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US20140251179A1 - Aqueous pigment dispersions - Google Patents

Aqueous pigment dispersions Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140251179A1
US20140251179A1 US14/195,901 US201414195901A US2014251179A1 US 20140251179 A1 US20140251179 A1 US 20140251179A1 US 201414195901 A US201414195901 A US 201414195901A US 2014251179 A1 US2014251179 A1 US 2014251179A1
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Prior art keywords
dispersion
organic solvent
glycol
pigment
carbon blacks
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Abandoned
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US14/195,901
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English (en)
Inventor
Tianqi Liu
Andrew P. Dikan
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Cabot Corp
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Cabot Corp
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Priority to US14/195,901 priority Critical patent/US20140251179A1/en
Assigned to CABOT CORPORATION reassignment CABOT CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DIKAN, ANDREW P., LIU, TIANQI
Publication of US20140251179A1 publication Critical patent/US20140251179A1/en
Priority to US15/269,060 priority patent/US9777175B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D11/00—Inks
    • C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
    • C09D11/36—Inkjet printing inks based on non-aqueous solvents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D11/00—Inks
    • C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
    • C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
    • C09D11/324—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents containing carbon black
    • C09D11/326—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents containing carbon black characterised by the pigment dispersant
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D17/00—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D17/00—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints
    • C09D17/004—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints containing an inorganic pigment
    • C09D17/005—Carbon black
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
    • C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
    • C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K13/00—Use of mixtures of ingredients not covered by one single of the preceding main groups, each of these compounds being essential
    • C08K13/06—Pretreated ingredients and ingredients covered by the main groups C08K3/00 - C08K7/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
    • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
    • C09C1/44—Carbon
    • C09C1/48—Carbon black
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D11/00—Inks
    • C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
    • C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
    • C09D11/324—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents containing carbon black
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D17/00—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints
    • C09D17/001—Pigment pastes, e.g. for mixing in paints in aqueous medium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/12—Surface area
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/19—Oil-absorption capacity, e.g. DBP values
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
    • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
    • C01P2006/22—Rheological behaviour as dispersion, e.g. viscosity, sedimentation stability

Definitions

  • aqueous pigment dispersions comprising organic solvents. These dispersions can be used for inkjet ink applications.
  • aqueous dispersions comprising pigments for use in a number of applications, e.g., inks, coatings, etc.
  • At least one pigment present in an amount of at least 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion, the at least one pigment being selected from oxidized carbon blacks and modified carbon blacks having attached at least one organic group;
  • At least one organic solvent present in an amount of at least 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion, the at least one organic solvent having a Hansen hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ H ) ranging from 13 to 50 MPa 0.5 , and a Hansen polarity parameter ( ⁇ p ) ranging from 5 to 13 MPa 0.5 ,
  • dispersion is substantially free of a surfactant
  • the at least one pigment present in an amount of at least 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion, the at least one pigment being selected from oxidized carbon blacks and modified carbon blacks having attached at least one organic group; and at least one organic solvent present in an amount of at least 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion, wherein, the at least one organic solvent is selected from glycerol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, 2-pyrrolidone, triethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutane, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone, trimethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol,
  • dispersion is substantially free of a surfactant
  • Another embodiment provides a method of preparing an aqueous dispersion, comprising:
  • composition comprising at least 10 wt % of a pigment selected from oxidized carbon blacks and modified carbon blacks having attached at least one organic group;
  • composition at least one organic solvent to prepare a dispersion substantially free of a surfactant, the at least one organic solvent being present in an amount of at least 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion,
  • the dispersion possesses at least one of the properties selected from:
  • Carbon black pigments modified with various surface treatments have proven useful as self-dispersible pigments in aqueous solutions.
  • inkjet ink compositions comprising ozone-oxidized carbon blacks provide superior optical density, paper to paper performance independence, and improved durability with polymer additives.
