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US20140308260A1 - Methods and compositions comprising a nitrite-reductase promoter for treatment of medical disorders and preservation of blood products - Google Patents

Methods and compositions comprising a nitrite-reductase promoter for treatment of medical disorders and preservation of blood products Download PDF

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US20140308260A1
US20140308260A1 US14/349,010 US201214349010A US2014308260A1 US 20140308260 A1 US20140308260 A1 US 20140308260A1 US 201214349010 A US201214349010 A US 201214349010A US 2014308260 A1 US2014308260 A1 US 2014308260A1
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alkyl
formula
hemoglobin
pharmaceutically acceptable
hydrogen
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Inventor
Bryan T. Oronsky
Jan Scicinski
Susan Knox
William Fitch
Frans A. Kuypers
Marcel Fens
Sandra Larkin
Pedro Cabrales
Chad Brouse
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Epicentrx Inc
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Epicentrx Inc
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Priority to US14/349,010 priority Critical patent/US20140308260A1/en
Assigned to RADIORX, INC. reassignment RADIORX, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FITCH, WILLIAM, KNOX, SUSAN, BROUSE, Chad, FENS, Marcel, KUYPERS, FRANS A., LARKIN, Sandra, CABRALES, PEDRO, ORONSKY, BRYAN T., SCICINSKI, JAN
Publication of US20140308260A1 publication Critical patent/US20140308260A1/en
Assigned to EPICENTRX, INC. reassignment EPICENTRX, INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: RADIORX, INC.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/397—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having four-membered rings, e.g. azetidine
    • A01N1/0226—
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N1/00—Preservation of bodies of humans or animals, or parts thereof
    • A01N1/10—Preservation of living parts
    • A01N1/12—Chemical aspects of preservation
    • A01N1/122—Preservation or perfusion media
    • A01N1/126—Physiologically active agents, e.g. antioxidants or nutrients
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
    • A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
    • A61K31/198—Alpha-amino acids, e.g. alanine or edetic acid [EDTA]
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    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
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    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
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    • A61K31/40—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. sulpiride, succinimide, tolmetin, buflomedil
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    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
    • A61K31/44—Non condensed pyridines; Hydrogenated derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/445—Non condensed piperidines, e.g. piperocaine
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    • A61K35/12—Materials from mammals; Compositions comprising non-specified tissues or cells; Compositions comprising non-embryonic stem cells; Genetically modified cells
    • A61K35/14—Blood; Artificial blood
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    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • A61K38/1709—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
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    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/62—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being a protein, peptide or polyamino acid
    • A61K47/64—Drug-peptide, drug-protein or drug-polyamino acid conjugates, i.e. the modifying agent being a peptide, protein or polyamino acid which is covalently bonded or complexed to a therapeutically active agent
    • A61K47/6445—Haemoglobin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the invention provides methods, compositions, and medical kits comprising a nitrite-reductase promoter, such as an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin, for use in treating medical disorders and preservation of blood products.
  • a nitrite-reductase promoter such as an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin
  • cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. Approximately one million people are diagnosed with cancer each year in the United States, and approximately half a million cancer patients die annually despite the significant progress made during the last decade in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Leading types of cancer that affect a substantial number of patients include colon cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, and skin cancer. The need exists for improved drugs and therapeutic methods for treating cancer.
  • Cardiovascular disorders that affect a significant number of patients include atherosclerosis, arteriosclerosis, myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, cardiac failure, embolism, thrombus, and hypertension. Hypertension is particularly prevalent, with some estimates suggesting approximately twenty-five percent of the adult population worldwide being hypertensive. Although dietary and lifestyle changes may reduce blood pressure, medications are often necessary to reduce blood pressure to an acceptable level in hypertensive patients. Examples of anti-hypertensive drugs include angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, alpha blockers, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, diuretics, and direct renin inhibitors. Without treatment, hypertensive patients can have a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular disorders and a reduced life expectancy. The need exists for improved drugs and therapeutic methods for treating cardiovascular disorders.
  • ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme
  • Blood transfusions are a ubiquitious part of healthcare delivery.
  • US United States
  • NBCUS National Blood Collection and Utilization Survey Report
  • a total of 15 million units of blood were transfused.
  • blood products can be stored only for short periods of time.
  • one unmet medical need is for compositions and methods capable of extending the storage life of blood products.
  • the invention provides methods, compositions, and medical kits comprising a nitrite-reductase promoter, such as an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin, for use in treating medical disorders and preservation of blood products.
  • a nitrite-reductase promoter such as an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin
  • the invention provides methods, compositions, and medical kits comprising an inorganic nitrite salt and a nitrite-reductase promoter, such as an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin, for use in treating medical disorders, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, ischemic conditions, hemolytic conditions, and bacterial infections.
  • the invention provides agents (e.g., allosteric modulator of hemoglobin) for treating a patient suffering from reduced blood volume (e.g., a patient suffering from hemorrhagic shock), performing a blood transfusion to a patient, treating a patient suffering from anemia, and preserving an isolated blood product.
  • agents e.g., allosteric modulator of hemoglobin
  • One aspect of the invention provides a method of treating or preventing a disorder selected from the group consisting of cancer, a cardiovascular disorder, an ischemic condition, a hemolytic condition, or a bacterial infection.
  • the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (i) an inorganic nitrite salt, and (ii) an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin that promotes nitrite reductase activity.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is a compound embraced by Formula I or Formula II, wherein Formula I is represented by:
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of increasing the amount of nitric oxide produced by hemoglobin in a patient.
  • the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (i) an inorganic nitrite salt, and (ii) an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin that promotes nitrite reductase activity.
  • kits for treating a medical disorder comprises (i) an inorganic nitrite salt, (ii) an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin, and (iii) instructions for using the kit to treat a medical disorder.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a patient suffering from reduced blood volume.
  • the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a blood product by injection and a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an organonitro compound of Formula I, organonitro compound of Formula II, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula IV, and an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I or II; wherein Formula I is represented by:
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of performing a blood transfusion to a patient.
  • the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a blood product by injection and a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an organonitro compound of Formula I, organonitro compound of Formula II, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula IV, and an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I or II, wherein Formula I is represented by:
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a patient suffering from anemia.
  • the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an organonitro compound of Formula I, organonitro compound of Formula II, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula IV, and an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I or II; wherein Formula I is represented by:
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of preserving an isolated blood product.
  • the method comprises exposing the isolated blood product to an agent selected from the group consisting of an organonitro compound of Formula I, organonitro compound of Formula II, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula IV, and an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I or II, wherein Formula I is represented by:
  • compositions comprising (i) a blood product, and (ii) an agent selected from the group consisting of an organonitro compound of Formula I, organonitro compound of Formula II, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula IV, and an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I or II; wherein Formula I is represented by:
  • Another aspect of the invention provides an isolated hemoglobin conjugate represented by Formula III or IV:
  • compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a hemoglobin conjugate as defined in the detailed description, such as a hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III or IV.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph showing the cumulative amount of nitric oxide formed from a blood sample over a thirty-minute time period for multiple experiments (experimental conditions varied include using air atmosphere, N 2 atmosphere, and/or the presence or absence of ABDNAZ), as described in Example 1;
  • FIG. 2 is a graph showing the cumulative amount of nitric oxide formed from a blood sample over a thirty-minute time period under an air atmosphere or N 2 atmosphere (where d0 refers to the first experiment, and dl refers to the second repetition of the experiment), as described in Example 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a graph showing the cumulative amount of nitric oxide formed from a blood sample mixed with ABDNAZ, where data is shown for a thirty-minute time period under an air atmosphere or N 2 atmosphere (where d0 refers to the first experiment, and dl refers to the second repetition of the experiment), as described in Example 1;
  • FIG. 4 is a graph showing the cumulative amount of nitric oxide formed from a blood sample under an atmosphere of air, where the blood sample is optionally mixed with ABDNAZ (where d0 refers to the first experiment, and dl refers to the second repetition of the experiment), as described in Example 1;
  • FIG. 5 is a graph showing the cumulative amount of nitric oxide formed from a blood sample under an atmosphere of N 2 , where the blood sample is optionally mixed with ABDNAZ (where d0 refers to the first experiment, and dl refers to the second repetition of the experiment), as described in Example 1;
  • FIG. 6 is a graph showing the amount of nitric oxide formed in each three-minute period following the start of experiments for multiple experiments (experimental conditions varied include using an air atmosphere, N 2 atmosphere, and/or the presence or absence of ABDNAZ), as described in Example 1;
  • FIG. 7 is a graph showing the amount of nitric oxide formed in each three-minute period following the start of experiments where the blood sample is under an atmosphere of air or an atmosphere of N 2 as described in Example 1;
  • FIG. 8 is a graph showing the amount of nitric oxide formed in each three-minute period following the start of experiments where the blood sample is mixed with ABDNAZ and is under an atmosphere of air or an atmosphere of N 2 as described in Example 1.
  • FIG. 9 is a bar graph showing percent MetHb for the (i) nitrite, (ii) RRx-001, and (iii) RRx-001+nitrite (RRx-001+N) groups at 60 and 90 minutes post fluid resuscitation (FR), as further described in Example 2. It is noted that the percent MetHb level in normal, healthy individuals is about 1.
  • FIG. 10 depicts line graphs showing relative changes in arteriolar diameter and blood flow during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation for all groups tested in Example 2.
  • FIG. 11 is a line graph showing relative changes in functional capillary density (FCD) during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation for all groups tested in Example 2.
  • FCD functional capillary density
  • FIG. 12 is a line graph showing calculated vascular resistance (MAP/blood flow) relative to baseline during hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation for all groups tested in Example 2.
  • FIG. 13 is a bar graph showing the number of apoptotic and necrotic cells at 8 hours following resuscitation for all groups tested in Example 2. Data is presented as the average of fluorescent cells counted in 40 selected visual fields (210 ⁇ 160 ⁇ m) for the tissue and the endothelial vessel wall separately. **P ⁇ 0.005 for both the number of apoptotic and necrotic in the RRx-001 and RRx-001+nitrite groups compared to blood only.
  • the invention provides methods, compositions, and medical kits comprising a nitrite-reductase promoter, such as an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin, for use in treating medical disorders and preservation of blood products.
  • a nitrite-reductase promoter such as an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin
  • the invention provides methods, compositions, and medical kits comprising an inorganic nitrite salt and a nitrite-reductase promoter, such as an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin, for use in treating medical disorders, such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, ischemic conditions, hemolytic conditions, and bacterial infections.
