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US20140243452A1 - Dispersions and related coatings and cured articles - Google Patents

Dispersions and related coatings and cured articles Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140243452A1
US20140243452A1 US14/235,962 US201214235962A US2014243452A1 US 20140243452 A1 US20140243452 A1 US 20140243452A1 US 201214235962 A US201214235962 A US 201214235962A US 2014243452 A1 US2014243452 A1 US 2014243452A1
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Prior art keywords
dispersion
dispersions
silsesquioxane
particulate
dispersing agent
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US14/235,962
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David A. Smetana
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Suncolor Corp
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Suncolor Corp
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Assigned to SUNCOLOR CORPORATION reassignment SUNCOLOR CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SMETANA, DAVID A
Publication of US20140243452A1 publication Critical patent/US20140243452A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K5/00—Use of organic ingredients
    • C08K5/54—Silicon-containing compounds
    • C08K5/549—Silicon-containing compounds containing silicon in a ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J7/00—Chemical treatment or coating of shaped articles made of macromolecular substances
    • C08J7/12—Chemical modification
    • C08J7/16—Chemical modification with polymerisable compounds
    • C08J7/18—Chemical modification with polymerisable compounds using wave energy or particle radiation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
    • C08K9/02—Ingredients treated with inorganic substances
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K9/00—Use of pretreated ingredients
    • C08K9/04—Ingredients treated with organic substances
    • C08K9/06—Ingredients treated with organic substances with silicon-containing compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D163/00—Coating compositions based on epoxy resins; Coating compositions based on derivatives of epoxy resins
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/18—Oxygen-containing compounds, e.g. metal carbonyls
    • C08K3/20—Oxides; Hydroxides
    • C08K3/22—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals
    • C08K2003/2237—Oxides; Hydroxides of metals of titanium
    • C08K2003/2241—Titanium dioxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/34—Silicon-containing compounds
    • C08K3/36—Silica
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L83/00—Compositions of macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen or carbon only; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
    • C08L83/04—Polysiloxanes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D125/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D125/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of hydrocarbons
    • C09D125/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of styrene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D133/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
    • C09D133/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
    • C09D133/08—Homopolymers or copolymers of acrylic acid esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D133/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
    • C09D133/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
    • C09D133/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D133/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
    • C09D133/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
    • C09D133/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
    • C09D133/12—Homopolymers or copolymers of methyl methacrylate
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
    • C09D183/00—Coating compositions based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming in the main chain of the macromolecule a linkage containing silicon, with or without sulfur, nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon only; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
    • C09D183/04—Polysiloxanes

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the present invention relate to dispersions including polymerizable monomer, a silsesquioxane, a dispersing agent, and particulate, as well as coatings and cured articles made from the same.
  • pigments and/or particulate fillers that exhibit excellent dispersion of the pigment and filler particles in which (i) the pigments and fillers, particularly sub-micron sized or nano-sized, pigments or fillers are de-agglomerated and reduced to their primary particle size; (ii) the subject particles are physically separated from each other or uniformly spaced in the polymer; (iii) the resultant dispersions comprising polymeric resins, pigments, and fillers, and/or combinations of pigments and fillers are stable; and (iv) the pigments and fillers do not settles or re-agglomerate.
  • Nano-sized pigments and nano-particles can be dispersed and reduced to their primary particle size in a low viscosity format. It is further desirable that the low viscosity dispersions as described above maximize the weight percent loading of the pigments and/or fillers while minimizing the weight percent loadings of the polymer, liquid solids so that a final polymeric paint, coating, or ink composition can be produced in and of itself having very low viscosity, high tinting strength caused by optimized pigment concentrations and/or maximized mechanical properties caused by homogenous dispersion of maximized concentrations of fillers.
  • the polymeric resin solids used as the mill base for the dispersions can be 100% liquid solids or a combination of liquid solids and solvents.
  • paints, coatings, and inks to protect and decorate a wide variety of composite or laminate products ranging from heavy equipment parts, automobile parts, appliance casings, metal cans, and other metal sheets that are pre-painted and then shaped into finished metal containers and panels.
  • solvents have been used in high concentrations to produce low viscosity paints and coatings that have high pigment and filler loadings and that can be easily and smoothly applied to plastic, wood, and metal substrates with such coatings having optimized aesthetics, opaque pigment color, and optimized mechanical and chemical resistance properties.
  • Dispersions are often quite expensive and it is highly desirable to have a low viscosity dispersion having a high concentration of pigments and/or particulate fillers so that optimized amounts of dispersion are used in the final coating compositions.
  • Low viscosity, highly filled dispersions can be used to make very thin coating films, having excellent opaque colors. Very thin films, applied to substrates, use coatings more efficiently, lowering coating costs, lowering curing energy costs, while increasing productivity.
  • low viscosity, highly filled dispersions can be used to make thick coating compositions for casting such as casting prototypes. In any case, low viscosity, highly filled dispersions are advantageous when optimizing finished coating viscosities, color fastness, and mechanical properties.
  • the publication further teaches that the hyperdispersant or polymeric chain competes with the dispersion resin and other additives for attachment to pigment or particle surfaces. Therefore, it is taught to use only a hyperdispersant such as Solsperse® to attach to either a surface treated or an un-surface treated pigment or particle in a dispersion of liquid resin and pigments particles.
  • any other additives should be added after the pigment dispersion is let down and mixed into the final coating formulas so that other dispersing and surfactant additives do not detach the hyperdispersant (anchoring polymer chain) from the pigment particle surface.
  • the publication goes on to teach that pigment particle surfaces should, preferably, not be treated since the hyperdispersant will not attach to a treated surface. It also teaches that it is preferred to use a high viscosity resin because a low viscosity resin wets the pigment surface and also competes with the hyperdispersant for attachment to the pigment surface, and, as such, better results can be attained by using a higher viscosity resin.
  • the pigment dispersion containing a hyperdispersant, liquid resin, a pigment, and solvents When applied as directed, the pigment dispersion containing a hyperdispersant, liquid resin, a pigment, and solvents will have a lower viscosity than a similar pigment dispersion without a hyperdispersant.
  • the publication fails to teach the use of a hyperdispersant in combination with other polymeric dispersants or chemicals, and, in fact, teaches not to use a hyperdispersant with any other dispersant or chemical when making pigment particle dispersions because the pigments will re-agglomerate and the pigment dispersion will be unstable. Dispersions made from hyperdispersants alone are limiting in producing a low viscosity dispersion with high concentrations of pigments and/or particles.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,374 B2 discloses radiation curable compositions that comprise solid, amorphous glass particles that are transparent to radiation, such as UV light, that improve the radiation curing behavior of such coatings.
  • the patent teaches that such glass particles can be de-agglomerated and more fully dispersed by silane surface treating the glass particles prior to dispersing the glass particles into the coating.
  • the patent does not disclose or teach the use of dispersants added to a resin to make a pre-dispersion of either pigments and/or glass particles.