  • this surface modification of carbon black can compromise dispersion stability, as observed by particle size growth and/or conductivity increase upon aging. Because many inkjet ink manufacturers obtain pigments as aqueous dispersions, there is a need to provide pigment dispersions having sufficient stability to allowing these dispersions to be stored prior to use, e.g., in ink formulations.
  • aqueous dispersions comprising:
  • At least one pigment present in an amount of at least 5% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion, the at least one pigment being selected from oxidized carbon blacks and modified carbon blacks having attached at least one organic group;
  • At least one organic solvent present in an amount of at least 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion, the at least one organic solvent having a Hansen hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ H ) ranging from 13 to 50 MPa 0.5 , and a Hansen polarity parameter ( ⁇ p ) ranging from 5 to 13 MPa 0.5 ,
  • dispersion is substantially free of a surfactant
  • aqueous particle dispersions comprising modified carbon blacks are electrostatically stable in water based on zeta potential measurements ⁇ 20 mV).
  • Charge is distributed about the pigment in the form of an electric double layer including a Stern layer (made of ions adsorbed to the surface) and a diffuse layer.
  • the thickness of the electric double layer can be gauged by zeta potentials, which is the potential experienced at the diffuse layer. A higher zeta potential results from a greater double layer thickness, leading to a greater amount of repulsion between particles, preventing aggregation and settling of the pigment.
  • such pigments feature additional surface functional groups (e.g., carboxylates, hydroxyls, anhydrides, sulfonates, phosphonates) as compared to untreated carbon blacks, providing additional sites for charged species (e.g., counterions) to adsorb and leading to greater double layer thicknesses.
  • additional surface functional groups e.g., carboxylates, hydroxyls, anhydrides, sulfonates, phosphonates
  • the adsorbed solvent molecules can also prevent desorption of fragments that may have otherwise dissociated from the pigment upon heat aging. Additionally or alternatively, the organic solvents can adhere more closely to the pigment surface to lower the undesirable entropy decrease resulting from organized water structures positioned near the hydrophobic portion of the pigment surface. This end result can also lead to greater dispersion stability.
  • Hansen solubility parameters can be used as a measure of compatibility between organic solvents and the pigment surface.
  • the polarity ( ⁇ p ) and hydrogen bonding ( ⁇ H ) parameters (units MPa 1/2 ), provide an indication of permanent dipole and hydrogen bonding molecular interactions, respectively.
  • solvents having the ⁇ p and ⁇ H values as disclosed herein would result in increased compatibility with the pigment surfaces through greater interaction with the surface compared to ionic groups present in the dispersion.
  • the at least one organic solvent has a Hansen hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ H ) ranging from 13 to 50 MPa 0.5 , e.g., from 15 to 50 MPa 0.5 , from 15 to 45 MPa 0.5 , from 15 to 30 MPa 0.5 , or from 25 to 50 MPa 0.5 .
  • the at least one organic solvent has a Hansen polarity parameter ( ⁇ p ) ranging from 5 to 13 MPa 0.5 , e.g., from 7 to 13 MPa 0.5 , or from 10 to 13 MPa 0.5 .
  • each of the two or more organic solvents satisfies the above Hansen solubility parameters.
  • the at least one organic solvent is selected from glycerol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, 2-pyrrolidone, triethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutane, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone, trimethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
  • glycerol ethylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, 2-pyrrolidone, triethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone
  • the at least one organic solvent is selected from glycerol, trimethylolpropane, xylitol, sorbitol, 2-pyrrolidone, ethylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, and 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone.
  • the at least one organic solvent is selected from trimethylolpropane, xylitol, sorbitol, 2-pyrrolidone, ethylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, and 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone.
  • the at least one organic solvent is selected from glycerol, trimethylolpropane, xylitol, sorbitol, 2-pyrrolidone, 1,2-hexanediol, and 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone.
  • the at least one organic solvent is selected from alcohols.
  • alcohols include glycerol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, triethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutane, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-pyrrolidone, trimethylene glycol, 1,4-butanediol, and ethylene glycol monomethyl ether.
