family, genus, group and/or strain, may be used for another family, genus, group and/or strain.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a mutated peptide providing reduced immunosuppressive properties, said mutated peptide having a sequence according to Table 1 or any of Seq. Id.-202 to 203 or obtainable as said selected mutated peptide of a method according to the invention.
• Preliminary experiments indicate the immunosuppressive domains may have a size of 4-30 amino acids.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a method for generating an enhanced immune response, comprising a method according to the invention, and further comprising the step of:
• • j. Using said viral envelope protein encompassing said mutated fusion protein with reduced immunosuppressive properties as an antigen for generation of an enhanced immune response.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a method for making an envelope protein having diminished immunosuppressive activity, comprising:
• • Mutating or modifying an immunosuppressive domain, identifiable according to the invention, of an enveloped RNA virus with a lipid membrane surrounding the core, to include a peptide obtainable according to the invention.
• The diminished immunosuppressive activity is suitably measured by comparing to the immunosuppressive activity from an envelope of a wildtype peptide. It is preferably demonstrated by an increased proliferation of at least 25% in a cell proliferation assay of homodimers of said mutated peptide as compared to the homodimers of said non-mutated wildtype peptide at the same concentration. More preferably the cell assay is either the CTLL-2 or the PBMC assay.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the method, for making a envelope protein encompassing a mutated fusion protein from a enveloped RNA virus for medical use, such as therapeutic or prophylactic purpose, preferably for use as a vaccine.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the method, for making an enveloped protein encompassing a mutated fusion protein from an envelope RNA virus for vaccination purposes or for the generation of neutralizing antibodies.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the method, wherein the enveloped RNA virus has a fusion protein with a type II fusion mechanism.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the method, wherein the enveloped RNA virus, preferably excluding lentivirus, retrovirus and filovirus, has a fusion protein with a type I fusion mechanism and where the immunosuppressive domains co-localizes with the fusion peptide in the fusion protein, preferably as demonstrated by the identification of a common immunosuppressive domain in the fusion peptide of all H1 to H16 of Influenza A and influenza B.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the method, wherein the enveloped RNA virus, preferably excluding lentivirus, retrovirus and filovirus, has a fusion protein with a type I fusion mechanism excluding viruses with a type I fusion mechanism where the ISU co-localizes with the fusion peptide or the fusion protein has a structure that is neither a type I nor a type II fusion structure.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an envelope protein obtainable according to the invention.
• The immunosuppressive domain has so far been identified by the inventors at two positions in two different groups of viruses A: Co-localizing with the fusion peptide exemplified by the identification of an common immunosuppressive domain in the fusion peptide of all Flavivirus (Dengue virus, west Nile virus etc) and Influenza A and B viruses and B: in the hydrophobic alpha helix N-terminal of the transmembrane domain in the fusion protein exemplified by the finding of an immunosuppressive domain in said helixes of Flaviridae like e.g. Hepatitis C virus, Dengue, West Nile, Yellow fever.
• The inventors have realized that the potential immunosuppressive domains are located at various positions in the fusion protein identifiable by
• • 1): The peptide is preferably located in the fusion protein of enveloped RNA viruses;
  • 2): The peptide is preferably capable of interacting with membranes;
  • 3): Preferably a high degree of homology in the primary structure (sequence) of the peptide of said domain exists either within the viral species itself, in the family of viruses or in a group of viruses. This requirement is due to the immunosuppressive domain being under a dual selection pressures, one as an immunosuppressive entity ensuring protection of the viral particle from the host immune system, another as a peptide interacting with membranes; and/or
  • 4): The position at the surface of the fusion protein at a given conformation is preferably a feature of immunosuppressive domains. This can be revealed either by position in a 3D structure or by antibody staining of cells expressing the fusion protein or on viral surfaces displaying the fusion protein.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a mutated envelope protein according to the invention.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a viral fusion protein from an enveloped RNA virus with reduced immunosuppressive properties, said fusion protein encompassing a mutated peptide, said mutated peptide displaying reduced immunosuppression, and said mutated peptide replacing an un-mutated wildtype peptide having a sequence of an ISU of Table 1 or is selected among Seq. Id. 1-200.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the fusion protein, where the reduced immunosuppression is identified by comparing to the un-mutated wildtype peptide when said peptide is dimerized.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the fusion protein, wherein said immunosuppressive activity being determined by at least 25% reduction, more preferred at least 40% reduction, in proliferation rate in a cell proliferation assay using a homodimer of said un-mutated peptide compared to the monomeric version of said peptide at the same concentration.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the fusion protein, wherein said cell proliferation assay is selected among the group consisting of the CTLL-2 and the PBMC assay.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the fusion protein, wherein said fusion protein has a type I or type II fusion mechanism.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the fusion protein, wherein said fusion protein has neither a type I nor type II fusion mechanism.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the fusion protein, wherein said mutated peptide is located either in the fusion peptide or in a, preferably amphipatic, helix upstream of the C-terminal transmembrane domain of said fusion protein.
• The fusion peptide is a small membrane penetrating peptide located in the fusion protein of enveloped viruses.
• According to another embodiment, the invention concerns the viral fusion protein, wherein said mutated peptide is derived from the fusion peptide from a flavivirus or Influenzavirus or from the amphipatic helix of the Flaviridae, such as the group consisting of Hepatitis C virus fusion protein, Dengue virus fusion protein, and West Nile virus fusion protein.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an envelope protein, said mutated fusion protein being displayed on the surface of cells wherein said mutated fusion protein is expressed.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the envelope protein, said mutated fusion protein being displayed on the surface of viral or viral like particles.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the envelope protein, having retained some fusogenic activity.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the envelope protein, wherein the fusogenic activity is measured by a technique for measuring cell-cell fusion, preferably selected among the group consisting of counting syncytial by light microscopy, resonance energy transfer based assays, and indirect reporter gene using techniques or by measuring infectious titers; alternatively, or in addition, the presence of fusogenic activity may be indicated by the presence of at least one cell expressing the modified envelope and one cell expressing the receptor and/or coreceptors being fused together.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an enveloped RNA virus, different from a virus selected among the group consisting of Retrovirus, Lentivirus and Filovirus, wherein an immunosuppressive domain has been modified or mutated to decrease or completely abrogate the immunosuppressive properties of an immunosuppressive domain of the fusion protein.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a virus selected among the vira of Table 1, wherein an immunosuppressive domain has been modified or mutated to decrease or completely abrogate the immunosuppressive properties of an immunosuppressive domain of the fusion protein.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an antigen obtainable by selecting a part of a mutated envelope protein according to any of the preceding claims, said part comprising the mutated domain of said envelope protein.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an antigen comprising an mutated immunosuppressive domain selected among the sequences of Table 1 and Seq. Id. 201 to 202.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an antigen of the invention furthermore harboring 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 or 7 or 8 or 9 or 10 or 11 point mutation(s) in any of the sequences of Table 1 or of Seq. Id. 1-200.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an antigen, which mediates fusion of virus to host cells.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an antigen, which is recombinant or obtained by recombinant technology.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a nucleic acid sequence, preferably recombinant, encoding a mutated envelope protein, an envelope polypeptide or an antigen according to any of the preceding claims.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an isolated eukaryotic expression vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence according to the invention.
• According to another embodiment, the invention concerns the vector, which is a virus vector, preferably a virus selected among the group consisting of vaccinia virus, measles virus, retroviridae, lentivirus, baculovirus and adeno virus.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a method for producing an antibody, said method comprising the steps of:
• • Administering an entity selected among a mutated envelope, an envelope polypeptide, an antigen, a nucleic acid sequence or a vector according to any of the preceding claims to a host, such as an animal; and
  • Obtaining the antibody from said host.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an antibody obtainable according to a method of the invention.
• According to another embodiment, the invention concerns an antibody, which is specific for an entity selected among a mutated peptide, an envelope protein, a mutated envelope protein, an antigen, a nucleic acid sequence or a vector according to any of the preceding claims.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns neutralizing antibodies obtained or identified by the use of at least one envelope protein according to any of the preceding claims.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a method for manufacturing neutralizing antibodies comprising the use of at least one protein according to any of the preceding claims.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a method for manufacturing humanized neutralizing antibodies, comprising the use of at least one sequence selected among the sequences of Table 1 and sequences 201 to 203
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a vaccine comprising a virus according to the invention.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a vaccine comprising an envelope protein from a virus according to the invention.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a vaccine composition comprising an envelope protein according to any of the preceding claims.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a vaccine composition comprising a virus like particle (VLP).
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the vaccine composition, wherein the virus like particle is produced ex vivo in a cell culture.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the vaccine composition, wherein the virus like particle is partly or completely assembled ex vivo.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the vaccine composition, wherein the virus like particle is generated in vivo in the patient by infection, transfection and/or electroporation by expression vectors.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the vaccine composition, comprising a vector derived from a measles or vaccinia virus.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the vaccine composition, comprising an expression vector for DNA vaccination.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the vaccine composition, comprising a purified envelope protein.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the vaccine composition, comprising a multimerized purified envelope protein.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the vaccine composition, comprising a dimerized purified envelope protein.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the vaccine composition, comprising a trimerized purified envelope protein.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a vaccine composition comprising an entity selected among the group consisting of a mutated envelope protein, an envelope polypeptide, an antigen, a nucleic acid sequence, a vector and an antibody according to any of the preceding claims, and in addition at least one excipient, carrier or diluent.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns the vaccine composition, further comprising at least one adjuvant.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a medical composition comprising antibodies raised using a virus according to the invention.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a pharmaceutical composition comprising a mutated peptide, an envelope protein, a mutated envelope protein, an antigen, a nucleic acid sequence, a vector, an antibody or a vaccine composition according to any of the preceding claims, and at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient, diluents or carrier.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a use of a mutated peptide, an envelope protein, a mutated envelope protein, an antigen, a nucleic acid sequence, a vector or an antibody according to any of the preceding claims, for a medical purpose, such as for the treatment, amelioration or prevention of a clinical condition, such as for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment, amelioration or prevention of a clinical condition.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns a method of treating or ameliorating the symptoms of an individual, or prophylactic treating an individual, comprising administering an amount of mutated peptide, an envelope protein, a mutated envelope protein, antigen, nucleic acid sequence, vector or vaccine composition according to any of the preceding claims.
• According to an embodiment, the invention may be used with human and/or animal vira.
• Table 2 below, provides the location of a number of identified immunosuppressive domains.

