US20130199920A1

US20130199920A1 - Device and method for the thermochemical harmonising and gasification of wet biomass

Info

Publication number: US20130199920A1
Application number: US13/878,765
Authority: US
Inventors: Elhan Demir
Original assignee: ZBB GmbH
Current assignee: ZBB GmbH
Priority date: 2011-02-14
Filing date: 2011-02-14
Publication date: 2013-08-08
Also published as: EP2507346A1; WO2012110012A1; RU2012151909A; EP2507346B1; CN102959056A; JP5938788B2; CA2800606A1; DK2507346T3; PL2507346T4; JP2014505149A; DE112011104882A5; PL2507346T3; ES2558318T3; CA2800606C; RU2562112C2; CN102959056B

Abstract

The invention relates to a device for producing an energy carrier and/or raw material carrier from moisture-containing and/or dry biomass with the aid of a heatable carbonisation reactor (1) having a closable inlet opening (13). The biomass is converted in the carbonisation reactor (1) into a solid, pourable or gaseous energy carrier and/or raw material carrier and for interim storage of the energy carrier and/or raw material carrier is then delivered via a closable outlet opening (14) to a coolable tank (9) connected to the carbonisation reactor (1). The tank (9) is connected to an adjoining heatable gasification reactor (16), in which gas and waste substances, such as ash, are separated from the energy carrier. The device is characterised by the following features: a) the carbonisation reactor (1) is surrounded by a heating jacket to which external thermal energy is fed and to which further thermal energy at least from the gasification reactor (16) is fed; b) cooling energy is fed to the gasification reactor from a second tank or cooling tank (9); c) water is fed to the second tank or cooling tank (9) in order to ensure an approximately constant humidity, at least for the charcoal production; d) reaction gas is fed from the carbonisation reactor (1) and/or the second tank or cooling tank (9) to a gas storage facility (20).

Description

The invention relates to a device for the thermochemical carbonization and gasification of wet, especially water-containing and/or dry, biomass for producing an energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier by means of a heatable carbonization reactor having a closable inlet, in which the biomass is converted into a solid, pourable or gaseous energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier and is discharged via a closable outlet to a coolable vessel connected to the carbonization reactor for interim storage of the energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier, which is connected to a downstream gasification reactor, in which gas and waste substances, such as ash, are separated from the biomass.

