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US20130233304A1 - Design of Integrated Heat Exchanger into Solar Absorber for Affordable Small-scale Concentrated Solar Power Generation (SCU) - Google Patents

Design of Integrated Heat Exchanger into Solar Absorber for Affordable Small-scale Concentrated Solar Power Generation (SCU) Download PDF

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Publication number
US20130233304A1
US20130233304A1 US13/789,214 US201313789214A US2013233304A1 US 20130233304 A1 US20130233304 A1 US 20130233304A1 US 201313789214 A US201313789214 A US 201313789214A US 2013233304 A1 US2013233304 A1 US 2013233304A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
receiver
cavity
cavity receiver
solar absorber
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US13/789,214
Inventor
Hohyun Lee
Matthew Neber
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Santa Clara University
Original Assignee
Santa Clara University
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Santa Clara University filed Critical Santa Clara University
Priority to US13/789,214 priority Critical patent/US20130233304A1/en
Publication of US20130233304A1 publication Critical patent/US20130233304A1/en
Priority to US14/075,911 priority patent/US20140060518A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F24J2/266—
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • F24S10/70—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits
    • F24S10/75—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits with enlarged surfaces, e.g. with protrusions or corrugations
    • F24S10/754—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits with enlarged surfaces, e.g. with protrusions or corrugations the conduits being spirally coiled
    • F24J2/242—
    • F24J2/484—
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S10/00—Solar heat collectors using working fluids
    • F24S10/70—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits
    • F24S10/72—Solar heat collectors using working fluids the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits the tubular conduits being integrated in a block; the tubular conduits touching each other
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/20—Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S70/00—Details of absorbing elements
    • F24S70/10—Details of absorbing elements characterised by the absorbing material
    • F24S70/16—Details of absorbing elements characterised by the absorbing material made of ceramic; made of concrete; made of natural stone
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02B—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO BUILDINGS, e.g. HOUSING, HOUSE APPLIANCES OR RELATED END-USER APPLICATIONS
    • Y02B10/00—Integration of renewable energy sources in buildings
    • Y02B10/20—Solar thermal
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y02E10/44—Heat exchange systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to solar energy devices. More particularly, the invention relates to solar absorbers for concentrated solar power (CSP) dish systems.
  • CSP concentrated solar power
  • Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology seeks to replace fossil fuels in mechanical compression cycles for power generation.
  • Existing dish systems require large areas to achieve sufficient conversion efficiency for the cost of the system.
  • the conversion efficiencies which have been achieved are limited by the materials and manufacturing processes used.
  • a solar absorber for small scale CSP has not been economically viable due to high cost for small systems.
  • the invention provides a solar absorber for a concentrated solar power (CSP) dish system.
  • the solar absorber includes a cylindrically shaped blackbody cavity receiver and a cylindrically shaped heat exchanger shell covering the receiver.
  • An exterior surface of the cavity receiver has grooves embedded to create a duct spiraling about the exterior of the cavity receiver so that the duct forms tubes of a tube-style heat exchanger when covered by the heat exchanger shell.
  • An interior diameter of the cavity receiver is greater than or equal to a diameter of an aperture of the cavity receiver, and a longitudinal interior depth of the cavity is greater than or equal to twice the interior diameter of the cavity receiver.
  • the cavity receiver is composed of a first monolithic ceramic material having emissivity greater than 0.9 and the heat exchanger shell is composed of a second monolithic ceramic material having emissivity greater than 0.9.
  • the first and second ceramic materials are not necessarily distinct, but may be.
  • the cavity receiver and heat exchanger shell are fused to form a monolithic cavity receiver and heat exchanger.
  • the first monolithic ceramic material is silicon carbide and the interior diameter of the cavity receiver is equal to the diameter of the aperture of the cavity receiver.
  • the first monolithic ceramic material may be silicon nitride.
  • the duct has a rectangular cross-section.