• TABLE 2
  Localization of identified immunosuppressive domains

  Family (-viridae),
  Subfamily (-virinae),
  Genus (-virus) or
  Species (-virus) of	Localization of prototype
  viruses	immunosuppressive domain	Reference
  All Flavirus	Protein E	Seligman S J. Constancy and
  	98-DRGWGNXCGXFGKGXX-113	diversity in the flavivirus
  		fusion peptide. Virol J. 2008
  		Feb. 14; 5:27.
  All Flavirus	Protein E	FIG. 1
  (e.g. Dengue 3)	416-GDTAWDFGSVGGVLNSLGK-434	Schmidt A G, Yang P L, Harrison
  		S C. Peptide inhibitors of
  		dengue-virus entry target a
  		late-stage fusion
  		intermediate. PLoS Pathog.
  		2010 Apr. 8; 6(4):e1000851.
  Hepatitis C	E2	Albecka A, Montserret R, Krey
  	71-GLIHLHQNIVDVQYLYG-87	T, Tarr A W, Diesis E, Ball J K,
  		Descamps V,
  		Duverlie G, Rey F, Penin F,
  		Dubuisson J. Identification of
  		new functional regions in
  		hepatitis C virus envelope
  		glycoprotein E2.J Virol. 2011
  		Feb.; 85(4):1777-92.
  		Epub 2010 Dec. 8.
  Influenza A 1-16	HA2	Cross K J, Wharton S A, Skehel
  Influenza B	1-GLFGAIAGFIENGWEG-16	J J, Wiley D C, Steinhauer D A.
  		Studies on influenza
  		haemagglutinin fusion peptide
  		mutants generated by reverse
  		genetics. EMBO J. 2001
  		Aug 15.; 20(16):4432-42.