PRIOR ART

Biomass gasification is generally known. This is understood as a process in which biomass is converted into a product gas or combustible gas by means of a gasifying or oxidizing agent (generally air, oxygen, carbon dioxide or steam) by partial combustion.
Through gasification, the biomass that is in the form of solid fuel can be converted into a gaseous secondary fuel, which can be used more efficiently in various usage options, e.g. production of electricity or as fuel and propellant (combustible gas) or for use as synthesis gas for chemical synthesis. Analogous processes also exist for other solid fuels, especially for the gasification of coal (coal gasification).
The gasification of biomass starts after drying at temperatures of approx. 150° C., with steam and oxygen being evolved first. At higher temperatures, the solid constituents of the biomass are burnt. This gas ignites as soon as secondary air is supplied; the flash point is from 230 to 280° C.
Industrial biomass gasification, is partial combustion by means of a gasifying or oxidizing agent (generally air, oxygen, carbon dioxide or steam) without ignition at temperatures from 700 to 900° C., in which it is not oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO₂), as in combustion, but essentially to carbon monoxide (CO). Further components of the resultant gas are hydrogen (H₂), carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄), steam (H₂O) and a number of trace gases and impurities, depending on the biomass used. A solid residue is left (ash and coke); moreover, some fractions of the product gas may condense out as the temperature is lowered (tar and water).
The combustible product gas can be oxidized further in a downstream process by combustion (combustible gas) or a chemical synthesis (synthesis gas) with release of energy (exothermic process). If the gasification takes place with air, the resultant product gas diluted with nitrogen is often also called lean gas (LCV, low calorific value gas).
Hydrothermal carbonization (for instance: “aqueous carbonization at elevated temperature”) is a chemical process for simple and highly efficient production of lignite, synthesis gas, liquid petroleum precursors and humus from biomass with release of energy. In a few hours, the process technically duplicates the formation of lignite (“coalification”) that occurs in nature in 50 000 to 50 million years.
The currently known working process is as follows: biomass, especially plant material, (for simplicity represented as sugar, with the formula C₆H₁₂O₆, in the following reaction equation) is heated to 180° C. together with water in an isochoric process in a pressure vessel. The pressure may increase to 2 MPa. During the reaction, oxonium ions are also formed, which lower the pH to pH 5 or lower. In this process, the carbons pass into an aqueous phase and so are lost. This energy is no longer available for the working process. This step can be accelerated by adding a small amount of citric acid. It must be borne in mind that at low values of pH, more carbon passes into the aqueous phase. The reaction taking place is exothermic, i.e. energy is released. After 12 hours, the carbon of the educts has been converted completely: 90 to 99% of the carbon is in the form of solid phase as an aqueous sludge of porous lignite beads (C₆H₂O) with pore sizes between 8 and 20 nm; the remaining 1 to 10% of the carbon is either dissolved in the aqueous phase or has been converted to carbon dioxide. The reaction equation for the formation of lignite is:
C₆H₁₂O₆→C₆H₂O+5 H₂O ΔH=−1.105 kJ/mol
The reaction can be terminated in several stages with incomplete water cleavage, obtaining different intermediates. With termination after a few minutes there is formation of liquid intermediates, lipophilic substances, but their manipulation is very difficult on account of their high reactivity. Next, these substances polymerize and peat-like structures form, which after approx. 8 hours are available as intermediates.
Theoretically the reaction could be catalyzed with certain metal particles, but these would very quickly add onto the products and lose their function.
Owing to the exothermic reaction of hydrothermal carbonization, about ⅜ of the calorific value of the biomass based on the dry matter is released (with high content of lignin, resin and/or oil, still at least ¼). With skillful process control it could be possible, by means of this waste heat, to produce dry biocoal from wet biomass and optionally use some of the converted energy for power generation.
The most important aspect is that a simple method is made available for converting atmospheric CO₂indirectly via biomass into a stable, harmless storage form, a carbon sink. Using the method of hydrothermal carbonization, as with other methods of carbonization of biomass, decentralized permanent storage of a large amount of carbon throughout the world would thus be possible. This would be much safer than the liquid or gaseous sequestration of carbon dioxide currently being discussed. With adequate chemical stability of the coal, it could also be used very well for soil improvement.
The artificially produced humus could be utilized for the revegetation of eroded areas. Through this intensified plant growth, additional carbon dioxide could be bound from the atmosphere, so that the final effect would be achievement of a carbon efficiency above 1 or a negative CO₂balance. The resultant coal slurry could be used for combustion or for operating novel types of fuel cells with an efficiency of 60%, which are currently under investigation at Harvard University. For the production of conventional fuels, the carbon/water mixture would first have to be heated strongly, so that so-called synthesis gas, a gas mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, is formed:
C6H₂O+5 H₂O→6 CO+6 H₂
Alternatively the liquid intermediates that form during incomplete reaction of the biomass could be used for producing fuels and plastics.
