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US20130146788A1 - Method of creating colored materials by fixing ordered structures of magnetite nanoparticles within a solid media - Google Patents

Method of creating colored materials by fixing ordered structures of magnetite nanoparticles within a solid media Download PDF

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US20130146788A1
US20130146788A1 US13/264,411 US201013264411A US2013146788A1 US 20130146788 A1 US20130146788 A1 US 20130146788A1 US 201013264411 A US201013264411 A US 201013264411A US 2013146788 A1 US2013146788 A1 US 2013146788A1
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canceled
microspheres
color
magnetic field
ordered structures
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Yadong Yin
Jianping Ge
Sunghoon Kwon
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University of California San Diego UCSD
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University of California San Diego UCSD
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Assigned to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA reassignment THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: GE, JIANPING, YIN, YADONG
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    • B41M5/36—Thermography ; Marking by high energetic means, e.g. laser otherwise than by burning, and characterised by the material used using a polymeric layer, which may be particulate and which is deformed or structurally changed with modification of its' properties, e.g. of its' optical hydrophobic-hydrophilic, solubility or permeability properties
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    • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
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    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
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    • G02B1/00—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements
    • G02B1/002—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials
    • G02B1/005—Optical elements characterised by the material of which they are made; Optical coatings for optical elements made of materials engineered to provide properties not available in nature, e.g. metamaterials made of photonic crystals or photonic band gap materials
    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G—PHYSICS
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    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/09—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on magneto-optical elements, e.g. exhibiting Faraday effect
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    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
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    • H01F1/0036—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties showing low dimensional magnetism, i.e. spin rearrangements due to a restriction of dimensions, e.g. showing giant magnetoresistivity
    • H01F1/0045—Zero dimensional, e.g. nanoparticles, soft nanoparticles for medical/biological use
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    • H01F1/03—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity
    • H01F1/12—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of soft-magnetic materials
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Definitions

  • This invention relates to methods of creating colored materials by fixing ordered structures of magnetite nanoparticles within a solid media, such that the ordered structures diffract light to create colors.
  • Superparamagnetic nanocrystals, or photonic crystals which are capable of forming ordered structures that diffract light to create colors.
  • Yin et al Superparamagnetic Magnetite Colloidal Nanocrystal Clusters, Angwantde Chemie, 46:4342 (2007), Magnetically responsive colloidal photonic crystals, Journal of Material Chemistry 18: 5041 (2008), Self-Assembly and Field-Responsive Optical Diffractions of Superparamagnetic Colloids, Langmuir 24:3671 (2008), Assembly of Magnetically Tunable Photonic Crystals in Nonpolar Solvents, JACS 131: 3484 (2009), and WO2009/017525, all incorporated herein by reference, all describe the synthesis of magnetite nanocrystals, or photonic crystals, which can be induced to form ordered structures when exposed to a magnetic field. Furthermore, these ordered structures can be tuned by varying the strength of the magnetic field such that different diffractive patterns and colors are created.
  • the invention described herein comprises compositions and methods wherein ordered structures of photonic nanocrystals are created in a liquid medium and then such structures are fixed by converting the liquid medium to a solid. Further provided are methods of reversibly fixing such structures, so that ordered structures can be reversibly created in a liquid medium, converted to solid, and then converted back to liquid, wherein new ordered structures can be created and again fixed.
  • a method of creating colored materials comprises: fixing ordered structures of magnetite nanoparticles within a media, such that the ordered structures diffract light to create colors.
  • a method of generating multicolored patterns comprises: fixing a structural color from a superparamagnetic collidal nanocrystal clusters (CNC or CNCs); and introducing a high resolution patterning of multiple structural colors using a single material.
  • CNC superparamagnetic collidal nanocrystal clusters
  • a full color printing and particle encoding based on artificial structural colors from a magnetically tunable photonic crystal comprises: a plurality of magnetite nanoparticles; ethanol; and a photocurable resin.
  • a method of forming magnetochromatic microspheres comprises: coating a plurality of magnetite nanocrystals with a medium; dispersing the plurality of coated magnetite nanocrystals in a curable solution; placing the magnetite nanocrystals and curable solution in an immiscible solution to form an emulsion; exposing the emulsion to an external magnetic field, which aligns the coated magnetite nanocrystals in one-dimensional chains within emulsion droplets within the curable solution; and curing the emulsion droplets within the curable solution into magnetochromatic microspheres.
  • a magnetochromatic composition formed by the method as recited above, and wherein the composition is used for a color display, signage, bio and chemical detection and/or magnetic field sensing.
  • a method of forming magnetochromatic microspheres comprises: a simultaneous magnetic assembly and UV curing process of an emulsion system comprised of superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 colloidal particles, which are self-organized into ordered structures inside emulsion droplets of UV curable resin.
  • FIG. 1( a ) is a schematic illustration of the mechanism for generating multiple structural colours with a single material, wherein FIG. 1( a ) shows the main concept of immobilization of structure of CNCs in photocurable resin having a superparamagnetic core and ethanol solvation layer allows the stable dispersion of the CNCs in the liquid resin, and upon the application of an external magnetic field, CNCs are assembled to form chain-like photonic crystal, and UV exposure instantaneously fixes the ordered structure in polymeric matrix.
  • FIGS. 1( b )- 1 ( g ) are schematic illustrations of the multicolour patterning of structural colour with single material by a sequential action of “tuning and fixing”, and wherein the diffraction wavelength is tuned by varying the strength of magnetic fields, and spatially patterned UV light polymerizes the photocurable resin and fixes the position of ordered CNCs; and wherein after polymerization, remnant liquid resin is washed away with unreacted PEG-DA monomer solution; and wherein FIG.
  • 1( h ) shows the mechanism for creation of various colours from a single ink; and wherein the UV curing of the M-ink under magnetic fields with different strengths can freeze the chain-like assemblies with different inter-particle distances which determine the diffracted wavelength of light: shorter diffracted wavelength for shorter interparticle distance.
  • FIG. 2( a ) is a reflection micrograph of multicoloured structural colour generated by gradually increasing magnetic fields, and wherein the microstructure (i) is generated under no magnetic field, and microstructures (ii) to (viii) are generated under gradually increasing strength of magnetic field from 130 G to 700 G.