• According to an embodiment, an immunosuppressive domain may be identified by its position, e.g. as indicated in Table 2.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an immunosuppressive domain identified by its position.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an immunosuppressive domain identified by its secondary, tertiary or quaternary structure in the folded fusion protein.
• According to an embodiment, the invention concerns an entity selected among the group consisting of a mutated peptide, an envelope protein, a mutated envelope protein, an antigen, a nucleic acid sequence and a vector, wherein an immunosuppressive domain identified by its position, has been modified or mutated in order to suppress its immunosuppressive properties.
• All cited references are incorporated by reference.
• The accompanying Figures and Examples are provided to explain rather than limit the present invention. It will be clear to the person skilled in the art that aspects, embodiments and claims of the present invention may be combined.
EXAMPLES Peptide Solutions
• The peptides were either dissolved in water or in cases of low water solubility, 5% DMSO solutions were used to dissolve the peptides.
• Assay to Measure the Immunosuppressive Activity of Peptides Derived from Viral Surface Proteins or their Mutants
• The peptides can be prepared by different means including, but not limited to, solid phase synthesis commonly used for such purposes. The peptides can be dimerized using a cysteine residue either at the N- or C-terminal or in the middle of the peptide or by using any other molecule or atom that is covalently bound to peptide molecules.
• The peptides can be coupled to a carrier protein such as BSA by covalent bounds including, but not limited to, disulfide bridges between the peptide cysteine residues and the carrier protein or through amino groups including those in the side chain or Lysine residues.
• The peptides can have non-viral derived amino acids added to their C-terminal for increasing their water solubility.
Assay to Test the Immunosuppressive Activity of Peptides Experiment Design
• Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMC) are prepared freshly from healthy donors. These are stimulated by Con A (5 ug/mL) concomitant to peptide addition at different concentrations (i.e. 25 uM, 50 uM and 100 uM). Cultures are maintained and lymphocyte proliferation is measured 72 hrs later by EdU incorporation and Click-iT labelling with Oregon Green (Invitrogen, Denmark) as recommended by the manufacturer. The degree of activated lymphocytes is proportional to the fluorescence detection.
CTLL-2 Assay
• 100.000 CTLL-2 cells are seeded pr. well in a 48 well-plate (Nunc) in 200 uL of medium (RPMI+2 mM L-glutamine+1 mM Na-pyruvat+10% FCS+0.5 ng/mL IL-2) 2 hours later the peptides are added to the wells. 24 h later the cells are labeled using the Click-it reaction kit (Invitrogen cat. # C35002). The fluorescence of the cells is measured on a flow cytometer. The degree of proliferation in each sample is proportional to the detected fluorescence.
• Test of Immunosuppression from Monomer and Dimeric Peptides
• 100.000 CTLL-2 cells were seeded pr. well in a 48 well-plate (Nunc) in 200 uL of medium (RPMI+2 mM L-glutamine+1 mM Na-pyruvat+10% FCS+0.5 ng/mL IL-2) 2 hours later the peptides were added to the wells. 24 h later the cells were labeled using the Click-it reaction kit (Invitrogen cat. # C35002). The fluorescence of the cells was measured on a flow cytometer. The degree of proliferation in each sample is proportional to the detected fluorescence.
Quantification of Proliferation Inhibition
• The degree of inhibition of proliferation of CTLL-2 cells is visualized in the diagrams in the figures. The ratios are calculated by dividing the number of labeled cells (growing cells) in cultures in presence of peptide with cultures in absence of peptides, but added the same volume of the solute that was used to dissolve the peptides. That is in cases where the peptides were dissolved in 5% DMSO, the same volume of 5% DMSO was added to the control cells.
FIGURES
• FIG. 1 shows the result of an experiment using Influenza derived peptides, and the effect of the dimeric peptides on proliferation of CTLL-2 cells. The peptides are coupled through an ss-bond involving the cysteine residues. The wt INF peptide inhibits synthesis of new DNA, whereas the non-IS #1 peptide has a much less and the non-IS #2 peptide no significant effect.
• INF wt: GLFGAIAGFIENGWEGCGGEKEKEK
• INF non-IS #1: GLFGAAGFIENGWEGCGGEKEKEK
• INF non-IS #2: GLFAGFIENGWEGCGGEKEKEK
• FIG. 2 shows the result of two independent experiments on Flavivirus derived peptides.
• FLV IS/1 and FLV IS/2 are two independent experiments using the dimerized peptide: In both cases, a significant inhibition of proliferation of CTLL-2 cells is evident, while the monomeric peptide has no effect.
• FLV IS/1 and FLV IS/2: dimeric DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
• FLV IS mono/1: monomeric DRGWGNGCGLFGKG
• Control peptide: a dimerized non-immune suppressive control peptide.
• The concentrations are given in μM.
• FIG. 3 shows another experimental result. The dimeric peptide derived from Hepatitis C surface protein inhibits proliferation of T-cells in a concentration dependent manner.
• Hep C IS peptide has the sequence: PALSTGLIHLHQNIVDVQCGGEKEKEK
• FIG. 4 shows yet an experimental result. The effect of the dimeric peptides derived from Flavi viruses on proliferation of CTLL-2 cells. The peptides are coupled through an ss-bond using the cysteine residues. FLV FUS non-IS is representative of a non-immune suppressive mutant.
• Den H3: GDTAWDFGSIGGVFTSVGKCGGEKEKEK
• FLV FUS non-IS: DRGWGNGCGDFGKG
APPENDIX
• Classes of Enveloped RNA Viruses that Contain Human Pathogens
Flaviridae (Type II Fusion)
• Flaviviridae have monopartite, linear, single-stranded RNA genomes of positive polarity, 9.6- to 12.3-kilobase in length. Virus particles are enveloped and spherical, about 40-60 nm in diameter.
• Major diseases caused by the Flaviviridae family include:
• • Dengue fever
  • Japanese encephalitis
  • Kyasanur Forest disease
  • Murray Valley encephalitis
  • St. Louis encephalitis
  • Tick-borne encephalitis
  • West Nile encephalitis
  • Yellow fever
  • Hepatitis C Virus Infection
Existing Vaccines for Flaviridae