  • the invention provides agents (e.g., allosteric modulator of hemoglobin) for treating a patient suffering from reduced blood volume (e.g., a patient suffering from hemorrhagic shock), performing a blood transfusion to a patient, treating a patient suffering from anemia, and preserving an isolated blood product.
  • agents e.g., allosteric modulator of hemoglobin
  • reduced blood volume e.g., a patient suffering from hemorrhagic shock
  • blood product means (i) whole blood, or (ii) component(s) isolated from whole.
  • alkyl refers to a saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon, such as a straight or branched group of 1-12, 1-10, or 1-6 carbon atoms, referred to herein as C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 1 -C 10 alkyl, and C 1 -C 6 alkyl, respectively.
  • Exemplary alkyl groups include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 2-methyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-3-butyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propyl, 2-methyl-1-pentyl, 3-methyl-1-pentyl, 4-methyl-1-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 2,2-dimethyl-1-butyl, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyl, 2-ethyl-1-butyl, butyl, isobutyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, etc.
  • haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group that is substituted with at least one halogen.
  • halogen for example, —CH 2 F, —CHF 2 , —CF 3 , —CH 2 CF 3 , —CF 2 CF 3 , and the like.
  • aralkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group.
  • heteroarylkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted with a heteroaryl group.
  • aryl is art-recognized and refers to a carbocyclic aromatic group. Representative aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like. Unless specified otherwise, the aromatic ring may be substituted at one or more ring positions with, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, carboxylic acid, —C(O)alkyl, —CO 2 alkyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfonamide, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl moieties, —CF 3 , —CN, or the like.
  • aryl also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more carbocyclic rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic and, e.g., the other ring(s) may be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, and/or aryls.
  • the aryl group is not substituted, i.e., it is unsubstituted.
  • heteroaryl is art-recognized and refers to aromatic groups that include at least one ring heteroatom. In certain instances, a heteroaryl group contains 1, 2, 3, or 4 ring heteroatoms. Representative examples of heteroaryl groups includes pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and pyrimidinyl, and the like.
  • the heteroaryl ring may be substituted at one or more ring positions with, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, carboxylic acid, —C(O)alkyl, —CO 2 alkyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfonamide, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl moieties, —CF 3 , —CN, or the like.
  • heteroaryl also includes polycyclic ring systems having two or more rings in which two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the rings are “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings is heteroaromatic and, e.g., the other ring(s) may be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls, and/or aryls.
  • the heteroaryl is a bicyclic aromatic ring in which both ring of the bicyclic system are heteroaromatic.
  • the heteroaryl group is not substituted, i.e., it is unsubstituted.
  • ortho, meta and para are art-recognized and refer to 1,2-, 1,3- and 1,4-disubstituted benzenes, respectively.
  • 1,2-dimethylbenzene and ortho-dimethylbenzene are synonymous.
  • heterocyclic represents, for example, an aromatic or nonaromatic ring containing one or more heteroatoms.
  • the heteroatoms can be the same or different from each other.
  • heteroatoms include, but are not limited to nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.
  • Aromatic and nonaromatic heterocyclic rings are well-known in the art. Some nonlimiting examples of aromatic heterocyclic rings include pyridine, pyrimidine, indole, purine, quinoline and isoquinoline.
  • Nonlimiting examples of nonaromatic heterocyclic compounds include piperidine, piperazine, morpholine, pyrrolidine and pyrazolidine.
  • oxygen containing heterocyclic rings include, but not limited to furan, oxirane, 2H-pyran, 4H-pyran, 2H-chromene, and benzofuran.
  • sulfur-containing heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to, thiophene, benzothiophene, and parathiazine.
  • nitrogen containing rings include, but not limited to, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, pyrazole, pyrazolidine, imidazole, imidazoline, imidazolidine, pyridine, piperidine, pyrazine, piperazine, pyrimidine, indole, purine, benzimidazole, quinoline, isoquinoline, triazole, and triazine.
  • heterocyclic rings containing two different heteroatoms include, but are not limited to, phenothiazine, morpholine, parathiazine, oxazine, oxazole, thiazine, and thiazole.
  • the heterocyclic ring is optionally further substituted at one or more ring positions with, for example, halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, carboxylic acid, —C(O)alkyl, —CO 2 alkyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkylthio, sulfonyl, sulfonamido, sulfonamide, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl moieties, —CF 3 , —CN, or the like.
  • amine and “amino” are art-recognized and refer to both unsubstituted and substituted amines, e.g., a moiety represented by the general formula —N(R 50 )(R 51 ), wherein R 50 and R 51 each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, or —(CH 2 ) m —R 61 ; or R 50 and R 51 , taken together with the N atom to which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8 atoms in the ring structure; R 61 represents an aryl, a cycloalkyl, a cycloalkenyl, a heterocycle or a polycycle; and m is zero or an integer in the range of 1 to 8.
  • R 50 and R 51 each independently represent hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, or —(CH 2 ) m —R 61
  • alkoxyl or “alkoxy” are art-recognized and refer to an alkyl group, as defined above, having an oxygen radical attached thereto.
  • Representative alkoxyl groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propyloxy, tert-butoxy and the like.
  • An “ether” is two hydrocarbons covalently linked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an alkyl that renders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxyl, such as may be represented by one of —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O—(CH 2 ) m —R 61 , where m and R 61 are described above.
  • ABSOR and “RRx-001” are used interchangeably and refer to the compound having the following structure:
  • compositions of the present invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms.
  • the present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R- and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention.
  • Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.
  • a particular enantiomer of a compound of the present invention may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers.
  • the molecule contains a basic functional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as carboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate optically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or chromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers.
  • the terms “subject” and “patient” refer to organisms to be treated by the methods of the present invention. Such organisms are preferably mammals (e.g., murines, simians, equines, bovines, porcines, canines, felines, and the like), and more preferably humans.
  • mammals e.g., murines, simians, equines, bovines, porcines, canines, felines, and the like
  • non-anemic patient refers to a patient that does not suffer from anemia.
  • the term “effective amount” refers to the amount of a compound (e.g., a compound of the present invention) sufficient to effect beneficial or desired results.
  • An effective amount can be administered in one or more administrations, applications or dosages and is not intended to be limited to a particular formulation or administration route.
  • the term “treating” includes any effect, e.g., lessening, reducing, modulating, ameliorating or eliminating, that results in the improvement of the condition, disease, disorder, and the like, or ameliorating a symptom thereof.
  • composition refers to the combination of an active agent with a carrier, inert or active, making the composition especially suitable for diagnostic or therapeutic use in vivo or ex vivo.
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, emulsions (e.g., such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsions), and various types of wetting agents.
  • the compositions also can include stabilizers and preservatives.
  • stabilizers and adjuvants See e.g., Martin, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 15th Ed., Mack Publ. Co., Easton, Pa. [1975]).
  • the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” refers to any pharmaceutically acceptable salt (e.g., acid or base) of a compound of the present invention which, upon administration to a subject, is capable of providing a compound of this invention or an active metabolite or residue thereof.
  • salts of the compounds of the present invention may be derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases.
  • acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, nitric, perchloric, fumaric, maleic, phosphoric, glycolic, lactic, salicylic, succinic, toluene-p-sulfonic, tartaric, acetic, citric, methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, formic, benzoic, malonic, naphthalene-2-sulfonic, benzenesulfonic acid, and the like.
  • Other acids such as oxalic, while not in themselves pharmaceutically acceptable, may be employed in the preparation of salts useful as intermediates in obtaining the compounds of the invention and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts.
  • bases include, but are not limited to, alkali metals (e.g., sodium) hydroxides, alkaline earth metals (e.g., magnesium), hydroxides, ammonia, and compounds of formula NW 4 + , wherein W is C 14 alkyl, and the like.
  • salts include, but are not limited to: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, flucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate,
  • salts of the compounds of the present invention are contemplated as being pharmaceutically acceptable.
  • salts of acids and bases that are non-pharmaceutically acceptable may also find use, for example, in the preparation or purification of a pharmaceutically acceptable compound.
  • isolated refers to material that is removed from its original environment (e.g., the natural environment if it is naturally occurring).
  • compositions and kits are described as having, including, or comprising specific components, or where processes and methods are described as having, including, or comprising specific steps, it is contemplated that, additionally, there are compositions and kits of the present invention that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited components, and that there are processes and methods according to the present invention that consist essentially of, or consist of, the recited processing steps.
  • compositions specifying a percentage are by weight unless otherwise specified. Further, if a variable is not accompanied by a definition, then the previous definition of the variable controls.
  • the invention provides combination therapy using an inorganic nitrite salt in combination with a nitrite-reductase promoter.
  • exemplary inorganic nitrite salts and exemplary nitrite-reductase promoters for use in the combination therapy methods, pharmaceutical compositions, and medical kits are described below.
  • the combination therapy may optionally comprise administration of one or more additional therapeutic agents for treatment of the designated medical disorder, exemplary additional therapeutic agents for treating exemplary medical disorders are described below.
  • the inorganic nitrite salt may be an alkali metal nitrite salt, an alkaline earth metal nitrite salt, or ammonium nitrite salt.
  • alkali metal nitrite salts include sodium nitrite, postassium nitrite, lithium nitrite, cesium nitrite, and rubidium nitrite.
  • alkaline earth metal nitrite salts include magnesium nitrite, calcium nitrite, barium nitrite, and strontium nitrite.
  • Additional exemplary metal-based inorganic nitrite salts include silver (I) nitrite (AgNO 2 ), cobalt(II) nitrite (Co(NO 2 ) 2 ), and zinc nitrite (Zn(NO 2 ) 2 ).
  • the alkali metal nitrite salt, alkaline earth metal nitrite salt, or ammonium nitrite salt may be in the form of solvate, such as a hydrate (e.g., a mono-hydrate or dehydrate).
  • the alkali metal nitrite salt, alkaline earth metal nitrite salt, or ammonium nitrite salt may be anhydrous.
  • Exemplary ammonium nitrite salts include compounds embraced by the formula NO 2 —N(R′) 4 , wherein R′ represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroalkyl, optionally substituted cycloalkyl, optionally substituted heterocycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl.
  • the ammonium nitrite salt is arginine nitrite, ammonium nitrite (NH 4 NO 2 ), or tetramethylammonium nitrite.
  • the nitrite reductase promoter enhances conversion of nitrite to nitric oxide in vivo.
  • One exemplary class of nitrite-reductase promoters is an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin, such as compounds that bind to the beta-cysteine-93 residue of hemoglobin to enhance the nitrite-reductase activity of hemoglobin.
  • Another exemplary class of nitrite-reductase promoters is an agent that modulates the oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin and/or erythrocyte cells, such as an agent that increases oxygen binding affinity of hemoglobin and/or erythrocyte cells.
