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US20120302565A1 - Kinase inhibitors for preventing or treating pathogen infection and method of use thereof - Google Patents

Kinase inhibitors for preventing or treating pathogen infection and method of use thereof Download PDF

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US20120302565A1
US20120302565A1 US13/566,186 US201213566186A US2012302565A1 US 20120302565 A1 US20120302565 A1 US 20120302565A1 US 201213566186 A US201213566186 A US 201213566186A US 2012302565 A1 US2012302565 A1 US 2012302565A1
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viruses
virus
apck
kinase inhibitors
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Daniel Kalman
William Bornmann
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Emory University
University of Texas System
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Emory University
MD Anderson Cancer Center
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Publication of US20120302565A1 publication Critical patent/US20120302565A1/en
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/505—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim
    • A61K31/506—Pyrimidines; Hydrogenated pyrimidines, e.g. trimethoprim not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/535—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with at least one nitrogen and one oxygen as the ring hetero atoms, e.g. 1,2-oxazines
    • A61K31/5375—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine
    • A61K31/5377—1,4-Oxazines, e.g. morpholine not condensed and containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. timolol
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/04—Antibacterial agents
    • A61P31/06—Antibacterial agents for tuberculosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/16—Antivirals for RNA viruses for influenza or rhinoviruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/14—Antivirals for RNA viruses
    • A61P31/18—Antivirals for RNA viruses for HIV
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/12—Antivirals
    • A61P31/20—Antivirals for DNA viruses
    • A61P31/22—Antivirals for DNA viruses for herpes viruses
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the invention relates to compositions and methods of use thereof to prevent and/or treat pathogenic infection.
  • the present invention relates to a development and identification of compounds that alter the way in which diverse bacterial and viral pathogens interact with the host, so as to block or limit disease caused by these pathogens and permit the host immune system to clear the pathogens.
  • antibacterial and antiviral drugs directed at targets within the pathogen have been used to save countless lives. But it is becoming increasingly evident that such success is not sustainable.
  • bacterial and viral pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to inactivate these compounds. Examples include the pan-drug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) among bacteria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among viruses.
  • the present invention provides compounds that alter the way in which diverse bacterial and viral pathogens interact with the host.
  • the compounds provided by the present invention interact with host proteins required by microbes for pathogenesis.
  • the compounds provided by the present invention are far less likely to engender resistance compared to conventional antibiotics or anti-viral drugs because the pathogen cannot easily evolve novel pathogenesis strategies. Therefore, the compounds provided by the present invention have the capacity to limit disease and permit the host immune system to clear the pathogen.
  • the present invention provides compounds that inhibit kinases involved in pathogen-host cell interactions that are associated with or cause pathogenic infection.
  • the kinase inhibitors of the present invention include, but are not limited, to the compounds listed in Table A below.
  • the kinase inhibitors of the present invention are used for the treatment of acute pathogenic infections for a short period of time, preferably, less than 3 weeks, to avoid toxicity issues.
  • the present invention provides compositions comprising compounds including those listed in Table A below in preventing or treating infections caused by diverse bacterial and viral pathogens.
  • the bacterial and viral pathogens include, but are not limited to pathogenic Escherichia coli (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis , Pox viruses (including Vaccinia and variola viruses), polyoma viruses (including JC and BK viruses), human immunodeficiency viruses (for example, HIV-1), Herpes viruses (including Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus, and Gamma Herpes virus), influenza virus, Shigella flexneri
  • the present invention provides compositions comprising compounds including those listed in Table A below that inhibit kinases involved in pathogen-host cell interactions that are associated with or cause pathogenic infection.
  • the kinase is tyrosine kinase.
  • the present invention provides compositions comprising inhibitors to tyrosine kinase, preferably, Ableson (Abl) and/or Src-family tyrosine kinase, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers, analogs, esters, amides, prodrugs, metabolites, or derivatives thereof.
  • the present invention provides methods of preventing or treating pathogenic infections. Such methods comprise administering the compositions comprising kinase inhibitors of the present invention in therapeutically effective amounts to a patient in need thereof for treating infection by a broad array of pathogens, including microbial pathogens such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses, algae, and fungi.
  • microbial pathogens such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses, algae, and fungi.
  • the present invention provides the use of these compositions to treat disease associated with the pathogens including Escherichia coli (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis , Pox viruses (including Vaccinia and variola viruses), polyoma viruses (including JC and BK viruses), human immunodeficiency viruses (for example, HIV-1), Herpes viruses (including Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus, and Gamma Herpes virus), influenza virus, Shigella flexneri , Coxsackie virus, Helicobacter pylori , West Nile virus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmon,
  • the present invention provides the use of these compositions to treat acute pathogenic infections for a short period of time, preferably, less than three weeks, to avoid toxicity.
  • the compositions may be administered by any means of administration as long as a therapeutically effective amount for the treatment of pathogenic infection is delivered.
  • FIGS. 1A-C illustrate small plaque formations due to drug treatment in Plaque Assays.
  • FIG. 1A shows plaque formation with vaccinia virus in the absence of any kinase inhibitors in 3T3 cells, strain WR (left: Positive Control), and in the absence of virus and any kinase inhibitors (Right: Negative Control);
  • FIG. 1B shows formations of small plaques with comets with compounds Eph — 2wbz — 105, Eph — 2wbz — 203, Eph — 2wbz — 206 and LG2-71, respectively;
  • FIG. 1C shows formations of small plaques with no comets with compounds DM-1-187 and DM-1-196, respectively.
  • FIGS. 2A-C illustrate pinpoint plaque formations due to drug treatment in Plaque Assays.
  • FIG. 2A shows pinpoint plaque formations by compounds Eph — 2wbz — 100, Apck108, Apck111, Apck26 and Apck27, respectively;
  • FIG. 2B shows no pinpoint plaque formed with compounds Apck105, LG2-91 and LG2-96, respectively;
  • FIG. 2C shows positive (left) and negative (right) controls.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates actin protein tail and plaque formations from microscopy and plaque vaccinia assays for wild type (WT, with virus only) (top row) and with compounds STI-F (middle row) and Eph — 2wbz — 203 (bottom row), and their likely kinase family targets.
  • FIGS. 4A-C illustrate additional drug phenotypes in Plaque Assays.
  • FIG. 4A shows small plaque and large comets for compounds Apck34 (left) and Apck32 (right);
  • FIG. 4B shows more plaque formations than wild type (WT, with only the virus infection) for compounds JGAP-13 (left) and Butyeolactones-1 (right);
  • FIG. 4C shows damaged monolayer for compounds Apck101(left) and YYB21 (right).
  • compositions comprising compounds that inhibit kinases involved in pathogen-host cell interactions that are associated with or cause pathogenic infection and methods of using such compositions.
  • the compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to those listed in the following Table A.
  • the terms “compounds” and “kinase inhibitors” are used interchangeably, referring to chemicals that are capable of interacting with kinases involved in pathogen-host cell interactions that are associated with or cause pathogen infections, including but not limited to those chemicals with the structures shown in the following Table A.
  • Eph2_wbz 101 (489.55) Eph2_wbz 102 (448.49) Eph2_wbz 103 (447.49) Eph2_wbz 104 (476.5) Eph2_wbz 105 (490.53) Eph2_wbz 106 (489.55) Eph2_wbz 107 (500.49) Eph2_wbz 108 (536.6) Eph2_wbz 109 (482.55) Eph2_wbz 110 (474.53) Eph2-wbz 111 (520.56) Eph2-wbz 112 (462.52) Eph2-wbz 115 (466.94) Eph2-wbz 116 (471.53) Eph2-wbz 117 (546.57) Wbzj-1 (369) Jak2F-2 (493) WBZ-6 ANIN10T STI—OH STI—F STLL3 StiAF3-iAR St
  • kinase inhibitors listed above are inhibitors for tyrosine kinase that are involved in pathogen-host cell interactions associated with or cause pathogenic infection. It has been reported that diverse pathogens activate tyrosine kinases, particularly members of the Abl- and Src-families. Because Abl- and Src-family kinases are essential for the host, therapeutics must be dosed properly to minimize spread of the pathogen without harming the host. Because of the diverse numbers of pathogens that use Abl- and Src-family kinases (Reeves et al., 2005, Nat. Med 11: 731-738), the development of “pan-therapeutics” that affect multiple pathogens is possible.
  • tyrosine kinase inhibitors does not appear to interfere with acquisition of protective immunity (e.g. to poxviruses). Thus administration of therapeutics need continue only until an effective immune response has been mounted. Toxicity data from some tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer patients suggest that acute infections, where therapeutics could be administered for short periods of time (e.g. less than three weeks), would be ideal targets (Kerkela et al., 2006, Nat. Med. 12(8):908-16).
  • pathogens use kinases in a redundant fashion. Rather than utilize a single kinase pathway, pathogens appear to have developed molecular means to utilize several kinases within different subfamilies, perhaps as a means to increase their host range. Redundancy adds an element of complexity to the development of therapeutics. Because kinases that diverse pathogens utilize are dysregulated in a variety of human cancers, considerable effort has been made over the last two decades in developing compounds that inhibit these kinase activities. An inhibitor must be sufficiently non-specific to inhibit the class of kinases used by the pathogen, but within limits. Current efforts are also directed at identification of microbial and host molecules phosphorylated by kinases. Such molecules are also effective as therapeutic targets. It has also been found that some anti-cancer drugs have proven effective against a variety of pathogens (Reeves et al., 2005, Nat. Med 11: 731-738).