  • the alcohols are selected from diols and polyols, such as alkylene diols and alkylene polyols (e.g., glycols).
  • alkylene diols and alkylene polyols e.g., glycols.
  • Exemplary diols and polyols include glycerol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-hexanediol, diethylene glycol, trimethylolpropane, triethylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutane, bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, trimethylene glycol, and 1,4-butanediol.
  • the diols and polyols are selected from glycerol, trimethylolpropane, xylitol, sorbitol, ethylene glycol, and 1,2-hexanediol. In another embodiment, the diols and polyols are selected from trimethylolpropane, xylitol, sorbitol, ethylene glycol, and 1,2-hexanediol. In another embodiment, the diols and polyols are selected from glycerol, trimethylolpropane, xylitol, sorbitol, and 1,2-hexanediol. In yet another embodiment, the diols and polyols are selected from glycerol and ethylene glycol.
  • the at least one organic solvent is present in the dispersion in an amount ranging from 10% to 40% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion, e.g., an amount ranging from 10% to 30%. In another embodiment, the at least one organic solvent is present in an amount of at least 20% by weight, e.g., an amount of at least 30% by weight, or an amount ranging from 20% to 40%, or from 30% to 40% by weight.
  • the aqueous dispersion comprises water in an amount of at least 50% by weight, relative to the total weight of the aqueous dispersion. In another embodiment, the aqueous dispersion comprises water in an amount of at least 60% by weight, at least 70% by weight, or at least 80% by weight, or in an amount ranging from 50% to 90% by weight, from 60% to 90% by weight, from 70% to 90% by weight, from 50% to 80% by weight, or from 60% to 80% by weight.
  • substantially free of a surfactant refers to an amount of surfactant less than 0.2% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion, e.g., less than 0.1% by weight, less than 0.05% by weight, or less than 0.01% by weight, relative to the total weight of the dispersion.
  • the dispersion can be prepared using any method known in the art.
  • the modified pigment in a dry form may be combined with the liquid vehicle with agitation to produce a stable dispersion.
  • Any equipment known in the art such as a media or ball mill, or other high shear mixing equipment can be used, and various conventional milling media may also be used.
  • Other methods for forming the dispersion will be known to one skilled in the art.
  • the only solvents in the aqueous dispersion are water and at least one organic solvent, the latter of which may comprise one or more solvents, each having a Hansen hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ H ) ranging from 13 to 50 MPa 0.5 , and a Hansen polarity parameter ( ⁇ p ) ranging from 5 to 13 MPa 0.5 , or other ranges as disclosed herein.
  • ⁇ H Hansen hydrogen bonding parameter
  • ⁇ p Hansen polarity parameter
  • At least one organic solvent present in an amount of at least 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion, the at least one organic solvent having a Hansen hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ H ) ranging from 13 to 50 MPa 0.5 , and a Hansen polarity parameter ( ⁇ p ) ranging from 5 to 13 MPa 0.5 , and water.
  • ⁇ H Hansen hydrogen bonding parameter
  • ⁇ p Hansen polarity parameter
  • Another embodiment provides an aqueous dispersion, consisting essentially of (or consisting of):
  • At least one organic solvent present in an amount of at least 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion, the at least one organic solvent having a Hansen hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ H ) ranging from 13 to 50 MPa 0.5 , and a Hansen polarity parameter ( ⁇ p ) ranging from 5 to 13 MPa 0.5 ;
  • the pigment is present in the aqueous dispersion in amount of at least 5% to 40%, e.g., an amount ranging from 5% to 35%, an amount ranging from 5% to 30%, or an amount of at least 10%, e.g., an amount ranging from 10% to 40%, or an amount ranging from 10% to 35% by weight, relative to the total weight of the dispersion.
  • the stability of a dispersion upon adding the at least one organic solvent can be assessed by one or more of the following properties:
  • one or more of the properties (a) to (d) can contribute to dispersion instability.