  • Co-administration of a nitrite reductase promoter with an inorganic nitrite salt results in increased levels of nitric oxide in vivo.
  • One benefit of the combination therapy is that the nitrite reductase promoter allows for generation of beneficial levels of nitric oxide in vivo, while minimizing the amount of inorganic nitrite salt that must be administered to the patient.
  • Exemplary allosteric modulators of hemoglobin contemplated for use in the methods, compositions, and kits include nitrosating agents such as S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine, S-nitrosocysteinylglycine, S-nitrosocysteine, S-nitrosohomocysteine, metal nitrosyl complexes, S-nitro compounds, S-nitroso compounds, thionitrites, diazeniumdiolates, and other related nitrosating agents as described in Feelisch, M. and Stamler, J. S., “Donors of Nitrogen Oxides” chapter 7, pp. 71-115 in Methods in Nitric Oxide Research (Freelisch, M. and Stamler, J.
  • a nitrosating agent can be chosen for minimal oxidation of the heme iron of hemoglobin, and maximum activity in nitosylating thiol groups such as found on cysteine.
  • exemplary allosteric modulators of hemoglobin contemplated for use in the methods, compositions, and kits include 4-pyridylmethyl chloride, an alkoxyalkylchloride, dimethoxymethane, N-(hydroxymethyl)acetamide, triphenylmethyl chloride, acetyl chloride, 2-chloroacetic acid, acetic anhydride, a haloacetamide (such as, iodoacetamide, bromoacetamide, chloroacetamide, or fluoroacetamide), a haloacetate (such as iodoacetate, bromoacetate, chloroacetate, or fluoroacetate), benzyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, di-tert-butyl dicarbonate, p-hydroxyphenacyl bromide, p-acetoxybenzyl chloride, p-methoxybenzyl chloride, 2,4-dinitrophenyl fluoride, tetrahydr
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is an optionally substituted alkyl-R*, optionally substituted aralkyl-R*, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl-R*, wherein R* is a leaving group, such as halogen, an alkyl sulfonate, arylsulfonate, alkyl acetate, or haloalkyl acetate.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is an optionally substituted alkyl-NCO, optionally substituted aryl-NCO, optionally substituted aralkyl-NCO, optionally substituted heterocycyl-NCO, optionally substituted heteroaryl-NCO, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl-NCO.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is an optionally substituted alkyl-C(O)X, optionally substituted aryl-C(O)X, optionally substituted aralkyl-C(O)X, optionally substituted heterocycyl-C(O)X, optionally substituted heteroaryl-C(O)X, or optionally substituted heteroaralkyl-C(O)X, where X is a leaving group, such as halogen or —OC(O)alkyl.
  • the sulfhydryl of the ⁇ 93-cysteine on hemoglobin may be alkylated with an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin that is a derivatized dextran.
  • the dextran may be derivatized to contain a free amino group (e.g., using cyanogen bromide and diaminoethane), and the free amino group may be acylated with an alkylating moiety (e.g., bromoacetyl bromide) that can alkylate the sulfhydryl of the ⁇ 93-cysteine.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is a polyalkylene glycol.
  • Polyalkylene glycols containing a reactive group are contemplated to react with the ⁇ 93-cysteine residue of hemoglobin to modulate hemoglobin activity.
  • the polyalkylene glycol contains a maleimide group, such as (polyethylene glycol)-maleimide.
  • the polyalkylene glycol contains a N-hydroxysuccinimide group.
  • the polyethylene glycol may have a weight average molecular weight of about 200 g/mol to about 100,000 g/mol, about 200 g/mol to about 20,000 g/mol, about 200 g/mol to about 1,000 g/mol, or about 1,000 g/mol to about 10,000 g/mol.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is an organonitro compound embraced by Formula I:
  • a 1 is —C(O)— or —(C(R 3 ) 2 ) x C(O)(C(R 3 ) 2 ) x —;
  • a 2 is N or —C(R 4 )—
  • R 1 is halogen, —OS(O) 2 R 5 , or —OC(O)CF 3 ;
  • R 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 3 and R 4 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 5 alkyl
  • R 5 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
  • n and p are independently 1, 2, or 3;
  • n and x each represent independently for each occurrence 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is an organonitro compound embraced by Formula I as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula I, such as where A 1 is —C(O)—. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —(C(R 3 ) 2 ) x C(O)(C(R 3 ) 2 ) x —. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —C(O)(C(R 3 ) 2 ) x —.
  • a 2 is N. In certain other embodiments, A 2 is —C(R 4 )—.
  • R 1 is halogen, —OS(O) 2 R 5 , or —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is halogen. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 R 5 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R 1 is bromo.
  • n is 2. In certain other embodiments, m is 1.
  • n is 0. In certain other embodiments, n is 1. In certain other embodiments, n is 2.
  • p is 1. In certain other embodiments, p is 2. In certain other embodiments, p is 3.
  • the description above describes multiple embodiments relating to compounds of Formula I.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations of the embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein A 1 is —C(O)—, A 2 is N, R 1 is halogen, and n is 0.
  • the compound is a compound of Formula I-A:
  • A is N or C(H);
  • R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), or —OC(O)CF 3 ;
  • R 2 represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or methyl
  • y represents independently for each occurrence 1 or 2.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is an organonitro compound embraced by Formula I-A as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula I-A, such as where A is N. In certain other embodiments, A is C(H).
  • R 1 is chloro or bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is chloro. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 .
  • R 2 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is hydrogen.
  • y is 1. In certain embodiments, one occurrence of y is 1, and the other occurrence of y is 2. In certain other embodiments, y is 2.
  • the compound is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-N-phenyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N
  • the compound is any pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
  • the compound is
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is an organonitro compound embraced by Formula II:
  • a 1 is —C(O)— or —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —;
  • a 2 is —N(R 5 )— or —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—;
  • R 1 is halogen, —OS(O) 2 R 6 , or —OC(O)CF 3 ;
  • R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or R 2 and R 3 are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3-6 membered, saturated carbocyclic ring;
  • R 4 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 5 represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 6 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
  • t is an integer in the range from 1 to 12;
  • x represents independently for each occurrence 0, 1, 2, or 3.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is an organonitro compound embraced by Formula II as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula II, such as where A 1 is —C(O)—. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —.
  • a 2 is —N(R 5 )—. In certain other embodiments, A 2 is —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—.
  • R 1 is halogen. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 R 6 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R 1 is bromo.
  • R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl, ethyl or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain other embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl. In certain other embodiments, R 6 is methyl, ethyl, or trifluoromethyl. In certain other embodiments, R 6 is aryl, such as phenyl.
  • t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. In certain other embodiments, t is 1, 2, or 3. In certain other embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, x is 1 or 2.
  • the description above describes multiple embodiments relating to compounds of Formula II.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations of the embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates a compound of Formula II wherein A 1 is —C(O)—, A 2 is —N(R 5 )—, and R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • the compound is a compound of Formula II-A:
  • A is —N(R 5 )— or —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—;
  • R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), or —OC(O)CF 3 ;
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 5 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or methyl
  • R 4 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • t is 1, 2, or 3.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is an organonitro compound embraced by Formula II-A as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula II-A, such as where A is —N(R 5 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —N(CH 3 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —CH 2 —.
  • R 1 is chloro. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 .
  • R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl, ethyl or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain other embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is one of the compounds listed in Tables 1, 2, or 3 below or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof
  • the synthetic route illustrated in Scheme 1 depicts a general method for preparing cyclic geminal di-nitro compounds.
  • chloro epoxide A1 is reacted with t-butylamine to provide hydroxy heterocyclic compound B1.
  • Mesylation of the hydroxyl group of heterocyclic compound B1 with methylsulfonyl chloride gives mesylate C1, which upon reacting with NaNO 2 generates cyclic mono-nitro compound D1.
  • Further nitration of compound D1 can be carried out using NaNO 2 in the presence of NO 2 O 8 and K 3 Fe(CN) 6 to provide geminal di-nitro heterocyclic compound E1.
  • Reacting compound E1 with boron trifluoride etherate and acetyl bromide F provides the desired product G1.
  • Further description of related synthetic procedures are described in, for example, Archibald et al. in J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 2920-2924; U.S. Pat. No. 7,507,842; and J. P. Agrawal, R. D. Hodgson, Organic Chemistry of Explosives , Wiley & Sons, England, 2007 and references cited therein.
  • Scheme 2 illustrates a more specific embodiment of the synthetic route shown in Scheme 1 when m is 0.
  • epoxide A2 is reacted with t-butylamine to provide hydroxyl azetidine B2.
  • Mesylation of the hydroxyl group of azetidine B2 with methylsulfonyl chloride gives azetidine mesylate C2, which upon reacting with NaNO 2 generates mono-nitro azetidine D2.
  • Further nitration of mono-nitro azetidnine D2 with NaNO 2 in the presence of Na 2 S 2 O 8 and K 3 Fe(CN) 6 furnishes the geminal di-nitro azetidine E2.
  • Scheme 3 illustrates another more particular embodiment of the synthetic route shown in Scheme 1 when both R 1 and R 2 are hydrogen and m is 0.
  • commercially available epichlorohydrin A3 is reacted with t-butylamine to provide hydroxyl azetidine B3.
  • Mesylation of the hydroxyl group of azetidine B3 with methylsulfonyl chloride gives azetidine mesylate C3, which upon reacting with NaNO 2 generates mono-nitro azetidine D3.
  • Further nitration of mono-nitro azetidine D3 with NaNO 2 in the presence of Na 2 S 2 O 8 and K 3 Fe(CN) 6 furnishes the geminal di-nitro azetidine E3.
  • Scheme 4 illustrates an alternative exemplary procedure for preparing cyclic geminal di-nitro compounds.
  • heterocyclic compound A4 is reacted with an oxidant, such as pyridinium dichromate (PDC), to provide heterocyclic ketone B4.
  • PDC pyridinium dichromate
  • ketone B4 with hydroxylamine gives heterocyclic oxime C4, which upon reaction with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) produces bromo nitro compound D4.
  • N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) produces bromo nitro compound D4.
  • Reaction of compound D4 with NaBH 4 furnishes mono-nitro compound E4.
  • Reaction of mono-nitro compound E4 with NaNO 2 in the presence of Na 2 S 2 O 8 and K 3 Fe(CN) 6 provides geminal di-nitro heterocyclic compound F4.
  • Scheme 5 illustrates yet another exemplary procedure for preparing cyclic geminal di-nitro compounds with initial steps different from those shown in Scheme 4.