  • POSS® Titania Hybrid Plastics, February, 2007 discloses the use of POSS (Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane) silanols to coat the surfaces of silicas and metal oxides, such as TiO2, in order to enhance dispersion and make a dispersion more stable.
  • the publication also teaches that the POSS silanols are used alone to treat pigment surfaces such as TiO2.
  • the publication does not teach or disclose the use of POSS silanols with hyperdispersants. Dispersions made from POSS alone are limiting in producing a low viscosity dispersion with high concentrations of pigments and/or particles.
  • One or more embodiments of the present invention provide a pre-dispersion composition comprising (i) a silsesquioxane; (ii) a dispersing agent; and (iii) a curable resin.
  • Still other embodiments of the present invention provide a dispersion composition
  • a dispersion composition comprising (i) a silsesquioxane; (ii) a dispersing agent; (iii) a particulate; and (iv) a curable resin.
  • Still other embodiments of the present invention provide a coating composition formed by combining curable monomer and a dispersion, where the dispersion includes (a) a silsesquioxane; (b) a dispersing agent; and (c) a curable resin.
  • Still other embodiments of the present invention provide a method for preparing a coating composition, the method comprising adding a dispersion to a coating composition, where the dispersion includes (a) a silsesquioxane; (b) a dispersing agent; and (c) a curable resin.
  • Still other embodiments of the present invention provide a composition that is the combination of a silsesquioxane and a dispersing agent.
  • Embodiments of the invention are based, at least in part, on the discovery of a pre-dispersion that includes a silsesquioxane, a dispersing agent, and polymerizable monomer.
  • These pre-dispersions can be combined with particulate to form dispersions that are advantageously stable and have relatively low viscosity at high loading of particulate, even when little or no solvent is included in the dispersion. It is believed that a synergy exists between the dispersing agent and the silsesquioxane.
  • the dispersions of one or more embodiments of the invention can be added to coating compositions that may be characterized by controllable viscosities, desirable color, high particulate content, flow and leveling, as well as advantageous mechanical properties.
  • silsesquioxanes which may also be referred to as polysilsesquioxanes or oligomeric silsesquioxanes, are materials represented by the formula [RSiO 1.5 ] ⁇ where ⁇ represents molar degree of polymerization and R is a monovalent organic group.
  • the monovalent organic group may include a hydrocarbyl group, a hydrocarbyloxy group, and a siloxy group. The nature and scope of silsesquioxanes are well known in the art as evidenced by U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, aryl, allyl, substituted aryl, aralkyl, alkaryl, or alkynyl groups.
  • Substituted hydrocarbyl groups include hydrocarbyl groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl group.
  • the hydrocarbyl groups may include from one, or the appropriate minimum number of carbon atoms to form the group, to 20 carbon atoms. These hydrocarbyl groups may contain heteroatoms such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, boron, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus atoms.
  • the hydrocarbyloxy groups include, but are not limited to, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, substituted cycloalkoxy, alkenyloxy, cycloalkenyloxy, substituted cycloalkenyloxy, aryloxy, allyloxy, substituted aryloxy, aralkyloxy, alkaryloxy, or alkynyloxy groups.
  • Substituted hydrocarbyloxy groups include hydrocarbyloxy groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms attached to a carbon atom have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl group.
  • the hydrocarbyloxy groups may include from one, or the appropriate minimum number of carbon atoms to form the group, to 20 carbon atoms.
  • the hydrocarbyloxy groups may contain heteroatoms such as, but not limited to nitrogen, boron, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus atoms.
  • the monovalent organic groups may include heteroatoms such as, but not limited to, oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, bromine, and fluorine.
  • the heteroatoms may form functionalities such as hydroxyl groups and/or carbonyl groups, which may form ester groups, alcohol groups, acid groups, and ketone groups and acyl groups.
  • Other functionalities include, but are not limited to, amines, ethers, and epoxides.
  • Silsesquioxanes may be either homoleptic or heteroleptic. Homoleptic systems contain only one type of R group while heteroleptic systems contain more than one type of R group. As a special case R may also include fluorinated organic groups.
  • the silsesquioxanes may be defined by the formula [(RSiO 1.5 ) n ] ⁇ # for homoleptic compositions, [(RSiO 1.5 ) n (R′SiO 1.5 ) m ] ⁇ # for heteroleptic compositions (where R ⁇ R′), [(RSiO 1.5 ) n (RXSiO 1.0 ) m ] ⁇ # for functionalized heteroleptic compositions (where R groups can be equivalent or inequivalent), and [(RSiO 1.5 ) n (RSiO 1.0 ) m (M) j ] ⁇ # for heterofunctionalized heteroleptic compositions.
  • R is the same as defined above and X includes but is not limited to OH, Cl, Br, I, alkoxide (OR), acetate (OOCR), peroxide (OOR), amine (NR 2 ), isocyanate (NCO), and R.
  • the symbol M refers to metallic elements within the composition that include high and low Z metals including s and p block metals, d and f block transition, lanthanide, actinide metals, in particular, Al, B, Ga, Gd, Ce, W, Ni, Eu, U, Y, Zn, Mn, Os, Ir, Ta, Cd, Cu, Ag, V, As, Tb, In, Ba, Ti, Sm, Sr, Pt, Pb, Lu, Cs, Tl, and Te.
  • the symbols m, n and j refer to the stoichiometry of the composition.
  • the symbol ⁇ indicates that the composition forms a nanostructure and the symbol # refers to the number of silicon atoms contained within the nanostructure.
  • ⁇ # is not to be confused as a multiplier for determining stoichiometry, as it merely describes the overall nanostructural characteristics of the system (aka cage size).
  • silsesquioxanes include polyhedral silsesquioxanes, ladder-structured silsesquioxanes, and fully random silsesquioxanes.
  • the polyhedral silsesquioxanes include caged and partial caged structures, the latter of which lacks a complete connection of all units in the cage.
  • the silsesquioxanes employed in practice of the present invention include one or more hydrophobic substituents and one or more hydrophilic substituents.
  • the silsesquioxanes are partial caged structures that may be defined by the formula
  • each R is independently a monovalent organic group.
  • These partial caged structures of these embodiments may be referred to as silanols.
  • each R is a phenyl group.
  • each R is a branched alkyl group such as an isooctyl group.
  • useful silsesquioxanes include 1,3,5,7,9,11,14-heptahydrocarbyltricyclo[7.3.3.1(5,110]heptasiloxane-endo-3,7,14-triols such as, but not limited to, 1,3,5,7,9,11,14-heptaphenyltricyclo[7.3.3.1(5,110]heptasiloxane-endo-3,7,14-triol, 1,3,5,7,9,11,14-heptaisobutyltricyclo[7.3.3.1(5,110]heptasiloxane-endo-3,7,14-triol, 1,3,5,7,9,11,14-heptaisooctyltricyclo[7.3.3.1(5,110]heptasiloxane-endo-3,7,14-triol, 1,3,5,7,9,11,14-heptaisooctyltricyclo[7.3.3.1(5,110]heptas
  • Useful polyhedral silsesquioxanes include those available under the tradenames Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS), Polyhedral Oligometallosesquioxane (POMS), and Polyhedral Oligomeric Silicate (POS) (Hybrid Plastics).