In addition, the resultant coal slurry could be briquetted and marketed as an environment-friendly—because it is carbon dioxide-neutral—“natural coal”, which, in comparison with the starting biomass, it should be possible by means of separation/filtration/compaction to dry with lower energy consumption and owing to its higher energy content per volume/mass would incur lower transport costs and would require less storage area.
The main problem when producing synthesis gas from biomass is tar formation, which can largely be avoided in a hydrothermal process. However, it is not then apparent why the indirect route via biocoal should be followed for this. Under supercritical conditions, at 400° C. and a pressure of at least 221.2 bar (the critical temperature of water is 374° C.), it should be possible to break down a biomass slurry into CO₂and H₂, but this requires a high energy input.
Problems still to be solved are suitable process control, and problems in the collection, transport and storage of the biomass in question. These operations also require energy—this should be less than is released by hydrothermal carbonization.
Finally, every biomass combustion process is preceded by a gasification process, as the biomass itself is not combustible—basically it is only the gases produced from the biomass that are combustible.
In the carbonization of biomass corresponding to the state of the art, such as hydrothermal carbonization HTC in an aqueous or steam environment, additionally water or steam is supplied to the reactor from outside. This means considerable additional costs for construction and operation of the carbonizing plant. Thermal energy is required for providing the water or the steam and for heating the water. Utilization or disposal of the process water after carbonization represents an additional operation, involving considerable technical and financial costs.
In the known processes, gases and vapors are formed. These often represent an additional problem, which must be solved with technical measures and with considerable additional costs.
The problem to be solved by the invention is to obtain more or less all the carbon and gases from the biomass and to produce these simply and economically.
This problem is solved according to the invention by
a) supplying external thermal energy to the carbonization reactor, which is connected operatively to a heating element, in particular is surrounded by a heating jacket, and supplying further thermal energy at least from one plant, especially from the gasification reactor,
b) supplying cooling energy from the second vessel or cooling vessel to the gasification reactor,
c) supplying moisture, especially water, to the second vessel or cooling vessel, to ensure an almost continuous process,
d) from the carbonization reactor and/or the second vessel or cooling vessel, supplying reaction gas to a gas storage tank, wherein the reaction gas is recycled to the gasification reactor.
In this way, carbon, especially coal, for heating and for driving units and moreover also gases are obtained from biomass in a simple, economical and energy-saving manner with equipment that is easy to set up, for use by various consumers, such as gas engines, gas turbines and heating installations.
The method according to the invention preferably uses water-containing biomass, which mainly arises as municipal waste and in many cases must be disposed of at great expense. In this method it is, however, also possible to use other biomass, which does not have to be disposed of as residue.
At least two reactors are used for implementing the method. These are on the one hand the carbonization reactor and on the other hand the gasification reactor.
In contrast, in the method described here, the energy required for evaporation is provided by utilizing heat that is released during cooling of the reactor gas produced.
Owing to the gasification operation, preceded by carbonization of the biomass, reactor gas produced by the method according to the invention is almost completely free from tar or tar-forming constituents. This is in particular also achieved because the manner in which the process is managed means that the volatile, incombustible fractions from the biomass can be lowered from the existing 80% to approx. 30%, cf. Tables 1 and 2. The values for an installation of the prior art are given in Table 1 and for the equipment according to the invention in Table 2.
After it leaves the gasification reactor, the reactor gas is cleaned by dust separation to remove solid particles, e.g. fine dust, and can then be utilized for producing power and heat.
The small proportion of additional water or heating steam means that only very little process water is produced. No additional costs arise for wastewater treatment or wastewater disposal either, as the water supplied is evaporated in the plant.
The plant can be employed on a small industrial scale using gas-engine generator sets with heat utilization for supplying limited local areas of settlements with power and heat and in parallel for the disposal of suitable municipal wastes.
In the method according to the invention, the problem of contamination of the gases and of tar formation is also solved in that there is almost complete internal disposal of critical reaction products in gaseous and vapor form through combustion in the gasification reactor.
This leads to avoidance of CO₂, wherein in this case only a small part of the possible energy would be free.
One advantage of hydrothermal carbonization is that the usable plant biomass is not restricted to plants with low moisture contents and the energy obtainable without carbon dioxide emissions is not reduced by the drying steps required or if necessary is directly usable for drying the end products. Thus, even previously barely usable plant material such as clippings and prunings from gardens and from green areas in towns can be used for energy production, at the same time with a saving of carbon dioxide, which otherwise would be formed—together with the even more climate-damaging methane—during bacterial transformation of the biomass. The operation of the complete plant is also energy-saving because almost all the thermal energy released is recycled to the working process.