  • FIG. 2( b ) is a transmission micrograph of the same sample of FIGS. 2( a ) and 2 ( c ), and the corresponding spectra of the microstructures, and wherein the microstructure (i) does not show any diffraction peak in the visible range, and wherein the microstructures (ii) to (viii) show the shift of the diffraction peak to the shorter wavelength, and wherein the scale bars is as follows: 100 ⁇ m in FIGS. 2( a ), 2 ( b ), 2 ( e ), 2 ( f ); 1 ⁇ m in FIG. 2( d ), and 250 ⁇ m in FIGS. 2( g )- 2 ( i ).
  • FIG. 2( d ) is an SEM image of the sliced cross section of a photocured sample, and wherein the dimpled surface profile shows the traces of chain-like ordering of CNCs.
  • FIG. 2( e ) is an SEM image of concentric patterns of a triangle, a square, a pentagon and a circle.
  • FIG. 2( f ) is an SEM image of multicoloured barcodes.
  • FIG. 2( g ) is an SEM image of a composite pattern of strip and polygon.
  • FIGS. 2( h ) and 2 ( i ) are reflection and transmission micrographs, respectively of a tree.
  • FIGS. 3( a )- 3 ( g ) show reflection intensity modulation and spatial colour mixing of structural colour, and having a scale bars as follows: 250 ⁇ m in FIGS. 3( a ) and 3 ( d ), and 100 ⁇ m in FIG. 3( g ).
  • FIG. 3( a ) is a 4-bit reflection intensity modulation by the varying number of monotone structural colour dots, and wherein each of the red dotted lines stands for a pixel which shows distinct level of reflection intensity.
  • FIG. 3( b ) is a reflectance spectrum of the corresponding 16 pixels of FIG. 3( a ).
  • FIG. 3( c ) is a monotone 4-bit image of Mona Lisa which consists of 4800 pixels.
  • FIG. 3( d ) is a spatial colour mixing of structural colour, wherein each pixel of 4 ⁇ 4 matrix consists of different colour dots, and each of which is size of approximately 25 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 3( e ) is a corresponding reflectance spectra of selected pixels in FIG. 3( d ) (inset), and wherein the green line in the spectra stands for the spectrum of (1,1) component of the pixel, orange line for the (1,2) component, gray line for the mathematical addition of the green and orange line, and blue line for the normalized spectrum of full pixel.
  • FIG. 3( f ) is a reproduction of butterfly, Papilo Palinurus , and wherein the colour of wings in the reproduced image shows structural colour mixing by mixing blue and yellow-green.
  • FIG. 3( g ) is a magnification of wing area of FIG. 3( f ), which consists of blue and yellow-green dots, and wherein each dot is the size of 16.7 ⁇ 16.7 ⁇ m 2 ( ⁇ 1500 DPI).
  • FIGS. 4( a )- 4 ( f ) show colour and shape encoded particles fabricated in microfluidic environment using a single ink
  • FIGS. 4( a )- 4 ( c ) are schematic diagrams for generating encoded particles using M-Ink in PDMS microfluidic channels
  • FIG. 4( d ) is a free floating encoded particle with various shape and colour around the PDMS anchor area
  • FIG. 4( e ) is an enlarged micrograph of FIG. 4( d ), showing closely packed particles with various colour and shape
  • FIG. 4( f ) are heterogeneously encoded particles embedded with small colour dots.
  • Scale bars 200 ⁇ m in FIG. 4( d )- 4 ( f ).
  • FIG. 5( a ) is a schematic of a synthetic procedure for the magnetochromatic microspheres, where when dispersed as emulsion droplets, superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 core-shell particles self-organize under the balanced interaction of repulsive and attractive forces to form one-dimensional chains, each of which contains periodically arranged particles diffracting visible light and displaying field-tunable colors, and UV initiated polymerization of the oligomers in emulsion droplets fixes the periodic structures inside the microspheres and retains the diffraction property.
  • FIG. 5( b ) is an SEM image of Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 particle chains embedded in a PEGDA matrix.
  • FIG. 5( c ) are schematic illustrations and optical microscopy images for the magnetochromatic effect caused by rotating the chain-like photonic structures in magnetic fields.
  • FIG. 6( a ) is a schematic illustration of the experimental setup for studying the angular dependence of the diffraction property of the magnetochromatic microspheres.
  • FIG. 6( b ) is a reflection spectrum and corresponding digital photo recorded from a single Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 /PEGDA microsphere at different tilting angles.
  • FIGS. 7( a )- 7 ( f ) are optical microscopy images (500 ⁇ ) of magnetochromatic microspheres with diffractions switched between “on” (a, c, e) and “off” (b, d, f) states by using external magnetic fields, and wherein these microspheres were prepared using (a, b) 127, (c, d) 154, and (e, f) 197 nm Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 colloids.
  • FIG. 8( a ) are dark-field optical microscopy images of a series of Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 /PEGDA microspheres with diameters from approximately 150 ⁇ m to 4 ⁇ m, and wherein the larger microspheres were fabricated in mineral oil and smaller ones in silicon oil.
  • FIGS. 8( b )- 8 ( d ) are top view to side view SEM images of the microspheres, showing some of the Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 particle chains aligned on the surface along the longitudinal direction, and wherein it should be noted that a plurality of particle chains are embedded inside the microspheres, with only ends occasionally observable in the top view image (b).
  • FIGS. 9( a )- 9 ( b ) are statistical diagrams showing the turning threshold of field strength for Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 /PEGDA microspheres with different loadings of magnetic particles, wherein FIG. 9( a ) is 8 and FIG. 9( b ) is 6 mg Fe 3 O 4 /ml PEGDA, and wherein the diagrams show the percentage of viewable area which is turned on at certain field strengths, and the corresponding accumulative curves.
  • FIGS. 10( a )- 10 ( d ) are schematic diagrams of the optical response of Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 /PEGDA microspheres in a (a, b) 1.22 and (c, d) 3.33 Hz vertical/horizontal alternating magnetic field, wherein Hs/Ho is the ratio of reflection with H field to that without H field.