  • PPS Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane
  • POMS Polyhedral Oligometallosesquioxane
  • POS Polyhedral Oligomeric Silicate
  • Other commercial sources include those available under the tradenames Janus Cubes, Phenyls, and T-Cages (Mayaterials).
  • silsesquioxanes include those available under the tradenames SO1400 (trisilanolcyclohexyl POSS), SO1430 (trisilanolcyclopentyl POSS), SO1440 (disilanolisobutyl POSS), SO1444 (trisilanolethyl POSS), SO1450 (trisilanolisobutyl POSS), SO1455 (trisilanolisooctyl POSS), SO1457 (trisilanolphenyl POSS lithium salt), SO1458 (trisilanolphenyl POSS), and SO1460 (tetrasilanolphenyl POSS).
  • SO1400 trisilanolcyclohexyl POSS
  • SO1430 trisilanolcyclopentyl POSS
  • SO1440 diisilanolisobutyl POSS
  • SO1444 trisilanolethyl POSS
  • SO1450 trisilanolisobut
  • dispersing agents include those known compounds for dispersing particulate (e.g. inorganic and organic pigments and inorganic and organic particulates) in resin when preparing the dispersions or coatings.
  • particulate e.g. inorganic and organic pigments and inorganic and organic particulates
  • One or more dispersing agents may be employed.
  • useful dispersing agents include organic molecules having a first portion that has high affinity for inorganic particles or with a so-called synergist (i.e. a further substance chemisorbed on the particles to provide an anchor point for the dispersing agent), a second portion that has affinity for (or solubility in or miscibility with) the non-aqueous liquid medium, and a third portion whereby the first two portions are linked together.
  • the dispersing agents may be organic molecules having said first and second portions with no third (linking) portion; i.e. the first and second portions may be directly linked together with no intermediate moiety.
  • the dispersing agent is a hyperdispersant, which refers to networked or polymerized surfactants.
  • the hyperdispersants may be distinguished from hydrophobising surface treatment agents by their matrix of interlinked hydrocarbon chains, as compared to the single chains of conventional surface treatment agent molecules. Hyperdispersants are known in the art as evidenced by U.S. Publ. Nos. 2008/0287554, 2007/0289501, and 2006/144292, and 2008/0269381, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • a hyperdispersant is a polymerized (or interesterified) hydroxycarboxylic acid.
  • These hydroxycarboxylic acids may include long organic carbon chains such as those include at least about 12, for example between about 15 and about 25, carbon atoms in the chain.
  • Suitable hyperdispersants include poly-hydroxy-(long chain fatty acids) (where “long chain fatty acids” refers particularly to alkyl and alkenyl carboxylic acids having at least about 12, for example from about 12 to about 25, for example about 15 to about 18, carbon atoms in the alkyl or alkenyl chain), such as polyhydroxystearic acids and salts thereof such as sodium or potassium salts.
  • These poly-hydroxy-(long chain fatty acids) are suitably prepared, for example, by polycondensation of a hydroxy-(long chain fatty acid), such as a hydroxystearic acid such as 12-hydroxystearic acid.
  • useful hyperdispersants may be characterized by a number average molecular weight of from about 500 to about 30,000 g/mole and in other embodiments from about 1500 to about 10,000 g/mole. In these or other embodiments, the hyperdispersants may be characterized by a weight average molecular weight of less than 100,000, in other embodiments less that 50,000, and in other embodiments less than 30,000 g/mole.
  • Suitable hyperdispersants are commercially available under the tradename SolsperseTM (Lubrizol), such as Solsperse 3000, and HypermerTM (Uniquema), such as Hypermer LP-1.
  • SolsperseTM 39000 (LUBRIZOL), which is believed to be a polyethyleneimine core grafted with polyester-hyperdispersant.
  • the particulate includes pigment and/or particulate filler.
  • the pigments and particulate fillers may be treated or untreated. For example, they may be treated with at least one hydrophobising surface treatment agent.
  • the particulate may have a mean particle diameter size of about 0.01 microns to about 1000 micron or more, or in other embodiments from about 0.05 microns to about 100 microns, or in other embodiments from about 0.07 to about 10 microns.
  • examples of useful particulate include any organic or inorganic pigment, or combination thereof.
  • examples include, but are not limited to, titanium dioxide (TiO2), TiO2 opacifiers and extenders, such as calcium carbonate, clay, opaque polymers and pre-composite polymers, such as RopaqueTM and EvoqueTM (Dow Corning Materials), yellow, blue, carbon black, metallic, conductive, luminescent, fluorescent, phosphorus, and quantum dots pigments.
  • examples of useful particulate include any organic and inorganic particulate fillers, or combinations thereof. Examples include, but are not limited to, nanoparticles, silica, fused, amorphous silica, metal oxides, minerals, extenders, such as aluminum oxide, hollow glass spheres, organic polymer solids, and quantum dots.
  • diluents can also be used in the dispersions and coatings. A complete list of suitable particulates, fillers, extenders, and diluents can be found in the Handbook of Fillers, Extenders, and Diluents, Michael and Irene Ash, Synapse Information resources, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the silsesquioxane may be employed within the dispersions as the particulate component.
  • the dispersion is made with at least one polymerizable monomer, which may also be referred to as curable resin or simply resin.
  • polymerizable monomer which may also be referred to as curable resin or simply resin.
  • certain resin may include oligomeric molecules, but for purposes of this disclosure and claims, the term polymerizable monomer, curable resin, or resin will encompass oligomeric molecules that are likewise curable.
  • Practice of one or more embodiments of the invention are not necessarily limited by the selection or use of any particular resin. Any applicable, non-aqueous resin is suitable, and a list of applicable resins and guidelines for use can be found in The European Coatings Handbook, by Thomas Brock, Michael Groteklaes, and Peter Mischke, Vincent Network GmbH & Co. KG, 2000.
  • the resin may be selected from those resins that are employed in making a coating composition according to one or more aspects of the invention.
  • the resin employed in the dispersion is the same as at least one of the resins employed in making the coating composition.
  • Resins useful for preparing coating compositions according to one or more aspects of the present invention are set forth below and are hereby incorporated into the discussion of dispersions. For the sake of brevity, they are not repeated here other than by summary.
  • the resins useful for making dispersions according to one or more aspects of the present invention include UV-curable resins such as acrylates, methacrylates, mono-vinyl aromatics, vinyl naphthalenes, and N-vinyl type resins.