  • FIG. 1 shows a solar receiver with a blackbody cavity absorbing solar radiation and heating air as it circulates around the cavity, according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic drawing of the air passage integrated onto the surface of the receiver (dimensions are in millimeters), according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows experimental data gathered on the silicon carbide cavity receiver with a theoretical prediction also shown for comparison.
  • a scalable and modular concentrated solar thermal dish-Brayton system in response to growing demand for renewable energy and distributed power generation.
  • One embodiment of the current invention reduces production costs and creates a viable small-scale solar power system for home or neighborhood use by achieving better conversion efficiency.
  • One embodiment of the invention includes a low cost, high efficiency solar receiver with the capability to achieve much higher operating temperatures than current receivers.
  • the current embodiment of the invention uses a cylindrical shaped blackbody cavity to absorb solar radiation at a temperature of about 1700 K, much higher than existing receivers at 1250 K. This is made possible by using silicon carbide to manufacture the cavity.
  • the fabricated cylindrical part boasts high absorption and thermal conductivity at a low fabrication cost. The advantage of the high absorption allows for the cylindrical design and a more compact absorber than current designs, which require much larger surface areas.
  • FIG. 1 shows a schematic drawing of one embodiment of the invention having an air passage entrance and exit as well as its path around the solar cavity receiver.
  • the advantage of the high thermal conductivity is for an integrated heat exchanger to heat a working fluid to a design temperature of 1500 K.
  • the increased working fluid temperature will increase the conversion efficiency by 20% over comparable systems.
  • the increased working temperature also enables better waste heat recovery by increasing the temperature of the Brayton Cycle exhaust.
  • the integrated heat exchanger also achieves the desired fluid temperature with very little loss in pressure from entrance to exit.
  • FIG. 2 shows a detailed drawing of the integrated heat exchanger, according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • the grooves embedded in the surface of the receiver create a square shaped duct for the air to travel through once the shell is covering the receiver. This duct design heats the air effectively without large losses in air pressure.
  • achieving fewer parts and a more compact package is done by integration with a power turbine.
  • the final section of the heat exchanger is designed as a nozzle in the same way that the first stage stator would be for a gas turbine. This will allow the omission of the first stage stator making the overall design lighter, cheaper and less expensive.
  • To design with fewer parts is always advantageous for manufacture, and is an ongoing challenge for designers in the gas turbine industry as well as Stirling engine manufacturers.
  • the invention includes heating air to a high temperature.
  • the application of this high temperature air can be made much broader than a Brayton power cycle.
  • the air can be used to heat water for process applications, or to superheat steam to supplement fossil fuels in a coal fired power plant.
  • the heat exchanger is not limited to air by any means.
  • the chemical stability of silicon carbide makes this absorber a candidate for thermochemical reactions for the solar production of synthetic fuels, or reformation of light hydrocarbons into heavier ones.
  • Absorption chillers or water heaters may also take advantage of the waste heat from any of the aforementioned methods of heat utilization.
  • the invention can be scalable to significantly larger sizes, such as 2.5 kW to sizes as large as 50 kW for utility scale power production.
  • the high emissivity of silicon carbide allows this invention to be highly absorptive in a compact size and without any absorptive coatings. Silicon carbide is also operable to temperatures in excess of 2000 K, which is beyond the requirements of this system. The 1500 K fluid target temperature of this system will boast a 20% increase in efficiency over similar systems.
  • the completed research by the inventors verifies that the absorption efficiency of the absorber is concurrent with prediction.
  • the experimental results presented in FIG. 3 show that the prediction for the maximum achievable temperature and the time response prediction of a scaled model are accurate.
  • the temperature recorded is taken from a thermocouple attached to the outer surface at the back end of the cavity.
  • the invention provides commercialization of small-scale solar energy production for the end user.
  • the solar receiver is designed to be reproducible for mass manufacture.
  • the prominence of ceramic components in the system makes this invention of particular interest to established ceramics manufacturers.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)