  • heterocyclic compound A4 is reacted with methylsulfonyl chloride to provide heterocyclic mesylate B5.
  • Reaction of mesylate B5 with NaNO 2 gives mono-nitro compound E4.
  • Nitration of compound E4 with NaNO 2 in the presence of Na 2 S 2 O 8 and K 3 Fe(CN) 6 provides geminal di-nitro compound F4.
  • Reaction of compound F4 with a deprotecting agent and acetyl bromide compound F provides the desired di-nitro product G4. Further description of related synthetic procedures are described in, for example, Archibald et al. in J. Org. Chem.
  • the synthetic route illustrated in Scheme 6 depicts an exemplary method for preparing cyclic vicinal di-nitro compounds.
  • cycloalkene A6 is reacted with N 2 O 4 to provide vicinal di-nitro compound B6.
  • Reaction of compound B6 with a deprotecting agent and acetyl bromide compound F provides the desired vicinal di-nitro product C6.
  • Further description of related synthetic procedures are described in, for example, Archibald et al. in J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 2920-2924; U.S. Pat. No. 7,507,842; and J. P. Agrawal, R. D.
  • the synthetic route illustrated in Scheme 7 depicts a general method for preparing cyclic mono-nitro compounds.
  • chloro epoxide A7 is reacted with t-butylamine to provide hydroxy heterocyclic compound B7.
  • Mesylation of the hydroxyl group of heterocyclic compound B7 with methylsulfonyl chloride gives mesylate C7 which upon reacting with NaNO 2 generates cyclic mono-nitro compound D7.
  • Reaction of compound D7 with boron trifluoride etherate and acetyl bromide F provides the desired product G7. Further description of related synthetic procedures are described in, for example, Archibald et al. in J. Org. Chem.
  • the synthetic routes described above can be modified to prepare compounds having an alkyl halide attached to the ring nitrogen atom.
  • Exemplary synthetic procedures for preparing such compounds include reducing the amide group of compound G1-G4, G7, and C6 to an amine.
  • compound F used in the procedures above could be replaced with an appropriately protected alkylhalide, such that after the alkylation reaction, the protected alkyl group attached to the ring nitrogen atom is deprotected and converted to an alkyl chloride or bromide.
  • Scheme 8 depicts another exemplary method for preparing cyclic mono-nitro and di-nitro compounds.
  • Reaction of ketone B8 with hydroxylamine gives heterocyclic hydroxylamine C8, which upon reaction with N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) produces bromo nitro compound D8.
  • Reaction of compound D8 with NaBH 4 furnishes mono-nitro compound E8.
  • the hydroxyl protecting group (P, which may be, for example, a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group) and the 1,2-dihydroxyethane protecting group are removed using standard deprotection conditions.
  • Exemplary deprotection conditions for removing a tert-butyldimethyl silyl group include addition of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride.
  • Exemplary deprotection conditions for removing a 1,2-dihydroxyethane protecting group include addition of hydrochloric acid and water.
  • Hydroxy-ketone F8 can be converted to ⁇ -bromo ketone G8 by first reacting compound F8 with methanesulfonyl chloride to form a mesylate and then adding sodium bromide to form ⁇ -bromo ketone G8.
  • Di-nitro compounds can be prepared by reacting mono-nitro compound E8 with NaNO 2 in the presence of Na 2 S 2 O 8 and K 3 Fe(CN) 6 to provide geminal di-nitro heterocyclic compound H8.
  • the hydroxyl protecting group (P, which may be, for example, a tert-butyldiimethyl silyl group) and the 1,2-dihydroxyethane protecting group of compound H8 may be removed using standard deprotection conditions.
  • Exemplary deprotection conditions for removing a tert-butyldiimethyl silyl group include addition of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride.
  • Exemplary deprotection conditions for removing a 1,2-dihydroxyethane protecting group include addition of hydrochloric acid and water.
  • Hydroxy-ketone 18 can be converted to ⁇ -bromo ketone J8 by first reacting compound 18 with methanesulfonyl chloride to form a mesylate and then adding sodium bromide to form ⁇ -bromo ketone J8. Further description of related synthetic procedures are described in, for example, Archibald et al. in J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 2920-2924 and J. P. Agrawal, R. D. Hodgson, Organic Chemistry of Explosives , Wiley & Sons, England, 2007 and references cited therein.
  • Scheme 9 illustrates an exemplary procedure for preparing acyclic geminal di-nitro compounds.
  • protected amino alcohol A9 is reacted with methylsulfonyl chloride to provide mesylate B9.
  • Reaction of mesylate B9 with NaNO 2 gives mono-nitro compound E9.
  • Nitration of compound E9 with NaNO 2 in the presence of Na 2 S 2 O 8 and K 3 Fe(CN) 6 provides geminal di-nitro compound F9.
  • Reaction of compound F9 with a deprotecting agent and acetyl bromide compound F provides the desired di-nitro product G9.
  • Further description of related synthetic procedures are described in, for example, Archibald et al. in J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 2920-2924; U.S. Pat. No. 7,507,842; and J. P. Agrawal, R. D. Hodgson, Organic Chemistry of Explosives , Wiley & Sons, England, 2007 and references cited therein.
  • the invention provides methods for treating medical disorders using an inorganic nitrite salt in combination with an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin.
  • the methods are contemplated to provide particular advantages in treating or preventing various medical disorders, such as a disorder selected from the group consisting of cancer, a cardiovascular disorder, an ischemic condition, a hemolytic condition, and a bacterial infection.
  • various medical disorders such as a disorder selected from the group consisting of cancer, a cardiovascular disorder, an ischemic condition, a hemolytic condition, and a bacterial infection.
  • one aspect of the invention provides a method of treating or preventing a disorder selected from the group consisting of cancer, a cardiovascular disorder, an ischemic condition, a hemolytic condition, or a bacterial infection.
  • the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (i) an inorganic nitrite salt, and (ii) a nitrite reductase promoter, which preferably is an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin that promotes nitrite reductase activity.
  • Exemplary types of cancer contemplated to be treated include brain cancer, bladder cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, leukemia, lung cancer, liver cancer, melanoma, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal cancer, stomach cancer, testicular cancer, or uterine cancer.
  • the cancer is a vascularized tumor, solid tumor, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma, melanoma, glioma, neuroblastoma, sarcoma (e.g., an angiosarcoma or chondrosarcoma), larynx cancer, parotid cancer, bilary tract cancer, thyroid cancer, acral lentiginous melanoma, actinic keratoses, acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, adenoid cycstic carcinoma, adenomas, adenosarcoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, anal canal cancer, anal cancer, anorectum cancer, astrocytic tumor, bartholin gland carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, biliary cancer, bone cancer, bone marrow cancer, bronchial cancer, bronchial gland carcinoma, carcinoid, cholangio
  • the therapeutic methods may optionally comprise exposing the patient to a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation.
  • a chemotherapeutic agent or radiation is gamma rays, such as those produced from a 137 Cs source.
  • the amount of radiation can be optimized for particular conditions.
  • the quantity of radiation applied to the patient is at least about 2 Gy, about 5 Gy, about 10 Gy, or about 15 Gy.
  • chemotherapeutic agents include azacitidine, azathioprine, bleomycin, carboplatin, capecitabine, carmustine, cisplatin, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, daunorubicin, docetaxel, doxifluridine, doxorubicin, epirubicin, epothilone, etoposide, fluorouracil, fulvestrant, gemcitabine, hydroxyurea, idarubicin, imatinib, lomustine, mechlorethamine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, mitoxantrone, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, pemetrexed, procarbazine, raloxifene, teniposide, temozolomide, thiotepa, tioguanine, tamoxifen, toremif
  • Exemplary cardiovascular disorders include pulmonary hypertension, systemic hypertension, angina (e.g., Prinzmetal's angina), Cardiac syndrome X, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, Raynaud's disease, pulmonary embolism, and intravascular thrombosis.
  • the cardiovascular disorder is pulmonary hypertension, systemic hypertension, angina (e.g., Prinzmetal's angina), Cardiac syndrome X, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, or Raynaud's disease.
  • Exemplary ischemic conditions include stroke, an ischemic central nervous system event, cardiac ischemia syndrome, myocardial ischemia, and tissue damage due to hypoxia.
  • hemolytic conditions include sickle cell disease (including sickle cell crisis), thalassemia, hemoglobin C disease, hemoglobin SC disease, sickle thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary elliptocytosis, hereditary ovalcytosis, glucose-6-phosphate deficiency and other red blood cell enzyme deficiencies, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH), thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP/HUS), idiopathic autoimmune hemolytic anemia, drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia, secondary immune hemolytic anemia, non-immune hemolytic anemia caused by chemical or physical agents, malaria, falciparum malaria, bartonellosis, babesiosis, clostridial infection, severe haemophilus influenzae type b infection, extensive burns, transfusion reaction, rhabdomyolysis (my
  • the bacterial infection may be a gram-positive bacterial infection or a gram-negative bacterial infection.
  • the bacterial infection is a gram-positive cocci bacterial infection or a gram-positive bacilli bacterial infection.
  • the bacterial infection is a gram-negative bacterial infection.
  • the bacterial infection is a gram-negative cocci bacterial infection or a gram-negative bacilli bacterial infection.
  • the type of bacterial infection can also be characterized according to whether the bacterial infection is caused by anaerobic or aerobic bacteria.
  • the bacterial infection is an anaerobic bacterial infection.
  • the bacterial infection is an aerobic bacterial infection.
  • the bacterial infection is a mycobacterial infection.
  • the bacterial infection is an infection of bacteria selected from the group consisting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Bacillus anthracis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Yersinia enterocolytica, Francisella tularensis, Eubacterium lentum, Bacteroides fragilis, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas asaccharolyticus, Clostridium perfringens , and Clostridium difficile .
  • the bacterial infection is due to a member of the genus Peptostreptococci , a Peptostreptococci asaccharolyticus , a Peptostreptococci magnus , a Peptostreptococci micros , a Peptostreptococci prevotii , a member of the genus Porphyromonas , a Porphyromonas asaccharolytica , a Porphyromonas canoris , a Porphyromonas gingivalis , a Porphyromonas macaccae , a member of the genus Actinomyces , an Actinomyces israelii , an Actinomyces odontolyticus , a member of the genus Clostridium , a Clostridium innocuum , a Clostridium clostridioforme , a Clos
  • the bacterial infection is due to an antibiotic-resistant bacteria, both aerobic and anaerobic, Gram positive and Gram negative.
  • compositions described herein include nitrogen oxide related rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes (including neuropathies and vasculopathies), and systemic lupus erythematosus.