  • the present invention further provides the use of the compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention to inhibit kinases involved in pathogen-host cell interactions that are associated with or cause pathogenic infection.
  • the present invention provides the use of these kinase inhibitors to treat or prevent diseases associated with infection from microbial pathogens, including bacterial and viral pathogens such as Escherichia coli (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis , Pox viruses (including Vaccinia and variola viruses), polyoma viruses (including JC and BK viruses), human immunodeficiency viruses (for example, HIV-1), Herpes viruses (including
  • the kinase inhibitors described herein can be used in the methods of the invention to treat or prevent any pathogenic infection that is associated with or caused by these kinase-mediated host-pathogen interactions, particularly microbial infection, and more particularly viral and bacterial infection.
  • any pathogenic infection that is associated with or caused by these kinase-mediated host-pathogen interactions, particularly microbial infection, and more particularly viral and bacterial infection.
  • the kinase inhibitors described herein target host cell proteins and interfere with cellular mechanisms required for pathogenesis of the host cells by pathogens and in so doing prevent the pathogenic effects. Because cellular mechanisms regulating pathogen-host interactions are remarkably conserved, it is believed that the kinase inhibitors described herein can be applied to combat infection by a wide range of pathogens.
  • pathogens include various microbes such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses, algae, and fungi.
  • the pathogens are bacteria and viruses.
  • the therapeutic approach described herein targets the host, rather than the pathogen as is seen with antibiotics, and therefore decreases the likelihood of the development of pathogen drug resistance.
  • the present invention provides the use of kinase inhibitors of the present invention to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
  • infections include those caused by members of the following genera and species: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Aquaspirillum, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella, Burkholderia, Campylobacter, Chlamydia, Clostridium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Coxiella burnetii, Deinococcus radiodurans, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Francisella tularensis, Geobacillus, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Lactobacillus, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas, Rickettsia, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococc
  • such infections include those caused by Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri , and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB).
  • such infections include those caused by pathogenic and/or diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains, including enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC).
  • the present invention provides the use of kinase inhibitors of the present invention to treat or prevent viral infections.
  • infections include those caused by members of the following virus families: Adenoviridae, Arenaviridae, Astroviridae, Bacteriophages, Baculoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Deltavirus, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Geminiviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Nodaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxyiridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Tobamoviridae, and Togaviridae.
  • such infections include those caused by Pox viruses including Vaccinia and variola viruses, polyoma viruses including JC and BK viruses, Herpes viruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human immunodeficiency viruses (for example, HIV-1).
  • Pox viruses including Vaccinia and variola viruses, polyoma viruses including JC and BK viruses, Herpes viruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human immunodeficiency viruses (for example, HIV-1).
  • the kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein may be administered in combination with one another, or with other compounds, particularly antipathogenic compounds.
  • antipathogenic compounds include conventional antimicrobials.
  • one or more of the kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein can be used in combination with other compounds such as cidofovir, for example, in cases related to smallpox, wherein the combination of these agents would provide for lower dosages of cidofovir to be administered, thereby decreasing the toxicity effects of this nucleoside analogue antiviral compound.
  • the kinase inhibitors of the present invention are administered as part of a combination therapy to treat or prevent pathogenic infection, they may be administered concurrently or sequentially, in either order, with the additional compound(s).
  • kinase inhibitors are administered to make vaccines more effective.
  • immunization of neonates with live viruses does not contribute to acquired immunity because maternal antibodies neutralize the vaccine (Bot and Bona (2002) Microbes Infect. 4: 511).
  • administration of a kinase inhibitor of the present invention allows for safe administration of higher doses of virus to overcome antibody response and permit acquisition of cellular immunity.
  • kinase inhibitors of the present invention facilitate immune clearance of the pathogen. For some chronic viruses (e.g., HIV and polyoma), high viral loads have been found to compromise T cell function (Welsh (2001) J. Exp. Med. 193:F19). Thus, lowering the viral burden could permit recovery of T cell function and thereby facilitate clearance.
  • kinase inhibitors of the present invention permit immunocompromised individuals to be vaccinated.
  • the kinase inhibitors of the present invention are for administration in a living subject or patient, including a human being or an animal such as a laboratory monkey or mouse. It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses the use not only of the specific compounds described above, but also any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers, analogs, esters, amides, prodrugs, metabolites, or derivatives thereof. Because some of the kinase inhibitors of the present invention are already the subject of drug development or are in use to treat certain cancers, data has established that they are well tolerated in humans even for extended periods (months), and are not toxic. The drugs can be ingested orally, are stable at room temperature, and are simple and inexpensive to manufacture.
  • a method of treating or preventing pathogenic infection, particularly microbial infection comprises administering to a living subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to the living subject where the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) at least one kinase inhibitor of the present invention in an amount effective for augmenting an inhibitable response from a host cell of the living subject responsive to at least one pathogen, particularly a microbe; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to the living subject.
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a living subject, comprising: (a) at least one kinase inhibitor in an amount effective for augmenting an inhibitable response from a host cell of the living subject responsive to at least one bacteria; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to a living subject.
  • the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a living subject, comprising: (a) at least one kinase inhibitor in an amount effective for augmenting an inhibitable response from a host cell of the living subject responsive to at least one virus; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to a living subject.
  • the kinase inhibitors of the present invention are tyrosine kinase inhibitors, preferably, the Abl- and/or Src-family tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising a kinase inhibitor of the present invention described herein can be administered by any suitable route, including, but not limited to, orally, nasally, buccally, sublingually, intravenously, transmucosally, rectally, topically, transdermally, subcutaneously, by inhalation, or intrathecally administration.
  • compositions of the present invention may be in the form of orally administrable suspensions, drinking solutions, or tablets; nasal sprays or nasal drops; or oleaginous suspensions or suppositories.
  • compositions of the present invention are prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may contain microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweeteners/flavoring agents known in the art.
  • these compositions may contain microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants known in the art.
  • Components in the formulation of a mouthwash or rinse include antimicrobials, surfactants, cosurfactants, oils, water and other additives such as sweeteners/flavoring agents known in the art.
  • the composition When administered by a dribbling solution, the composition comprises one or more of the kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein dissolved in drinking liquid such as water, with appropriate pH adjustment, and with carrier.
  • the compound dissolved in the drinking liquid is an amount sufficient to give a concentration in the bloodstream on the order of 1 nM and above, preferably in an effective amount that is effective in vivo.
  • compositions When administered nasally, these compositions are prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art (see, for example, Ansel et al. (1999) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (7th ed.).
  • these compositions and formulations are prepared with suitable nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients. These ingredients are known to those skilled in the preparation of nasal dosage forms and some of these can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Eaton, Pa.; 1990), a standard reference in the field.
  • Nasal dosage forms generally contain large amounts of water in addition to the active ingredient. Minor amounts of other ingredients such as pH adjusters, emulsifiers or dispersing agents, preservatives, surfactants, gelling agents, or buffering and other stabilizing and solubilizing agents may also be present.
  • the formulations for the kinase inhibitors of the present invention may be varied to include: (1) other acids and bases to adjust the pH, (2) other tonicity-imparting agents such as sorbitol, glycerin, and dextrose; (3) other antimicrobial preservatives such as other parahydroxy benzoic acid esters, sorbate, benzoate, propionate, chlorbutanol, phenylethyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, and mercurials; (4) other viscosity imparting agents such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol and other gums; (5) suitable absorption enhancers; (6) stabilizing agents such as antioxidants, like bisulfate and ascorbate, metal chelating agents such as sodium edentate, and drug solubility enhancers such as polyethylene glycols.
  • the delivery system can be a unit dose delivery system.
  • the volume of solution or suspension delivered per dose can be anywhere from 5 to 500 microliters, and preferably 5 to 200 microliters. Delivery systems for these various dosage forms can be dropper bottles, plastic squeeze units, atomizers, and the like in either unit dose or multiple dose packages. Lozenges can be prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,439,089, herein incorporated by reference for these purposes.
  • these compositions When rectally administered in the form of suppositories, these compositions may be prepared by mixing the kinase inhibitors of the present invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters, or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquify and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
  • a suitable non-irritating excipient such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters, or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquify and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
  • Dosage levels on the order of 1 mg/day or above may be useful in the treatment or prevention of pathogenic infections and related diseases within a host organism as noted herein above.
  • a patient in need of treatment or prevention of pathogenic infection is administered a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein in an effective amount of about 1 mg/day to about 1000 mg/day, for a patient having approximately 70 kg body weight.
  • the effectiveness of using the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention to treat or prevent a specific pathogenic infection, particularly microbial infection, may vary, for example, depending on the infectious agent, stage of infection, severity of infection, age, weight, and sex of the patient, and the like.
  • treatment is defined as the application or administration of one or more kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein to a subject, where the subject has a pathogenic infection as noted elsewhere herein, a symptom associated with a pathogenic infection, or a predisposition toward development of a pathogenic infection, where the purpose is to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the pathogenic infection, any associated symptoms of the pathogenic infection, or the predisposition toward the development of the pathogenic infection.
  • treatment is also defined as an intended application or administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein to a subject, where the subject has a pathogenic infection as noted elsewhere herein, a symptom associated with a pathogenic infection, or a predisposition toward development of a pathogenic infection, where the purpose is to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the pathogenic infection, any associated symptoms of the pathogenic infection, or the predisposition toward the development of the pathogenic infection.
  • kinase inhibitors particularly the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, of the present invention described herein are useful in treating or preventing pathogenic infections as noted herein above.