  • an increase in conductivity may result from ionic species released due to desorption of adsorbed species or degradation of carbon black.
  • An increase in viscosity can also occur, potentially leading to gelation.
  • An increase in the particle size, as measured by D 50 results in a greater tendency of the particles to settle out of solution. It has been a surprising discovery that the addition of certain solvents can affect the stability of aqueous pigment dispersions by controlling one or more of the properties (a) to (d).
  • Another embodiment provides a method of preparing an aqueous dispersion, comprising:
  • composition comprising at least 5 wt % of a pigment selected from oxidized carbon blacks and modified carbon blacks having attached at least one organic group;
  • the composition at least one organic solvent to prepare a dispersion substantially free of a surfactant, the at least one organic solvent being present in an amount of at least 10% (e.g., at least 20%) by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion,
  • the dispersion possesses at least one of the properties selected from:
  • the at least one pigment is selected from oxidized carbon blacks. Accordingly, one embodiment provides an aqueous dispersion, comprising:
  • At least one pigment selected from oxidized carbon blacks wherein the pigment is present in an amount of at least 5%, at least 10%, an amount ranging from 5% to 35%, an amount ranging from 5% to 40%, or an amount ranging from 10% to 40% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion;
  • At least one organic solvent e.g., selected from alcohols present in an amount of at least 10% by weight relative to the total weight of the dispersion, the at least one organic solvent having a Hansen hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ H ) ranging from 13 to 50 MPa 0.5 , and a Hansen polarity parameter ( ⁇ p ) ranging from 5 to 13 MPa 0.5 ,
  • dispersion is substantially free of a surfactant
  • the oxidized carbon black can have an oxygen content greater than or equal to 3%.
  • oxidized blacks feature a surface having ionic or ionizable, oxygen-containing groups such as one or more of phenols, lactones, carbonyls, carboxyls (e.g., carboxylic acids), anhydrides, ethers, and quinones.
  • the extent of oxidation of carbon black can determine the surface concentration of such ionic or ionizable groups.
  • the carbon blacks disclosed herein can be oxidized by a variety of oxidizing agents known in the art.
  • Exemplary oxidizing agents for carbon blacks include oxygen gas, ozone, peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide, persulfates such as sodium and potassium persulfate, hypohalites such as sodium hypochlorite, nitric acid, and transition metal-containing oxidants such as permanganate salts, osmium tetroxide, chromium oxides, ceric ammonium nitrates, and mixtures thereof.
  • peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide
  • persulfates such as sodium and potassium persulfate
  • hypohalites such as sodium hypochlorite
  • nitric acid nitric acid
  • transition metal-containing oxidants such as permanganate salts, osmium tetroxide, chromium oxides, ceric ammonium nitrates, and mixtures thereof.
  • the carbon blacks disclosed herein are oxidized via ozone oxidation.
  • the ozone oxidation is performed as described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/671,359, filed Jul. 13, 2012, and PCT Publication No. PCT/US2013/050295, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the at least one pigment is selected from modified carbon blacks having attached at least one organic group.
  • an “attached” organic group can be distinguished from an adsorbed group in that a soxhlet extraction for several hours (e.g., at least 4, 6, 8, 12, or 24 hours) will not remove the attached group from the pigment.
  • the organic group is attached to the pigment if the organic group cannot be removed after repeated washing with a solvent or solvent mixture that can dissolve the starting organic treating material but cannot disperse the treated pigment.
  • “attached” refers to a bond such as a covalent bond, e.g., a pigment bonded or covalently bonded to a nucleophile or organic group.
  • the at least one organic group can be attached either directly (bonding to a native atom of the carbon black) or indirectly via an intermediary or spacer group.
  • the intermediary or spacer group is selected from substituted and unsubstituted C 1 -C 12 alkyl, C 5 -C 20 aryl, C 6 -C 24 alkyaryl and aralkyl, wherein “alkyl” can be optionally interrupted by a group containing a heteroatom selected from N, O, and S, and “aryl” includes ring carbon atoms optionally replaced by a group containing a heteroatom selected from N, O, and S.