  • the invention described herein provides various methods of fixing the ordered structure by (1) using an external magnetic field to create ordered structures of photonic crystals in a liquid medium, and (2) converting the liquid medium to a solid medium to preserve the ordered structure, such that it remains when the external magnetic field is removed.
  • the media (or medium) of the invention can be any media or medium capable of phase change from a liquid to a solid phase.
  • Transparent, semi-transparent, or translucent medium is preferred.
  • Exemplary media include, but are not limited to UV curable resins, such as polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEGDA) oligomers in combination with trace amount of photo initiator 2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA), acrylic, epoxy, polyester, stereolithography resins, or other liquid media capable of being converted to a solid upon exposure to UV light.
  • the media of the invention further comprise light-curable, temperature-curable, air-curable, and energy-curable liquid media capable of being converted to solid form.
  • the invention further comprises media which can be reversibly converted from liquid to solid and back to liquid, such as that described in “CARIVERSE resin: a thermally reversible network polymer for electronic applications” Chang, et al, Electronic Components and Technology Conference, 1999. 1999 Proceedings. 49 th Volume, Issue, 1999 Page(s):49-55 herein incorporated by reference, Polyethelene glycol films (polyethylene glycol films), and/or paraffin.
  • media which can be reversibly converted from liquid to solid and back to liquid such as that described in “CARIVERSE resin: a thermally reversible network polymer for electronic applications” Chang, et al, Electronic Components and Technology Conference, 1999. 1999 Proceedings. 49 th Volume, Issue, 1999 Page(s):49-55 herein incorporated by reference, Polyethelene glycol films (polyethylene glycol films), and/or paraffin.
  • the media (or medium) of the invention can comprise a film, beads, microspheres, and any 3-dimensional shape which is desired.
  • the invention consists of ordering the photonic crystals within the media (or medium) using an external magnetic field to attain a desired spacing which will create a desirable color by diffracting light, and then subjecting the medium to conditions which cause it to convert to a solid, which solidifies and fixes the photonic crystals in the ordered structure such that the color is preserved.
  • the solidification of the media (or medium) results is done in bulk, in other embodiments the solidification is performed on very small scales to create and fix local regions of color, creating fine features and the ability to create multi-colored patterns.
  • the first is a method of creating detailed multicolored patterns by local tuning and fixing of ordered structures.
  • the second is a method of creating microspheres containing fixed ordered structures.
  • Further provided is a method of creating a display using ordered structure containing microspheres.
  • a high resolution patterning and artificial production of multiple structural colors based on successive tuning and fixing the structural color of a single structural material is demonstrated in accordance with an exemplary embodiment.
  • a color tunable structural material whose color is magnetically tunable and lithographically fixable is disclosed.
  • fine nanostructures for scalable production of a structural color can be generated, tuned the color through the entire visible spectrum by magnetically changing the dimension of the nanostructures, and immobilized the nanostructures lithographically to produce patterns with arbitrary spatial arrangements of color.
  • Structural color shows many characteristics different from chemical pigments or dyes.
  • various colors result from the interaction of light with a single biological material, melanin rods, and its iridescent colors can be determined by the lattice spacing of the rods 5 .
  • a single biological material with different physical configurations displays various colors and it greatly simplifies the manufacturing process to produce multiple colors.
  • the unique colors originating from the physical structures are iridescent and metallic, and cannot be mimicked by chemical dyes or pigments.
  • structural color is free from photobleaching unlike traditional pigments or dyes.
  • colloidal crystallization 7-18 Due to its unique characteristics, there have been many attempts to make artificial structural color through various technological approaches such as colloidal crystallization 7-18 , dielectric layer stacking 19,20 and direct lithographic pattering 21,22 .
  • Colloidal crystallization technique is most frequently employed to make a photonic crystal, which blocks a specific wavelength of light in the crystal and therefore displays the corresponding color.
  • Gravitational force 7 , centrifugal force 8 , hydrodynamic flow 9 , electrophoretic deposition 10 and capillary force from the evaporation of solvents 11-18 are utilized to assemble the colloidal crystals.
  • these methods produce structural colors with large-area, the growth of colloidal crystals usually takes a long time for better crystallization and fewer defects.
  • band gap of a photonic crystal is dependent on the size of colloids, different sizes of colloidal suspensions are needed to produce multicolored structures.
  • Dielectric layer stacking and lithographic pattering of periodic dielectric material generate structural color by directly controlling the submicrometer structure of the surface.
  • Diverse fabrication processes were reported such as replicating natural substrates 19 , depositing materials layer by layer 20 and etching substrate using various lithographic techniques 21,22 .
  • These approaches are advantageous in that they accurately fabricate periodic dielectric structure on the surface, which controls the desired photonic band gap.
  • a cost-effective manufacturing scheme to generate multicolored structures over a large area is hard to achieve due to the requirement of a vacuum process.
  • great effort is necessary to produce multicolored patterns on a substrate since different pitches of dielectric stacks are required for different colors.
  • an instantaneous fixing of structural color from photonic crystals and introduce high resolution patterning of multiple structural colors using a single material is described herein. Both material system and special instrumentation are developed to overcome the limitations of the previous approaches to produce artificial structural colors.
  • the applications of this promising technology structural color printing for design materials and structural color encoded particles for biochemical assay are disclosed.
  • the superparamagnetic photonic crystals each consisting of many single domain magnetite nanoparticles, which are capped in a shells, which is preferably a silica shell 24 .
  • the superparamagnetic photonic crystals are any composition which can form ordered structures when exposed to an external magnetic field, such that the ordered structures diffract light to create color.
  • the photonic crystals are composed of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ).
  • the magnetite nanoparticles can be coated in shells of other suitable mediums, including but not limited to silica, titania (titanium oxide), and/or polymers such as polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate.
  • the coating process provides a means to obtain good dispersibility and promotes solvation repulsion in the photocurable solution or resin.
  • the polymers such as polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate can be used after a necessary surface modification.
  • the thickness of the silica coating can be controlled by controlling the amount of silane precursors or the catalyst. The thickness control can be found in (1) Ge, J. and Yin.
  • the magnetite particles are attracted to each other and will aggregate unless treated to create balancing repulsive forces.