  • Treatment or prevention of pathogenic infection in the manner set forth herein is also useful for transplant patients, for example, kidney transplant patients, where emergence of pathogens, particularly polyoma viruses, for example, JC and BK, and pathogenic infection can diminish function of the transplanted organ.
  • pathogens particularly polyoma viruses, for example, JC and BK
  • pathogenic infection can diminish function of the transplanted organ.
  • HIV infection can destroy oligodendrocytes in the brain, leading to AIDS-related dementia.
  • the kinase inhibitors, particularly the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, of the present invention described herein can be used to control secondary infection in HIV-positive and AIDS patients and in patients receiving transplants, for example, kidney transplants, and to control AIDS-related dementia.
  • the kinase inhibitors, particularly, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors can be used prophylactically to prevent spread of infectious virions, for example, associated with Vaccinia infections, in immunocompromised individuals, including HIV-positive and AIDS patients and in patients receiving transplants.
  • the present invention provides the use of kinase inhibitors to treat or prevent microbal infections caused by bacterial and/or viral pathogens.
  • One of the bacterial pathogens is pathogenic E. coli , including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), which contaminates water and food supplies and causes infantile diarrhea.
  • EPEC and EHEC are classified by NIAID as category B pathogens. In developing nations, EPEC causes sickness in some 20 million per year, killing 500,000 (Goosney et al. (2000) Annul Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 16: 173).
  • EHEC causative agent of “raw hamburger disease,” contaminates food and is associated with diarrhea and an often fatal consequence, hemolytic-uremic syndrome.
  • EHEC possess two Shiga toxins, which cause the symptoms associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (Perna et al. (2001) Nature, 409(6819): 529-33).
  • EPEC, EHEC, and Citrobacter (C) rodentium form actin-filled membrane protrusions or “pedestals” beneath themselves on the surface of epithelial cells (Knutton et al. (1989) Lancet 2: 218; McDaniel et al. (1997) Mol. Microbiol., 23: 399). Pedestals prevent phagocytosis, allow colonization of the host, and are required for subsequent development of disease (Goosney et al. (1999) Infect. Immun., 67: 490; Jerse et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 7839).
  • VV vaccinia virus
  • variola viruses that are members of the Poxyiridae family that are 95% identical in sequence
  • VV western reserve (WR) strain serves as a vaccinating agent for variola major, the cause of smallpox.
  • Tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases are important for several aspects of viral infection. Actin-based motility depends on the activity of the host cell tyrosine kinases related to c-Src and Abl, and replication at least in part depends on a viral kinase, though the precise mechanism is less well understood (Frischknecht et al. (1999) Nature 401(6756):926-929; Rempel et al. (1992) J. Virol. 66(7):4413-4426; Traktman et al. (1995) J; Virol. 69(10):6581-6587; Traktman et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264(36):21458-21461).
  • IMVs intracellular mature virions
  • IEVs Prior to cytolysis, however, IEVs travel towards the host cell periphery via a kinesin/microtubule transport system (Carter et al. (2003) J. Gen. Virol., pp. 2443-2458; Hollinshead et al. (2001) J. Cell Biol., pp. 389-402; Rietdorf et al. (2001) Nat. Cell Biol., pp. 992-1000; Ward and Moss (2001) J. Virol., pp., 11651-11663).
  • a kinesin/microtubule transport system Carter et al. (2003) J. Gen. Virol., pp. 2443-2458; Hollinshead et al. (2001) J. Cell Biol., pp. 389-402; Rietdorf et al. (2001) Nat. Cell Biol., pp. 992-1000; Ward and Moss (2001) J. Virol., pp., 116
  • the intracellular enveloped virus (IEV) particle fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell to form a cell-associated enveloped virus (CEV), leaving behind one of its two outer membranes (Smith et al. (2003) Ann. Rev. Microbiol., pp., 323-342; Smith et al. (2002) J; Gen. Virol., pp. 2915-2931).
  • CEVs either detach directly, or initiate actin polymerization to propel the particle on an actin-filled membrane protuberance towards an apposing cell and then detach (Smith et al. (2003) Ann. Rev. Microbiol., pp., 323-342).
  • Actin motility depends on Abl and Src family kinases whereas detachment of CEVs to form extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) depends on Abl family kinases (Smith et al. (2003) Ann. Rev. Microbiol., pp., 323-342).
  • A36R protein encoded by the VV A36R gene located in the membrane surrounding the CEV, is required for actin polymerization; and virulence (Wolffe et al. (1998) Virology pp. 20-26; Parkinson and Smith (1994) Virology pp. 376-390).
  • the watershed event in actin polymerization and cell-to-cell spread is the phosphorylation of A36R tyrosine residues by a host cell tyrosine kinase (Newsome et al. (2004) Science 306:124-128; Frischknecht et al. (1999) Nature 401(6756):926-929).
  • A36R facilitates detachment of kinesin and recruitment and activation of host cell proteins, including Nck, Grb2, N-WASP, and the Arp2/3 complex, which initiate actin polymerization beneath the particle (Frischknecht and Way (2001) Trends Cell Biol. 11(1):30-38; Moreau et al. (2000) Nat. Cell Biol., pp. 441-448; Scaplehorn et al. (2002) Curr. Biol., pp. 740 745).
  • vaccinia uses mechanisms similar to those used by Shigella flexneri to propel itself through the host cytoplasm. For example, both Shigella and Vaccinia recruit and activate N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex as a means of polymerizing actin (Frischknecht and Way (2001) Trends Cell Biol. 11(1):30-38).
  • the present invention provides drug screening assays for microbal pathogens.
  • the present invention provides drug screening assays for viral pathogens, preferably, the poxviruses.
  • the purpose of microscopy assays is to screen compounds in a high throughput format for their effects on the formation of actin protein filled membranous protrusions caused by vaccinia virus egressing from an infected cell (or “tails”).
  • the microscopy assays also reveal, albeit indirectly effects on replication or viral maturation.
  • cultured 3T3 cells were added at a low density to collagen/PDL-coated glass microscopy slips or on 96 well optical tissue culture plates. The cells were allowed to adhere to these slips overnight. The next day, the media was removed from these cells and replaced with low-serum media. Approximately 10 6 vaccinia virus virions were added directly to the low-serum media and infection was allowed to continue for 1 hour at 37° C. to permit adsorption of virus to the cells. After 1 hour, the compounds of the present inventions were added at a 1:10 dilution directly to the infected cells. Infection was allowed to continue for another 16 hours. After this period the media was removed and the cells fixed and stained.
  • Actin protein was visualized with fluor-conjugated phalloidin and DNA (viral and cellular) was visualized by staining with DAPI, as described (see Reeves et al., 2005, Nat. Med. 11: 731-738). Cells were imaged on a multiwavelength fluorescence microscope for the presence of cytopathic effect, viral infection and actin protein tail formation.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates actin protein tails from microscopy assays for wide type (WT, virus infection with no drug treatment) (top row) and with compounds STI-F (middle row) and Eph — 2wbz — 203 (bottom row), and their likely kinase family targets.
  • WT wide type
  • STI-F middle row
  • Eph — 2wbz — 203 bottom row
  • plaque assays The purpose of the plaque assays is to screen compounds for their effect on vaccinia virus plaque size, and on the formation of “comet” plaques, an archipelago of smaller plaques that form adjacent to a large plaque.
  • Large plaques form as virus from an infected cell egresses, by means of actin protein tails, and infects an apposing cell. An infected cell eventually dies leaving a hole in the monolayer.
  • Comet plaques occur when a form of the virus (called EEV) is released into the supernatant and settles adjacent to a large plaque.
  • Comets are generally smaller than large plaques because the initial infection is derived from virus produced by an adjacent large plaque, not by the initial inoculum.
  • the size of the large plaques is determined by EEV as well. Formation of actin protein tails (and thus the size of large plaques) depends on Src- and Abl-family kinases (Reeves et al., 2005, Nature Medicine. 11: 731-738), whereas the formation of EEV (and hence comets) depends on Abl-family kinases. Inhibitors of Abl- and Src-family kinases result in “pinpoint” plaques (e.g. PD166326), whereas inhibitors of Abl-family kinases cause somewhat reduced plaque size and loss of comets (e.g. Gleevec® or STI-571).
  • VV vaccine virus
  • cultured BSC40 cells were added to 12-well tissue culture dishes at a high density. These cells were allowed to adhere overnight and reach confluency. The media covering the monolayers was removed and replaced with low serum media (2% FBS). Approximately 1 ⁇ 10 3 PFU of vaccinia virus was added to the monolayers and allowed to adsorb to the cells for 1 hour. Following adsorption, the low serum media was removed and replaced with complete media (10% FBS). Compounds of the present invention were added to complete media for a final concentration of 100 ⁇ M. Monolayers were allowed to incubate for approximately 3 days at 37° C. undisturbed. After this period, the media is removed and cells are fixed and stained with a Crystal Violet solution, and scored for plaque size or the presence of comets.
  • FIG. 1 shows compounds Eph — 2wbz — 105, Eph — 2wbz — 203, Eph — 2wbz — 206 and LG2-71 produce small plaques with comets ( FIG. 1B ), whereas compounds DM-1-187 and DM-1-196 produce smaller (pinpoint) plaques with no comets ( FIG. 1C ).