  • the attached group resides at the pigment surface.
  • the at least one organic group comprises at least one substituent selected from carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids, phosphonic acids, hydroxyls, amines, and esters, amides, and salts thereof.
  • the at least one organic group comprises the formula —[R(A)]—, wherein:
  • the arylene, heteroarylene, and alkylene can be unsubstituted or substituted.
  • Exemplary arylenes include phenylene, naphthylene, and biphenylene
  • exemplary heteroarylenes include phenylene, naphthylene, and biphenylene having a ring carbon substituted with one or more oxygen or nitrogen atoms.
  • the arylene is a C 5 -C 20 arylene.
  • Heteroarylenes can be an arylene as defined herein which one or more ring carbon atoms is replaced with a heteroatom, e.g., N, O, and S.
  • the heteroatom can be bonded to other groups in addition to being a ring atom.
  • Alkylenes may be branched or unbranched.
  • the alkylene may be a C 1 -C 12 alkylene such as methylene, ethylene, propylene, or butylene.
  • the attached organic group comprises at least one ionic group, ionizable group, or mixtures of an ionic group and an ionizable group.
  • An ionic group can be either anionic or cationic and can be associated with a counterion of the opposite charge including inorganic or organic counterions, such as Na + , K + , Li + , NH 4 + , NR′ 4 + , acetate, NO 3 ⁇ , SO 4 ⁇ 2 , R′SO 3 ⁇ , R′OSO 3 ⁇ , OH ⁇ , or Cl ⁇ , where R′ represents hydrogen or an organic group, such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl group.
  • An ionizable group is one that is capable of forming an ionic group in the medium of use.
  • Anionic groups are negatively charged ionic groups that can be generated from groups having ionizable substituents that can form anions (anionizable groups), such as acidic substituents.
  • Cationic groups are positively charged organic ionic groups that can be generated from ionizable substituents that can form cations (cationizable groups), such as protonated amines.
  • anionic groups include —COO ⁇ , —SO 3 ⁇ , —OSO 3 ⁇ , —HPO 3 ⁇ ; —OPO 3 ⁇ 2 , or —PO 3 ⁇ 2
  • an anionizable group can include —COOH, —SO 3 H, —PO 3 H 2 , —R′SH, or —R′OH, where R′ represents hydrogen or an organic group, such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl group.
  • cationic or cationizable groups include alkyl or aryl amines, which can be protonated in acidic media to form ammonium groups —NR′ 2 H + , where R′ represent an organic group, such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl groups.
  • the attached organic group comprises a polymer.
  • the polymer comprises at least one non-ionic group.
  • examples include alkylene oxide groups of from 1 to 12 carbons and polyols, such as a —CH 2 —CH 2 -O— group, a —CH(CH 3 )—CH 2 —O— group, a —CH 2 —CH(CH 3 )—O— group, a —CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 —O— group, or combinations thereof.
  • These non-ionic groups may further comprise at least one ionic or ionizable group as disclosed herein.
  • the polymer has a low acid number.
  • the polymer may be an acidic group containing polymer having an acid number of less than or equal to 200, such as less than or equal to 150, less than or equal to 110, or less than or equal to 100.
  • the acid number of the polymer is greater than or equal to 30.
  • the polymer may be an acidic group containing polymer having an acid number of from 30 to 200, such as from 30 to 110, from 110 to 150, or from 150 to 200.
  • the amount of attached organic groups can be varied, depending on the desired use of the modified carbon black and the type of attached group.
  • the total amount of organic group may be from about 0.01 to about 10.0 micromoles of groups/m 2 surface area of pigment, as measured by nitrogen adsorption (BET method), including from about 0.5 to about 5.0 micromoles/m 2 , from about 1 to about 3 micromoles/m 2 , or from about 2 to about 2.5 micromoles/m 2 .
  • Additional attached organic groups which differ from those described for the various embodiments of the present invention, may also be present.