  • the patient is preferably a human, such as a human suffering from a tumor.
  • the particular combination of inorganic nitrite salt and allosteric modulator of hemoglobin may be selected according to the medical disorder suffered by the patient.
  • the inorganic nitrite salt is one of the generic or specific nitrite salts described in Section II, such as alkali metal nitrite, in particular, sodium nitrite.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is one of the generic or specific allosteric modulators of hemoglobin described in Section II, such as a compound of Formula I, a compound embraced by one of the further embodiments describing definitions for certain variables of Formula I, a compound of Formula I-A, or a compound embraced by one of the further embodiments describing definitions for certain variables of Formula I-A.
  • the compound corresponds to Formula I where A 1 is —C(O)—.
  • a 1 is —(C(R 3 ) 2 ) x C(O)(C(R 3 ) 2 ) x —.
  • a 1 is —C(O)(C(R 3 ) 2 ) x —.
  • a 2 is N. In certain other embodiments, A 2 is —C(R 4 )—.
  • R 1 is halogen, —OS(O) 2 R 5 , or —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is halogen. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 R 5 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R 1 is bromo.
  • m is 2. In certain other embodiments, m is 1. In certain embodiments, n is 0. In certain other embodiments, n is 1. In certain other embodiments, n is 2. In certain embodiments, p is 1. In certain other embodiments, p is 2. In certain other embodiments, p is 3.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is a compound of Formula I-A:
  • A is N or C(H);
  • R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), or —OC(O)CF 3 ;
  • R 2 represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or methyl
  • y represents independently for each occurrence 1 or 2.
  • A is N. In certain other embodiments, A is C(H).
  • R 1 is chloro. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is bromo.
  • R 1 is —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl).
  • R 1 is —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl).
  • R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 .
  • R 2 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 is hydrogen.
  • y is 1. In certain embodiments, one occurrence of y is 1, and the other occurrence of y is 2. In certain other embodiments, y is 2.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is one of the compounds listed in Tables 1 and 2 herein or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof
  • the description above describes multiple embodiments relating to methods of treating various disorders using an inorganic nitrite salt in combination with an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations of the embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates treating a tumor by administering a therapeutically effective amount of sodium nitrite in combination with a compound of Formula I-A wherein A is N, R 1 is chloro or bromo, and R 2 is hydrogen.
  • the invention contemplates treating a tumor by administering a therapeutically effective amount of sodium nitrite in combination with a compound of Formula II wherein A 1 is —C(O)—, A 2 is N(R 5 ), and R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of increasing the amount of nitric oxide produced by hemoglobin in a patient.
  • the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically effective amount of (i) an inorganic nitrite salt, and (ii) a nitrite reductase promoter, preferably an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin that promotes nitrite reductase activity.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is administered at a dosage sufficient to cause a ten percent increase in the rate at which hemoglobin converts nitrite to nitric oxide in vivo.
  • the dose of inorganic nitrite salt and dose of allosteric modulator of hemoglobin are sufficient to cause a ten percent increase in the rate at which hemoglobin converts nitrite to nitric oxide in vivo.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of preventing sickling of a red blood cell susceptible to sickling.
  • the method comprises exposing said red blood cell to an effective amount of (i) an inorganic nitrite salt, and (ii) a nitrite reductase promoter (which preferably is an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin that promotes nitrite reductase activity) to prevent sickling of the red blood cell.
  • the red blood cell is a red blood cell in a patient suffering from sickle cell anemia.
  • less than 10% of a population of said red blood cells convert to sickle form when exposed to an effective amount of (i) an inorganic nitrite salt, and (ii) an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin that promotes nitrite reductase activity, under hypoxic conditions.
  • the hypoxic condition is characterized by a pO 2 of less than about 10 mm Hg.
  • the combination of pharmaceutical agents is delivered to the patient in an effective amount.
  • Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient.
  • the selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the particular compound of the present invention employed, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion or metabolism of the particular compound being employed, the rate and extent of absorption, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and/or materials used in combination with the particular compound employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • a suitable daily dose of a compound of the invention will be that amount of the compound which is the lowest dose effective to produce a therapeutic effect.
  • the effective daily dose of the active compound may be administered as two, three, four, five, six or more sub-doses administered separately at appropriate intervals throughout the day, optionally, in unit dosage forms. Preferred dosing is one administration per day.
  • an inorganic nitrite is administered at a daily dosage of from about 0.1 ⁇ g/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 1 ⁇ g to about 5 mg/kg, about 0.05 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg, about 0.5 mg/kg to about 3 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg to about 1.5 mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg to about 0.35 mg/kg, about 0.35 mg/kg to about 0.75 mg/kg, or about 0.75 mg/kg to about 1 mg/kg.
  • an inorganic nitrite may be administered in an amount such that the plasma concentration of nitrite ion is from about 0.05 ⁇ M to about 200 ⁇ M, about 0.1 ⁇ M to about 100 ⁇ M, about 0.5 ⁇ M to about 100 ⁇ M, about 0.1 ⁇ M to about 100 ⁇ M, or about 1 ⁇ M to about 100 ⁇ M for a desired period of time.
  • the desired plasma concentration is maintained for a period of from about 1 hour to about 20 hours, about 1 hour to about 10 hours, or about 1 hour to about 5 hours.
  • the therapeutic methods embrace combination therapy, which includes the administration of an inorganic nitrite salt in combination with an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin as part of a specific treatment regimen intended to provide the beneficial effect from the co-action of these therapeutic agents.
  • Administration of these therapeutic agents in combination typically is carried out over a defined time period (e.g., hours or days depending upon the combination selected).
  • the combination therapy may involve administration of two or more of these therapeutic agents as part of separate monotherapy regimens that result in the combinations of the present invention.
  • Combination therapy also includes administration of these therapeutic agents in a sequential manner, that is, wherein each therapeutic agent is administered at a different time, as well as administration of these therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, in a substantially simultaneous manner.
  • Substantially simultaneous administration can be accomplished, for example, by administering to the subject a single capsule having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or in multiple, single capsules for each of the therapeutic agents.
  • Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of each therapeutic agent can be effected by any appropriate route including, but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucous membrane tissues.
  • the therapeutic agents can be administered by the same route or by different routes.
  • a first therapeutic agent of the combination selected may be administered by intravenous administration while the other therapeutic agent(s) of the combination may be administered orally.
  • all therapeutic agents may be administered orally or all therapeutic agents may be administered by intravenous injection.
  • One aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a patient suffering from reduced blood volume.
  • the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a blood product by injection and a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an organonitro compound of Formula I, organonitro compound of Formula II, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula IV, and an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I or II; wherein Formula I is represented by:
  • Formula II is represented by:
  • Formula III is represented by:
  • Formula IV is represented by:
  • the patient suffering from reduced blood volume is suffering from hemorrhagic shock.
  • Hemorrhagic shock is characterized by rapid and significant loss of blood (hypovolemia), resulting in the inadequate delivery of oxygen and nutrients to meet metabolic demands.
  • Compensatory mechanisms are often activated to preserve perfusion selectively to the brain and heart at the expense of other organ systems with progressive development of shock at the cellular and tissue level due to blood flow redistribution.
  • the present method provides a treatment for such hemorrhagic shock.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides a method of performing a blood transfusion to a patient.
  • the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a blood product by injection and a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an organonitro compound of Formula I, organonitro compound of Formula II, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula IV, and an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I or II, wherein Formula I is represented by:
  • Formula II is represented by:
  • Formula III is represented by:
  • Formula IV is represented by:
  • the blood product comprises erythrocyte cells. In certain embodiments, the blood product comprises blood plasma. In certain other embodiments, the blood product comprises erythrocyte cells and blood plasma.
  • the blood product and organonitro compound are administered to the patient concurrently.
  • the blood product is administered to the patient separately from the therapeutic agent.
  • the patient receives, by intravenous injection, a single composition comprising blood product and the therapeutic agent. In other certain embodiments, the patient receives, by intravenous injection, a single composition comprising a therapeutic agent, plasma, and erythrocyte cells.
  • a single composition comprising a therapeutic agent, plasma, and erythrocyte cells.
  • Table 1 One exemplary composition is provided below in Table 1.
  • composition for Intravenous Injection Component Amount Erythrocyte cells (vol %) 35-60 Plasma (mL) 17 Anticoagulant As needed (e.g., 4 mL) Therapeutic Agent (e.g., As needed, such as, an ABDNAZ) amount to treat hemorrhagic shock. *Amounts are based on a composition having a total volume of 282 mL.
  • the method further comprises administering an alkali metal nitrite to the patient. In other embodiments, the method further comprises administering sodium nitrite to the patient.
  • the patient receives a single composition comprising blood product, therapeutic agent, and an alkali metal nitrite.
  • the therapeutic agent is an organonitro compound of Formula I.
  • the therapeutic agent is an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I, and said therapeutic agent is administered by injection (such as intravenous injection).
  • a 1 is —C(O)—, and A 2 is N.
  • R 1 is bromo
  • n 0, and m is 2.
  • the description above describes multiple embodiments relating to compounds of Formula I.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations of the embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein A 1 is —C(O)—, A 2 is N, R 1 is halogen, and n is 0.
  • the therapeutic agent is a compound of Formula I-A:
  • the therapeutic agent is compound embraced by Formula I-A as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula I-A, such as where A is N. In certain other embodiments, A is C(H).
  • R 1 is chloro or bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is chloro. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 .
  • R 2 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, R2 is hydrogen.
  • y is 1. In certain embodiments, one occurrence of y is 1, and the other occurrence of y is 2. In certain other embodiments, y is 2.
  • the therapeutic agent is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-oxidedoxedoxedoxedoxethyl
  • the therapeutic agent an organonitro compound embraced by Formula II as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula II, such as where A 1 is —C(O)—. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —.
  • a 2 is —N(R 5 )—. In certain other embodiments, A 2 is —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—.
  • R 1 is halogen. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 R 6 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R 1 is bromo.
  • R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl, ethyl or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain other embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl. In certain other embodiments, R 6 is methyl, ethyl, or trifluoromethyl. In certain other embodiments, R 6 is aryl, such as phenyl.
  • t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. In certain other embodiments, t is 1, 2, or 3. In certain other embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, x is 1 or 2.
  • the description above describes multiple embodiments relating to compounds of Formula II.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations of the embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates a compound of Formula II wherein A 1 is —C(O)—, A 2 is —N(R 5 )—, and R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • the therapeutic agent is a compound of Formula II-A:
  • the therapeutic agent is an organonitro compound embraced by Formula II-A as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula II-A, such as where A is —N(R 5 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —N(CH 3 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —CH 2 —.