• The successful yellow fever 17D vaccine, introduced in 1937, produced dramatic reductions in epidemic activity. Effective killed Japanese encephalitis and Tick-borne encephalitis vaccines were introduced in the middle of the 20th century. Unacceptable adverse events have prompted change from a mouse-brain killed Japanese encephalitis vaccine to safer and more effective second generation Japanese encephalitis vaccines. These may come into wide use to effectively prevent this severe disease in the huge populations of Asia—North, South and Southeast. The dengue viruses produce many millions of infections annually due to transmission by a successful global mosquito vector. As mosquito control has failed, several dengue vaccines are in varying stages of development. A tetravalent chimeric vaccine that splices structural genes of the four dengue viruses onto a 17D yellow fever backbone is in Phase III clinical testing.
Genus Flavivirus
• Flaviviruses share a common size (40-65 nm), symmetry (enveloped, icosahedral nucleocapsid), nucleic acid (positive-sense, single stranded RNA approximately 10,000-11,000 bases), and appearance in the electron microscope.
• These viruses are transmitted by the bite from an infected arthropod (mosquito or tick). Human infections with these viruses are typically incidental, as humans are unable to replicate the virus to high enough titers to reinfect arthropods and thus continue the virus life cycle. The exceptions to this are yellow fever and dengue viruses, which still require mosquito vectors, but are well-enough adapted to humans as to not necessarily depend upon animal hosts (although both continue have important animal transmission routes as well).
Genus Hepacivirus (Type Species Hepatitis C Virus, the Single Member)
• Hepatitis C is an infectious disease affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The infection is often asymptomatic, but once established, chronic infection can progress to scarring of the liver (fibrosis), and advanced scarring (cirrhosis), which is generally apparent after many years. In some cases, those with cirrhosis will go on to develop liver failure or other complications of cirrhosis, including liver cancer or life threatening esophageal varices and gastric varices. The hepatitis C virus is spread by blood-to-blood contact. Most people have few, if any symptoms after the initial infection, yet the virus persists in the liver in about 85% of those infected. Persistent infection can be treated with medication, peg-interferon and ribavirin being the standard-of-care therapy. Overall, 51% are cured. Those who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may require a liver transplant, and the virus universally recurs after the transplant takes place. An estimated 180 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C. Hepatitis C is not known to cause disease in other animals. No vaccine against hepatitis C is currently available. The existence of hepatitis C (originally “non-A non-B hepatitis”) was postulated in the 1970s and proven in 1989. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E.
• The hepatitis C virus is a small (50 nm in size), enveloped, single-stranded, positive sense RNA virus. There are six major genotypes of the hepatitis C virus, which are indicated numerically (e.g., genotype 1, genotype 2, etc.). Based on the NS5 gene there are three major and eleven minor genotypes. The major genotypes diverged about 300-400 years ago from the ancestor virus. The minor genotypes diverged about 200 years ago from their major genotypes. All of the extant genotypes appear to have evolved from genotype 1 subtype 1b.
• The hepatitis C virus is transmitted by blood-to-blood contact. In developed countries, it is estimated that 90% of persons with chronic HCV infection were infected through transfusion of unscreened blood or blood products or via injecting drug use or sexual exposure. In developing countries, the primary sources of HCV infection are unsterilized injection equipment and infusion of inadequately screened blood and blood products.
Genus Pestivirus Togaviridae Type II Fusion
• The Togaviridae are a family of viruses, including the following genera:
Genus Alphavirus;
• Alphaviruses have a positive sense single stranded RNA genome. There are 27 alphaviruses, able to infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, fish, birds, and larger mammals such as horses as well as invertebrates. Transmission between species and individuals occurs mainly via mosquitoes making the alphaviruses a contributor to the collection of Arboviruses—or Arthropod Borne Viruses. Alphaviruses particles are enveloped, have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid.
• There are two open reading frames (ORF's) in the genome, non-structural and structural. The first is non structural and encodes proteins for transcription and replication of viral RNA, and the second encodes three structural proteins: the core nucleocapsid protein C, and the envelope proteins P62 and E1 that associate as a heterodimer. The viral membrane-anchored surface glycoproteins are responsible for receptor recognition and entry into target cells through membrane fusion. The proteolytic maturation of P62 into E2 and E3 causes a change in the viral surface. Together the E1, E2, and sometimes E3, glycoprotein “spikes” form an E1/E2 dimer or an E1/E2/E3 trimer, where E2 extends from the centre to the vertices, E1 fills the space between the vertices, and E3, if present, is at the distal end of the spike. Upon exposure of the virus to the acidity of the endosome, E1 dissociates from E2 to form an E1 homotrimer, which is necessary for the fusion step to drive the cellular and viral membranes together. The alphaviral glycoprotein E1 is a class II viral fusion protein. The structure of the Semliki Forest virus revealed a structure that is similar to that of flaviviral glycoprotein E, with three structural domains in the same primary sequence arrangement. The E2 glycoprotein functions to interact with the nucleocapsid through its cytoplasmic domain, while its ectodomain is responsible for binding a cellular receptor. Most alphaviruses lose the peripheral protein E3, but in Semliki viruses it remains associated with the viral surface.
Genus Rubivirus; Genus Rubivirus Bunyaviridae Type II Fusion Mechanism
• Bunyaviridae is a family of negative-stranded RNA viruses. Though generally found in arthropods or rodents, certain viruses in this family occasionally infect humans. Some of them also infect plants.
• Bunyaviridae are vector-borne viruses. With the exception of Hantaviruses, transmission occurs via an arthropod vector (mosquitoes, tick, or sandfly). Hantaviruses are transmitted through contact with deer mice feces. Incidence of infection is closely linked to vector activity, for example, mosquito-borne viruses are more common in the summer.
• Human infections with certain Bunyaviridae, such as Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, are associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality, consequently handling of these viruses must occur with a Biosafety level 4 laboratory. They are also the cause of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome.