  • cationically-polymerizable monomers such as epoxides, vinyl ethers, mono-vinyl aromatics, oxetanes, oxazolines, vinylnaphthalenes, N-vinyl heterocyclic compounds, and tetrahydrofurfuryl compounds.
  • useful organic solvents include alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, aliphatic hydrocarbons, higher fatty acids, carbitols, cellosolves, higher fatty acid esters.
  • Suitable alcohols include methanol, ethanol, propanol and 1-butanol, 1-pentanol, 2-butanol, t.-butanol.
  • Suitable aromatic hydrocarbons include toluene, and xylene.
  • Suitable ketones include methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, 2,4-pentanedione and hexafluoroacetone.
  • glycol, glycolethers, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylacetamid, N,N-dimethylformamid may be used.
  • a complete list of suitable solvents can be found in the Handbook of Solvents, George Wypych, ed., ChemTec Publishing, 2001, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the dispersions of the present invention may include other constituents or ingredients that may be used in the preparation of dispersions and/or coating compositions.
  • coating compositions presented herein below are examples of coating compositions presented herein below.
  • the pre-dispersions may include at least 0.5 wt %, in other embodiments at least 1.0 wt %, in other embodiments at least 2.0 wt %, and in other embodiments at least 2.5 wt % silsesquioxane (e.g. a polyhedral silsesquioxane) based on the entire weight of the pre-dispersion.
  • silsesquioxane e.g. a polyhedral silsesquioxane
  • the pre-dispersions may include at most 40 wt %, in other embodiments at most 30 wt %, in other embodiments at most 20 wt %, in other embodiments at most 10 wt %, in other embodiments at most 5 wt %, and in other embodiments at most 3 wt % silsesquioxane based on the entire weight of the pre-dispersion.
  • the pre-dispersions may include from about 0.5 to about 40 wt %, in other embodiments from about 2.0 to about 30 wt %, and in other embodiments from about 2.5 wt % to about 10 wt % silsesquioxane based on the entire weight of the pre-dispersion.
  • the pre-dispersions may include at least 0.5 wt %, in other embodiments at least 1.0 wt %, in other embodiments at least 2.0 wt %, and in other embodiments at least 2.5 wt % dispersing agent (e.g. a polymerized hydroxycarboxylic acid) based on the entire weight of the pre-dispersion.
  • dispersing agent e.g. a polymerized hydroxycarboxylic acid
  • the pre-dispersions may include at most 30 wt %, in other embodiments at most 20 wt %, in other embodiments at most 10 wt %, in other embodiments at most 5 wt %, and in other embodiments at most 3 wt % dispersing agent based on the entire weight of the pre-dispersion.
  • the pre-dispersions may include from about 0.5 to about 30 wt %, in other embodiments from about 2.0 to about 20 wt %, and in other embodiments from about 2.5 wt % to about 10 wt % dispersing agent based on the entire weight of the pre-dispersion.
  • the pre-dispersions may include at least 1 wt %, in other embodiments at least 20 wt %, in other embodiments at least 30 wt %, and in other embodiments at least 40 wt % resin based on the entire weight of the pre-dispersion. In these or other embodiments, the pre-dispersions may include at most 99 wt %, in other embodiments at most 80 wt %, in other embodiments at most 70 wt %, and in other embodiments at most 60 wt % resin based on the entire weight of the pre-dispersion.
  • the pre-dispersions may include from about 1 to about 99 wt %, in other embodiments from about 30 to about 70 wt %, and in other embodiments from about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % resin based on the entire weight of the pre-dispersion.
  • the dispersions which may also be referred to as polymeric dispersions or polymerizable dispersions, may include at least 0.1 wt %, in other embodiments at least 0.3 wt %, in other embodiments at least 0.5 wt %, and in other embodiments at least 1.0 wt % silsesquioxane (e.g. a polyhedral silsesquioxane) based on the entire weight of the dispersion.
  • silsesquioxane e.g. a polyhedral silsesquioxane
  • the dispersions may include at most 40 wt!%, in other embodiments at most 30 wt %, in other embodiments at most 20 wt %, in other embodiments at most 10 wt %, in other embodiments at most 5 wt %, and in other embodiments at most 3 wt % silsesquioxane based on the entire weight of the dispersion.
  • the dispersions may include from about 0.1 to about 40 wt %, in other embodiments from about 0.8 to about 5 wt %, and in other embodiments from about 1.0 wt % to about 3 wt % silsesquioxane based on the entire weight of the dispersion.
  • the dispersions may include at least 0.1 wt %, in other embodiments at least 0.3 wt %, in other embodiments at least 0.5 wt %, and in other embodiments at least 1.0 wt % dispersing agent (e.g. a polymerized hydroxycarboxylic acid) based on the entire weight of the dispersion.
  • the dispersions may include at most 30 wt %, in other embodiments at most 20 wt %, in other embodiments at most 10 wt %, in other embodiments at most 5 wt %, and in other embodiments at most 3 wt % dispersing agent based on the entire weight of the dispersion.
  • the dispersions may include from about 0.1 to about 30 wt %, in other embodiments from about 0.8 to about 5 wt %, and in other embodiments from about 1.0 wt % to about 3 wt % dispersing agent based on the entire weight of the dispersion.
  • the weight ratio of silsesquioxane to dispersing agent may be at least 0.5:1, in other embodiments at least 1:1, in other embodiments at least 1.5:1, in other embodiments at least 2:1. In one or more embodiments, the weight ratio of silsesquioxane to dispersing agent may be from about 0.5 to about 3 parts silsesquioxane per part of dispersing agent, in other embodiments from about 1 to about 2.5 parts silsesquioxane per part of dispersing agent, and in other embodiments, from about 1.5 to about 2.0 parts silsesquioxane per part of dispersing agent.
  • the dispersions may include at least 1 wt %, in other embodiments at least 10 wt %, in other embodiments at least 20 wt %, in other embodiments at least 30 wt %, in other embodiments at least 40 wt %, in other embodiments at least 45 wt %, in other embodiments at least 50 wt %, and in other embodiments at least 55 wt % particulate (e.g. titanium dioxide) based on the entire weight of the dispersion.
  • particulate e.g. titanium dioxide
  • the dispersions may include at most 99 wt %, in other embodiments at most 90 wt %, in other embodiments at most 88 wt %, and in other embodiments at most 85 wt % particulate based on the entire weight of the dispersion. In one or more embodiments, the dispersions may include from about 1 to about 99 wt %, in other embodiments from about 10 to about 88 wt %, and in other embodiments from about 50 wt % to about 85 wt % particulate based on the entire weight of the dispersion.
  • the dispersions may include at least 1 wt %, in other embodiments at least 20 wt %, in other embodiments at least 30 wt %, and in other embodiments at least 40 wt % resin based on the entire weight of the dispersion. In these or other embodiments, the dispersions may include at most 90 wt %, in other embodiments at most 80 wt %, in other embodiments at most 70 wt %, and in other embodiments at most 60 wt % resin based on the entire weight of the dispersion.