Abstract

A solar absorber for a concentrated solar power (CSP) dish system includes a cylindrically shaped blackbody cavity receiver fused to a cylindrically shaped heat exchanger shell covering the receiver to form a monolithic cavity receiver and heat exchanger. An exterior surface of the cavity receiver has grooves embedded to create a duct spiraling about the exterior of the cavity receiver so that the duct forms tubes of a tube-style heat exchanger when covered by the heat exchanger shell. An interior diameter of the cavity receiver is greater than or equal to a diameter of an aperture of the cavity receiver, and a longitudinal interior depth of the cavity is greater than or equal to twice the interior diameter of the cavity receiver. The monolithic solar absorber is preferably composed of a ceramic material such as silicon carbide having emissivity greater than 0.9.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/607,747 filed Mar. 7, 2012, which is incorporated herein by reference.
    • STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT SPONSORED SUPPORT
  • This invention was made with Government support under contract SU-83603201 awarded by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The Government has certain rights in this invention.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates generally to solar energy devices. More particularly, the invention relates to solar absorbers for concentrated solar power (CSP) dish systems.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology seeks to replace fossil fuels in mechanical compression cycles for power generation. Existing dish systems require large areas to achieve sufficient conversion efficiency for the cost of the system. In addition, the conversion efficiencies which have been achieved are limited by the materials and manufacturing processes used. Moreover, a solar absorber for small scale CSP has not been economically viable due to high cost for small systems.
  • The current technologies in the art use metal components in one form or another, which limits the overall performance that can be achieved. Common high temperature metals will begin to fail around 1300 K and these metals have a low thermal conductivity. Since metal has high reflectivity, the receivers are often large to increase their internal surface area, and their surface is often coated with a radiation absorbent layer.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • According to one aspect, the invention provides a solar absorber for a concentrated solar power (CSP) dish system. The solar absorber includes a cylindrically shaped blackbody cavity receiver and a cylindrically shaped heat exchanger shell covering the receiver. An exterior surface of the cavity receiver has grooves embedded to create a duct spiraling about the exterior of the cavity receiver so that the duct forms tubes of a tube-style heat exchanger when covered by the heat exchanger shell. An interior diameter of the cavity receiver is greater than or equal to a diameter of an aperture of the cavity receiver, and a longitudinal interior depth of the cavity is greater than or equal to twice the interior diameter of the cavity receiver. The cavity receiver is composed of a first monolithic ceramic material having emissivity greater than 0.9 and the heat exchanger shell is composed of a second monolithic ceramic material having emissivity greater than 0.9. The first and second ceramic materials are not necessarily distinct, but may be. The cavity receiver and heat exchanger shell are fused to form a monolithic cavity receiver and heat exchanger.
  • In a preferred embodiment, the first monolithic ceramic material is silicon carbide and the interior diameter of the cavity receiver is equal to the diameter of the aperture of the cavity receiver. Alternatively, the first monolithic ceramic material may be silicon nitride. Preferably, the duct has a rectangular cross-section.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 shows a solar receiver with a blackbody cavity absorbing solar radiation and heating air as it circulates around the cavity, according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic drawing of the air passage integrated onto the surface of the receiver (dimensions are in millimeters), according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows experimental data gathered on the silicon carbide cavity receiver with a theoretical prediction also shown for comparison.
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • In one aspect, a scalable and modular concentrated solar thermal dish-Brayton system is provided in response to growing demand for renewable energy and distributed power generation. One embodiment of the current invention reduces production costs and creates a viable small-scale solar power system for home or neighborhood use by achieving better conversion efficiency.
  • One embodiment of the invention includes a low cost, high efficiency solar receiver with the capability to achieve much higher operating temperatures than current receivers. The current embodiment of the invention uses a cylindrical shaped blackbody cavity to absorb solar radiation at a temperature of about 1700 K, much higher than existing receivers at 1250 K. This is made possible by using silicon carbide to manufacture the cavity. The fabricated cylindrical part boasts high absorption and thermal conductivity at a low fabrication cost. The advantage of the high absorption allows for the cylindrical design and a more compact absorber than current designs, which require much larger surface areas. FIG. 1 shows a schematic drawing of one embodiment of the invention having an air passage entrance and exit as well as its path around the solar cavity receiver.
  • The advantage of the high thermal conductivity is for an integrated heat exchanger to heat a working fluid to a design temperature of 1500 K. The increased working fluid temperature will increase the conversion efficiency by 20% over comparable systems. The increased working temperature also enables better waste heat recovery by increasing the temperature of the Brayton Cycle exhaust. The integrated heat exchanger also achieves the desired fluid temperature with very little loss in pressure from entrance to exit.
  • FIG. 2 shows a detailed drawing of the integrated heat exchanger, according to one embodiment of the invention. The grooves embedded in the surface of the receiver create a square shaped duct for the air to travel through once the shell is covering the receiver. This duct design heats the air effectively without large losses in air pressure.
  • According to another embodiment of the invention, achieving fewer parts and a more compact package is done by integration with a power turbine. The final section of the heat exchanger is designed as a nozzle in the same way that the first stage stator would be for a gas turbine. This will allow the omission of the first stage stator making the overall design lighter, cheaper and less expensive. To design with fewer parts is always advantageous for manufacture, and is an ongoing challenge for designers in the gas turbine industry as well as Stirling engine manufacturers.
  • In one embodiment, the invention includes heating air to a high temperature. The application of this high temperature air can be made much broader than a Brayton power cycle. For instance, the air can be used to heat water for process applications, or to superheat steam to supplement fossil fuels in a coal fired power plant.
  • The heat exchanger is not limited to air by any means. The chemical stability of silicon carbide makes this absorber a candidate for thermochemical reactions for the solar production of synthetic fuels, or reformation of light hydrocarbons into heavier ones. Absorption chillers or water heaters may also take advantage of the waste heat from any of the aforementioned methods of heat utilization.
  • In a further embodiment, the invention can be scalable to significantly larger sizes, such as 2.5 kW to sizes as large as 50 kW for utility scale power production.
  • According to one embodiment of the invention, the high emissivity of silicon carbide allows this invention to be highly absorptive in a compact size and without any absorptive coatings. Silicon carbide is also operable to temperatures in excess of 2000 K, which is beyond the requirements of this system. The 1500 K fluid target temperature of this system will boast a 20% increase in efficiency over similar systems.
  • The completed research by the inventors, verifies that the absorption efficiency of the absorber is concurrent with prediction. The experimental results presented in FIG. 3 show that the prediction for the maximum achievable temperature and the time response prediction of a scaled model are accurate. The temperature recorded is taken from a thermocouple attached to the outer surface at the back end of the cavity.
  • The invention provides commercialization of small-scale solar energy production for the end user. The solar receiver is designed to be reproducible for mass manufacture. The prominence of ceramic components in the system makes this invention of particular interest to established ceramics manufacturers.
  • Further details, variations and embodiments are described in the attached APPENDICES which are hereby incorporated to this application.