  • balancing forces can be created by solvating the particles in a solution with a positive charge, which will repel neighboring positively charged particles. Alkanols, ethanol, and other solvation solvents can be used for this function.
  • coatings can be applied to the particles to create optimal repulsive forces to balance the attraction the magnetite particles will have for each other.
  • the compositions and methods described in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/154,717, “Assembly of magnetically tunable photonic crystals in nonpolar solvents,” herein incorporated by reference can be employed to produce particles with the proper balance of attractive and repulsive forces.
  • the photonic crystals are randomly dispersed in the photocurable resin and display a brown color which is the intrinsic color of magnetite.
  • the photonic crystals are assembled to form chain-like structures along the magnetic field lines 25,26 .
  • Attractive magnetic force due to the superparamagnetic core is balanced with repulsive solvation force, both of which determine the inter-particle distance.
  • the inter-particle distance in a chain determines the color of the light diffracted from the chain, which can be explained by Bragg diffraction theory.
  • the color can be tuned by simply varying the inter-particle distance using external magnetic fields of varying strength.
  • the problem of aggregation and dynamic assembly in photocurable resin has been solved by adding a small amount of ethanol to the system. It can be appreciated that this three phase system, composed of photonic crystals, ethanol, and photocurable resin, can successfully stabilize the photonic crystals and maintain the color tunability ( FIG. 1( a )). Once the photonic structures are fixed, the gradual evaporation of ethanol will not disturb the structural color.
  • the second challenge was to develop a rapid solidification process to prevent distortion of photonic nanostructure 29 .
  • a photopolymerization can be used to achieve lithographic high resolution patterning of the photonic crystals.
  • photocuring is instantaneous and can rapidly fix the color of the photonic crystals achieved by tuning the external magnetic field. Because of its instantaneous nature, photocuring also allows localized solidification for high resolution patterning by avoiding significant free-radical diffusion during polymerization 30 , making it possible to use techniques such as optofluidic maskless lithography (OFML) 31 for creating desired microscale patterns.
  • OFML optofluidic maskless lithography
  • any UV or directed energy system capable of creating localized polymerization or curing of liquid media to solid can be used.
  • poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA or PEGDA) with a photoinitiator (2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone) can be used as the photocurable resin.
  • PEG-DA or PEGDA poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate
  • a photoinitiator (2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone
  • Other suitable photocurable resins include ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA), PEG-DA of various molecular weights (Mw: 258, 575, 700), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methylmethacrylate (MMA), acrylamide (AAm), allyamine (AM), and/or any combination thereof.
  • ETPTA ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate
  • HEMA 2-hydroxyethyl methacryl
  • the instantaneous illumination of focused UV energy has been achieved by exploiting the previously reported OFML system, a versatile tool for dynamically generating heterogeneous microstructures by in-situ photopolymerization in microfluidic environment.
  • Fast microelectromechanical system (MEMS) based spatial light modulator inside the system provides instantaneous illumination (less than ( ⁇ ) 80 ms) of patterned UV light to the photocurable resin 31,32 .
  • MEMS microelectromechanical system
  • the chain structure can be preserved without distortion.
  • the magnetic assembly followed by photopolymerized immobilization can be accomplished within seconds with a high degree of spatial control.
  • FIG. 1( b )-( g ) Various multicolored patterns can be generated with a single material by a sequential process involving cooperative actions of magnetic field modulation and spatially controlled UV exposure.
  • a PEG coated glass slide was used as a substrate to avoid adhesion of the photonic crystals onto the surface of a bare glass slide.
  • a thin layer of photonic crystals in curable liquid resin is then deposited on the substrate ( FIG. 1( b ).
  • the patterned UV exposure fixes the color locally, producing a colored pattern at specific regions ( FIG. 1( c )).
  • the color of uncured liquid resin is changed by simply varying the strength of magnetic field.
  • FIG. 1( d ) Subsequent controlled UV exposure produces another colored pattern in a different location ( FIG. 1( d )).
  • FIG. 1( b )- 1 ( g ) micropatterns with different structural colors ( FIG. 1( h )) can be easily formed by repeating this “tuning and fixing” process.
  • No movement of substrate is required for deposition of multiple ink materials since the photonic crystal solution is deposited only once at the beginning of the process.
  • multiple patterns can be exposed without movement of both substrate and mask since the OFML system dynamically controls the pattern of multiple UV exposure without the need of changing physical photomasks. Therefore, the methods as described herein combine the advantages of photonic crystals and OFML, and can achieve high resolution heterogeneous patterning rapidly by eliminating the need for alignment and registration.
  • the reflective optical microscope image ( FIG. 2( a )) and the corresponding spectrum data ( FIG. 2( c )) of each microstructure shows gradual color changes from red to blue as the applied magnetic field strength is gradually increased.
  • This gradual increase in external magnetic field induces increasing attractive force between the induced magnetic dipole moment of photonic crystals, thereby decreasing the inter-particle distance in a chain.
  • the spectra blue shift as the result of the gradual decrease in the inter-particle distance. It is worth noting that this tuning of the colors of photonic crystals does not suffer from hysteresis and is very reproducible due to the paramagnetic nature of photonic crystals.
  • the wide tuning range covering the whole visible spectrum is owing to the strong magnetic attractive force from the superparamagnetic property of photonic crystals as well as the repulsive forces with comparable strength.
  • the repulsion is composed of the relatively weak but long-range electrostatic force and the relatively strong but short-range solvation force resulting from the ethanol solvation layer of the photonic crystals.
  • Colors of the corresponding microstructures shown in the transmission microscope are all brownish, the intrinsic color of magnetite, which are quite different from those of the reflective optical microscope image. This unique difference between the reflection image and the transmission image further proves the formation of structural color, whose coloration mechanism is not based on the absorption of light like typical pigments and dyes.
  • the photonic crystal structure can be frozen within the polymeric matrix, the chain structures directly were confirmed, which usually de-assembles in solution after removal of the magnetic field.
  • a scanning electron microscope (SEM) image of the sliced cross section with laser microtome of the cured resin reveals that the diffraction of structural color does come from the periodic arrangement of the particles in the chain.
  • the dimpled structures of the sliced cross sectional plane are the traces of the ordered photonic crystals. Also, this shows that the photopolymerization by OFML preserves the original chain structure formed in the liquid phase.