  • the dispersions may include from about 1 to about 90 wt %, in other embodiments from about 30 to about 70 wt %, and in other embodiments from about 40 wt % to about 60 wt % resin based on the entire weight of the dispersion.
  • the dispersions may include less than 20 wt %, in other embodiments less than 10 wt %, in other embodiments less than 5 wt %, and in other embodiments less than 1 wt % solvent, based upon the entire weight of the dispersion.
  • the dispersions are substantially devoid of solvent, which refers to that amount or less than would otherwise have an appreciable impact on the dispersion.
  • the dispersions are devoid of solvent.
  • the dispersions include less than 3 wt %, in other embodiments less than 1 wt %, and in other embodiments less than 0.1 wt % water.
  • the dispersions are substantially devoid of water, which refers to that amount or less than would otherwise have an appreciable impact on the dispersion.
  • the dispersions are devoid of water.
  • the dispersions of the present invention may be prepared by first mixing the resin, the silsesquioxane, and the dispersing agent to form a pre-dispersion. Mixing of these constituents can take place over a wide range of temperatures including, for example, about 33° F. to about 400° F., or in other embodiments from about 40° F. to about 200° F. Mixing of the constituents can be accomplished by using any known stirring techniques including, but not limited to, a hand stirring blade. In one or more embodiments, mixing is continued until a homogeneous composition is obtained.
  • the pre-dispersion can then be combined and mixed with the particulate to form the dispersion composition.
  • Mixing of the pre-dispersion with the particulate can take place over a wide range of temperatures including, for example, about 33° F. to about 400° F., or in other embodiments from about 40° F. to about 200° F.
  • Mixing of the pre-dispersion with the particulate can be accomplished by using any known mixing techniques known in the art for mixing solids include, but not limited to, a high speed dispersing blades, such as a CONN Blade at 62° F.
  • the pre-dispersion and the particulate may be mixed or processed within a pigment grinding mill, such as a Hockmeyer Immersion Mill.
  • a pigment grinding mill may allow a coating formulator to reduce the filler particulate to its primary size.
  • a pigment grinding mill may allow a coating formulator to reduce the filler particulate to its primary size, or a preferred size of less than a 0 Hegman grind, or in other embodiments a Hegman grind of less than 4, or in other embodiments, a Hegman grind of less than 7. Hegman grind indicates the finesses of the pigment size.
  • a complete description of Hegman grind instruments and related test process can be obtained by contacting BYK-Gardner USA, Columbia, Md.
  • Using a pigment grinding mill may allow a coating formulator to reduce the particulate filler to its primary size.
  • the dispersions are advantageously stable, which refers to the fact that the pigment and/or filler particulates do not settle appreciably and that minor settling can be overcome with agitation. And, stability can also be observed where the pigments and/or particulate fillers do not reagglomerate.
  • the dispersion of the dispersions can be placed in an oven at 55° C. for seven days and maintain their original viscosity within at most 20%, in other embodiments at most 15%, in other embodiments at most 10%, and in other embodiments at most 5% of their original viscosity.
  • the relative viscosities can be lowered proportionately by elevating the temperature of the polymeric dispersion and/or by adding applicable amounts of solvents.
  • the dispersions of the present invention may be used to prepare coating compositions that may ultimately be used to form cured coatings.
  • the dispersions may be let down into other coating compositions, which may, as generally known in the art, include curable resin, cure initiators, and other known additives.
  • Coating compositions formed in this manner are generally known as evidence by U.S. Pat. No. 6,660,374, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the coating compositions can be applied to a wide variety of substrates including metal, plastic, wood, glass, and other composites, such as fiberglass, to form a cured coating or laminate.
  • any polymerizable compound commonly known in the art may be employed as a curable resin within the coating.
  • UV curable resins may be used such as acrylates, methacrylates, mono-vinyl aromatics, vinyl naphthalenes, and N-vinyl compounds.
  • cationic curable compounds may be employed.
  • acrylates include monofunctional and/or polyfunctional acrylate monomers, oligomers or prepolymers, such as isoamyl acrylate, stearyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, octyl acrylate, decyl acrylate, isoamylstyl acrylate, isostearyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl-diglycol acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl acrylate, 2-acryloyloxyethylhexahydrophthalic acid, butoxyethyl acrylate, ethoxydiethylene glycol acrylate, methoxydiethylene glycol acrylate, methoxypolyethylene glycol acrylate, methoxypropylene glycol acrylate, phenoxyethyl acrylate, tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy-3
  • Suitable monofunctional acrylates include caprolactone acrylate, cyclic trimethylolpropane formal acrylate, ethoxylated nonyl phenol acrylate, isodecyl acrylate, isooctyl acrylate, octyldecyl acrylate, alkoxylated phenol acrylate, tridecyl acrylate, and alkoxylated cyclohexanone dimethanol diacrylate.
  • difunctional acrylates include alkoxylated cyclohexanone dimethanol diacrylate, alkoxylated hexanediol diacrylate, dioxane glycol diacrylate, dioxane glycol diacrylate, cyclohexanone dimethanol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diacrylate, and neopentyl glycol diacrylate.
  • trifunctional acrylates include propoxylated glycerine triacrylate and propoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate.
  • Suitable higher functional acrylates include di-trimethylolpropane tetraacrylate, dip entaerythritol pentaacrylate, ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate, methoxylated glycol acrylates and acrylate esters.
  • methacrylates which may correspond to the above-mentioned acrylates, may be used with these acrylates.
  • suitable methacrylates include methoxypolyethylene glycol methacrylate, methoxytriethylene glycol methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, phenoxyethyl methacrylate, cyclohexyl methacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate, and polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate. Certain methacrylates may be preferred due to their relatively high sensitivity and higher adhesion to an ink-receiver surface.
  • the dispersions and coatings may also contain polymerizable oligomers.
  • polymerizable oligomers include epoxy acrylates, aliphatic urethane acrylates, aromatic urethane acrylates, polyester acrylates, and straight-chained acrylic oligomers.
  • monovinyl aromatic compounds examples include styrene, p-methylstyrene, p-methoxystyrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, p-methyl- ⁇ -methylstyrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, and p-methoxy- ⁇ -methylstyrene.
  • vinylnaphthalene compounds include 1-vinylnaphthalene, ⁇ -methyl-1-vinylnaphthalene, ⁇ -methyl-1-vinylnaphthalene, 4-methyl-1-vinylnaphthalene, and 4-methoxy-1-vinylnaphthalene.
  • N-vinyl compounds include N-vinylcarbazole, N-vinylpyrrolidone, N-vinylindole, N-vinylpyrrole, N-vinylphenothiazine, N-vinylacetoanilide, N-vinylethylacetoamide, N-vinylsuccinimide, N-vinylphthalimide, N-vinylcaprolactam, and N-vinylimidazole.