For this it is advantageous that the moisture-containing biomass received in the carbonization reactor is evaporated at pressures between 5 and 30 bar, preferably at pressures between 15 and 25 bar, especially at pressures of about 20 bar and at temperatures between 200° and 1200° C., preferably between 400° and 800° C., and reaction gas is formed, which is supplied directly or indirectly to the gasification reactor via a line.
It is also advantageous that the gasification reactor operates in a temperature range between 1200° and 1800° C., preferably between 1000° and 1400° C., and during the working process releases thermal energy via a line connecting the gasification reactor and the carbonization reactor.
According to a development of the invention, an additional possibility is that a cyclone separator and/or gas scrubber is connected via a line to the gasification reactor, wherein a heat exchanger can be provided between the cyclone separator and/or gas scrubber, which lowers gas to the working temperature of the heat exchanger between 40° C. and 80° C. or between 50° C. and 60° C. and recycles the resultant abstracted energy to a heating system and/or to the working process of the plant. The thermal energy released from the heat exchanger is supplied via a line to a consumer, such as a heating system.
Furthermore, it is advantageous that the harmful substances or impurities released in the carbonization reactor and/or in the second vessel or buffer tank are destroyed or at least partially destroyed by means of a thermal device or are led away.
It is also advantageous that the device for the thermochemical carbonization and gasification of wet, especially water-containing and/or dry, biomass for producing an energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier by means of a heatable carbonization reactor having a closable inlet, in which the biomass is converted into a solid, pourable or gaseous energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier and is discharged via a closable outlet to a coolable vessel connected to the carbonization reactor for interim storage of the energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier, which is connected to a downstream gasification reactor, in which gas and waste substances, such as ash, are separated from the biomass, is characterized by the following features:
a) the thermochemical carbonization and gasification device or the first vessel of wet, especially water-containing and/or dry, biomass is connected via a closable connection to a second vessel or buffer tank;
b) the first vessel and/or the second vessel or buffer tank are in each case connected via a line to a gas storage tank, especially reaction gas storage tank;
c) the reaction gas storage tank is connected via the line to the gasification reactor;
d) the gasification reactor is connected directly or indirectly to a cleaning device, such as a cyclone separator and/or gas scrubber;
e) the thermal energy obtained or energy released in the gasification reactor is supplied via at least one line for process control of the thermochemical carbonization and gasification device or to the first vessel.
It is advantageous that the gasification reactor is connected via a line to a processing device for treatment and/or further processing of the coal obtained in the gasification reactor.
It is especially important for the present invention that the second vessel and/or the gasification reactor is connected via the line to the processing device for treatment or further processing of the coal obtained in the vessel and/or in the gasification reactor and a spun-bonded fabric or a ribbon fabric is used as carrying layer.
It is also advantageous that saturated steam is obtained in the gasification reactor, which is connected via a line conveying saturated steam to a consumer or to a heating system and/or a steam piston engine.
Moreover, it is advantageous that the gasification reactor is connected via at least one line to a consumer or at least to a gas compressor and/or gas engine.
It is also advantageous that the gasification reactor and/or the second vessel can be cooled by means of a cooling device, or in each case is surrounded by a cooling jacket and the cooling device is fed with cooling water, wherein at least also cooling water from the cooling jacket of the second vessel is supplied via a line to the gasification reactor.
Furthermore, it is advantageous that the method is characterized by the following method steps:
a) the biomass is converted in a carbonization reactor by means of external thermal energy and further thermal energy, which is supplied from the plant to the carbonization reactor, into a solid, pourable or gaseous energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier;
b) the gas formed in the carbonization reactor is received in a reaction gas storage tank;
c) the reaction gas obtained or present in the first and second vessel is supplied directly or indirectly to the gasification reactor;
d) at least a proportion of the energy obtained in the method of thermochemical carbonization and gasification of wet, especially water-containing and/or dry, biomass is recycled to the processing process, especially to the vessel;
e) the coal obtained in the gasification reactor is supplied to a further processing device;
f) the cooling energy fed in the second vessel is supplied simultaneously or subsequently to the cooling jacket of the gasification reactor;
g) the released energy produced in the gasification reactor or the saturated steam is supplied to one or more consumers, such as a heating system, and/or to a steam piston engine.
According to a development of the invention, an additional possibility is that the reaction gas produced in the complete plant or in the first vessel is supplied directly or indirectly to a cyclone separator and/or to a gas scrubber, then to a dehumidifier, or directly or indirectly via a compressor to the consumer.
It is also advantageous that in one or more lines, control valves are provided, which can be turned off or on manually or by a drive device, wherein the drive devices can be controlled via a computer in relation to the working process.