• Hanta virus or Hantavirus Hemorrhagic fever, common in Korea, Scandinavia, Russia, and the American southwest, is associated with high fever, lung edema and pulmonary failure. Mortality is around 55%.
• The antibody reaction plays an important role in decreasing levels of viremia.
• Genus Hantavirus; Type Species: Hantaan Virus
• Hantaviruses are negative sense RNA viruses in the Bunyaviridae family. Humans may be infected with hantaviruses through rodent bites, urine, saliva or contact with rodent waste products. Some hantaviruses cause potentially fatal diseases in humans, hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), but others have not been associated with human disease. HPS cannot be transmitted person-to-person. The name hantavirus is derived from the Hantan River area in South Korea, which provided the founding member of the group: Hantaan virus (HTNV), isolated in the late 1970s by Ho-Wang Lee and colleagues. HTNV is one of several hantaviruses that cause HFRS, formerly known as Korean hemorrhagic fever.
Genus Ortho-Bunya-Virus
• The orthobunyaviruses are maintained in nature by sylvatic transmission cycles between hematophagous mosquitoes and susceptible mammalian hosts, principally rodents and other small mammals. Several members of the California serogroup of orthobunyaviruses, including La Crosse (LAC) and Tahyna (TAH) viruses, are significant human pathogens. LAC virus is an important cause of pediatric encephalitis and aseptic meningitis in the Midwestern United States where approximately 100 cases are reported annually; TAH virus, indigenous to central Europe, is associated with influenzalike febrile illnesses. La Crosse virus is a NIAID Category B priority pathogen.
• The orthobunyaviruses are enveloped, negative-stranded RNA viruses with a tripartite genome comprised of large (L), medium (M), and small (S) segments The M segment encodes three proteins in a single open reading frame (ORF): two surface transmembrane glycoproteins, herein referred to as Gn (G2) and Gc (G1), respectively, to delineate their order in the precursor polyprotein, and NSm, a protein of unknown function. Gn and Gc are thought to associate as a heteromultimer after cleavage of the polyprotein.
• Genus Phlebovirus; Type Species: Rift Valley Fever Virus
• Phlebovirus is one of five genera of the family Bunyaviridae. The Phlebovirus genus currently comprises over 70 antigenically distinct serotypes, only a few of which have been studied. The 68 known serotypes are divided into two groups: the Phlebotomus fever viruses (the sandfly group, transmitted by Phlebotominae sandflies) comprises 55 members and the Uukuniemi group (transmitted by ticks) comprises the remaining 13 members.
• Of these 68 serotypes, eight of them have been linked to disease in humans. They are: Alenquer virus, Candiru virus, Chagres virus, Naples virus, Punta Toro virus, Rift Valley fever, Sicilian virus, and Toscana virus. Recently identified is another human pathogenic serotype, the SFTS virus.
• Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a viral zoonosis (affects primarily domestic livestock, but can be passed to humans) causing fever. It is spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes, typically the Aedes or Culex genera. The disease is caused by the RVF virus, a member of the genus Phlebovirus (family Bunyaviridae). The disease was first reported among livestock in Kenya around 1915, but the virus was not isolated until 1931. RVF outbreaks occur across sub-Saharan Africa, with outbreaks occurring elsewhere infrequently (but sometimes severely—in Egypt in 1977-78, several million people were infected and thousands died during a violent epidemic. In Kenya in 1998, the virus claimed the lives of over 400 Kenyans. In September 2000 an outbreak was confirmed in Saudi Arabia and Yemen).
• In humans the virus can cause several different syndromes. Usually sufferers have either no symptoms or only a mild illness with fever, headache, myalgia and liver abnormalities. In a small percentage of cases (<2%) the illness can progress to hemorrhagic fever syndrome, meningoencephalitis (inflammation of the brain), or affecting the eye. Patients who become ill usually experience fever, generalized weakness, back pain, dizziness, and weight loss at the onset of the illness. Typically, patients recover within 2-7 days after onset.
• Approximately 1% of human sufferers die of the disease. Amongst livestock the fatality level is significantly higher. In pregnant livestock infected with RVF there is the abortion of virtually 100% of fetuses. An epizootic (animal disease epidemic) of RVF is usually first indicated by a wave of unexplained abortions.
Orthomyxoviridae Type I Fusion
• The Orthomyxoviridae (orthos, Greek for “straight”; myxa, Greek for “mucus”)^] are a family of RNA viruses that includes five genera: Influenzavirus A, Influenzavirus B, Influenzavirus C, Isavirus and Thogotovirus. A sixth has recently been described. The first three genera contain viruses that cause influenza in vertebrates, including birds (see also avian influenza), humans, and other mammals. Isaviruses infect salmon; thogotoviruses infect vertebrates and invertebrates, such as mosquitoes and sea lice.
• The three genera of Influenzavirus, which are identified by antigenic differences in their nucleoprotein and matrix protein infect vertebrates as follows:
• • Influenzavirus A infects humans, other mammals, and birds, and causes all flu pandemics
  • Influenzavirus B infects humans and seals
  • Influenzavirus C infects humans and pigs
Paramyxoviridae Type I Fusion Mechanism
• The fusion protein F projects from the envelope surface as a trimer, and mediates cell entry by inducing fusion between the viral envelope and the cell membrane by class I fusion. One of the defining characteristics of members of the paramyxoviridae family is the requirement for a neutral pH for fusogenic activity. A number of important human diseases are caused by paramyxoviruses. These include mumps, measles, which caused 745,000 deaths in 2001 and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) which is the major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and children. The parainfluenza viruses are the second most common causes of respiratory tract disease in infants and children. They can cause pneumonia, bronchitis and croup in children and the elderly.
• Human metapneumovirus, initially described in about 2001, is also implicated in bronchitis, especially in children.
• Genus Paramyxoviruses are also responsible for a range of diseases in other animal species, for example canine distemper virus (dogs), phocine distemper virus (seals), cetacean morbillivirus (dolphins and porpoises) Newcastle disease virus (birds), and rinderpest virus (cattle). Some paramyxoviruses such as the henipaviruses are zoonotic pathogens, occurring naturally in an animal host, but also able to infect humans.