  • Compounds Eph — 2wbz — 110, Apck108, Apck111, Apck26, and Apck27 produce pinpoint plaques ( FIG.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates additional phenotypes: such as small plaques with large comets produced by compounds Apck34 and Apck32 ( FIG. 4A ); more plaques than WT were produced by treated with compounds JGAP-13 and Butyeolactones-1 ( FIG. 4B ); and damaged monolayer was produced by treated with compounds Apck101 and YYB21 ( FIG. 4C ).
  • Compounds belong to Class II category include, but are not limited to Eph2_wbz 107; WBZ-4; Eph2-wbz206; Eph2-wbz 211; APcK-107; APcK109; APcK110; YYB41; YYB44; LG2-62; LG2-79; JAK2F (See Table B below).
  • Compounds belong to Class III category include, but are not limited to Eph2_wbz 102; Eph2_wbz 103; Eph2_wbz 104; Eph2_wbz 105; Eph2_wbz 106; Eph2_wbz 110; Eph2-wbz 112; Eph2-wbz 117; STI-OH; STI-F; STLL3; StiAF3_Ue; STLF2; Eph2_wbz202; Eph2-wbz203; Eph2_wbz216, AS605091; AS604850; AS605240; APcK-102; APcK-103; APcK104; APcK-105; APcK-106; APcK108; APcK111; APcK-26; APcK27; APcK35; APcK40; APcK43; APcK44; APcK48; dm-1-187
  • FIG. 3 illustrates actin protein tail and plaque formations from microscopy and plaque vaccinia assays for wide type (WT, with only the vaccinia virus infection) (top row) and with compounds STI-F (middle row) and Eph — 2wbz — 203 (bottom row), and their likely kinase family targets.
  • results provided herewith also provide implications for a treatment of poxyiral infections. Because the phenotypes caused by Gleevec®, an inhibitor used for the treatment of poxyiral infections, are consistent with the phenotypes caused by the Classes II and III compounds described herewith, it suggests that both Class II and Class III compounds will likely block EEV release. Because EEV mediate dissemination of the virus in vivo, these compounds will likely confine the infection to a particular locale (e.g. lungs). Furthermore, because Gleevec® does not interfere with the acquisition of protective immunity, immunosuppressive effects of the Class II or Class III compounds provided herewith would not be expected.
  • All herpes viruses share the property of establishing life-long infection in their host. Notably, the gamma-herpes viruses are all associated with the development of lymphomas and other cancers.
  • confluent monolayers of 3T3 cells were exposed and plated in optical 96 well dishes to the library of compounds of the present invention described herein for 1 hour. The cells were then infected with a gamma-herpes variant that expresses GFP under a CMV promoter (GHV-Bac-GFP), and replaced the compounds of the present invention at final concentration of 10 ⁇ M.
  • GFP gamma-herpes variant that expresses GFP under a CMV promoter
  • This phenotype indicates that the compounds causing this phenotype likely block virus entry or egress.
  • exemplary compounds include, but are not limited to CGP-2 (Gleevec®), StiAF3-iAR, and LG2-71 compounds of the present invention (See Table B below); and (iii) Monolayers of cells also remained intact after treated with this group of compounds, but examination of the GFP fluorescence indicated fluorescence throughout the monolayer. This phenotype indicates that the compounds causing this phenotype did not block viral entry or egress but may inhibit cellular lysis.
  • Exemplary compounds include, but are not limited to CGP51148WBZ-4, Apck103, Apck21, APck25, APcK36, ApcK 42, APCK50, APCK51, APCK53, LG2-55, LG2-77, and LG2-81 (See Table B below). Together these data suggest that compounds in groups (ii) and (iii) affect aspects of viral growth, and limit production of new virus, and are further expected to be useful for treating and preventing pathogenic infections.

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Abstract

The present invention provides compositions and methods of use thereof to prevent and/or treat pathogenic infection. In particular, the present invention provides the use of kinase inhibitors to inhibit kinases that involve in pathogen-host cell interactions that are associated with or cause pathogenic infections, therefore, to effectively prevent and/or treat pathogenic infections with far less likely to engender resistance as compared to conventional antibiotics and anti-viral drugs. The present invention further provides the use of kinase inhibitors for the treatment of acute pathogenic infections for a short period of time to avoid toxicities that may caused by long term use of these kinase inhibitors.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
  • This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 12/439,961, filed Oct. 1, 2009, which is a U.S. national stage filing of PCT/US2007/077578, filed Sep. 5, 2007, which claims benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/824,540, filed Sep. 5, 2006. The contents of the above-referenced applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF FEDERAL RESEARCH SUPPORT
  • This invention was made, at least in part, with funding from National Institutes of Health (NIH Grant Number 1R01A105667-01). Accordingly, the United States Government has certain rights in this invention.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The invention relates to compositions and methods of use thereof to prevent and/or treat pathogenic infection. In particular, the present invention relates to a development and identification of compounds that alter the way in which diverse bacterial and viral pathogens interact with the host, so as to block or limit disease caused by these pathogens and permit the host immune system to clear the pathogens.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • The last several decades have witnessed an onslaught of deadly bacterial and viral pathogens around the globe. A broad array of human pathogens exists, including various microbes such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses, algae, and fungi. The innate capacity to respond to selective pressures has driven the evolution of microbes and enabled them to adapt to complex and variable environments. It is perhaps no surprise, then, that infectious microbes have readily evolved mechanisms to evade our attempts to destroy them with synthetic or natural anti-microbial compounds.
  • The fact that microbes develop resistance at a rate that far exceeds development of new therapeutics arguably poses the single most serious public health threat in this century in both developing and developed nations. There is no denying that anti-microbial strategies have met with spectacular success over the last century.
  • For example, antibacterial and antiviral drugs directed at targets within the pathogen have been used to save countless lives. But it is becoming increasingly evident that such success is not sustainable. To counter these drugs, bacterial and viral pathogens have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to inactivate these compounds. Examples include the pan-drug resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) among bacteria and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among viruses.
  • More worrisome still is the lack of effort on the part of pharmaceutical companies (big or small) to pursue development of new antimicrobials. Efforts to develop new antibiotics by the pharmaceutical industry by large-scale screens of chemical libraries that inhibit growth have largely failed, and new tetracycline and sulfanilamide analogs will likely engender resistance and will quickly be rendered useless. The resistance problem is compounded further by indiscriminate and inappropriate use of antibiotics and antiviral compounds without compliance measures or public health policies to reduce disease burden. With the astounding costs of clinical trials, the failure to control generic sales, and the capacity to generate substantial revenues from medications for chronic illnesses there is little if any financial incentive for big pharmaceutical companies to even develop new antibiotics, and small biotechnology companies simply do not have the resources.
  • Even with the current level of effort there is cause for concern. Of the new drugs under development, most, if not all, will likely engender resistance quickly upon release (e.g., folate biosynthesis inhibitor Iclaprim). The search for novel antiviral compounds has been somewhat more successful and largely motivated by the HIV pandemic, but drugs have been developed principally against viral targets, and mutation rates among viruses still outpaces new development. One positive development has been vaccines, which are promising for some bacterial and viral illnesses. But vaccines are not successful in all cases (e.g., in young children), and adequate resources have not been made available.
  • There is therefore an urgent need to develop compounds and methods effective for the prevention and treatment of pathogenic infection.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention provides compounds that alter the way in which diverse bacterial and viral pathogens interact with the host. The compounds provided by the present invention interact with host proteins required by microbes for pathogenesis. As such, the compounds provided by the present invention are far less likely to engender resistance compared to conventional antibiotics or anti-viral drugs because the pathogen cannot easily evolve novel pathogenesis strategies. Therefore, the compounds provided by the present invention have the capacity to limit disease and permit the host immune system to clear the pathogen. In one preferred embodiment, the present invention provides compounds that inhibit kinases involved in pathogen-host cell interactions that are associated with or cause pathogenic infection. The kinase inhibitors of the present invention include, but are not limited, to the compounds listed in Table A below. In yet another preferred embodiment, the kinase inhibitors of the present invention are used for the treatment of acute pathogenic infections for a short period of time, preferably, less than 3 weeks, to avoid toxicity issues.
  • In yet another preferred embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising compounds including those listed in Table A below in preventing or treating infections caused by diverse bacterial and viral pathogens. The bacterial and viral pathogens include, but are not limited to pathogenic Escherichia coli (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis, Pox viruses (including Vaccinia and variola viruses), polyoma viruses (including JC and BK viruses), human immunodeficiency viruses (for example, HIV-1), Herpes viruses (including Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus, and Gamma Herpes virus), influenza virus, Shigella flexneri, Coxsackie virus, Helicobacter pylori, West Nile virus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and other pathogens that are described in the literature.
  • In yet another preferred embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising compounds including those listed in Table A below that inhibit kinases involved in pathogen-host cell interactions that are associated with or cause pathogenic infection. In one of the preferred embodiments, the kinase is tyrosine kinase. In yet another preferred embodiment, the present invention provides compositions comprising inhibitors to tyrosine kinase, preferably, Ableson (Abl) and/or Src-family tyrosine kinase, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers, analogs, esters, amides, prodrugs, metabolites, or derivatives thereof.