Further advantages and details of the invention are explained in the patent claims and in the description and are shown in the drawings, showing:

FIG. 1 the flowsheet for a device for thermochemical carbonization and gasification of wet, especially water-containing and/or dry, biomass for producing an energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier by means of a heatable carbonization reactor that has a closable inlet, in which the biomass is converted into a solid, pourable or gaseous energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier;

FIG. 2 a general view of a device for thermochemical carbonization and gasification of wet, especially water-containing and/or dry, biomass for producing an energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier;

FIG. 3 a partial view of the device according to FIG. 1;

FIG. 4 a partial view of the gasification reactor with a gasifier head, a gasifier middle part and a gasifier bottom.

FIG. 1 shows a carbonization reactor or first vessel 1 for thermochemical carbonization and gasification of wet, especially water-containing and/or dry, biomass for producing an energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier. The carbonization reactor or first vessel 1 is supplied with biomass via a receiving tank 2, which is provided with an inlet valve or flat slide valve 13 and a flat slide valve or outlet valve 15. In the carbonization reactor or first vessel 1, a stirrer 5 is provided, in which the biomass is mixed, which consists of a wet, especially water-containing and/or dry, biomass. This can include, among other things, wastes, such as foodstuff residues, biological wastes, and wood. The stirrer 5 can be operated manually or by means of a motor 3.
At initial start-up of the complete plant, first wood or charcoal is put in a gasification reactor 16 and then the plant is started up. The reaction gas obtained in the gasification reactor 16 is supplied via a line to a heating element 4, which surrounds the carbonization reactor or first vessel 1. As a result, the carbonization is started. The gas received in the heating element 4 is constantly cooled through introduction of biomass. Energy is saved as a result of this working process. The energy loss that arises is supplied to the plant with external energy.
The carbonization reactor or first vessel 1 is connected operatively to a heating element, in particular is surrounded by a heating jacket 4. The carbonization reactor 1 is supplied at least with external thermal energy 60 and in an advantageous, energy-saving manner with further thermal energy at least from the complete plant, especially from a gasification reactor 16, so that in this way the plant can be operated very economically. The biomass can be supplied continuously or batchwise to the vessel 1. A blow-off valve 7 for controlling the pressure of vessel is provided in the upper part of vessel 1. If the biomass is supplied batchwise to vessel 1, then vessel is filled with cold or also warmed biomass and is heated by the heating element, so that the water present in the biomass evaporates. The steam is supplied to a reaction storage tank 21, so that the energy, which is also made available to the gasification reactor 16, can be fully utilized. With further heat supply above approx. 180° C., the chemical reaction starts and largely coal and gaseous reaction products are produced from the biomass.
The reaction gas led away from vessel 1 has a temperature of at least 300-400° C. This is led at least partially via line 28 into the reaction gas storage tank 21 and from there into the gasification reactor 16. In line 28 there is a nonreturn valve 80, so that excess pressure from the reaction gas storage tank 21 cannot escape to vessel 1.
In the reaction gas storage tank 21, the gas is cooled by the cooling device 49, which is connected via a line 51 and 30 to the vessel 9, to a temperature of approx. 80°. A pressure of approx. 2 to 5 bar prevails in vessel 9 and in the reaction gas storage tank 21. The cooling water is conveyed from the reaction gas storage tank 21 via a line 78 to the cooling jacket 52 of the gasification reactor 16. As a result, more saturated steam can be produced. Via line 78, the reaction gas storage tank 21 for the gasification reactor 16 can be emptied completely.
In vessel 16, various measuring points 81 are provided, with the aid of which the temperature in vessel 16 can be controlled.
The gas storage tank 21 has a regulating function and serves for receiving the reaction gases from vessels 1 and 9. The reaction gas from the reaction gas storage tank 21 is burnt with the coal in the gasification reactor 16.
During combustion of the reaction gas and of the coal in the gasification reactor 16, there is formation of synthesis gas, which is then supplied to one or more consumers, such as a gas engine.
After the required reaction temperature is reached, the chemical reaction begins in the biomass and in addition to the biocoal there is also formation of gas, mainly CO₂and steam. This gas-steam mixture is called reaction exhaust gas. The total pressure inside the reactor is found from the sum of the boiling pressure of steam and the partial pressure of the inert gas fraction in vessel 1. The reaction is associated with generation of heat, i.e. an exothermic reaction takes place in the vessel. For limiting the pressure, the carbonization reactor or first vessel 1 has the pressure-regulated or controlled valve 7. After completion of the reaction, the carbonization reactor or first vessel 1 is relieved from pressure by fully opening valve 7, until it can be opened safely and the biocoal can be removed.
In continuous operation, the biomass is supplied to the carbonization reactor or first vessel 1 in small amounts and in short time intervals via a pressurized air lock or a receiving tank 9 from above. In the carbonization reactor 1 there is always high pressure and high temperature of about 16 bar and 200° C. The biomass supplied is heated in the carbonization reactor and the water it contains evaporates at least partially, or even completely, depending on the process time. The reacting biomass passes through the reactor from top to bottom, with continuous stirring. After the reaction process, coal is removed from a second vessel or buffer tank 9, also called a pressurized air lock. To limit the pressure in the vessel, reaction exhaust gas is released continually by the pressure control valve 7 from the carbonization reactor. The pressurized air lock 9 can also be in the form of a buffer tank.
So that sufficient moisture can be made available to the biocoal in vessel 9 during the working process, fresh water is supplied to it via the cooling device 49 and line 51. Furthermore, vessel 9 can be equipped with a stirrer, to ensure better penetration of the biocoal with moisture.
The plant can also be operated cyclically or with varying pressure, with a pressure of approx. 20 bar and a temperature of 200° C. in the carbonization reactor 1. The biocoal present in the second vessel or buffer tank 9 is cooled. For this, the vessel or buffer tank 9 has a cooling jacket 51. The pressure in the buffer tank 9 is also controlled by a pressure-controlled valve 12, depending on how the process is operated.