• Hendra virus (HeV) and Nipah virus (NiV) in the genus Henipavirus have emerged in humans and livestock in Australia and Southeast Asia. Both viruses are contagious, highly virulent, and capable of infecting a number of mammalian species and causing potentially fatal disease. Due to the lack of a licensed vaccine or antiviral therapies, HeV and NiV are designated as biosafety level (BSL) 4 agents. The genomic structure of both viruses is that of a typical paramyxovirus.
Genus Pneumovirinae
• • Genus Pneumovirus (type species Human respiratory syncytial virus, others include Bovine respiratory syncytial virus)
  • Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a virus that causes respiratory tract infections. It is the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections and hospital visits during infancy and childhood. A prophylactic medication (not a vaccine) exists for preterm birth (under 35 weeks gestation) infants and infants with a congenital heart defect (CHD) or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Treatment is limited to supportive care, including oxygen therapy.
  • In temperate climates there is an annual epidemic during the winter months. In tropical climates, infection is most common during the rainy season.
  • In the United States, 60% of infants are infected during their first RSV season and nearly all children will have been infected with the virus by 2-3 years of age. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus-cite_note-Glezen86-0 Of those infected with RSV, 2-3% will develop bronchiolitis, necessitating hospitalization Natural infection with RSV induces protective immunity which wanes over time—possibly more so than other respiratory viral infections—and thus people can be infected multiple times. Sometimes an infant can become symptomatically infected more than once, even within a single RSV season. Severe RSV infections have increasingly been found among elderly patients.
  • RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, which includes common respiratory viruses such as those causing measles and mumps. RSV is a member of the paramyxovirus subfamily Pneumovirinae. Its name comes from the fact that F proteins on the surface of the virus cause the cell membranes on nearby cells to merge, forming syncytial.
Coronaviriridae Type I Fusion
• Coronaviruses primarily infect the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract of mammals and birds. Four to five different currently known strains of coronaviruses infect humans. The most publicized human coronavirus, SARS-CoV which causes SARS, has a unique pathogenesis because it causes both upper and lower respiratory tract infections and can also cause gastroenteritis. Coronaviruses are believed to cause a significant percentage of all common colds in human adults. Coronaviruses cause colds in humans primarily in the winter and early spring seasons. The significance and economic impact of coronaviruses as causative agents of the common cold are hard to assess because, unlike rhinoviruses (another common cold virus), human coronaviruses are difficult to grow in the laboratory.
• Coronaviruses also cause a range of diseases in farm animals and domesticated pets, some of which can be serious and are a threat to the farming industry. Economically significant coronaviruses of farm animals include porcine coronavirus (transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus, TGE) and bovine coronavirus, which both result in diarrhea in young animals. Feline Coronavirus: 2 forms, Feline enteric coronavirus is a pathogen of minor clinical significance, but spontaneous mutation of this virus can result in feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a disease associated with high mortality. There are two types of canine coronavirus (CCoV), one that causes mild gastrointestinal disease and one that has been found to cause respiratory disease. Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) is a coronavirus that causes an epidemic murine illness with high mortality, especially among colonies of laboratory mice. Prior to the discovery of SARS-CoV, MHV had been the best-studied coronavirus both in vivo and in vitro as well as at the molecular level. Some strains of MHV cause a progressive demyelinating encephalitis in mice which has been used as a murine model for multiple sclerosis. Significant research efforts have been focused on elucidating the viral pathogenesis of these animal coronaviruses, especially by virologists interested in veterinary and zoonotic diseases.
SARS-Coronavirus
• SARS is most closely related to group 2 coronaviruses, but it does not segregate into any of the other three groups of coronaviruses. SARS was determined to be an early split off from the group 2 coronaviruses based on a set of conserved domains that it shares with group 2. A main difference between group 2 coronovirus and SARS is the nsp3 replicase subunit encoded by ORF1a. SARS does not have a papain-like proteinase 1.
Arenaviridae: Glycoprotein G2 is a Type I Fusion
• Arenavirus is a genus of virus that infects rodents and occasionally humans. At least eight Arenaviruses are known to cause human disease. The diseases derived from Arenaviruses range in severity. Aseptic meningitis, a severe human disease that causes inflammation covering the brain and spinal cord, can arise from the Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Hemorrhagic fever syndromes are derived from infections such Guanarito virus (GTOV), Junin virus (JUNV), Lassa virus (LASV) causing Lassa fever, Machupo virus (MACV), Sabia virus (SABV), or Whitewater Arroyo virus (WWAV).^[1] Arenaviruses are divided into two groups; the Old World or New World. The differences between these groups are distinguished geographically and genetically. Because of the epidemiological association with rodents, some arenaviruses and bunyaviruses are designated as Roboviruses.
• • LCMV-Lassa virus (Old World) complex:
    • Ippy virus
    • Lassa virus
    • Lujo virus
    • Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
• LCMV infection manifests itself in a wide range of clinical symptoms, and may even be asymptomatic for immunocompetent individuals. Onset typically occurs between one or two weeks after exposure to the virus and is followed by a biphasic febrile illness. During the initial or prodromal phase, which may last up to a week, common symptoms include fever, lack of appetite, headache, muscle aches, malaise, nausea, and/or vomiting. Less frequent symptoms include a sore throat and cough, as well as joint, chest, and parotid pain. The onset of the second phase occurs several days after recovery, and consists of symptoms of meningitis or encephalitis. Pathological findings during the first stage consist of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. During the second phase, typical findings include elevated protein levels, increased leukocyte count, or a decrease in glucose levels of the cerebrospinal fluid).