  • FIG. 2( e ) shows four different multicolored patterns, and each of them is fabricated with five concentric UV patterns under various magnetic field intensities.
  • barcoded microstructures composed of sixteen colorful strips are also fabricated by sixteen sequential exposures ( FIG. 2( f )). It can be appreciated that there is no alignment error since there is no movement of the substrate during the exposure.
  • the width of the bar code is only 10 ⁇ m which shows high resolution spatial patterning of structural colors. Spatial positioning of a smallest feature of structural color depends on the size of diffracting unit and resolution of the lithography.
  • grayscale modulation and color mixing are required to broaden the ability of color expression.
  • the proposed scheme of generating structural color can easily be merged with well developed reprographic techniques such as halftoning and dithering 34,35 , and broaden the capability of color expression.
  • Current digital reprographic technique expresses grayscale by varying density of dots in a pixel which is smaller than the human eye's resolution.
  • the overall reflection intensity can be modulated by the number of color dots, and present similar grayscale effects.
  • FIG. 3( f ) An Indonesian butterfly, Papilo Palinurus , shows green on its wings, which results from the spatial mixing of structurally colored blue and yellow 2 .
  • a butterfly was artificially reproduced, Papilo Palinurus by biomimetically mixing structural colors from created by small dots of photonic crystals fixed at different colors.
  • Magnification of the printed wing area at FIG. 3( f ) shows different color dots, and each of which is the size of 16.7 ⁇ 16.7 ⁇ m 2 and well below the regular human eye's resolution so that spatially distributed dots can be seen as a single mixed color.
  • Spatial color mixing makes it possible to broaden the expression range of structural color. It can be appreciated that a realizable possibility of structural color printing with fine resolution can be achieved with the described technique.
  • encoding with the invention has the advantage of simultaneous shape and color coding in a single step by using a single material in a microfluidic environment.
  • microparticles generated by free-radical photopolymerization can move along the flow stream without being stuck to the channel walls 40 .
  • various color and shape encoded particles can be generated under distinct levels of magnetic field intensity with patterned UV light using OFML ( FIG. 4( a )- 4 ( c )).
  • the liquid curable resin containing photonic crystals was injected into the microfluidic channel, and generated microparticles by in-situ photopolymerization guided by patterned UV light under different magnetic fields ( FIGS. 4( d )- 4 ( e )).
  • the encoded particles are caught at the PDMS anchors and the remnant liquid resin is washed out with PEG-DA monomer solution. Morphologies of these structures are not restricted to regular polygonal shape, but can be designed to any desired shape as displayed in FIG. 4 . Heterogeneous encoded particles embedded with smaller color dots were generated by sequential UV exposure under various magnetic fields ( FIG. 4( f )). The expression of graphical code, similar to the pattern shown in FIG. 2 , is limitless due to the flexibility of controlling colors and shapes.
  • a high resolution patterning of multiple structural colors by a single material has been demonstrated, of which the color is magnetically tunable and lithographically fixable.
  • the versatile material is developed by magnetically assembling superparamagentic photonic crystals into chain-like ordered structures in photocurable resin through the balanced interaction of magnetically induced attractive force and the repulsive forces.
  • a unique process for immobilization of the color of photonic crystals is developed by taking advantage of the instantaneous nature of the OFML system. By combining photonic crystals, curable resin and OFML technique, two important applications in pattern printing and microparticle encoding all based on the artificial structural color of photonic crystals have been demonstrated.
  • the described approach represents a novel multicolor patterning technique, which produces colorful patterns conveniently from a single ink instead of using many different inks for different colors. It can be appreciated that the photonic crystals based system opens a door to the wide use of structural color for various potential applications including structural colored design materials, reflective displays, and bioanalytical assay.
  • the three phase mixture of photonic crystals, solvation liquid and photocurable resin is used.
  • photonic crystals were synthesized based on previously described protocols 24 , which were initially dispersed in ethanol.
  • photonic crystals were collected by magnetic separation, and re-dispersed in photocurable resin without complete desiccation of ethanol. Remnant ethanol is used as a solvation liquid.
  • photocurable resins can include ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA), various molecular weights (Mw: 258, 575, 700) of PEG-DA, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methylmethacrylate (MMA), acrylamide (AAm), allyamine (AM) and combinations thereof or any other material capable of being converted from liquid to solid by exposure to energy of certain wavelengths.
  • ETPTA ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate
  • Mw 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
  • MMA methylmethacrylate
  • AAm acrylamide
  • AM allyamine
  • a NdFeB (Neodymium Iron Boron) permanent magnet was used to generate magnetic field which was attached to the vertical stage at the microscope.
  • an electromagnet coupled to the voltage controller was used for the dynamic controlling of magnetic field.
  • the photopolymerization setup used in this work was based on the optofluidic maskless lithography system 31 . Exposure pattern of UV light was controlled by digital micromirror array (DMD, Texas Instrument) synchronized with the electromagnet, pattern of DMD and UV exposure.
  • DMD digital micromirror array
  • Optical micrographs were acquired by true-color charge coupled device (CCD) camera (DP71, Olympus) which is directly aligned to the inverted microscope (IX71, Olympus). Spectrum data was acquired by spectrometer (Acton, Princeton Instrument) which is connected to the inverted microscope (Eclipse Ti, Nikon). Built-in field stop shutter in the spectrometer was used for isolating optical signal from background noise and other neighboring particles.
  • FIG. 3( c ) and FIG. 3( f ) were obtained with the commercially available digital camera (IXUS 870 IS, Canon).
  • a method of forming magnetochromatic microspheres and more particularly to a method of forming magnetochromatic microspheres by a simultaneous magnetic assembly and UV curing process of an emulsion system comprised of superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 colloidal particles, which are self-organized into ordered structures inside emulsion droplets of UV curable resin.
  • Photonic crystal materials with band gap property responsive to external stimuli have important applications in bio- and chemical sensors, color paints and inks, reflective display units, optical filters and switches, and many other active optical components.
  • 41-49 Colloidal crystals, which can be produced conveniently by self-assembling uniform colloidal particles, have been particularly useful for making responsive photonic materials because active components can be incorporated into the crystalline lattice during or after the assembly process.