  • the carbon black is modified with at least one organic group via a diazonium treatment as detailed, for instance, in the following patents: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,554,739; 5,630,868; 5,672,198; 5,707,432; 5,851,280; 5,885,335; 5,895,522; 5,900,029; 5,922,118; 6,042,643; 6,534,569; 6,398,858 and 6,494,943 (high shear conditions) 6,372,820; 6,368,239; 6,350,519; 6,337,358; 6,103,380; 7,173,078; 7,056,962; 6,942,724; 6,929,889; 6,911,073; 6,478,863; 6,472,471; and WO 2011/143533, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the attachment is provided via a diazonium reaction where the at least one organic group has a diazonium salt substituent.
  • the direct attachment can be formed by using the diazonium and stable free radical methods described, for instance, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,068,688; 6,337,358; 6,368,239; 6,551,393; 6,852,158, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference, which makes use of reacting at least one radical with at least one particle, wherein a radical is generated from the interaction of at least one transition metal compound with at least one organo-halide compound in the presence of one or more particles capable of radical capture, and the like.
  • the at least one carbon black can be modified (e.g., to attach functional groups) by using the methods of U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,837,045, 6,660,075 and WO 2009/048564 (reaction with organic compounds containing a C—C double bond or triple bond activated by at least one substituent) or U.S. Pub. No. 2004/0171725, 6,664,312, 6,831,194 (reaction with anhydride component), 6,936,097, U.S. Pub. Nos. 2001/0036994, 2003/0101901 (reaction with organic groups having —N ⁇ N—N—group), Canadian Patent No. 2,351,162, European Patent No. 1 394 221, and PCT Publication Nos.
  • WO 01/51566 reaction between at least one electrophile and at least one nucleophile
  • WO 04/63289 reaction with H 2 N-A-Y where A is a heteroatom
  • WO 2010/141071 reaction with H 2 N-A-Y where A is a heteroatom
  • WO 99/23174 the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the oxidized and modified carbon blacks are prepared from furnace carbon blacks. In another embodiment, the oxidized and modified carbon blacks are prepared from a carbon black having the following properties:
  • the oxidized and modified carbon blacks are prepared from a carbon black having the following properties:
  • the oxidized and modified carbon blacks are prepared from a carbon black having the following properties:
  • the oxidized and modified carbon blacks are prepared from a carbon black having the following properties:
  • the oxidized and modified carbon blacks are prepared from a carbon black having the following properties:
  • the OAN ranges from 170 to 220 m 2 /g, e.g., from 170 to 210 m 2 /g, from 180 to 220 m 2 /g, from 180 to 210 m 2 /g, from 190 to 220 m 2 /g, or from 190 to 210 m 2 /g.
  • OAN can be determined according to ASTM-D2414. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, it has believed that the disclosed OAN values can be a significant factor in achieving high optical density values.
  • the STSA ranges from 160 to 220 m 2 /g, e.g., from 160 to 210 m 2 /g, and in certain applications, the STSA ranges from 170 to 220 m 2 /g, from 170 to 210 m 2 /g, from 180 to 220 m 2 /g, or from 180 to 220 m 2 /g.
  • the at least one pigment in the dispersion has a mean volume (mV) ranging from 0.1 to 0.18 ⁇ m.
  • the pigment has a D 10 ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 ⁇ m, such as a D 10 ranging from 0.06 to 0.1 ⁇ m, or from 0.07 to 0.1 ⁇ m.
  • the at least one pigment (e.g., oxidized or modified carbon black) has a D 50 ranging from 0.1 to 0.16 ⁇ m. In another embodiment, the at least one pigment (e.g., oxidized or modified carbon black) has a D 90 ranging from 0.18 to 0.25 ⁇ m, such as a D90 ranging from 0.15 to 0.24 ⁇ m, or a D 90 ranging from 0.18 to 0.24 ⁇ m.