Claims (5)

1. A solar absorber for a concentrated solar power (CSP) dish system, the solar absorber comprising:
a) a cylindrically shaped blackbody cavity receiver,
wherein an exterior surface of the cavity receiver has grooves embedded to create a duct spiraling about the exterior of the cavity receiver,
wherein an interior diameter of the cavity receiver is greater than or equal to a diameter of an aperture of the cavity receiver,
wherein a longitudinal interior depth of the cavity is greater than or equal to twice the interior diameter of the cavity receiver,
wherein the cavity receiver is composed of a first monolithic ceramic material having emissivity greater than 0.9;
and
b) a cylindrically heat exchanger shell covering the receiver such that the duct forms tubes of a tube-style heat exchanger,
wherein the heat exchanger shell is composed of a second monolithic ceramic material having emissivity greater than 0.9;
wherein the cavity receiver and heat exchanger shell are fused to form a monolithic cavity receiver and heat exchanger.
2. The solar absorber of claim 1 wherein the first monolithic ceramic material is silicon carbide.
3. The solar absorber of claim 2 wherein the interior diameter of the cavity receiver is equal to the diameter of the aperture of the cavity receiver.
4. The solar absorber of claim 1 wherein the first monolithic ceramic material is silicon nitride.
5. The solar absorber of claim 1 wherein the duct has a rectangular cross-section.
US13/789,214 2012-03-07 2013-03-07 Design of Integrated Heat Exchanger into Solar Absorber for Affordable Small-scale Concentrated Solar Power Generation (SCU) Abandoned US20130233304A1 (en)

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US13/789,214 US20130233304A1 (en) 2012-03-07 2013-03-07 Design of Integrated Heat Exchanger into Solar Absorber for Affordable Small-scale Concentrated Solar Power Generation (SCU)
US14/075,911 US20140060518A1 (en) 2012-03-07 2013-11-08 Solar Absorber for Concentrated Solar Power Generation

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US201261607747P 2012-03-07 2012-03-07
US13/789,214 US20130233304A1 (en) 2012-03-07 2013-03-07 Design of Integrated Heat Exchanger into Solar Absorber for Affordable Small-scale Concentrated Solar Power Generation (SCU)

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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140060518A1 (en) * 2012-03-07 2014-03-06 Santa Clara University Solar Absorber for Concentrated Solar Power Generation
CN104197537A (en) * 2014-09-24 2014-12-10 中国科学院电工研究所 Positive displacement air thermal absorber with rotary heat absorption body
CN104315737A (en) * 2014-10-13 2015-01-28 山东理工大学 Method for preparing red mud ceramic heat collecting board
CN104310962A (en) * 2014-10-13 2015-01-28 山东理工大学 Method for preparing waste incineration clinker ceramic heat collecting plate
CN104329816A (en) * 2014-10-13 2015-02-04 山东理工大学 Preparation method of zinc-slag ceramic heat-collecting plate
CN104329817A (en) * 2014-10-13 2015-02-04 山东理工大学 Method for preparing vanadium-titanium tailings ceramic heat-collecting plate

Cited By (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20140060518A1 (en) * 2012-03-07 2014-03-06 Santa Clara University Solar Absorber for Concentrated Solar Power Generation
CN104197537A (en) * 2014-09-24 2014-12-10 中国科学院电工研究所 Positive displacement air thermal absorber with rotary heat absorption body
CN104315737A (en) * 2014-10-13 2015-01-28 山东理工大学 Method for preparing red mud ceramic heat collecting board
CN104310962A (en) * 2014-10-13 2015-01-28 山东理工大学 Method for preparing waste incineration clinker ceramic heat collecting plate
CN104329816A (en) * 2014-10-13 2015-02-04 山东理工大学 Preparation method of zinc-slag ceramic heat-collecting plate
CN104329817A (en) * 2014-10-13 2015-02-04 山东理工大学 Method for preparing vanadium-titanium tailings ceramic heat-collecting plate
CN104315737B (en) * 2014-10-13 2016-01-20 山东理工大学 A kind of preparation method of red mud ceramic heat collecting plate

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