  • the majority of research in the field therefore has been focused on tuning the photonic properties of colloidal systems through changes in the refractive indices, lattice constants, or spatial symmetry of the colloidal arrays upon the application of external stimuli such as chemical change, temperature variation, mechanical forces, electrical or magnetic fields, or light.
  • 46-66 However, wide use of these systems in practical applications is usually hampered by slow and complicated fabrication processes, limited tunability, slow response to the external stimuli, and difficulty of device integration.
  • photonic band gap is highly dependent on the angle between the incident light and lattice planes
  • an alternative route to tunable photonic materials is to use external stimuli to change the orientation of a photonic crystal.
  • the photonic crystals can be divided into many smaller parts whose orientation can be controlled individually or collectively as needed by using external stimuli.
  • Photonic crystal microspheres, or “opal balls”, have been previously demonstrated by Velev et al. in a number of pioneering works by using monodispersed silica or polystyrene beads as the building blocks. 67,68 The brilliant colors associated with these three-dimensional periodic structures, however, can not be tuned due to lack of control over the orientation of the microspheres.
  • Xia et al. have introduced magnetic components into a photonic microcrystal so that its diffraction can be changed by rotating the sample using external magnetic fields. 69
  • magnetochromatic microspheres containing ordered structures of photonic crystals
  • a synthetic procedure for the manufacturing of solid microspheres containing ordered structures of photonic crystals which can be called magnetochromatic microspheres.
  • dispersed in emulsion droplets, superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 core-shell particles self-organize under the balanced interaction of repulsive and attractive forces to form one-dimensional chains, each of which contains periodically arranged particles diffracting visible light and displaying field-tunable colors.
  • a method and/or process which utilizes UV initiated polymerization of the oligomers in the emulsion droplets to fix the periodic structures inside the microspheres and retain the diffraction property.
  • magnetochromatic microspheres can be fabricated through instant assembly of superparamagnetic photonic crystals inside emulsion droplets of UV curable resin followed by an immediate UV curing process to polymerize the droplets and fix the ordered structures.
  • superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 core-shell particles self-organize under the balanced interaction of repulsive and attractive forces to form one-dimensional chains, each of which contains periodically arranged particles diffracting visible light and displaying field-tunable colors. UV initiated polymerization of the oligomers of the resin fixes the periodic structures inside the droplet microspheres and retains the diffraction property.
  • a display unit that has on/off bistable states can be fabricated by embedding the magnetochromatic microspheres in a matrix that can thermally switch between solid and liquid phases.
  • the matrix can be a paraffin, long-chain alkanes, esters, primary alcohols, non-crosslinked polymers such as polyethylene, poly(ethylene oxide), polyethylene-block-poly(ethylene glycol), and/or polyesters or any other material capable of being reversibly converted from liquid to solid.
  • a magnetic field has the benefits of contactless control, instant action, and easy integration into electronic devices, though it has only been used limitedly in assembling and tuning colloidal crystals due to the complication of the forces that are involved.
  • a series of magnetically tunable photonic crystal systems have been developed through the assembly of uniform superparamagnetic (SPM) colloidal particles in liquid media with various polarities.
  • SPM superparamagnetic
  • the assembly of such photonic crystals includes the establishment of a balance between the magnetically induced dipolar attraction and the repulsions resulted from surface charge or other structural factors such as the overlap of solvation layers.
  • This finely tuned dynamic equilibrium leads to the self-assembly of the magnetic colloids in the form of chain structures with defined internal periodicity along the direction of external field, and also renders the system fast, fully reversible optical response across the visible-near-infrared range when the external magnetic field is manipulated.
  • a magnetically responsive photonic system has been developed, wherein photonic crystal microspheres whose orientation and consequently photonic property can be easily controlled by using external magnetic fields.
  • the fabrication of microspheres involves instant assembly of photonic crystals inside emulsion droplets of UV curable resin and then an immediate UV curing process to polymerize the droplets and fix the ordered structures. It can be appreciated that unlike “opal balls” whose orientation cannot be controlled, fixing of photonic crystals chains makes microspheres magnetically “polarized” so that their orientation becomes fully tunable as the SPM chains always tend to align along the external field direction.
  • photonic crystal microspheres can be fabricated in a single process, and their orientation can be synchronically tuned to collectively display a uniform color.
  • the photonic microsphere system as disclosed does not involve the nanoparticle assembly step, and therefore has several advantages. These advantages include long-term stability of optical response, improved tolerance to environmental variances such as ionic strength and solvent hydrophobicity, and greater convenience for incorporation into many liquid or solid matrices without the need of complicated surface modification.
  • the magnetochromatic microspheres can be incorporated into a matrix, which can reversibly change between liquid and solid phases, to produce a switchable color display system whose color information can be switched “on” and “off” multiple times by means of an applied magnetic field.
  • FIG. 5( a ) The synthetic procedure of magnetochromatic microspheres in accordance with an embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 5( a ).
  • the magnetic iron oxide or magnetite ( ⁇ -Fe 2 O 3 or Fe 3 O 4 ) SPM particles are first coated with a thin layer of silica (i.e., a medium) to obtain good dispersibility and certain solvation repulsion in the curable (or photocurable) solution.
  • silica i.e., a medium
  • titania titanium oxide
  • some polymer such as polystyrene and polymethylmethacrylate
  • the thickness of the silica coating can be controlled by controlling the amount of silane precursors or the catalyst.
  • the silica coated Fe 3 O 4 SPM particles can be dispersed in a liquid UV curable resin preferably containing mainly polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEGDA) oligomers and a trace amount of photo initiator 2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone (DMPA).
  • PEGDA polyethyleneglycol diacrylate
  • DMPA 2,2-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone
  • photocurable resins can be used including but not limited to ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA), and/or polyethyleneglycol diacrylate (PEGDA) of various molecular weights (i.e., Mw: 258, 575, 700), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), methylmethacrylate (MMA), acrylamide (AAm), allyamine (AM) and/or any combination thereof.