  • an inkjet ink composition is prepared by combining the aqueous dispersion with at least one surfactant to further enhance the colloidal stability of the composition or to change the interaction of the ink with either the printing substrate, such as printing paper, or with the ink printhead.
  • Various anionic, cationic and nonionic dispersing agents can be used in conjunction with the ink composition of the present invention, and these may be used neat or as a water solution.
  • the surfactant is present in an amount ranging from 0.05% to 5%, e.g., an amount ranging from 0.1% to 5%, or an amount ranging from 0.5% to 2%, by weight relative to the total weight of the inkjet ink composition.
  • anionic dispersants or surfactants include, but are not limited to, higher fatty acid salts, higher alkyldicarboxylates, sulfuric acid ester salts of higher alcohols, higher alkyl-sulfonates, alkylbenzenesulfonates, alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, naphthalene sulfonates (Na, K, Li, Ca, etc.), formalin polycondensates, condensates between higher fatty acids and amino acids, dialkylsulfosuccinic acid ester salts, alkylsulfosuccinates, naphthenates, alkylether carboxylates, acylated peptides, ⁇ -olefin sulfonates, N-acrylmethyl taurine, alkylether sulfonates, secondary higher alcohol ethoxysulfates, polyoxyethylene alkylphenylether sulfates, monoglycylsulfates
  • polymers and copolymers of styrene sulfonate salts, unsubstituted and substituted naphthalene sulfonate salts e.g. alkyl or alkoxy substituted naphthalene derivatives
  • aldehyde derivatives such as unsubstituted alkyl aldehyde derivatives including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propylaldehyde, and the like
  • maleic acid salts and mixtures thereof may be used as the anionic dispersing aids.
  • Salts include, for example, Na + , Li + , K + , Cs + , Rb + , and substituted and unsubstituted ammonium cations.
  • Representative examples of cationic surfactants include aliphatic amines, quaternary ammonium salts, sulfonium salts, phosphonium salts and the like.
  • the dispersing agents may also be a natural polymer or a synthetic polymer dispersant.
  • natural polymer dispersants include proteins such as glue, gelatin, casein and albumin; natural rubbers such as gum arabic and tragacanth gum; glucosides such as saponin; alginic acid, and alginic acid derivatives such as propyleneglycol alginate, triethanolamine alginate, and ammonium alginate; and cellulose derivatives such as methyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose and ethylhydroxy cellulose.
  • polymeric dispersants including synthetic polymeric dispersants
  • polymeric dispersants include polyvinyl alcohols, polyvinylpyrrolidones, acrylic or methacrylic resins (often written as “(meth)acrylic”) such as poly(meth)acrylic acid, acrylic acid-(meth)acrylonitrile copolymers, potassium (meth)acrylate-(meth)acrylonitrile copolymers, vinyl acetate-(meth)acrylate ester copolymers and (meth)acrylic acid-(meth)acrylate ester copolymers; styrene-acrylic or methacrylic resins such as styrene-(meth)acrylic acid copolymers, styrene-(meth)acrylic acid-(meth)acrylate ester copolymers, styrene- ⁇ -methylstyrene-(meth)acrylic acid copolymers, styrene- ⁇ -methylstyrene
  • the dispersion can be formulated to provide an amount of modified pigment such that the final amount in the inkjet ink composition is effective to provide the desired image quality (for example, optical density) without detrimentally affecting the performance of the inkjet ink.
  • the pigment is present in the inkjet ink composition in an amount ranging from about 0.1% to about 20% based on the weight of the inkjet ink composition.
  • the inkjet ink compositions can further comprise one or more suitable additives to impart a number of desired properties while maintaining the stability of the compositions.
  • suitable additives include humectants, biocides and fungicides, binders such as polymeric binders, pH control agents, drying accelerators, penetrants, and the like.
  • the amount of a particular additive will vary depending on a variety of factors but are generally present in an amount ranging between 0% and 40% based on the weight of the inkjet ink composition.
  • the inkjet ink compositions of the present invention may further incorporate dyes to modify color balance and adjust optical density.