Depending on how the process is operated, the moisture-containing biomass received in the carbonization reactor 1 can evaporate at pressures between 5 and 30 bar, preferably at pressures between 15 and 25 bar, especially at pressures of about 20 bar and at temperatures between 200° and 1200° C., preferably between 400° and 800° C., and reaction gas can be formed, which is supplied directly or indirectly to the gasification reactor 16 via a line 30.
The gasification reactor 16 according to FIG. 1 or according to FIG. 4 (partial representation) operates at atmospheric pressure. It is subdivided into a gasifier head 61, a gasifier middle part 62 and a gasifier bottom 63. The biocoal received in vessel 9 is fed via a feed hole 64 into the gasifier head 61. There it is heated by the heat supplied from the gasifier middle part 62 to a temperature of up to approx. 900° C., at which the further gasification of the coal or biocoal begins.
At this temperature, the biocoal reaches the middle part 62 of the gasification reactor 16. There, gasification takes place at temperatures above 900° C. The reaction gas that is released from the biocoal reaches temperatures of up to 1800° C. By suitably controlling the reaction process with the aid of a computer by manual control, the temperature of the solids still in the gasification reactor 16 is limited so that the ash does not melt.
As can be seen from FIG. 4, the gasification reactor 16 consists of an outer casing 66, in which a gasifier part 67 is housed in a funnel-shaped part, which has a larger cross section in the upper region than in the middle region. The bottom of the gasification reactor 63 gets wider toward its discharge end. The discharge end consists of several outlets 68 provided in the gasification reactor bottom 63 for discharge of the reactor gas and the ash.
The reactor gas is led via the outlets 68 in a perforated, partially cylindrically or conically expanded, internal wall 69 of the gasification reactor bottom 63 into an annular gap 70 that is formed between an external wall 71 and the internal wall 69 of the gasification reactor bottom 63.
The gasification reactor 16 is also connected directly or indirectly to a cleaning device, such as a cyclone separator 18 and/or gas scrubber 20. From there, the gas is conveyed to a gas compressor 44 and/or to a gas engine 48.
The gasification reactor 16 is also connected via line to the reaction gas storage tank 21 (FIG. 1). In addition, the gasification reactor 16 has maintenance openings 82, which can be opened if necessary.
In the upper part of the casing 66 of the gasification reactor 16 there are one or more outlets 72 distributed round the circumference, through which the reactor gas is withdrawn from the gasification reactor 16. Lines 73 connected thereto open into one or more dust separators, which are for example in the form of cyclone separators 18 and from which the reactor gas is supplied for further use or is supplied to the consumers, such as the gas engine 48 or gas compressor 44. The ash is discharged at the lower end of the gasification reactor bottom 63 via an outlet 65 and is transported from there by a conveyor to a disposal tank.
In the lower region of the external periphery of the gasifier middle part 62, one or more gas lances or thermally connected melting units 74 are provided, so that reaction exhaust gas 75 from the carbonization reactor 1 and optionally also from the second vessel or buffer tank or the pressurized air lock 9 can be injected into the gasification zone of the gasification reactor 16. As a result, by means of the high temperatures, waste substances still present, such as sulfur and chlorine compounds, are burnt.
The gasification reactor 16 (FIGS. 1 and 4) and/or the second vessel 9 are cooled by means of a cooling device 49 and are in each case surrounded by a cooling jacket 51, 52. The cooling device 49 is fed with cooling water, wherein at least also cooling water from the cooling jacket 51 of the second vessel 9 can be supplied via a line 54 to the gasification reactor 16.
The heat taken up by the coolant can be used for evaporation of the cooling water and for superheating the high-pressure steam 76 thus produced.
The gasification reactor 16 can be operated continuously. The biomass is supplied in short time intervals or continuously. The reactor gas and the ash are discharged continuously as volume or mass flows from the gasification reactor 16.
The reactors 1 and 16 described are operated roughly simultaneously.
By arranging the carbonization reactor 1, the buffer tank 9 and the gasification reactor 16 according to FIG. 4 as an operational unit, a space-saving arrangement is achieved. As already mentioned, the biomass feed is located above the complete device, consisting of 1, 9, 16. The biomass is received via the entry pressurized air lock in the receiving tank 2 and is supplied to the gasification reactor 16. It passes through this from top to bottom and on completion of carbonization is discharged into the buffer tank 9. In continuous operation of the carbonization reactor 1, the buffer tank 9, which receives biocoal from the carbonization reactor 1, is operated intermittently.
The moisture-containing biomass received in the carbonization reactor 1 evaporates at pressures between 5 and 30 bar, preferably at pressures between 15 and 25 bar, especially at pressures of about 20 bar and at temperatures between 200° and 1200° C., preferably between 400° and 800° C. Reaction gas is also formed, which is supplied directly or indirectly to the gasification reactor 16 via line 30.
Another possibility for construction of the complete device, consisting of vessels 1, 9, 16, is shown in FIG. 4. This is suitable when a vertical arrangement is not possible for reasons of space.
The biocoal leaving the buffer tank 9 is transported by means of mechanical conveying devices, such as a conveyor belt or worm conveyor 77, into the filling hopper of the adjacent gasification reactor 16, feeding the latter continuously.
A flow chart of the complete plant is shown in FIG. 3.
The gasification reactor 16 is connected via a line 34 to a further processing device 36 for treatment and/or further processing of the coal obtained in the gasification reactor 16.
The saturated steam that is formed in the gasification reactor 1 is connected via the saturated steam line 38 to a consumer or to a heating system and/or a steam piston engine 42.
The reaction gas produced in the complete plant or in the first vessel 1 is supplied directly or indirectly to the cyclone separator 18 and/or gas scrubber 20 and then to a dehumidifier 56 or directly or indirectly to a compressor 44 or to the consumer 48.
In one or more lines 26-34, 38, 50, 53, 54, control valves can be provided, which can be turned on or off manually or by a drive device, wherein the drive devices are controlled via a computer in relation to the working process.
Analysis Values from the Prior Art HTC
(hydrothermal carbonization) charcoal