  • ETPTA ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate
  • PEGDA polyethyleneglycol diacrylate
  • HEMA 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate
  • MMA methylmethacrylate
  • AAm acrylamide
  • AM allyamine
  • the Fe 3 O 4 /PEGDA mixture is then dispersed in a viscous non-polar solvent (or immiscible liquid) such as silicone oil or mineral oil under mechanical stirring, which leads to the formation of an emulsion.
  • a viscous non-polar solvent such as silicone oil or mineral oil
  • the immiscible liquid can be paraffin oil or any oil immiscible liquid with the curable solution, and with appropriate density and inertness to polymerize.
  • an immediate 365-nm UV illumination quickly polymerizes the PEGDA oligomers to transform the emulsion droplets into solid polymer microspheres, and at the same time permanently fixes the periodic SPM structures.
  • any suitable photolithography setup with UV light preferably in the range of approximately 240 nm (DUV) to 365 nm (1-Line) can be used with this system to fix the photonic structures in the resin (typical aligner or stepper).
  • traditional mask-defined beam patterning usually requires mechanical movement of the physical mask so that any alignment error is inevitably incorporated.
  • the Maskless-Lithography proposed has the capability of high resolution patterning over the lithography with the physical photomasks.
  • microspheres with different colors can be obtained by controlling the periodicity of the SPM assembly through the variation of the external magnetic field during the UV curing process. It can be appreciated that due to the short-range nature of the solvation force, the range of color that can be produced from a single Fe 3 O 4 /PEGDA mixture can be limited. 76 However, in accordance with an exemplary embodiment, in order to produce microspheres with largely different colors such as red and blue, Fe 3 O 4 particles with different initial sizes or with SiO 2 coatings of different thicknesses can be used. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, the diameter of the microspheres typically is preferably in the range of approximately 1 ⁇ m to 300 ⁇ m, and more preferably approximately 10 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, depending on the type of oil and the speed of mechanical stirring.
  • the microspheres are preferably large than 10 micrometer ( ⁇ m), which will present a consistent color, which is mainly contributed by the straight photonic chain structures inside the microsphere.
  • microspheres smaller than 10 ⁇ m can be used. Once made uniformly in size, it can be appreciated that each of the microspheres should display the same color with magnetic tunability.
  • the fixation of the periodic SPM particles in the cured polymer matrix can be verified by inspecting a section that is cut from a sample along the chain direction. As shown in the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image in FIG. 5( b ), parallel particle chains with regular interparticle spacing can be easily observed, providing direct support of the one-dimensional ordering of the SPM particles proposed in previous studies. 72,75,77 In accordance with an exemplary embodiment, since the cutting is not strictly along the chain direction, usually part of the chain is embedded inside the polymer and part of it has been peeled off, leaving behind regular cavities. It can be appreciated the separation between neighboring chains is typically on the order of a few micrometers due to the strong inter-chain repulsion induced by the external field. 75
  • the diffraction of the microspheres dispersed in a liquid can be conveniently switched between “on” and “off” states by using the external magnetic field, as shown in the schematic illustrations and optical microscopy images in FIG. 5( c ).
  • the particle chains stand straight so that their diffraction is turned “on” and the corresponding color can be observed from the top.
  • Each bright green dot in the optical microscopy image actually represents one vertically aligned particle chain.
  • the microspheres are forced to rotate 90° to lay down the particle chains so that the diffraction is turned off and microspheres show the native brown color of iron oxide. It can be appreciated that the particle chains can be directly observed by careful inspection of the microspheres through optical microscopy.
  • the rotation of microspheres is instant, and synchronized with the manual movement of external fields, as supported by the videos in the supplementary information.
  • the particle chains can be suspended at any intermediate stage between the on/off states with a specific tilting angle ( ⁇ ).
  • ⁇ diffraction peak wavelength
  • ⁇ intensity on the tilting angle
  • FIG. 6 the dependence of diffraction peak wavelength ( ⁇ ) and intensity on the tilting angle ( ⁇ ) using an optical microscope coupled with a spectrometer is shown in FIG. 6 . While the magnetic field is tuned within the plane constructed by the incident light and back scattered light, the diffraction from an isolated microsphere is recorded correspondingly by the spectrometer, as schematically shown in FIG. 5( a ). It can be appreciated that the diffraction peak blue-shifts with decreasing intensity when the magnetic field direction is manipulated away from the angular bisector of incident light and back scattered light ( ⁇ 14.5°).
  • FIG. 6 the dependence of diffraction peak wavelength ( ⁇ ) and intensity on the tilting angle ( ⁇ ) using an optical microscope coupled with a spectrometer is shown in FIG. 6 . While the magnetic field is tuned within the plane constructed by the
  • FIG. 7 demonstrates the complete on/off switching of magnetochromatic microspheres that originally diffract blue, green and red light. These microspheres are synthesized by starting with SPM particles with average diameters of 127, 154, 197 nm. It can be appreciated that by mixing of RGB (Red, Green and Blue) microspheres in various ratios can produce a great number of colors that can be collectively perceived by human eyes.
  • RGB Red, Green and Blue
  • the average size of the microspheres can be controlled using the simple dispersing process through the choices of the oil type and the speed of mechanical stirring. It can be appreciated that several methods including those using microfluidic devices are available to produce monodispersed microdroplets. 79-83 In general, using high speed stirring and viscous oils leads to the formation of smaller emulsion droplets.
  • the microspheres prepared in mineral oils have average diameters above 50 ⁇ m, and those prepared in silicone oils have average diameters less than 30 ⁇ m.
  • FIG. 8( a ) shows a series of dark-field optical microscopy images of differently sized microspheres selected from the samples made by using the same Fe 3 O 4 /PEGDA mixture but with either mineral oil or silicone oil as the continuous phase. Vertical external fields are applied so that these microspheres are all at the “on” state. Microspheres larger than 10 ⁇ m containing particle chains with spacing such that they reflect red light all display the expected red color, which comes from the diffraction of a plurality of vertically aligned particle chains. Bright red dots, which contribute to the overall production of red color, can be clearly observed inside the microspheres when they are imaged at higher magnification.
  • FIGS. 8( b )-( d ) show the top-view and side-view SEM images of the typical microspheres, suggesting that the SPM particle chains are not only embedded inside the microspheres in the form of straight strings but also laid on the curved surface along the longitudinal direction.