  • In yet another preferred embodiment, the present invention provides methods of preventing or treating pathogenic infections. Such methods comprise administering the compositions comprising kinase inhibitors of the present invention in therapeutically effective amounts to a patient in need thereof for treating infection by a broad array of pathogens, including microbial pathogens such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses, algae, and fungi. In particular, the present invention provides the use of these compositions to treat disease associated with the pathogens including Escherichia coli (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis, Pox viruses (including Vaccinia and variola viruses), polyoma viruses (including JC and BK viruses), human immunodeficiency viruses (for example, HIV-1), Herpes viruses (including Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus, and Gamma Herpes virus), influenza virus, Shigella flexneri, Coxsackie virus, Helicobacter pylori, West Nile virus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and other pathogens that are described in the literature. In one of the preferred embodiments, the present invention provides the use of these compositions to treat acute pathogenic infections for a short period of time, preferably, less than three weeks, to avoid toxicity. The compositions may be administered by any means of administration as long as a therapeutically effective amount for the treatment of pathogenic infection is delivered.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIGS. 1A-C illustrate small plaque formations due to drug treatment in Plaque Assays. FIG. 1A shows plaque formation with vaccinia virus in the absence of any kinase inhibitors in 3T3 cells, strain WR (left: Positive Control), and in the absence of virus and any kinase inhibitors (Right: Negative Control); FIG. 1B shows formations of small plaques with comets with compounds Eph—2wbz—105, Eph—2wbz—203, Eph— 2wbz —206 and LG2-71, respectively; and FIG. 1C shows formations of small plaques with no comets with compounds DM-1-187 and DM-1-196, respectively.
  • FIGS. 2A-C illustrate pinpoint plaque formations due to drug treatment in Plaque Assays. FIG. 2A shows pinpoint plaque formations by compounds Eph—2wbz—100, Apck108, Apck111, Apck26 and Apck27, respectively; FIG. 2B shows no pinpoint plaque formed with compounds Apck105, LG2-91 and LG2-96, respectively; and FIG. 2C shows positive (left) and negative (right) controls.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates actin protein tail and plaque formations from microscopy and plaque vaccinia assays for wild type (WT, with virus only) (top row) and with compounds STI-F (middle row) and Eph—2wbz—203 (bottom row), and their likely kinase family targets.
  • FIGS. 4A-C illustrate additional drug phenotypes in Plaque Assays. FIG. 4A shows small plaque and large comets for compounds Apck34 (left) and Apck32 (right); FIG. 4B shows more plaque formations than wild type (WT, with only the virus infection) for compounds JGAP-13 (left) and Butyeolactones-1 (right); and FIG. 4C shows damaged monolayer for compounds Apck101(left) and YYB21 (right).
    •  DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention provides compositions comprising compounds that inhibit kinases involved in pathogen-host cell interactions that are associated with or cause pathogenic infection and methods of using such compositions. The compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to those listed in the following Table A. As used herein, the terms “compounds” and “kinase inhibitors” are used interchangeably, referring to chemicals that are capable of interacting with kinases involved in pathogen-host cell interactions that are associated with or cause pathogen infections, including but not limited to those chemicals with the structures shown in the following Table A.
  • TABLE A
    Name of the
    Compound Structure and M.F. and Molecular Weight
    Eph2_wbz 101
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00001
         		(489.55)
    Eph2_wbz 102
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00002
         		(448.49)
    Eph2_wbz 103
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00003
         		(447.49)
    Eph2_wbz 104
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00004
         		(476.5) 
    Eph2_wbz 105
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00005
         		(490.53)
    Eph2_wbz 106
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00006
         		(489.55)
    Eph2_wbz 107
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00007
         		(500.49)
    Eph2_wbz 108
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00008
         		(536.6) 
    Eph2_wbz 109
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00009
         		(482.55)
    Eph2_wbz 110
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00010
         		(474.53)
    Eph2-wbz 111
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00011
         		(520.56)
    Eph2-wbz 112
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00012
         		(462.52)
    Eph2-wbz 115
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00013
         		(466.94)
    Eph2-wbz 116
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00014
         		(471.53)
    Eph2-wbz 117
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00015
         		(546.57)
    Wbzj-1
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00016
         		(369)  
    Jak2F-2
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00017
         		(493)  
    WBZ-6
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00018
    ANIN10T
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00019
    STI—OH
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00020
    STI—F
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00021
    STLL3
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00022
    StiAF3-iAR
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00023
    StiAF3_Ue
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00024
    CGP-2-sti571
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00025
    CGP51148
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00026
    STLF2
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00027
    WBZ-4
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00028
    CP2011
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00029
         		(426.43)
    CP2012
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00030
         		(612.76)
    CP2013
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00031
         		(584.28)
    CP2014
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00032
         		(524.57)
    CP2016
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00033
         		(622.8) 
    CP2022
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00034
         		(566.6) 
    CP2028
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00035
         		(610.75)
    CP2030
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00036
         		(568.49)
    CP2024
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00037
         		(558.67)
    CP2025
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00038
         		(527.57)
    CP2015
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00039
         		(508.13)
    CP2026
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00040
         		(636.29)
    CP2029
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00041
         		(646.82)
    CP2031
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00042
         		(445.48)
    CP2021
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00043
         		(536.5) 
    CP2034
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00044
         		(736.26)
    CP2023
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00045
         		(682.68)
    CP2035
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00046
         		(566.6) 
    CP2037
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00047
         		(426.43)
    CP2025
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00048
         		(524.51)
    CP2032
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00049
         		(426.43)
    CP2031
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00050
         		(448.48)
    CP2036
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00051
         		(478.5) 
    CP2016
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00052
         		(622.8) 
    Eph2_wbz202
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00053
         		(293.32)
    Eph2-wbz203
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00054
         		(322.32)
    Eph2_wbz 204
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00055
         		(321.33)
    Eph2-wbz206
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00056
         		(334.37)
    Eph2-wbz 207
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00057
         		(345.32)
    Eph2-wbz 208
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00058
         		(481.43)
    Eph2-wbz 210
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00059
         		(319.36)
    Eph2-wbz 211
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00060
         		(365.38)
    Eph2_wbz 212
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00061
         		(307.35)
    Eph2_wbz 216
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00062
         		(316.36)
    Eph2_wbz217
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00063
         		(391.4) 
    C-met Compounds
    dm-I-164
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00064
    dm-I-165
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00065
    dm-I-166
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00066
    dm-I-173
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00067
    dm-I-174
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00068
    dm-I-175
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00069
    dm-I-176
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00070
    dm-I-177
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00071
    dm-I-178
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00072
    dm-I-179
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00073
    dm-I-180
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00074
    dm-I-183
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00075
    dm-I-184
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00076
    dm-I-185
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00077
    dm-I-186
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00078
    dm-I-187
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00079
    dm-I-189
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00080
    dm-I-190
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00081
    dm-I-192
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00082
    dm-I-193
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00083
    dm-I-194
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00084
    dm-I-195
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00085
    dm-I-196
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00086
    dm-I-197
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00087
    dm-I-198
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00088
    dm-I-199
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00089
    dm-I-200
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00090
    dm-I-201
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00091
    dm-I-202
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00092
    dm-I-203
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00093
    dm-I-205
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00094
    SAHA-1
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00095
    2F-SAHA
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00096
    3F-SAHA
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00097
    4F-SAHA
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00098
    31-SAHA
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00099
    AS-605091
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00100
    AS-604850
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00101
    AS-605240
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00102
    JGAP-11
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00103
    JGAP-13
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00104
    JGAP-5
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00105
    JGAP-7
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00106
    APcK-101
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00107
    APcK-102
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00108
    APcK-103
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00109
    APcK-104
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00110
    APcK-105
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00111
    APcK-106
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00112
    APcK-107
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00113
    APcK-108
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00114
    APcK-109
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00115
    APcK-110
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00116
    APcK-111
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00117
    APcK-112
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00118
    APcK-114
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00119
    APcK-115
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00120
    APcK-116
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00121
    APCK-17
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00122
    APCK-18
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00123
    APCK-19
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00124
    APCK-20
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00125
    APCK-21
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00126
    APCK-22
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00127
    APCK-23
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00128
    APCK-24
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00129
    APCK-25
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00130
    APCK-26
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00131
    APCK-27
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00132
    APCK-28
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00133
    APCK-29
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00134
    APCK-30
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00135
    APCK-31
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00136
    APCK-32
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00137
    APCK-33
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00138
    APCK-34
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00139
    APCK-35
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00140
    APCK-36
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00141
    APCK-37
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00142
    APCK-38
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00143
    APCK-39
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00144
    APCK-40
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00145
    APCK-41
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00146
    APCK-42
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00147
    APCK-43
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00148
    APCK-44
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00149
    APCK-45
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00150
    APCK-46
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00151
    APCK-47
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00152
    APcK-48
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00153
    APcK-49
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00154
    APcK-50
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00155
    APcK-51
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00156
    APcK-53
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00157
    APcK-54
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00158