Congenital Infection
• Lymphocytic choriomeningitis is a particular concern in obstetrics, as vertical transmission is known to occur. For immunocompetent mothers, there is no significant threat, but the virus has damaging effects upon the fetus. If infection occurs during the first trimester, LCMV results in an increased risk of spontaneous abortion. Later congenital infection may lead to malformations such as chorioretinitis, intracranial calcifications, hydrocephalus, microcephaly or macrocephaly, mental retardation, and seizures. Other findings include chorioretinal scars, optic atrophy, and cataracts. Mortality among infants is approximately 30%. Among the survivors, two thirds have lasting neurologic abnormalities. If a woman has come into contact with a rodent during pregnancy and LCM symptoms are manifested, a blood test is available to determine previous or current infection. A history of infection does not pose a risk for future pregnancies.
Human-to-Human Transmission Through Organ Donation
• In May 2005, four solid-organ transplant recipients contracted an illness that was later diagnosed as lymphocytic choriomeningitis. All received organs from a common donor, and within a month of transplantation, three of the four recipients had died as a result of the viral infection. Epidemiologic investigation traced the source to a pet hamster that the organ donor had recently purchased from a Rhode Island pet store. A similar case occurred in Massachusetts in 2008. Currently, there is not a LCMV infection test that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration for organ donor screening. The Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report advises health-care providers to “consider LCMV infection in patients with aseptic meningitis and encephalitis and in organ transplant recipients with unexplained fever, hepatitis, or multisystem organ failure.”
Hepadnaviridae: Fusion Mechanism Neither Type I Nor Type II
• Hepadnaviruses are a family of viruses which can cause liver infections in humans and animals. There are two recognized genera
• Hepadnaviruses have very small genomes of partially double-stranded, partially single stranded circular DNA. The genome consists of two uneven strands of DNA. One has a negative-sense orientation, and the other, shorter, strand has a positive-sense orientation.
• As it is a group 7 virus, replication involves an RNA intermediate. Three main open reading frames are encoded (ORFS) and the virus has four known genes which encode the core protein, the virus polymerase, surface antigens (preS1, preS2, and S) and the X protein. The X protein is thought to be non-structural; however, its function and significance are poorly understood.
Rhabdoviridae Fusion Mechanism Neither Type I Nor Type II
• Rhabdoviruses carry their genetic material in the form of negative-sense single-stranded RNA. They typically carry genes for five proteins: large protein (L), glycoprotein (G), nucleoprotein (N), phosphoprotein (P), and matrix protein (M). Rhabdoviruses that infect vertebrates are bullet-shaped. The prototypical and best studied rhabdovirus is vesicular stomatitis virus.
• Rhabdoviruses are important pathogens of animals and plants. Rhabdoviruses include RaV (Rabies virus), VSV (Vesicular stomatitis virus). Rhabdoviruses are transmitted to hosts by arthropods, such as aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, black flies, sandflies, and mosquitoes.
ADDITIONAL REFERENCES
• 1. Sapir, A., et al., Viral and developmental cell fusion mechanisms: conservation and divergence. Dev Cell, 2008. 14(1): p. 11-21.
• 2. Cianciolo, G. J., et al., Murine malignant cells synthesize a 19,000-dalton protein that is physicochemically and antigenically related to the immunosuppressive retroviral protein, P15E. J Exp Med, 1983. 158(3): p. 885-900.
• 3. Hebebrand, L. C., et al., Inhibition of human lymphocyte mitogen and antigen response by a 15,000-dalton protein from feline leukemia virus. Cancer Res, 1979. 39(2 Pt 1): p. 443-7.
• 4. Cianciolo, G. J., et al., Macrophage accumulation in mice is inhibited by low molecular weight products from murine leukemia viruses. J Immunol, 1980. 124(6): p. 2900-5.
• 5. Mangeney, M. and T. Heidmann, Tumor cells expressing a retroviral envelope escape immune rejection in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1998. 95(25): p. 14920-5.
• 6. Mangeney, M., et al., Placental syncytins: Genetic disjunction between the fusogenic and immunosuppressive activity of retroviral envelope proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2007. 104(51): p. 20534-9.
• 7. Cianciolo, G. J., et al., Inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation by a synthetic peptide homologous to retroviral envelope proteins. Science, 1985. 230(4724): p. 453-5.
• 8. Cianciolo, G. J., H. Bogerd, and R. Snyderman, Human retrovirus-related synthetic peptides inhibit T lymphocyte proliferation. Immunol Lett, 1988. 19(1): p. 7-13.
• 9. Yaddanapudi, K., et al., Implication of a retrovirus-like glycoprotein peptide in the immunopathogenesis of Ebola and Marburg viruses. Faseb J, 2006. 20(14): p. 2519-30.
• 10. Haraguchi, S., et al. Differential modulation of Th1-and Th2-related cytokine mRNA expression by a synthetic peptide homologous to a conserved domainwithin retroviral envelope protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 1995. 92, 3611-15.
• 11. Harrell, R. A., et al Cianciolo. Suppression of the respiratory burst of human monocytes by a synthetic peptide homologous to envelope proteins of human and animal retroviruses. J Immunol, 1986. 136, 3517-520.
• 12. Kleinerman, E. S., et al. Lachman. A synthetic peptidehomologous to the envelope proteins of retroviruses inhibits monocyte-mediated killing by inactivating interleukin 1. J Immunol, 1987. 139, 2329-337.
• 13. Schlecht-Louf G,. et al. Retroviral infection in vivo requires an immune escape virulence factor encrypted in the envelope protein of oncoretroviruses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010 Feb. 23; 107(8):3782-7.
• 14 Volchkov V E et al. The envelope glycoprotein of Ebola virus contains an immunosuppressive-like domain similar to oncogenic retroviruses. FEBS Lett. 1992 Jul. 6; 305(3):181-4.
• 15 Cross K J, Wharton S A, Skehel J J, Wiley D C, Steinhauer D A. Studies on influenza hemagglutinin fusion peptide mutants generated by reverse genetics. EMBO J. 2001 Aug. 15; 20(16):4432-42.