  • R 1 is chloro. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 .
  • R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl, ethyl or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain other embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen.
  • the therapeutic agent is a hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, and said therapeutic agent is administered by injection (such as intravenous injection).
  • a 1 is —C(O)— and A 2 is N.
  • n 0, and m is 2.
  • the therapeutic agent is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-oxidedoxedoxedoxedoxethyl
  • the therapeutic agents of Formulae I and II can be prepared based on the procedures described in Schemes 1-9 above.
  • the hemoglobin conjugates of Formulae III and IV can be prepared by admixing hemoglobin and a therapeutic agent of Formulae I and II, respectively, to form the hemoglobin conjugate.
  • the beta-cysteine-93 residue of hemoglobin reacts with the therapeutic agents of Formulae I and II form a thioether bond due to reaction of the thiol group of the beta-cysteine-93 residue of hemoglobin with the carbon atom bearing the R 1 group in Formulae I and II.
  • One aspect of the invention provides a method of treating a patient suffering from anemia.
  • the method comprises administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of an organonitro compound of Formula I, organonitro compound of Formula II, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula IV, and an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I or II; wherein Formula I is represented by:
  • Formula II is represented by:
  • R 4 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • Formula III is represented by:
  • Formula IV is represented by:
  • the method further comprises administering a blood product to the patient by injection (such as intravenous injection).
  • the blood product comprises erythrocyte cells. In certain other embodiments, the blood product comprises blood plasma. In certain embodiments, the blood product comprises erythrocyte cells and blood plasma.
  • the blood product and organonitro compound are administered to the patient concurrently.
  • the blood product is administered to the patient separately from the therapeutic agent.
  • the patient receives, by intravenous injection, a single composition comprising blood product and the therapeutic agent. In certain other embodiments, the patient receives, by intravenous injection, a single composition comprising a therapeutic agent, plasma, and erythrocyte cells.
  • a single composition comprising a therapeutic agent, plasma, and erythrocyte cells.
  • Table 2 One exemplary composition is provided below in Table 2.
  • Component Amount Erythrocyte cells (vol %) 35-60 Plasma (mL) 17 Anticoagulant As needed (e.g., 4 mL) Therapeutic Agent (e.g., As needed, such as, an ABDNAZ) amount to treat hemorrhagic shock. *Amounts are based on a composition having a total volume of 282 mL.
  • the method further comprises administering an alkali metal nitrite to the patient. In other embodiments, the method further comprises administering sodium nitrite to the patient.
  • the therapeutic agent is an organonitro compound of Formula I.
  • the therapeutic agent is an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I, and said therapeutic agent is administered by injection (such as intravenous injection).
  • a 1 is —C(O)—, and A 2 is N.
  • R 1 is bromo
  • n 0, and m is 2.
  • the description above describes multiple embodiments relating to compounds of Formula I.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations of the embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein A 1 is —C(O)—, A 2 is N, R 1 is halogen, and n is 0.
  • the therapeutic agent is a compound of Formula I-A:
  • the therapeutic agent is compound embraced by Formula I-A as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula I-A, such as where A is N. In certain other embodiments, A is C(H).
  • R 1 is chloro or bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is chloro. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 .
  • R 2 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 is hydrogen.
  • y is 1. In certain embodiments, one occurrence of y is 1, and the other occurrence of y is 2. In certain other embodiments, y is 2.
  • the therapeutic agent is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-oxidedoxedoxedoxedoxethyl
  • the therapeutic agent an organonitro compound embraced by Formula II as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula II, such as where A 1 is —C(O)—. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —.
  • a 2 is —N(R 5 )—. In certain other embodiments, A 2 is —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—.
  • R 1 is halogen. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 R 6 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R 1 is bromo.
  • R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl, ethyl or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain other embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl. In certain other embodiments, R 6 is methyl, ethyl, or trifluoromethyl. In certain other embodiments, R 6 is aryl, such as phenyl.
  • t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. In certain other embodiments, t is 1, 2, or 3. In certain other embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, x is 1 or 2.
  • the description above describes multiple embodiments relating to compounds of Formula II.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations of the embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates a compound of Formula II wherein A 1 is —C(O)—, A 2 is —N(R 5 )—, and R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • the therapeutic agent is a compound of Formula II-A:
  • A is —N(R 5 )— or —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—;
  • R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), or —OC(O)CF 3 ;
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 5 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or methyl
  • R 4 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • t is 1, 2, or 3.
  • the therapeutic agent is an organonitro compound embraced by Formula II-A as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula II-A, such as where A is —N(R 5 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —N(CH 3 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —CH 2 —.
  • R 1 is chloro. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), or —OS(O) 2 — (para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 .
  • R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl, ethyl or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain other embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen.
  • the therapeutic agent is a hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, and said therapeutic agent is administered by injection (such as intravenous injection).
  • a 1 is —C(O)— and A 2 is N.
  • n 0, and m is 2.
  • the therapeutic agent is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-oxidedoxedoxedoxedoxethyl
  • the therapeutic agents of Formulae I and II can be prepared based on the procedures described in Schemes 1-9 above.
  • the hemoglobin conjugates of Formulae III and IV can be prepared by admixing hemoglobin and a therapeutic agent of Formulae I and II, respectively, to form the hemoglobin conjugate.
  • the beta-cysteine-93 residue of hemoglobin reacts with the therapeutic agents of Formulae I and II form a thioether bond due to reaction of the thiol group of the beta-cysteine-93 residue of hemoglobin with the carbon atom bearing the R 1 group in Formulae I and II.
  • One aspect of the invention provides a method of preserving an isolated blood product.
  • the method comprises exposing the isolated blood product to an agent selected from the group consisting of an organonitro compound of Formula I, organonitro compound of Formula II, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula IV, and an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I or II, wherein Formula I is represented by:
  • a 1 is —C(O)— or —(C(R 3 ) 2 ) x C(O)(C(R 3 ) 2 ) x —;
  • a 2 is N or —C(R 4 )—
  • R 1 is halogen, —OS(O) 2 R 5 , or —OC(O)CF 3 ;
  • R 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 3 and R 4 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 5 alkyl
  • R 5 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
  • n and p are independently 1, 2, or 3;
  • n and x each represent independently for each occurrence 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • Formula II is represented by:
  • a 1 is —C(O)— or —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —;
  • a 2 is —N(R 5 )— or —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—;
  • R 1 is halogen, —OS(O) 2 R 6 , or —OC(O)CF 3 ;
  • R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or R 2 and R 3 are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3-6 membered, saturated carbocyclic ring;
  • R 4 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 5 represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 6 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl, C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl, aryl, or aralkyl;
  • t is an integer in the range from 1 to 12;
  • x represents independently for each occurrence 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • Formula III is represented by:
  • a 1 is —C(O)— or —C(O)(C(R 3 ) 2 ) x —;
  • a 2 is N or —C(R 4 )—
  • R 2 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 3 and R 4 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 5 alkyl
  • n and p are independently 1, 2, or 3;
  • n 0, 1, 2, or 3;
  • x is 1, 2, or 3;
  • z is an integer from 1 to 10;
  • Formula IV is represented by:
  • R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl; or R 2 and R 3 are taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached to form a 3-6 membered, saturated carbocyclic ring;
  • R 4 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • R 5 represents independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • t is an integer in the range from 1 to 12;
  • x is 1, 2, or 3;
  • z is an integer from 1 to 10.
  • the isolated blood product is whole blood. In certain embodiments, the isolated blood product comprises erythrocyte cells. In certain other embodiments, the isolated blood product is erythrocyte cells.
  • the method further comprises exposing the isolated blood product to an alkali metal nitrite. In other further embodiments, the method comprises exposing the isolated blood product to sodium nitrite.
  • the agent is an organonitro compound of Formula I. In certain embodiments, the agent is an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I.
  • a 1 is —C(O)—, and A 2 is N.
  • R 1 is bromo
  • n 0, and m is 2.
  • the description above describes multiple embodiments relating to compounds of Formula I.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations of the embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein A 1 is —C(O)—, A 2 is N, R 1 is halogen, and n is 0.
  • the agent is a compound of Formula I-A:
  • the agent is compound embraced by Formula I-A as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula I-A, such as where A is N. In certain other embodiments, A is C(H).
  • R 1 is chloro or bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is chloro. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 .
  • R 2 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 is hydrogen.
  • y is 1. In certain embodiments, one occurrence of y is 1, and the other occurrence of y is 2. In certain other embodiments, y is 2.
  • the agent is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N
  • the agent an organonitro compound embraced by Formula II as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula II, such as where A 1 is —C(O)—. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —.
  • a 2 is —N(R 5 )—. In certain other embodiments, A 2 is —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—.
  • R 1 is halogen. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 R 6 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R 1 is bromo.
  • R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl, ethyl or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain other embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl. In certain other embodiments, R 6 is methyl, ethyl, or trifluoromethyl. In certain other embodiments, R 6 is aryl, such as phenyl.
  • t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. In certain other embodiments, t is 1, 2, or 3. In certain other embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, x is 1 or 2.
  • the description above describes multiple embodiments relating to compounds of Formula II.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations of the embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates a compound of Formula II wherein A 1 is —C(O)—, A 2 is —N(R 5 )—, and R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • the agent is a compound of Formula II-A:
  • A is —N(R 5 )— or —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—;
  • R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), or —OC(O)CF 3 ;
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 5 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or methyl
  • R 4 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • t is 1, 2, or 3.
  • the agent is an organonitro compound embraced by Formula II-A as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula II-A, such as where A is —N(R 5 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —N(CH 3 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —CH 2 —.
  • R 1 is chloro. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 .
  • R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl, ethyl or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain other embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen.
  • the agent is a hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III.
  • a 1 is —C(O)— and A 2 is N.
  • n 0, and m is 2.
  • the agent is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N
  • the agent is provided in an amount effective to extend the storage life of the blood product by at least 10%, 20% or 30% relative to the storage life of the blood product without the agent.
  • the agent is provided in an amount effective to extend the storage life of the blood product by at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, or 15 days.
  • the agents of Formulae I and II can be prepared based on the procedures described in Schemes 1-9 above.
  • the hemoglobin conjugates of Formulae III and IV can be prepared by admixing hemoglobin and an agent of Formulae I and II, respectively, to form the hemoglobin conjugate.
  • the beta-cysteine-93 residue of hemoglobin reacts with the agents of Formulae I and II form a thioether bond due to reaction of the thiol group of the beta-cysteine-93 residue of hemoglobin with the carbon atom bearing the R 1 group in Formulae I and II.