  • Suitable examples of cationically curable compounds can be found in Advances in Polymer Science, 62, pages 1 to 47 (1984) by J. V. Crivello.
  • the cationic curable compound may contain at least one olefin, thioether, acetal, thioxane, thietane, aziridine, N-, O-, S- or P-heterocycle, aldehyde, lactam or cyclic ester group.
  • cationic polymerizable compounds include monomers and/or oligomers epoxides, vinyl ethers, styrenes, oxetanes, oxazolines, vinylnaphthalenes, N-vinyl heterocyclic compounds, tetrahydrofurfuryl compounds.
  • the cationically polymerizable monomer can be mono-, di- or multi-functional or a mixture thereof.
  • Suitable cationic curable compounds having at least one epoxy group are listed in the “Handbook of Epoxy Resins” by Lee and Neville, McGraw Hill Book Company, New York (1967) and in “Epoxy Resin Technology” by P. F. Bruins, John Wiley and Sons New York (1968), which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Examples of cationic curable compounds having at least one epoxy group include 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, 3-(bis(glycidyloxymethyl)methoxy)-1,2-propane diol, limonene oxide, 2-biphenyl glycidyl ether, 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, epichlorohydrin-bisphenol S based epoxides, epoxidized styrenics and more epichlorohydrin-bisphenol F, and A-based epoxides and epoxidized novolaks.
  • Suitable epoxy compounds including at least two epoxy groups in the molecule include alicyclic polyepoxide, polyglycidyl ester of polybasic acid, polyglycidyl ether of polyol, polyglycidyl ether of polyoxyalkylene glycol, polyglycidyl ester of aromatic polyol, polyglycidyl ether of aromatic polyol, urethane polyepoxy compound, and polyepoxy polybutadiene.
  • cycloaliphatic bisepoxides include copolymers of epoxides and hydroxyl components such as glycols, polyols, or vinyl ether, such as 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexylcarboxylate; bis(3,4-epoxycylohexylmethyl) adipate; limonene bisepoxide; diglycidyl ester of hexahydrophthalic acid.
  • hydroxyl components such as glycols, polyols, or vinyl ether, such as 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3′,4′-epoxycyclohexylcarboxylate; bis(3,4-epoxycylohexylmethyl) adipate; limonene bisepoxide; diglycidyl ester of hexahydrophthalic acid.
  • vinyl ethers having at least one vinyl ether group include ethyl vinyl ether, n-butyl vinyl ether, isobutyl vinyl ether, octadecyl vinyl ether, cyclohexyl vinyl ether, butanediol divinyl ether, hydroxyl butyl vinyl ether, cyclohexane dimethanol monovinyl ether, phenyl vinyl ether, p-methylphenyl vinyl ether, p-methoxyphenyl vinyl ether, ⁇ -methylphenyl vinyl ether, ⁇ -methylisobutyl vinyl ether and ⁇ -chloroisobutyl vinyl ether, diethyleneglycol divinyl ether, triethylene glycol divinyl ether, n-propyl vinyl ether, isopropyl vinyl ether, dodecyl vinyl ether, diethylene glycol monovinyl ether, cyclohexanedimethanol divinyl ether, 4-(
  • oxetane compounds having at least one oxetane group include 3-ethyl-3-hydroloxymethyl-1-oxetane, the oligomeric mixture 1,4-bis[3-ethyl-3-oxetanyl methoxy)methyl]benzene, 3-ethyl-3-phenoxymethyl-oxetane, his ([1-ethyl(3-oxetanil)]methyl) ether, 3-ethyl-3-[(2-ethylhexyloxy)methyl]oxetane, 3-ethyl-[(tri-ethoxysilyl propoxy)methyl]oxetane, and 3,3-dimethyl-2(p-methoxy-phenyl)-oxetane.
  • vinyl ether acrylates may be used.
  • These curable resins may be used in both radiation and cationically curable compositions. Curable compositions of this nature are known in the art as evidenced by U.S. Pat. No. 6,310,115, which is incorporated herein by reference. Examples of these resins include 2-(2-vinyloxyethoxy)ethyl(meth)acrylate and 2-(2-vinyloxyethoxy)ethyl acrylate. Reference is also made to U.S. Publ. No. 2010/0039463, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the coating compositions prepared according the present invention may include a cure initiator.
  • the dispersion may also include a cure initiator.
  • a thermal initiator may be employed.
  • a photo-initiator may be employed.
  • photo-initiators typically require less energy to activate than the monomers, oligomers and/or prepolymers. Suitable photo-initiators include Norrish type I initiators, Norrish type II initiators, or a photo-acid generator.
  • thermal initiators include tert-amyl peroxybenzoate, 4,4-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), 1,1′-azobis(cyclohexanecarbonitrile), 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), benzoyl peroxide, 2,2-bis(tert-butylperoxy)butane, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane, 2,5-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne, bis(1-(tert-butylperoxy)-1-methylethyl)benzene, 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane, tert-butyl hydroperoxide,
  • Norrish type I-initiators include benzoinethers, benzyl ketals, ⁇ , ⁇ -dialkoxyacetophenones, ⁇ -hydroxyalkylphenones, ⁇ -aminoalkylphenones, acylphosphine oxides, acylphosphine sulfides, ⁇ -haloketones, ⁇ -halosulfones and ⁇ -halophenylglyoxalates.
  • Norrish type II-initiators include benzophenones, thioxanthones, 1,2-diketones and anthraquinones. These initiators may be used with a co-initiator such as an aliphatic amine, an aromatic amine and a thiol. Specific examples include tertiary amines, heterocyclic thiols, and 4-dialkylamino-benzoic acid.
  • useful photo-initiators or photo-initiator systems absorb light and thereby produce an initiating species, such as free radicals and cations, which are high-energy species that induce polymerization of monomers, oligomers and polymers and with polyfunctional monomers and oligomers thereby also inducing crosslinking.
  • an initiating species such as free radicals and cations, which are high-energy species that induce polymerization of monomers, oligomers and polymers and with polyfunctional monomers and oligomers thereby also inducing crosslinking.