    APcK-55
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00159
    APcK-56
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00160
    APcK-58
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00161
    butyrolactones-1
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00162
    butyrolactones-2
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00163
    butyrolactones- Biotinylated MW-583.3
    Bio Compound MH+
    MW-583.3
    MH+
    PD Compounds
    PD166326
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00164
         		(427.28)
    PD—Br
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00165
         		(476.15)
    YYA26b
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00166
         		(397.26)
    YYA103
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00167
         		(412.27)
    YYA104
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00168
         		(413.26)
    YYA105
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00169
         		(425.31)
    YYA187
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00170
         		(412.27)
    YYA188
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00171
         		(494.42)
    YYA190
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00172
         		(413.26)
    YYA194
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00173
         		(403.3) 
    YYA195
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00174
         		(453.36)
    C-Met Compounds
    YYA180
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00175
         		(435.43)
    YYA181
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00176
         		(441.46)
    YYB19
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00177
         		(354.75)
    YYB20
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00178
         		(399.83)
    YYB21
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00179
         		(481.5) 
    YYB22
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00180
         		(405.41)
    YYB23
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00181
         		(487.53)
    YYB24
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00182
         		(482.49)
    YYB25
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00183
         		(470.48)
    YYB28
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00184
         		(369.8) 
    YYB29
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00185
         		(405.86)
    YYB30
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00186
         		(436.42)
    YYB31
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00187
         		(360.33)
    YYB32
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00188
         		(442.45)
    YYB33
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00189
         		(437.41)
    YYB34
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00190
         		(425.4) 
    YYB36
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00191
         		(451.48)
    YYB37
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00192
         		(457.5) 
    YYB38
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00193
         		(452.46)
    YYB39
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00194
         		(452.46)
    YYB40
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00195
         		(440.45)
    YYB41
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00196
         		(403.43)
    YYB42
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00197
         		(411.43)
    YYB44
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00198
         		(493.56)
    Liwei Guo
    LG2-9
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00199
         		(319.16)
    LG2-7
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00200
         		(417.46)
    LG2-11
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00201
         		(492.57)
    LG2-13
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00202
         		(359.38)
    LG2-73
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00203
         		(379.21)
    LG2-87
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00204
         		(328.17)
    LG2-60
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00205
         		(331.21)
    LG2-55
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00206
         		(289.13)
    LG2-77
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00207
         		(374.24)
    LG2-65
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00208
         		(344.41)
    LG2-75
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00209
         		(418.45)
    LG2-62
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00210
         		(332.36)
    LG2-81
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00211
         		(413.47)
    LG2-89
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00212
         		(375.43)
    LG2-85
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00213
         		(316.36)
    LG2-111
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00214
         		(325.75)
    LG2-71
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00215
         		(277.28)
    LG2-53
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00216
         		(341.82)
    LG2-79
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00217
         		(413.45)
    LG2-95
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00218
         		(309.19)
    LG2-91
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00219
         		(321.15)
    LG2-101
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00220
         		(267.13)
    LG2-102
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00221
         		(324.38)
    LG2-98
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00222
         		(393.46)
    LG2-96
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00223
         		(405.43)
    LG1-93
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00224
         		(438.47)
    LG1-99
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00225
         		(424.44)
    LG1-96
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00226
         		(424.44)
    LG1-47
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00227
         		(392.40)
    LG1-41
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00228
         		(406.43)
    LG1-13
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00229
         		(410.46)
    LG1-10
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00230
         		(410.46)
    LG1-46
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00231
         		(392.40)
    LG1-47
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00232
         		(392.40)
    LG1-63
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00233
         		(396.43)
    (−)-deguelin
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00234
         		(394.42)
    LG1-68
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00235
         		(392.44)
    LG1-17
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00236
         		(392.44)
    LG1-36
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00237
         		(408.44)
    LG1-29
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00238
         		(416.51)
    LG1-28A
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00239
         		(412.48)
    LG1-48
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00240
         		(390.43)
    CR-4
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00241
         		(320.34)
    LG2-115
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00242
         		(562.57)
  • One type of the kinase inhibitors listed above are inhibitors for tyrosine kinase that are involved in pathogen-host cell interactions associated with or cause pathogenic infection. It has been reported that diverse pathogens activate tyrosine kinases, particularly members of the Abl- and Src-families. Because Abl- and Src-family kinases are essential for the host, therapeutics must be dosed properly to minimize spread of the pathogen without harming the host. Because of the diverse numbers of pathogens that use Abl- and Src-family kinases (Reeves et al., 2005, Nat. Med 11: 731-738), the development of “pan-therapeutics” that affect multiple pathogens is possible. Administration of tyrosine kinase inhibitors does not appear to interfere with acquisition of protective immunity (e.g. to poxviruses). Thus administration of therapeutics need continue only until an effective immune response has been mounted. Toxicity data from some tyrosine kinase inhibitors in cancer patients suggest that acute infections, where therapeutics could be administered for short periods of time (e.g. less than three weeks), would be ideal targets (Kerkela et al., 2006, Nat. Med. 12(8):908-16).
  • Diverse pathogens use kinases in a redundant fashion. Rather than utilize a single kinase pathway, pathogens appear to have developed molecular means to utilize several kinases within different subfamilies, perhaps as a means to increase their host range. Redundancy adds an element of complexity to the development of therapeutics. Because kinases that diverse pathogens utilize are dysregulated in a variety of human cancers, considerable effort has been made over the last two decades in developing compounds that inhibit these kinase activities. An inhibitor must be sufficiently non-specific to inhibit the class of kinases used by the pathogen, but within limits. Current efforts are also directed at identification of microbial and host molecules phosphorylated by kinases. Such molecules are also effective as therapeutic targets. It has also been found that some anti-cancer drugs have proven effective against a variety of pathogens (Reeves et al., 2005, Nat. Med 11: 731-738).
  • The present invention further provides the use of the compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention to inhibit kinases involved in pathogen-host cell interactions that are associated with or cause pathogenic infection. In particular, the present invention provides the use of these kinase inhibitors to treat or prevent diseases associated with infection from microbial pathogens, including bacterial and viral pathogens such as Escherichia coli (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis, Pox viruses (including Vaccinia and variola viruses), polyoma viruses (including JC and BK viruses), human immunodeficiency viruses (for example, HIV-1), Herpes viruses (including Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus, and Gamma Herpes virus), influenza virus, Shigella flexneri, Coxsackie virus, Helicobacter pylori, West Nile virus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and other pathogens that are described in the literature. Particularly, these kinase inhibitors for use in the present invention include compounds listed in Table A above, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers, analogs, esters, amides, prodrugs, metabolites, or derivatives thereof.
  • The kinase inhibitors described herein can be used in the methods of the invention to treat or prevent any pathogenic infection that is associated with or caused by these kinase-mediated host-pathogen interactions, particularly microbial infection, and more particularly viral and bacterial infection. Without being bound by theory, it is believed that the kinase inhibitors described herein target host cell proteins and interfere with cellular mechanisms required for pathogenesis of the host cells by pathogens and in so doing prevent the pathogenic effects. Because cellular mechanisms regulating pathogen-host interactions are remarkably conserved, it is believed that the kinase inhibitors described herein can be applied to combat infection by a wide range of pathogens. Such pathogens include various microbes such as bacteria, protozoa, viruses, algae, and fungi. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the pathogens are bacteria and viruses. Advantageously, the therapeutic approach described herein targets the host, rather than the pathogen as is seen with antibiotics, and therefore decreases the likelihood of the development of pathogen drug resistance.
  • In one embodiment, the present invention provides the use of kinase inhibitors of the present invention to treat or prevent bacterial infections. Such infections include those caused by members of the following genera and species: Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Aquaspirillum, Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bordetella pertussis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Brucella, Burkholderia, Campylobacter, Chlamydia, Clostridium, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Coxiella burnetii, Deinococcus radiodurans, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Francisella tularensis, Geobacillus, Haemophilus influenzae, Helicobacter pylori, Lactobacillus, Listeria monocytogenes, Mycobacterium, Mycoplasma, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas, Rickettsia, Salmonella, Shigella, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces coelicolor, Vibrio, and Yersinia. In a preferred embodiment, such infections include those caused by Escherichia coli, Helicobacter pylori, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB). In an other embodiment, such infections include those caused by pathogenic and/or diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains, including enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC).
  • In another embodiment, the present invention provides the use of kinase inhibitors of the present invention to treat or prevent viral infections. Such infections include those caused by members of the following virus families: Adenoviridae, Arenaviridae, Astroviridae, Bacteriophages, Baculoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Deltavirus, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Geminiviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Nodaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxyiridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Tobamoviridae, and Togaviridae. In a preferred embodiment, such infections include those caused by Pox viruses including Vaccinia and variola viruses, polyoma viruses including JC and BK viruses, Herpes viruses, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human immunodeficiency viruses (for example, HIV-1).
  • In accordance with the methods of the present invention, the kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein may be administered in combination with one another, or with other compounds, particularly antipathogenic compounds. Such antipathogenic compounds include conventional antimicrobials. In other embodiments, one or more of the kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein can be used in combination with other compounds such as cidofovir, for example, in cases related to smallpox, wherein the combination of these agents would provide for lower dosages of cidofovir to be administered, thereby decreasing the toxicity effects of this nucleoside analogue antiviral compound. Where the kinase inhibitors of the present invention are administered as part of a combination therapy to treat or prevent pathogenic infection, they may be administered concurrently or sequentially, in either order, with the additional compound(s).
  • In one embodiment, kinase inhibitors are administered to make vaccines more effective. For example, it is well known that immunization of neonates with live viruses does not contribute to acquired immunity because maternal antibodies neutralize the vaccine (Bot and Bona (2002) Microbes Infect. 4: 511). In one embodiment, administration of a kinase inhibitor of the present invention allows for safe administration of higher doses of virus to overcome antibody response and permit acquisition of cellular immunity. In another embodiment, kinase inhibitors of the present invention facilitate immune clearance of the pathogen. For some chronic viruses (e.g., HIV and polyoma), high viral loads have been found to compromise T cell function (Welsh (2001) J. Exp. Med. 193:F19). Thus, lowering the viral burden could permit recovery of T cell function and thereby facilitate clearance. In another embodiment, kinase inhibitors of the present invention permit immunocompromised individuals to be vaccinated.