  • ABDNAZ and other compounds described herein are believed to ameliorate the well-known storage lesion that occurs with stored blood.
  • Nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity of stored blood decreases rapidly after blood is removed from the organism, which in part limits the ability of stored blood to reverse arteriolar vasoconstriction, capillary perfusion and tissue hypoxia. These stresses consequently may affect the degree of intra and extravascular hemolysis post-transfusion.
  • Low levels of hemoglobin (Hb) in plasma severely disrupt NO bioavailability by accelerating NO dioxygenation reactions which results in decreased NO concentration and leads to vasoconstriction.
  • Restoration of NO bioavailability prior or concurrently with the transfusion strategy may therefore reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with blood transfusion.
  • enhancing the ability of blood to generate NO by incubation with ABDNAZ or other compounds herein may decrease the number of units of blood needed for treatment and reduce healthcare costs while also extending the shelf life of packed blood.
  • compositions comprising (i) a blood product, and (ii) an agent selected from the group consisting of an organonitro compound of Formula I, organonitro compound of Formula II, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III, hemoglobin conjugate of Formula IV, and an erythrocyte cell that has been exposed to an organonitro compound of Formula I or II; wherein Formula I is represented by:
  • Formula II is represented by:
  • Formula III is represented by:
  • Formula IV is represented by:
  • the blood product is whole blood. In certain embodiments, the blood product comprises erythrocyte cells. In certain other embodiments, the blood product comprises erythrocyte cells and blood plasma. In certain embodiments, the blood product is erythrocyte cells.
  • the composition further comprises an alkali metal nitrite. In certain other embodiments, the composition further comprises sodium nitrite.
  • the description above describes multiple embodiments relating to compounds of Formula I.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations of the embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein A 1 is —C(O)—, A 2 is N, R 1 is halogen, and n is 0.
  • the agent is a compound of Formula I-A:
  • the agent is compound embraced by Formula I-A as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula I-A, such as where A is N. In certain other embodiments, A is C(H).
  • R 1 is chloro or bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is chloro. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 .
  • R 2 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 is hydrogen.
  • y is 1. In certain embodiments, one occurrence of y is 1, and the other occurrence of y is 2. In certain other embodiments, y is 2.
  • the agent is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N
  • the agent an organonitro compound embraced by Formula II as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula II, such as where A 1 is —C(O)—. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —. In certain other embodiments, A 1 is —C(O)(C(R 5 ) 2 ) x —.
  • a 2 is —N(R 5 )—. In certain other embodiments, A 2 is —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—.
  • R 1 is halogen. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 R 6 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain other embodiments, R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OC(O)CF 3 . In certain embodiments, R 1 is bromo.
  • R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl. In certain other embodiments, R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 2 and R 3 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or methyl. In certain embodiments, R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl, ethyl or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain other embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen.
  • R 6 is C 1 -C 6 alkyl or C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl. In certain other embodiments, R 6 is methyl, ethyl, or trifluoromethyl. In certain other embodiments, R 6 is aryl, such as phenyl.
  • t is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6. In certain other embodiments, t is 1, 2, or 3. In certain other embodiments, t is 1. In certain embodiments, x is 1 or 2.
  • the description above describes multiple embodiments relating to compounds of Formula II.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations of the embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates a compound of Formula II wherein A 1 is —C(O)—, A 2 is —N(R 5 )—, and R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • the agent is a compound of Formula II-A:
  • A is —N(R 5 )— or —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—;
  • R 1 is chloro, bromo, —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl), or —OC(O)CF 3 ;
  • R 2 , R 3 , and R 5 each represent independently for each occurrence hydrogen or methyl
  • R 4 is hydrogen or C 1 -C 6 alkyl
  • t is 1, 2, or 3.
  • the agent is an organonitro compound embraced by Formula II-A as defined by particular definitions for variables in Formula II-A, such as where A is —N(R 5 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —N(CH 3 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —C(R 2 )(R 3 )—. In certain other embodiments, A is —CH 2 —.
  • R 1 is chloro. In certain other embodiments, R 1 is bromo. In certain embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 alkyl), —OS(O) 2 —(C 1 -C 6 haloalkyl), or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OS(O) 2 CH 3 , —OS(O) 2 CF 3 , or —OS(O) 2 -(para-methylphenyl). In certain other embodiments, R 1 is —OC(O)CF 3 .
  • R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
  • R 4 is hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, or pentyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl, ethyl or propyl. In certain other embodiments, R 4 is methyl.
  • R 5 is hydrogen or methyl. In certain other embodiments, R 5 is hydrogen.
  • the agent is a hemoglobin conjugate of Formula III.
  • a 1 is —C(O)— and A 2 is N.
  • n 0, and m is 2.
  • the agent is N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N-(2-aminoethyl)-2-aminoethyl-N
  • the agents of Formulae I and II can be prepared based on the procedures described in Schemes 1-9 above.
  • the hemoglobin conjugates of Formulae III and IV can be prepared by admixing hemoglobin and an agent of Formulae I and II, respectively, to form the hemoglobin conjugate.
  • the beta-cysteine-93 residue of hemoglobin reacts with the agents of Formulae I and II form a thioether bond due to reaction of the thiol group of the beta-cysteine-93 residue of hemoglobin with the carbon atom bearing the R 1 group in Formulae I and II.
  • the isolated blood product composition comprises a compound of Formula II, plasma, and erythrocyte cells. In certain other embodiments, the isolated blood product composition has the features provided below in Table 3.
  • Isolated Blood Product Composition Component Amount Erythrocyte cells (vol %) 35-60 Plasma (mL) 17 Anticoagulant As needed (e.g., 4 mL) Therapeutic Agent (e.g., As needed, such as, an ABDNAZ) amount to treat hemorrhagic shock. *Amounts are based on a composition having a total volume of 282 mL.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides an isolated hemoglobin conjugate represented by Formula III or IV:
  • Formula IV is represented by:
  • the isolated hemoglobin conjugate is represented by Formula III.
  • a 1 is —C(O)—, and A 2 is N.
  • n 0, and m is 2.
  • the isolated hemoglobin conjugate is
  • the isolated hemoglobin conjugates of Formulae III and IV can be prepared by admixing hemoglobin and an agent of Formulae I and II, respectively, to form the isolated hemoglobin conjugate.
  • the beta-cysteine-93 residue of hemoglobin reacts with the agents of Formulae I and II form a thioether bond due to reaction of the thiol group of the beta-cysteine-93 residue of hemoglobin with the carbon atom bearing the R 1 group in Formulae I and II.
  • compositions comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and an isolated hemoglobin conjugate as described herein.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable carrier comprises blood plasma.
  • the pharmaceutical composition contains at least one active agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions comprise an inorganic nitrite salt and/or an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin that promotes nitrite reductase activity.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions preferably comprise a therapeutically-effective amount of an inorganic nitrite salt and/or an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin that promotes nitrite reductase activity, formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers (additives) and/or diluents.
  • compositions of the present invention may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for the following: (1) oral administration, for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets (e.g., those targeted for buccal, sublingual, and/or systemic absorption), boluses, powders, granules, pastes for application to the tongue; (2) parenteral administration by, for example, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous or epidural injection as, for example, a sterile solution or suspension, or sustained-release formulation; (3) topical application, for example, as a cream, ointment, or a controlled-release patch or spray applied to the skin; (4) intravaginally or intrarectally, for example, as a pessary, cream or foam; (5) sublingually; (6) ocularly; (7) transdermally; or (8) nasally.
  • oral administration for example, drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions),
  • wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.
  • antioxidants examples include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
  • water soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like
  • oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), le
  • Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal and/or parenteral administration.
  • the formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
  • the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated, the particular mode of administration.
  • the amount of active ingredient that can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.1 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, preferably from about 5 percent to about 70 percent, most preferably from about 10 percent to about 30 percent.
  • a formulation of the present invention comprises an excipient selected from the group consisting of cyclodextrins, celluloses, liposomes, micelle forming agents, e.g., bile acids, and polymeric carriers, e.g., polyesters and polyanhydrides; and a compound of the present invention.
  • an aforementioned formulation renders a compound of the present invention orally bioavailable.
  • Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients.
  • the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.
  • Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia) and/or as mouth washes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient.
  • a compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: (1) fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; (2) binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose and/or acacia; (3) humectants, such as glycerol; (4) disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, and sodium carbonate; (5) solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; (6) absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds and surfactants, such as poloxa
  • pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate
  • compositions may also comprise buffering agents.
  • Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-shelled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.
  • a tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • the tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes and/or microspheres. They may be formulated for rapid release, e.g., freeze-dried.
  • compositions may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.
  • These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner.
  • embedding compositions which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.
  • the active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.
  • Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
  • the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof
  • the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
  • adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming and preservative agents.
  • Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof
  • suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof
  • Formulations of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention for rectal or vaginal administration may be presented as a suppository, which may be prepared by mixing one or more compounds of the invention with one or more suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • suitable nonirritating excipients or carriers comprising, for example, cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol, a suppository wax or a salicylate, and which is solid at room temperature, but liquid at body temperature and, therefore, will melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.
  • Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches and inhalants.
  • the active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.
  • the ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof
  • excipients such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof
  • Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances.
  • Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and propane.
  • Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body.
  • dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the compound in the proper medium.
  • Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the compound across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled by either providing a rate controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.
  • Ophthalmic formulations are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
  • compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions, or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain sugars, alcohols, antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.
  • aqueous and nonaqueous carriers examples include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like), and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate.
  • polyols such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like
  • vegetable oils such as olive oil
  • injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
  • Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
  • compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms upon the subject compounds may be ensured by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
  • the absorption of the drug administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug administered by subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle.
  • Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions which are compatible with body tissue.
  • the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1 to 99% (more preferably, 10 to 30%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • the preparations of the present invention may be given orally, parenterally, topically, or rectally. They are of course given in forms suitable for each administration route. For example, they are administered in tablets or capsule form, by injection, inhalation, eye lotion, ointment, suppository, etc. administration by injection, infusion or inhalation; topical by lotion or ointment; and rectal by suppositories. Oral administrations are preferred.
  • parenteral administration and “administered parenterally” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and include, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticulare, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, and intrasternal injection and infusion.
  • systemic administration means the administration of a compound, drug or other material other than directly into the central nervous system, such that it enters the patient's system and, thus, is subject to metabolism and other like processes, for example, subcutaneous administration.