  • Suitable photo-initiators are disclosed in CRIVELLO, J. V., et al. VOLUME III: Photoinitiators for Free Radical Cationic. 2nd edition. Edited by BRADLEY, G. London, UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 1998. p. 287-294, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • photo-initiators may include, but are not limited to, benzophenone and substituted benzophenones, 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, thioxanthones such as isopropylthioxanthone, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-1-phenylpropan-1-one, 2-benzyl-2-dimethylamino-(4-morpholinophenyl) butan-1-one, benzil dimethylketal, bis(2,6-dimethylbenzoyl)-2,4,4-trimethylpentylphosphine oxide, 2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyldiphenylphosphine oxide, 2-methyl-1-[4-(methylthio)phenyl]-2-morpholinopropan-1-one, 2,2-dimethoxy-1,2-diphenylethan-1-one or 5,7-diiodo-3-butoxy-6-fluorone, diphenyliodonium fluoride, and triphenylsulf
  • Suitable commercial photo-initiators include IRGACURETM 184, IRGACURETM 500, IRGACURETM 907, IRGACURETM 369, IRGACURETM 1700, IRGACURETM 651, IRGACURETM 819, IRGACURETM 1000, IRGACURETM 1300, IRGACURETM 1870, DAROCURTM 1173, DAROCURTM 2959, DAROCURTM 4265 and DAROCURTM ITX available from CIBA SPECIALTY CHEMICALS, Lucerin TPO available from BASF AG, ESACURETM KT046, ESACURETM KIP150, ESACURETM KT37 and ESACURETM EDB available from LAMBERTI, H-NUTM 470 and H-NUTM 470X available from SPECTRA GROUP Ltd.
  • suitable cationic photo-initiators include compounds that form aprotic acids or Bronstead acids upon exposure to ultraviolet and/or visible light sufficient to initiate polymerization.
  • the photo-initiator used may be a single compound, a mixture of two or more active compounds, or a combination of two or more different compounds, i.e. co-initiators.
  • suitable cationic photo-initiators are aryldiazonium salts, diaryliodonium salts, triarylsulphonium salts, triarylselenonium salts and the like.
  • a combination of different types of initiators for example, a photo-initiator and a thermal initiator, can also be used.
  • the dispersion and the coatings may contain a photo-initiator system containing one or more photo-initiators and one or more sensitizers that transfer energy to the photo-initiator(s).
  • Suitable sensitizers include photoreducible xanthene, fluorene, benzoxanthene, benzothioxanthene, thiazine, oxazine, coumarin, pyronine, porphyrin, acridine, azo, diazo, cyanine, merocyanine, diarylmethyl, triarylmethyl, anthraquinone, phenylenediamine, benzimidazole, fluorochrome, quinoline, tetrazole, naphthol, benzidine, rhodamine, indigo and/or indanthrene dyes.
  • the amount of the sensitizer is in general from 0.01 to 15 wt %, preferably from 0.05 to 5 wt %
  • the dispersion and the coating may additionally contain co-initiators.
  • co-initiators for example, the combination of titanocenes and trichloromethyl-s-triazines, of titanocenes and ketoxime ethers and of acridines and trichloromethyl-s-triazines is known.
  • a further increase in sensitivity can be achieved by adding dibenzalacetone or amino acid derivatives.
  • the amount of co-initiator or co-initiators is in general from 0.01 to 20 wt %, preferably from 0.05 to 10 wt %, based in each case on the total weight of the coating composition.
  • Suitable examples of co-initiators can be categorized in 4 groups: (1) tertiary aliphatic amines such as methyldiethanolamine, dimethylethanolamine, triethanolamine, triethylamine and N-methylmorpholine; (2) aromatic amines such as amylparadimethylaminobenzoate, 2-n-butoxyethyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate, 2-(dimethylamino)ethylbenzoate, ethyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate, and 2-ethylhexyl-4-(dimethylamino)benzoate; (3) (meth)acrylated amines such as dialkylamino alkyl(meth)acrylates (e.g., diethylaminoethylacrylate) or N-morpholinoalkyl-(meth)acrylates (e.g., N-morpholinoethyl-acrylate); and (4) amides or
  • the initiator system includes 2,2′-bis(o-chlorophenyl)-4,4′,5,5′-tetraphenyl-(7CI,8CI) 4,4′-Bi-4H-imidazole, which may be defined by the formula:
  • This initiator may be used in the presence of a co-initiator such as 2-mercapto benzoxazole.
  • the initiator is an oxime ester.
  • a suitable example has as chemical formula:
  • the amount of initiator is 0.05-50 wt % of the total weight of the curable liquid, or in other embodiments 1-15 wt %, of the total weight of the curable coating.
  • Irradiation with actinic radiation may be realized in two steps by changing wavelength or intensity. In such cases, two types of photo-initiators may be used together. Initiators and techniques for their use are known as disclosed in US Publication No. 2010/0039463, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • additives may also be used in the coating compositions and/or dispersions such as, but not limited to, polymeric dispersants, surfactants, dyes, defoamers, dendrimers, dendrites, waxes, a complete list of which can be found in the “ Two Thousand Eleven Additives Handbook,” Joseph V. Koleske, Robert Springate, and Darlene Brezinski, Paints & Coatings Industry (PCI) Magazine, June 2011, Volume 27, Number 6, page 43-77, and the Handbook of Paint and Coating Raw Materials, 2 nd Edition, Michael and Irene Ash, Synapse Information resources, 2003, incorporated herein.
  • PCI Two Thousand Eleven Additives Handbook
  • a polymeric synergist may be used.
  • the selection of whether or not a synergist is required with a particular dispersant, and the nature and amount of the synergist, can easily be made from simple chemical considerations of the surface nature of the inorganic particulate material and of the dispersant to be used as described in the publication, Hyperdispersants, Technology & Benefits, The Lubrizol Corporation, HD-002, July, 2008.
  • the coating compositions of the present invention may be characterized by having a relatively high particulate content while maintain desirable physical characteristics such as desirable viscosity.
  • the coating composition is applied to a substrate using known techniques.
  • the coating can be applied by known techniques, such as roll coating, spray coating, and/or vacuum coating.
  • the coating composition can be applied over a wide range of temperatures including, for example, about 33° F. to about 400° F., or in other embodiments from about 40° F. to about 200° F.
  • the coating compositions of the present invention can be applied to create wet coatings having a wide range of thicknesses and viscosities.
  • the thickness and viscosity of the coating can vary depending on the desired application and the relative concentration of particulate.
  • relatively thick coatings or coating composites such as those having a thickness of about 1 inch, can be prepared.
  • wet coatings can be applied at advantageously thin levels due to their relatively high particulate content while still providing advantageous coating properties such as opacity.
  • the coating can be applied to a substrate at a thickness of less than 25 microns, in other embodiments less than 15 microns, and in other embodiments less than 1 micron while maintaining desirable properties.
  • any method known in the art for curing coating compositions can be employed in practice of the present invention.
  • conventional radical polymerization, photo-curing systems using photo acid or photo base generator, or photo induction alternating copolymerization may be employed.
  • radical polymerization and cationic polymerization are employed.
  • photo induction alternating copolymerization which can be used without initiator, may be employed.
  • a hybrid system of combinations of these systems is also effective.
  • curing or crosslinking effected with E-beam radiation.
  • cationic polymerization is employed, especially where is it desirable to cure in the presence of oxygen.
  • an epoxy compound together with an oxetane compound may be used to increase the rate of polymerization.
  • Pre-Dispersion #2 was made with the base resin and a dispersing agent, which was a hyperdispersant obtained under the tradename Solsperse 39000 (Lubrizol Corp.); the ingredients were mixed by stirring the ingredients with a hand stirring blade at 62° F.