  • The kinase inhibitors of the present invention are for administration in a living subject or patient, including a human being or an animal such as a laboratory monkey or mouse. It is to be understood that the present invention encompasses the use not only of the specific compounds described above, but also any pharmaceutically acceptable salts, enantiomers, analogs, esters, amides, prodrugs, metabolites, or derivatives thereof. Because some of the kinase inhibitors of the present invention are already the subject of drug development or are in use to treat certain cancers, data has established that they are well tolerated in humans even for extended periods (months), and are not toxic. The drugs can be ingested orally, are stable at room temperature, and are simple and inexpensive to manufacture.
  • In one embodiment of the present invention, a method of treating or preventing pathogenic infection, particularly microbial infection, comprises administering to a living subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition suitable for administration to the living subject where the pharmaceutical composition comprises: (a) at least one kinase inhibitor of the present invention in an amount effective for augmenting an inhibitable response from a host cell of the living subject responsive to at least one pathogen, particularly a microbe; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to the living subject. In another embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a living subject, comprising: (a) at least one kinase inhibitor in an amount effective for augmenting an inhibitable response from a host cell of the living subject responsive to at least one bacteria; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to a living subject. In another embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions suitable for administration to a living subject, comprising: (a) at least one kinase inhibitor in an amount effective for augmenting an inhibitable response from a host cell of the living subject responsive to at least one virus; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier suitable for administration to a living subject. In yet another preferred embodiment, the kinase inhibitors of the present invention are tyrosine kinase inhibitors, preferably, the Abl- and/or Src-family tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
  • Depending upon the pathogenic infection to be treated or prevented, the pharmaceutical composition comprising a kinase inhibitor of the present invention described herein can be administered by any suitable route, including, but not limited to, orally, nasally, buccally, sublingually, intravenously, transmucosally, rectally, topically, transdermally, subcutaneously, by inhalation, or intrathecally administration.
  • In one of the preferred embodiments, these pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of orally administrable suspensions, drinking solutions, or tablets; nasal sprays or nasal drops; or oleaginous suspensions or suppositories. When administered orally as a suspension, compositions of the present invention are prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may contain microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweeteners/flavoring agents known in the art. As immediate release tablets, these compositions may contain microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants known in the art. Components in the formulation of a mouthwash or rinse include antimicrobials, surfactants, cosurfactants, oils, water and other additives such as sweeteners/flavoring agents known in the art. When administered by a dribbling solution, the composition comprises one or more of the kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein dissolved in drinking liquid such as water, with appropriate pH adjustment, and with carrier. The compound dissolved in the drinking liquid is an amount sufficient to give a concentration in the bloodstream on the order of 1 nM and above, preferably in an effective amount that is effective in vivo.
  • When administered nasally, these compositions are prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents known in the art (see, for example, Ansel et al. (1999) Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (7th ed.). Preferably these compositions and formulations are prepared with suitable nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients. These ingredients are known to those skilled in the preparation of nasal dosage forms and some of these can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences (18th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Eaton, Pa.; 1990), a standard reference in the field. The choice of suitable carriers is highly dependent upon the exact nature of the nasal dosage form desired, e.g., solutions, suspensions, ointments, or gels. Nasal dosage forms generally contain large amounts of water in addition to the active ingredient. Minor amounts of other ingredients such as pH adjusters, emulsifiers or dispersing agents, preservatives, surfactants, gelling agents, or buffering and other stabilizing and solubilizing agents may also be present.
  • The formulations for the kinase inhibitors of the present invention may be varied to include: (1) other acids and bases to adjust the pH, (2) other tonicity-imparting agents such as sorbitol, glycerin, and dextrose; (3) other antimicrobial preservatives such as other parahydroxy benzoic acid esters, sorbate, benzoate, propionate, chlorbutanol, phenylethyl alcohol, benzalkonium chloride, and mercurials; (4) other viscosity imparting agents such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl alcohol and other gums; (5) suitable absorption enhancers; (6) stabilizing agents such as antioxidants, like bisulfate and ascorbate, metal chelating agents such as sodium edentate, and drug solubility enhancers such as polyethylene glycols.
  • The above nasal formulations can be administered as drops, sprays, or by any other intranasal dosage form. Optionally, the delivery system can be a unit dose delivery system. The volume of solution or suspension delivered per dose can be anywhere from 5 to 500 microliters, and preferably 5 to 200 microliters. Delivery systems for these various dosage forms can be dropper bottles, plastic squeeze units, atomizers, and the like in either unit dose or multiple dose packages. Lozenges can be prepared according to U.S. Pat. No. 3,439,089, herein incorporated by reference for these purposes.
  • When rectally administered in the form of suppositories, these compositions may be prepared by mixing the kinase inhibitors of the present invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters, or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquify and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
  • Dosage levels on the order of 1 mg/day or above may be useful in the treatment or prevention of pathogenic infections and related diseases within a host organism as noted herein above. In one embodiment of the present invention, a patient in need of treatment or prevention of pathogenic infection is administered a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein in an effective amount of about 1 mg/day to about 1000 mg/day, for a patient having approximately 70 kg body weight. It will be understood, however, that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific salt or other form employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity of the particular condition, and the host undergoing therapy. In one preferred regimen, such dosages can be administered to a subject in need thereof by either nasal spray or by oral lozenge.
  • The effectiveness of using the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention to treat or prevent a specific pathogenic infection, particularly microbial infection, may vary, for example, depending on the infectious agent, stage of infection, severity of infection, age, weight, and sex of the patient, and the like.
  • As used herein, the term “treatment” is defined as the application or administration of one or more kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein to a subject, where the subject has a pathogenic infection as noted elsewhere herein, a symptom associated with a pathogenic infection, or a predisposition toward development of a pathogenic infection, where the purpose is to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the pathogenic infection, any associated symptoms of the pathogenic infection, or the predisposition toward the development of the pathogenic infection. The term “treatment” is also defined as an intended application or administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more kinase inhibitors of the present invention described herein to a subject, where the subject has a pathogenic infection as noted elsewhere herein, a symptom associated with a pathogenic infection, or a predisposition toward development of a pathogenic infection, where the purpose is to cure, heal, alleviate, relieve, alter, remedy, ameliorate, improve, or affect the pathogenic infection, any associated symptoms of the pathogenic infection, or the predisposition toward the development of the pathogenic infection.
  • The kinase inhibitors, particularly the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, of the present invention described herein are useful in treating or preventing pathogenic infections as noted herein above. Treatment or prevention of pathogenic infection in the manner set forth herein is also useful for transplant patients, for example, kidney transplant patients, where emergence of pathogens, particularly polyoma viruses, for example, JC and BK, and pathogenic infection can diminish function of the transplanted organ. In like manner, HIV infection can destroy oligodendrocytes in the brain, leading to AIDS-related dementia. Thus, in addition to treating or preventing pathogenic infections as noted elsewhere herein, the kinase inhibitors, particularly the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, of the present invention described herein can be used to control secondary infection in HIV-positive and AIDS patients and in patients receiving transplants, for example, kidney transplants, and to control AIDS-related dementia. Further, the kinase inhibitors, particularly, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors, can be used prophylactically to prevent spread of infectious virions, for example, associated with Vaccinia infections, in immunocompromised individuals, including HIV-positive and AIDS patients and in patients receiving transplants.
  • The present invention provides the use of kinase inhibitors to treat or prevent microbal infections caused by bacterial and/or viral pathogens. One of the bacterial pathogens is pathogenic E. coli, including enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), which contaminates water and food supplies and causes infantile diarrhea. EPEC and EHEC are classified by NIAID as category B pathogens. In developing nations, EPEC causes sickness in some 20 million per year, killing 500,000 (Goosney et al. (2000) Annul Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 16: 173). EHEC, causative agent of “raw hamburger disease,” contaminates food and is associated with diarrhea and an often fatal consequence, hemolytic-uremic syndrome. EHEC possess two Shiga toxins, which cause the symptoms associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome (Perna et al. (2001) Nature, 409(6819): 529-33).
  • EPEC, EHEC, and Citrobacter (C) rodentium (mouse EPEC) form actin-filled membrane protrusions or “pedestals” beneath themselves on the surface of epithelial cells (Knutton et al. (1989) Lancet 2: 218; McDaniel et al. (1997) Mol. Microbiol., 23: 399). Pedestals prevent phagocytosis, allow colonization of the host, and are required for subsequent development of disease (Goosney et al. (1999) Infect. Immun., 67: 490; Jerse et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87: 7839). The mechanisms by which pedestals form have been extensively investigated (Kalman et al. (1999) Nat. Cell Biol., 1: 389). The development of both pedestals and diarrhea are critically dependent on the activation of a host tyrosine kinase beneath the bacterium, which phosphorylates a bacterial protein secreted into the host cell called Tir (Kenny et al. (1997) Cell, 91: 511; Kenny (1999) Mol. Microbiol., 31: 1229). Upon binding of the bacterial ligand intimin, a host signal transduction cascade is initiated that leads to pedestal formation.
  • The watershed event in EPEC pathogenesis is the phosphorylation of EPEC Tir (Kenny (1999) Mol. Microbiol., 31: 1229). Once phosphorylated, EPEC Tir facilitates recruitment and activation of host cell proteins, including Nck, N-WASP, and Arp2/3 complex, that initiate actin polymerization to construct and brace the pedestal (Kalman et al. (1999) Nat. Cell Biol., 1: 389; Lommel et al. (2001) EMBO Rep., 2: 850; Gruenheid et al. (2001) Nat. Cell Biol., 3: 85619; Rohatgi et al. (1999) Cell, 97: 221).