  • These compounds may be administered to humans and other animals for therapy by any suitable route of administration, including orally, nasally, as by, for example, a spray, rectally, intravaginally, parenterally, intracisternally and topically, as by powders, ointments or drops, including buccally and sublingually.
  • the compounds of the present invention which may be used in a suitable hydrated form, and/or the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, are formulated into pharmaceutically-acceptable dosage forms by conventional methods known to those of skill in the art.
  • kits for treating a disorder comprises: (i) an inorganic nitrite salt, (ii) a nitrite reductase promoter (which preferably is an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin), and (iii) instructions for using the kit to treat a medical disorder.
  • the disorder is cancer, a cardiovascular disorder, an ischemic condition, a hemolytic condition, or a bacterial infection.
  • the disorder is cancer, such as a tumor.
  • the disorder is a cardiovascular disorder, such as pulmonary hypertension, systemic hypertension, angina, Cardiac Syndrome X, myocardial infarction, peripheral artery disease, or Raynaud's disease.
  • the allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is one of the generic or specific an allosteric modulators of hemoglobin described in Section II, such as a compound of Formula I, a compound embraced by one of the further embodiments describing definitions for certain variables of Formula I, a compound of Formula I-A, or a compound embraced by one of the further embodiments describing definitions for certain variables of Formula I-A.
  • the an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin is a compound of Formula II, a compound embraced by one of the further embodiments describing definitions for certain variables of Formula II, a compound of Formula II-A, or a compound embraced by one of the further embodiments describing definitions for certain variables of Formula II-A.
  • the description above describes multiple aspects and embodiments of the invention, including allosteric modulators of hemoglobin, compositions comprising an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin, methods of using the allosteric modulators of hemoglobin in combination with an inorganic nitrite salt, and kits.
  • the patent application specifically contemplates all combinations and permutations of the aspects and embodiments.
  • the invention contemplates treating tumors in a human patient by administering a therapeutically effective amount of sodium nitrite in combination with an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin of Formula I-A.
  • the invention contemplates a kit for treating tumors, the kit comprising (i) an inorganic nitrite salt described herein, such as sodium nitrite, (ii) an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin, such as a compound of Formula I, and (iii) instructions for treating a tumor.
  • an inorganic nitrite salt described herein such as sodium nitrite
  • an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin such as a compound of Formula I
  • instructions for treating a tumor comprising (i) an inorganic nitrite salt described herein, such as sodium nitrite, (ii) an allosteric modulator of hemoglobin, such as a compound of Formula I, and (iii) instructions for treating a tumor.
  • ABDNAZ (5 ⁇ L of a 300 mM solution of ABDNAZ in dimethylsulfoxide) was optionally added to the blood sample in the Tonometer.
  • Sodium nitrite was added to the blood sample to achieve a sodium nitrite concentration of 167 mM.
  • Gas (either air or N 2 ) was passed through the Tonometer at a flow rate of 150 mL/min. Gas exiting the Tonometer was collected in three-minute intervals for a period of thirty minutes.
  • the amount of nitric oxide in each of the collected fractions was measured by a chemiluminescent reaction with ozone in a Sievers Nitric Oxide Analyzer.
  • the amount of nitric oxide produced from the blood sample was expressed per mole of hemoglobin present in the blood sample. All experiments were performed at 37° C.
  • the amount of hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct) in the blood sample was determined using an Advia analyzer.
  • FIGS. 1-8 Experimental data showing the amount of nitric oxide produced by the blood samples are shown in FIGS. 1-8 .
  • FIGS. 1-5 show the cumulative amount of nitric oxide produced by the blood sample over a 30 minute time period.
  • FIGS. 1 , 3 , and 5 show that exposing the blood sample to ABDNAZ under anaerobic conditions (i.e., N 2 atmosphere) resulted in a significant increase in the amount of nitric oxide produced by the blood sample, compared to the amount of nitric oxide produced (i) without ABDNAZ or (i) with ABDNAZ under aerobic conditions (i.e., air atmosphere).
  • FIGS. 6-8 show the amount of nitric oxide formed in each three-minute period following the start of the experiment.
  • Acute hemorrhage was induced by withdrawing 50% of estimated total blood volume (BV) via the carotid artery catheter within 5 min. Total BV was estimated as 7% of body weight.
  • animals received 25% of BV of resuscitation (200 ⁇ l/min) via the jugular vein catheter, implemented with the volume resuscitation strategy defined by the group name, according to the scheme described before.
  • RRx-001 treated cells were prepared by incubation of 1 mL of packed cells with 2 mg of RRx-001 for 30 minutes at 4° C., cells were rinsed 2 ⁇ by centrifugation at 3,000 rpm with phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution with 0.5% albumin (pre-filtered 0.22 ⁇ m, pH 7.4). After the final wash, red blood cells (RBCs) were adjusted to a 30% Hct with fresh plasma.
  • PBS phosphate buffer saline
  • albumin pre-filtered 0.22 ⁇ m, pH 7.4
  • Conscious animal was placed in a restraining tube with a longitudinal slit from which the window chamber protruded, then fixed to the microscopic stage for transillumination with the intravital microscope (BX51WI, Olympus, New Hyde Park, N.Y.). Animals were given 20 min to adjust to the tube environment before any measurements were made.
  • the tissue image was projected onto a charge-coupled device camera (4815, COHU, San Diego, Calif.) connected to a videocassette recorder and viewed on a monitor. Measurements were carried out using a 40 ⁇ (LUMPFL-WIR, numerical aperture 0.8, Olympus) water immersion objective.
  • Hemorrhagic shock decreased arterial pH and pCO2, significantly compromising acid based balance relative to baseline. Resuscitation partially recovered all blood gas parameters.
  • pH was significantly increased at 60 minutes post resuscitation compared to the blood group.
  • pH was also significantly increased at 90 minutes post resuscitation.
  • pO2 levels were significantly increased: in the in the nitrite group at 60 minutes post resuscitation; in the RRx-001 group at 90 minutes post resuscitation; in the RRx-001+nitrite group, during 60 minutes of shock and at 60 and 90 minutes post resuscitation.
  • lactate (lact) levels were significantly decreased at 60 and 90 minutes post-resuscitation. Decreases in lactate levels in the nitrite and RRx-001 groups did not reach significance.
  • MetHb levels for the nitrite, RRx-001, and RRx-001+nitrite groups are presented in FIG. 9 .
  • metHb levels are about 1% of the total Hb and methemoglobinemia occurs when the concentration of metHb in the blood exceeds 1.5 g/dL (8%-12% of the normal Hb level). See, for example, Hamirani et al. in Tex Heart Inst J 2008; 35:76-77. Of the three treatment groups, only RRx-001 had normal metHb levels.
  • Calculated vascular resistance (average MAP/average blood flow) relative to baseline is presented in FIG. 12 .
  • Peripheral vascular resistance for all groups increased after hemorrhagic shock (about 1.5 times the resistance at baseline) and decreased after resuscitation.
  • the RRx-001 and RRx-001+nitrite groups had a similar impact on vascular resistance.
  • Tissue viability (the number of apoptotic and necrotic cells in 40 fields) for all treatment groups at 8 hours following resuscitation is presented in FIG. 13 .
  • RRx-001 treated blood with or without nitrite supplementation provides superior systemic and microvascular hemodynamic responses compared to blood transfusion with or without nitrite. Incorporating RRx-001 into transfusion-based resuscitation affords the added benefit of selectively increasing NO generation under hypoxic conditions. Without being bound by a particular theory, it is believed that RRx-001 generates NO in two ways: i) as an NO donor: through metabolism of the dinitro groups released from the compound, and ii) as an NO promoter: beta-Cys-93 modification by RRx-001 enhances hypoxia-mediated nitrite reduction to NO by deoxyhemoglobin. Our results demonstrate that these RRx-001 mediated benefits improved systemic and microvascular parameters, which appears to correlate with tissue viability. Thus, RRx-001 treated blood should minimize short and long term organ damage after hemorrhagic shock.
  • Hemorrhagic hypotension leads to a well-characterized sequence of events, and ultimately to vascular decompensation, due to a continuous increase in peripheral vascular resistance.
  • the outcome of hemorrhagic shock is related to the degree of hypovolemia, the magnitude of acquired oxygen debt, and the delay in treatment.
  • Monitoring the microcirculation is crucial in determining the effect of changes in intravascular volume in tissue hypo-perfusion.
  • Application of various techniques, including intravital microscopy has shown the presence of major microcirculatory alterations during hemorrhage, and the persistence of these microcirculatory alterations have been associated with multiorgan failure and death. See, for example, Sinaasappel et al. in J Physiol 1999; 514(Pt 1):245-253; and Ellis et al. in Crit Care 2005; 9(Suppl 4):53-8.
  • Blood transfusion is currently the gold standard for treatment of severe hemorrhagic shock.
  • intravascular blood volume and oxygen carrying capacity are restored, cardiovascular function improves, energy requirements are met, and survival more likely.
  • transfusion post hemorrhage recovers the microcirculation, but not necessarily to normal levels.
  • the injury resulting from the shock phase prior to resuscitation limits perfusion during the resuscitation and thus prevents full recovery of the microcirculation immediately post resuscitation.
  • “normal” MAP is restored, however restoring MAP is not necessarily accompanied by the restoration of organ perfusion and oxygenation, due to microvascular flow dysfunctions (the so-called “no reflow” phenomenon).
  • vascular endothelial shear stress and endothelium NO synthase (eNOS) activity is also impaired and results in delayed dilation of the endothelium.
  • eNOS activity and microvascular flow dysfunction recover.
  • multi-organ injury can ensue.
  • Nitrite a biologic metabolite of NO, present in a variety of foods. Nitrite has been appreciated as an inflammatory mediator of nitration reactions and a precursor for NO under acidic or ischemic conditions and plasma nitrite levels correlate with eNOS activity and are tightly controlled.
  • nitrite supplementation (10 ⁇ M and 50 ⁇ M nitrite) on systemic (BP, HR, pH, pO2, pCO2) and microvascular parameters (arteriolar diameter, blood flow, FCD) after resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock. Similar effects on systemic and microvascular parameters were observed with the administration of 10 ⁇ M nitrate compared to the nitrite group in the present study.
  • RRx-001 treatment maintained blood pressure following resuscitation and resulted in metHb levels of only 1.4 ⁇ 0.1 at 60 minutes and 1.2 ⁇ 0.1 at 90 minutes which corresponds to metHb levels in healthy individuals of about 1% of the total Hb: Methemoglobinemia occurs when the concentration of metHb in the blood exceeds 1.5 g/dL (8%-12% of the normal Hb level), where tissue oxygenation is compromised.

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