  • the inventive Pre-Dispersion #3 was made using the same base resin, same silsesquioxane, and same dispersing agent employed above using the same mixing procedure; specifically the silsesquioxane was added first to the base resin and the dispersing agent was added second at amounts equal to a ratio of 2.2 parts silsesquioxane to one part dispersing agent.
  • the inventive pre-dispersion #3 which included the silsesquioxane and the dispersing agent, shows a dramatic, unexpected drop in viscosity of 37% compared to the base resin, and a dramatic, unexpected drop in viscosity of 30.7% compared to Pre-dispersion #1, which simply included the base resin and the silsesquioxane, and a dramatic, unexpected drop in viscosity of 30.8% compared to Pre-dispersion #2, which simply included the base resin and the dispersing agent.
  • three polymeric dispersions were made from the pre-dispersions of Table 1 by incorporating about 60% by weight of a silane, surface treated, fused silica nano-spherical filler particulate available under the tradename SunspheresTM 200 Nm ST-3 (Sun Color Corporation, North Canton, Ohio); these filler particulates were characterized as having an average particle size of 200 nanometers (nm).
  • the dispersions were prepared by mixing and agitating the ingredients together with a high speed dispersing blade (CONN Blade) at 62° F.
  • Polymeric Dispersion #4 which was made with Pre-Dispersion #1, had a pasty like consistency and a viscosity greater than 70,000 centipoise.
  • the relative viscosities can be lowered proportionately by elevating the temperature of the Polymeric Dispersion and/or by adding applicable amounts of solvents.
  • the viscosity of each of the three Pre-Dispersions measureable by an applicable Brookfield Viscometers as is well known in the art, is reported in Table 1 in centipoise.
  • three polymeric dispersions were made from the pre-dispersions of Table 1 by incorporating about 80 wt % treated titanium dioxide (TiO2) pigment obtained under the tradename Tronox® CR-826 (TRONOX, Oklahoma, Tenn.); the pigment was characterized by having an average particle size of about 200 nanometers (nm).
  • TiO2 titanium dioxide
  • the dispersion was prepared by mixing and agitating the ingredients together with a high speed dispersing blade, (CONN Blade) at 62° F.
  • Polymeric Dispersion #7 which was made with Pre-Dispersion #1, had a paste like consistency and a viscosity greater than 70,000 centipoise.
  • inventive, Polymeric Dispersion #9 which was made with the inventive Pre-Dispersion #3, had a pourable consistency and a relatively low viscosity of 4558 centipoise. The viscosity of each of the three pre-dispersion, were measured using a Brookfield Viscometer is reported in Table 1 in centipoise.
  • a second wood substrate was first sealed with the clear to translucent coating of Example 3 made with Polymeric Dispersion #4 and then coated with the white coating of Example 4, made with Polymeric Dispersions #7 and #4.
  • the coatings were applied to the wood substrate with a standard draw-down bar.
  • the ingredients used to make the coatings of Table 4 include:
  • Epoxide I 3,4-epoxycyclohexymethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, commercially available from Ginray Corporation as UVR 6105.
  • Epoxide II Limonene diepoxide, an epoxide diluents, and commercially available from Elf Atochem North America.
  • Epoxide III 3,4-epoxycyclohexymethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate, commercially available from Ginray Corporation as UVR 6110.
  • POLYOL I A trifunctional poly-s-caprolactone polyol with an average molecular weight of about 300 and commercially available from Dow Chemical as TONE 0301.
  • Photoiniator I A diaryliodonium hexafluoroantimonate salt in a solvent and commercially available from Sartomer Company as SarCat CD-1012.
  • Photoiniator II Mixed arysulfonium hexafluroantimonate salts as a solution in propylene carbonate, and commercially available from Dow Chemical as UVI 6976.
  • Photosensitizer I Isopropyl thioxanthone, a photosensitizer that functions as a photopolymerization initiator, commercially available from ACETO Corp. as Speed Cure ITX.
  • Polymeric Dispersion #6 Polymeric Dispersion #6 as described herein and formulated in accordance with Table #2 of this disclosure.
  • Polymeric Dispersion #9 Polymeric Dispersion #9 as described herein and formulated in accordance with Table #3 of this disclosure.
  • Polymeric Dispersion #4 Polymeric Dispersion #4 as described herein and formulated in accordance with Table #2 of this disclosure.
  • Polymeric Dispersion #7 Polymeric Dispersion #7 as described herein and formulated in accordance with Table #3 of this disclosure.
  • Dye I Dye NLE 259121, a blue dyestuff commercially available from BASF Corp. as Thermoplast Blue 684.
  • Surfactant I SilwetTM L-7604, commercially available from Witco Corp.
  • Defoamer I A foam control agent commercially available from Dow Chemical as Dow Corning 163.
  • the coatings of Table 4 were made by first stirring together in a glass jar ingredients number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14, as required at a temperature of about 100° F., and then mixing in with a dispersing blade, as described above, the Polymeric Dispersions #6, #9, #4, and #7 as required.
  • the viscosities of the coatings shown in Table 4 were measured by an applicable Brookfield Viscometer and are relative viscosities as viscosity can vary with temperature.
  • the relative viscosity of the inventive coatings in Examples 1 and 2 were very substantially lower than the viscosities of the coatings in Examples 3 and 4.
  • the relative opacity of the white coatings in Examples 2 and 4 were the same when measured on a Lanetta Chart, as is well known in the art; however, the inventive white coating of Example #2 is one-half the thickness of the white coating of Example 4. As suggested above, this is highly advantageous since it is commercially beneficial to attain the same opacity of a white coating with one half the thickness because the coating cost is less and often times a thin coating is more flexible than a thick coating.
  • the relative hardness of the inventive white coatings of Examples 1 and 2 were substantially harder than the hardness of the coatings of Examples 3 and 4 when measured by a pencil hardness test, which is well known in the art. Pencil hardness typically indicates that a coating with a higher hardness has better scratch and mar resistance, which are valuable attributes for coatings because, for many applications, the coatings are more durable.

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KR102016348B1 (ko) * 2013-02-28 2019-08-30 주식회사 동진쎄미켐 광학소자 봉지용 수지 조성물
NL2012115C2 (en) * 2014-01-21 2015-07-22 Xeikon Ip Bv Liquid toner dispersion and use thereof.

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US11021623B2 (en) * 2014-07-03 2021-06-01 Corning Incorporated Jet ink composition, method and coated article
JP2018070695A (ja) * 2016-10-25 2018-05-10 東京応化工業株式会社 着色剤分散液、感光性樹脂組成物、硬化物、有機ｅｌ素子、パターンの形成方法、及び感光性樹脂組成物の製造方法
US10457837B2 (en) 2016-12-28 2019-10-29 Industrial Technology Research Institute Coating composition and method of preparing the same

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