  • the “bent” assembly of SPM particles on the microsphere surface can be attributed to the combined effect of the spherical confinement of the emulsion droplets and the magnetically induced strong repulsive force perpendicular to the direction of the external field.
  • the bent surface assemblies can be viewed as chains tilted from the vertical direction with the degree of tilting determined by the curvature of the microspheres.
  • the higher surface to volume ratio of smaller microspheres may also increase the ratio of surface chains to embedded ones and eventually change the overall diffracted color of the spheres.
  • the embedded straight assemblies dominate and the bending of the surface assemblies is small, so that the microspheres show uniform colors.
  • the optical response of the microspheres to the external magnetic field was characterized by the switching threshold of field strength and switching frequency, which describe how strong of an external magnetic field is required to rotate the microspheres and how fast the microspheres respond to the changes in the magnetic field, respectively.
  • the switching threshold of field strength and switching frequency, which describe how strong of an external magnetic field is required to rotate the microspheres and how fast the microspheres respond to the changes in the magnetic field, respectively.
  • a low concentration of microspheres dispersed in a density matched solvent—PEGDA liquid were used to measure the switching threshold. The dispersion was sandwiched between two hydrophobic glass slides to avoid adhesion to the glass substrate. With increasing magnetic field strength, the microspheres were gradually turned “on” and digital photos were taken after approximately 5 seconds of every change in the field strength.
  • the switching of diffraction could be accomplished rapidly (i.e., less than approximately 1 second ( ⁇ 1 s)) in a sufficiently strong magnetic field.
  • Turning frequency of the microspheres was measured with a test platform built with a halogen light source, a spectrometer and a rotating magnet unit with geared DC motor.
  • the rotating plate with NS and SN magnets standing alternately will produce a periodical vertical (1100-1200 Gauss) and horizontal magnetic field (300-400 Gauss), whose frequency can be simply controlled by the rotating speed of the plate.
  • FIG. 10 shows the diffraction of microspheres in a 1.22 and 3.33 Hz vertical/horizontal alternating magnetic field, demonstrating that the photonic microspheres can be rotated quickly.
  • the rotating amplitude gradually decreases with the increase of turning frequency, primarily due to the relatively weak horizontal field strength.
  • the switching frequency can be further improved when the microspheres are dispersed in a less viscous solvent or tuned in magnetic fields with higher strengths.
  • the incorporation of photonic crystals into microspheres allows tuning of the photonic property by simply controlling the sphere orientation, making it very convenient to create bistable states that are required for a plurality of applications such as displays.
  • bistable states For example, a simple switchable color display system in which the color information can be re-written multiple times by means of the magnetic field.
  • the basic idea is to create bistable states by embedding the microspheres into a matrix that can be switched between liquid and solid states.
  • long chain hydrocarbons and short chain polymers such as paraffin and poly(ethylene glycol) have melting points slightly above room temperature.
  • the matrix material melts, allowing the display of colors by aligning the microspheres using magnetic fields.
  • the matrix solidifies and the orientation of microspheres is frozen so that the color information remains for long time without the need of additional energy. It can be appreciated that an external magnetic field can not alter their color once the orientation of microspheres is fixed by the matrix. Reheating the matrix materials, however, will erase the particular color by randomizing the orientation of the microspheres or by magnetically reorienting the microspheres to a completely “off” state.
  • PEG polyethylene glycol
  • the magnetochromatic microspheres can be prepared through a simultaneous magnetic assembly and UV curing process in an emulsion system.
  • superparamagnetic Fe 3 O 4 @SiO 2 colloidal particles are self-organized into ordered structures inside emulsion droplets of UV curable resin, followed by an immediate UV curing process to polymerize the droplets and fix the ordered structures.
  • the orientation of the magnetic chains can be controlled, and thereby the diffractive colors.
  • a plurality of copies of the microspheres can be produced using the process, and can be tuned by external fields to collectively display uniform colors.
  • the excellent stability, good compatibility with dispersion media, and the capability of fast on/off switching of the diffraction by magnetic fields also make the system suitable for applications such as color displays, signage, bio- and chemical detection, and magnetic field sensing.
  • the color red shifts increases as the size of the magnetite particle increases.
  • the color red shifts increases as the thickness of the silica coating increases.
  • the color blue shifts decreases as the magnetic field strength increases.
  • the color or the diffraction wavelength is determined by not only the magnetite particle size, the silica coating (or coating medium), and magnetic field strength, but also many other parameters such as the chemical nature of the resin, the surface charge of the particle surface, and the additives.
  • the relation of the colors (Red, Green & Blue) to the three parameters (size of magnetite particle, thickness of silica coating, magnetic field strength) is as follows, as the overall size of Fe 3 O 4 /SiO 2 colloids increase from about 120 nm to 200 nm, the color shifts from blue to red. As the magnetic field strength increase, the color would blue shift.
  • the magnetic field preferably is in the range of approximately 100 Gauss to approximately 400 Gauss. It can also be appreciated that as the amount of magnetic content within a composite, which is defined as magnetic density, the more magnetic content (Fe 3 O 4 ), less magnetic field is required to rotate the microspheres.
  • microspheres can be incorporated into a display device wherein very small quanta of microspheres can be locally manipulated to change color or to create on-off color using an integrated micromagnetic actuator to produce local magnetic flux in the area from several to tens of micrometers.
  • exemplary methods and devices for actuating microspheres includes those described in Chong H. Ahn and Mark G. Allen, A Fully Integrated Micromagnetic Actuator With A Multilevel Meander Magnetic Core, in “Solid-State Sensor and Actuator Workshop, 1992. 5th Technical Digest., IEEE”, 1992, page 14-18; and Yae Yeong Park; Han, S. H.; Allen, M.
  • the ordered structures in the micromagnetospheres are composed of parallel 1D chains of magnetite crystals, their spacing determined by the balance of the attractive and repulsive forces, which in turn are affected by the external magnetic field.
  • the colors exhibited by the magnetite crystals in solution, or fixed are created by the ordered structures described above (1D chains).

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US20170103833A1 (en) 2017-04-13
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KR20130059431A (ko) 2013-06-05
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US9457333B2 (en) 2016-10-04
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US10220367B2 (en) 2019-03-05
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