Claims (18)

1.-66. (canceled)

67. A peptide providing immunosuppressive properties, said peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences shown in Table 1 or selected from SEQ ID NOS:1-200.

68. The peptide according to claim 1 comprising the amino acid sequence of an immunosuppressive domain.

69. A peptide having the amino acid sequence of an immunosuppressive domain, said peptide identified by a method for identifying an immunosuppressive domain in a fusion protein of an enveloped RNA virus having a lipid membrane, said method comprising:

a) identifying at least one well-conserved domain among the group consisting of the membrane-associated domains of the fusion protein and the surface-associated domains of the fusion protein;

b) providing at least one peptide with the sequence of said identified at least one well-conserved domain;

c) optionally dimerizing or multimerizing said at least one peptide; and

d) testing said at least one peptide or said at least one optionally dimerized or multimerized peptide for immunosuppressive activity.

70. The peptide according to claim 69, wherein said at least one peptide is dimerized or multimerized.

71. The peptide according to claim 3, wherein the identification of said at least one well-conserved domain is performed using the group consisting of the surface-associated domains of the fusion protein in one or more different conformations of the fusion protein undergoing fusion.

72. A mutated peptide providing reduced immunosuppressive properties, said mutated peptide comprising a mutated sequence selected from SEQ ID NOS:201-203 or a variant of an amino acid sequence selected from the sequences shown in Table 1 or selected from SEQ ID NOS:1-200, wherein said mutated sequence comprises from 1 to 4 amino acid substitutions, or at least one amino acid insertion, or at least one amino acid deletion.

73. A mutated peptide providing reduced immunosuppressive properties, said mutated peptide being obtainable as a selected mutated peptide by a method for decreasing or completely abrogating the immunosuppressive properties of an immunosuppressive domain of a fusion protein of an enveloped RNA virus having a lipid membrane, said method comprising the steps of:

a) mutating an immunosuppressive domain of said fusion protein to provide at least one mutated peptide;

b) optionally dimerizing or multimerizing said at least one mutated peptide;

c) selecting one of said at least one mutated peptide or said at least one optionally dimerized or multimerized mutated peptide showing reduced immunosuppressive properties;

d) preparing a mutant of said at least one fusion protein or said at least one optionally dimerized or multimerized mutated peptide containing said selected mutated peptide having reduced immunosuppressive properties; and

e) confirming expression of said at least one mutated fusion protein or said at least one optionally dimerized or multimerized mutated peptide on a cell surface or a viral envelope surface.

74. The mutated peptide according to claim 73, wherein a plurality of mutated peptides are provided in step (a), optionally utilized in step (b), and utilized in steps (c)-(e).

75. The mutated peptide according to claim 73, wherein said at least one mutated peptide or said at least one optionally dimerized or multimerized mutated peptide has immunosuppressive properties which are reduced by at least 25% compared to a dimerized wildtype version of the same peptide(s).

76. The mutated peptide according to claim 73, wherein said mutated immunosuppressive domain is selected from SEQ ID NOS:201-203 or is mutated to provide a knock-out mutant of a sequence selected from the sequences shown in Table 1 or selected from SEQ ID NOS:1-200.

77. An enveloped RNA virus that is not a retrovirus, lentivirus, or filovirus, wherein an immunosuppressive domain of a fusion protein of the virus has been modified or mutated to decrease or completely abrogate immunosuppression by an immunosuppressive domain of the fusion protein.

78. A virus selected from the viruses shown in Table 1 comprising an immunosuppressive domain that has been modified or mutated to decrease or completely abrogate immunosuppression by an immunosuppressive domain of a fusion protein of the virus.

79. A vaccine composition comprising a virus according to claim 78.

80. A vaccine composition comprising an envelope protein from a virus according to claim 78.

81. A method of treating or ameliorating a symptom caused by a virus infection of an individual, or prophylactically treating an individual, the method comprising administering an effective amount of the vaccine composition according to claim 79.

82. A method of reducing or abolishing an immune response in an individual, the method comprising administering to said individual an effective amount of the peptide according to claim 67.

83. The method according to claim 82, wherein the immune response comprises cytokine secretion or proliferation of T-cells.

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