TABLE 1

	Air-dried	Dry charcoal
Analysis	charcoal HTC	HTC

Proximate	Moisture	8.8	0.0
analysis %	Ash	6.9	7.6
	Volatile	58.5	64.1
	constituents
	Fixer carbon	25.8	28.3
Sulfur	Total sulfur	0.58	0.6
Calorific	Lower	4668	5169
values in	calorific
kcal/kg	value kcal/kg
	Upper	4969	5446
	calorific
	value kcal/kg
Elemental	C	53.86	59.0
analysis	H	5.92	5.4
	N	5.36	5.9
	O	34.86	29.7

Analysis Values of the Plant and Device According to the Invention

TABLE 2

	Original	Air-dried	Dry
Analysis	charcoal	charcoal	charcoal

Proximate	Moisture	34.9%	21.6%	0.0%
analysis %	Ash	1.9%	2.3%	2.9%
	Volatile	24.2%	29.2%	37.2%
	constituents
	Fixer carbon	39.0	46.9	59.9
Sulfur	Total sulfur	0.2	0.2	0.2
Calorific	Lower	4382	5392	7030
values in	calorific
kcal/kg	value kcal/kg
	Upper	4730	5699	7269
	calorific
	value kcal/kg
Elemental	C	63.2		83.64
analysis	H	5.56		4
	N	0.22		0.29
	O	30.82		14.89

Claims

1. A device for the thermochemical carbonization and gasification of wet and/or dry, biomass for producing an energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier by means of a heatable carbonization reactor having a closable inlet, in which the biomass is converted into a solid, pourable or gaseous energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier and is discharged via a closable outlet to a coolable vessel connected to the carbonization reactor for interim storage of the energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier, which is connected to a downstream gasification reactor, in which gas and waste substances, such as ash, are separated from the biomass, characterized by the following features:

a) external thermal energy is supplied to the carbonization reactor, which is connected operatively to a heating element and further thermal energy is supplied at least from one plant, especially from the gasification reactor,

b) cooling energy from the second vessel or cooling vessel is supplied to the gasification reactor,

c) moisture, especially water, is supplied to the second vessel or cooling vessel, to ensure an almost continuous process,

d) from the carbonization reactor and/or the second vessel or cooling vessel, reaction gas is supplied to a gas storage tank, wherein the reaction gas is recycled to the gasification reactor.

2. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the moisture-containing biomass received in the carbonization reactor is evaporated at pressures between 5 and 30 bar and at temperatures between 200° and 1200° C., reaction gas is formed, which is supplied directly or indirectly to the gasification reactor via a pipeline.

3. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the gasification reactor operates in a temperature range between 1200° and 1800° C., and during the working process releases thermal energy via a line connecting the gasification reactor and the carbonization reactor.

4. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that a cyclone separator and/or gas scrubber is connected via a pipeline to the gasification reactor, wherein a heat exchanger can be provided between the cyclone separator and/or gas scrubber, which lowers gas to the working temperature of the heat exchanger between 40° C. and 80° C. or between 50° C. and 60° C. and the resultant abstracted energy is recycled to a heating system and/or to the working process of the plant and the thermal energy released from the heat exchanger 40 is supplied via a pipeline 41 to a consumer.

5. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the harmful substances or impurities released in the carbonization reactor and/or in the second vessel or buffer tank are destroyed or at least partially destroyed by means of a thermal device or are led away.

6. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the thermal energy obtained or energy released in the gasification reactor is supplied via at least one line for process control of the thermochemical carbonization and gasification device or to the first vessel.

7. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the gasification reactor is connected via a pipeline to a processing device for treatment and/or further processing of the coal obtained in the gasification reactor.

8. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the second vessel and/or the gasification reactor is connected via the line to the processing device for treatment or further processing of the coal obtained in the vessel and/or in the gasification reactor.

9. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that saturated steam is obtained in the gasification reactor, which is connected via a line conveying saturated steam to a consumer or to a heating system and/or a steam piston engine.

10. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the gasification reactor is connected via at least one line to a consumer or at least to a gas compressor and/or gas engine.

11. The device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the gasification reactor and/or the second vessel can be cooled by means of a cooling device, or in each case is surrounded by a cooling jacket and the cooling device is fed with cooling water, wherein at least also cooling water from the cooling jacket of the second vessel is supplied via a pipeline to the gasification reactor.

12. A method of thermochemical carbonization and gasification of wet and/or dry, biomass for producing an energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier from moisture-containing and/or dry biomass, characterized by the following method steps:

a) the biomass is converted in a carbonization reactor by means of external thermal energy and further thermal energy, which is supplied from the plant to the carbonization reactor, into a solid, pourable or gaseous energy carrier and/or raw-material carrier;

b) the gas formed in the carbonization reactor is received in a reaction gas storage tank;

c) the reaction gas obtained or present in the first and second vessel is supplied directly or indirectly to the gasification reactor;

d) at least a proportion of the energy obtained in the method of thermochemical carbonization and gasification of wet and/or dry, biomass is recycled to the processing process, especially to the vessel;

e) the coal obtained in the gasification reactor is supplied to a further processing device;

f) the cooling energy fed in the second vessel is supplied simultaneously or subsequently to the cooling jacket of the gasification reactor;

g) the released energy produced in the gasification reactor or the saturated steam is supplied to one or more consumers and/or to a steam piston engine.

13. The method as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that the reaction gas produced in the complete plant or in the first vessel is supplied directly or indirectly to a cyclone separator and/or to a gas scrubber, then to a dehumidifier, or directly or indirectly via a compressor to the consumer.

14. A method for the carbonization and gasification of biomass, comprising:

carbonizing biomass in a carbonization reactor, the carbonization reactor having a closable inlet opening and being surrounded by a heating jacket;

feeding heat energy from the carbonization reactor through an outlet to an intermediate storage tank;

feeding reaction gas from the intermediate storage tank via a line to a gasification reactor; and

supplying humidity to a second container provided between the carbonization reactor and the gasification reactor.

15. An apparatus for the carbonization and gasification of biomass, comprising:

carbonization reactor for carbonizing biomass, the carbonization reactor having a closable inlet opening, an outlet a heating jacket surround the carbonization reactor;

an intermediate storage tank;

a gasification reactor;

a line for feeding heat energy from the carbonization reactor through the outlet of the carbonization reactor to the intermediate storage tank;

a line for feeding reaction gas from the intermediate storage tank to the gasification reactor;

a second container provided between the carbonization reactor and the gasification reactor; and

a line for supplying humidity to the second container.