  • Such dyes include food dyes, FD&C dyes, acid dyes, direct dyes, reactive dyes, derivatives of phthalocyanine sulfonic acids, including copper phthalocyanine derivatives, sodium salts, ammonium salts, potassium salts, and lithium salts.
  • Humectants and water soluble organic compounds other than the at least one organic solvent may also be added to the inkjet ink composition of the present invention, e.g., for the purpose of preventing clogging of the nozzle as well as for providing paper penetration (penetrants), improved drying (drying accelerators), and anti-cockling properties.
  • the humectant is present in the aqueous dispersion in an amount such that the overall Hanson solubility parameters are not substantially affected (e.g., within ⁇ 1 MPa 0.5 ).
  • the humectant and/or water soluble compound is present in an amount ranging from 0.1% to 10%, e.g., an amount ranging from 0.1% to 5%.
  • Biocides and/or fungicides may also be added to the inkjet ink composition of the present invention.
  • Biocides are important in preventing bacterial growth since bacteria are often larger than ink nozzles and can cause clogging as well as other printing problems.
  • useful biocides include, but are not limited to, benzoate or sorbate salts, and isothiazolinones.
  • the biocides and/or fungicides are present in an amount ranging from 0.05% to 5%, e.g., an amount ranging from 0.1% to 5%.
  • an inkjet ink composition prepared from an aqueous dispersion as disclosed herein, e.g., an aqueous dispersion comprising:
  • the inkjet ink composition further comprises at least one surfactant.
  • Another embodiment provides a method of making an inkjet composition, comprising:
  • the at least one aqueous dispersion comprises any of the dispersions described herein, e.g., an aqueous dispersion comprising:
  • the surfactant is present in in an amount ranging from 0.05% to 5%, e.g., an amount ranging from 0.1% to 5%, or an amount ranging from 0.5% to 2%, by weight relative to the total weight of the inkjet ink composition.
  • the combining further comprises combining the aqueous dispersion with the surfactant and at least one additive selected from humectants, biocides and fungicides, binders such as polymeric binders, pH control agents, drying accelerators, penetrants, etc.
  • the at least one additive is present in in an amount ranging from 0.05% to 5%, e.g., an amount ranging from 0.1% to 5%, or an amount ranging from 0.5% to 2%, by weight relative to the total weight of the inkjet ink composition.
  • This Example describes the ozonation of two similar carbon black aqueous dispersion, where the carbon black has the initial (prior to ozonation) properties listed in Table 1. Details for preparing the carbon black of Table 1 can be found in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/671,359, filed Jul. 13, 2012, and PCT Publication No. PCT/US2013/050295, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the samples were heat treated to 80° C. post reaction on a hot plate for 2 hrs followed by diafiltration to a permeate conductivity of under 100 ⁇ S/cm at ⁇ 15% solids.
  • the samples were then diluted to ⁇ 5% solids and centrifuged at 600 mL/min at 13276 rpm. After re-concentrating via a diafiltration membrane to ⁇ 16% solids, biocide was added (0.2% w/w) and the samples were then adjusted to 15% solids.
  • the samples were then passed through a 0.5 ⁇ m Pall filter.
  • This Example describes the preparation of dispersions containing added solvents, for each of which the Hansen hydrogen bonding parameter ( ⁇ H ) and Hansen polarity parameter ( ⁇ p ) are listed in Table 3 below.
  • a stable dispersion namely, a dispersion having at least three of the following properties selected from:
  • solvents such as glycerol, trimethylol propane, xylitol, sorbitol, ethylene glycol, 2-pyrrolidone, and 1,2-hexanediol, satisfies two or more of the properties (a) to (d). According to Table 3, these solvents have Hansen solubility parameters within the disclosed ranges. In contrast, solvents having Hansen solubility parameters outside the disclosed ranges do not result in stable dispersions, e.g., tetraethylene glycol and TEGMBE.

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US9777175B2 (en) 2017-10-03
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