  • One of the viral pathogens described herein are vaccinia virus (VV) and variola viruses that are members of the Poxyiridae family that are 95% identical in sequence (Esposito et al. (1990) Poxviruses, in Fields Virology, D. M. Knipe, Editor, Raven Press: New York. p. 2336; Moss (1990) Poxyiridae: The Viruses and Their Replication, in Fields Virology, D. M. Knipe, Editor. Raven Press: New York. p. 2336). VV western reserve (WR) strain serves as a vaccinating agent for variola major, the cause of smallpox. VV and variola enter mammalian cells, establish extranuclear replication “factories,” and produce enveloped virions (Moss (1990) Poxyiridae: The Viruses and Their Replication, in Fields Virology, D. M. Knipe, Editor. Raven Press: New York. p. 2336). These virions travel to the cell surface using microtubule motors and transit into apposing cells by polymerizing actin (Ploubidou et al. (2000) EMBO J., 19(15): p. 3932-44; Rietdorf et al. (2001) Nat. Cell Biol., 3(11): p. 992-1000; Ward and Moss (2001) J. Virol., 75(23): p. 11651-63; Ward and Moss (2001) J. Virol., 75(10): p. 4802-13; Cudmore et al. (1996) J; Cell Sci., 109 (Pt 7): p. 1739-47; Cudmore et al. (1997) Trends Microbiol., 5(4): p. 142-8). There virions polymerize actin to propel themselves through the host cell cytoplasm and towards the plasma membrane, where they exit the cell and enter apposing cells. Formation of actin “comets” is considered critical for vaccinia to spread from cell to cell. For actin-based motility, vaccinia relies on the recruitment of host cell molecules to the surface of the particle, including tyrosine kinases. Ultimately, the host cell undergoes cytolysis thereby releasing additional infectious particles.
  • Tyrosine and serine/threonine kinases are important for several aspects of viral infection. Actin-based motility depends on the activity of the host cell tyrosine kinases related to c-Src and Abl, and replication at least in part depends on a viral kinase, though the precise mechanism is less well understood (Frischknecht et al. (1999) Nature 401(6756):926-929; Rempel et al. (1992) J. Virol. 66(7):4413-4426; Traktman et al. (1995) J; Virol. 69(10):6581-6587; Traktman et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264(36):21458-21461).
  • Upon entry of the pox virus into host cells, the virion moves to a juxtanuclear location where it replicates up to 104 concatemeric genomes (Moss (1990) Poxyiridae: The Viruses and Their Replication, in Fields Virology, D. M. Knipe, Editor. Raven Press: New York, p. 2336). The concatemers ultimately form individual enveloped particles (called intracellular mature virions (IMVs), some of which are packaged in additional membranes to form intracellular enveloped virions (IEVs; Smith et al. (2003) Annul Rev. Microbiol., pp. 323-342). Cytolysis releases IMVs from the cell. Prior to cytolysis, however, IEVs travel towards the host cell periphery via a kinesin/microtubule transport system (Carter et al. (2003) J. Gen. Virol., pp. 2443-2458; Hollinshead et al. (2001) J. Cell Biol., pp. 389-402; Rietdorf et al. (2001) Nat. Cell Biol., pp. 992-1000; Ward and Moss (2001) J. Virol., pp., 11651-11663).
  • To exit the cell, the intracellular enveloped virus (IEV) particle fuses with the plasma membrane of the host cell to form a cell-associated enveloped virus (CEV), leaving behind one of its two outer membranes (Smith et al. (2003) Ann. Rev. Microbiol., pp., 323-342; Smith et al. (2002) J; Gen. Virol., pp. 2915-2931). CEVs either detach directly, or initiate actin polymerization to propel the particle on an actin-filled membrane protuberance towards an apposing cell and then detach (Smith et al. (2003) Ann. Rev. Microbiol., pp., 323-342). Actin motility depends on Abl and Src family kinases whereas detachment of CEVs to form extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) depends on Abl family kinases (Smith et al. (2003) Ann. Rev. Microbiol., pp., 323-342).
  • It is known that the protein encoded by the VV A36R gene (called A36R), located in the membrane surrounding the CEV, is required for actin polymerization; and virulence (Wolffe et al. (1998) Virology pp. 20-26; Parkinson and Smith (1994) Virology pp. 376-390). The watershed event in actin polymerization and cell-to-cell spread is the phosphorylation of A36R tyrosine residues by a host cell tyrosine kinase (Newsome et al. (2004) Science 306:124-128; Frischknecht et al. (1999) Nature 401(6756):926-929). There is a remarkable homology between the EPEC Tir protein described above and the VV protein A36R, therefore using similar but not identical host signaling factors as EPEC to polymerize actin and exit from the host cell (Frischknecht and Way (2001) Trends Cell Biol. 11(1):30-38).
  • Previous reports suggest that the mammalian tyrosine kinase c-Src localizes to virions (Frischknecht et al. (1999) Nature 401(6756):926-929). Moreover, the release of virions from microtubules and nucleation of actin to form actin tails depends on phosphorylation of A36R by Src or other kinases (Newsome et al. (2004) Science 306:124-128; Frischknecht et al. (1999) Nature 401(6756):926-929; Kalman et al. (1999) Nat. Cell. Bio. 1:389-391). Once phosphorylated, A36R facilitates detachment of kinesin and recruitment and activation of host cell proteins, including Nck, Grb2, N-WASP, and the Arp2/3 complex, which initiate actin polymerization beneath the particle (Frischknecht and Way (2001) Trends Cell Biol. 11(1):30-38; Moreau et al. (2000) Nat. Cell Biol., pp. 441-448; Scaplehorn et al. (2002) Curr. Biol., pp. 740 745). Indeed vaccinia uses mechanisms similar to those used by Shigella flexneri to propel itself through the host cytoplasm. For example, both Shigella and Vaccinia recruit and activate N-WASP and the Arp2/3 complex as a means of polymerizing actin (Frischknecht and Way (2001) Trends Cell Biol. 11(1):30-38).
  • These and many other variations and embodiments of the invention will be apparent to one of skill in the art upon a review of the appended description and examples.
    • EXAMPLES Example 1 Drug Screening Using Microscopy Assays
  • The present invention provides drug screening assays for microbal pathogens. In one of the preferred embodiments, the present invention provides drug screening assays for viral pathogens, preferably, the poxviruses. Two exemplary drug screening assays: the microscopy assay and the Plaque Assay, are provided herein. The purpose of microscopy assays is to screen compounds in a high throughput format for their effects on the formation of actin protein filled membranous protrusions caused by vaccinia virus egressing from an infected cell (or “tails”). The microscopy assays also reveal, albeit indirectly effects on replication or viral maturation.
  • To do the microscopy assays, cultured 3T3 cells were added at a low density to collagen/PDL-coated glass microscopy slips or on 96 well optical tissue culture plates. The cells were allowed to adhere to these slips overnight. The next day, the media was removed from these cells and replaced with low-serum media. Approximately 106 vaccinia virus virions were added directly to the low-serum media and infection was allowed to continue for 1 hour at 37° C. to permit adsorption of virus to the cells. After 1 hour, the compounds of the present inventions were added at a 1:10 dilution directly to the infected cells. Infection was allowed to continue for another 16 hours. After this period the media was removed and the cells fixed and stained. Actin protein was visualized with fluor-conjugated phalloidin and DNA (viral and cellular) was visualized by staining with DAPI, as described (see Reeves et al., 2005, Nat. Med. 11: 731-738). Cells were imaged on a multiwavelength fluorescence microscope for the presence of cytopathic effect, viral infection and actin protein tail formation.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates actin protein tails from microscopy assays for wide type (WT, virus infection with no drug treatment) (top row) and with compounds STI-F (middle row) and Eph—2wbz—203 (bottom row), and their likely kinase family targets. The results presented that compound STI-F induced few actin tails, whereas compound Eph—2wbz—203 induced wild-type actin protein tails, suggesting that these compounds may target tyrosine kinase to inhibit viral infections.
    • Example 2 Drug Screening Using Plaque Assays
  • The purpose of the plaque assays is to screen compounds for their effect on vaccinia virus plaque size, and on the formation of “comet” plaques, an archipelago of smaller plaques that form adjacent to a large plaque. Large plaques form as virus from an infected cell egresses, by means of actin protein tails, and infects an apposing cell. An infected cell eventually dies leaving a hole in the monolayer. Comet plaques occur when a form of the virus (called EEV) is released into the supernatant and settles adjacent to a large plaque. Comets are generally smaller than large plaques because the initial infection is derived from virus produced by an adjacent large plaque, not by the initial inoculum. To a small extent, the size of the large plaques is determined by EEV as well. Formation of actin protein tails (and thus the size of large plaques) depends on Src- and Abl-family kinases (Reeves et al., 2005, Nature Medicine. 11: 731-738), whereas the formation of EEV (and hence comets) depends on Abl-family kinases. Inhibitors of Abl- and Src-family kinases result in “pinpoint” plaques (e.g. PD166326), whereas inhibitors of Abl-family kinases cause somewhat reduced plaque size and loss of comets (e.g. Gleevec® or STI-571). The Src and Abl family tyrosine kinases have been found to participate in vaccine virus (VV) action motility and release of infectious virions, and inhibitors of these tyrosine kinases block formation of action tails. See WO 2205/072826, the entire publication is incorporated by reference herein.
  • To do the plaque assay, cultured BSC40 cells were added to 12-well tissue culture dishes at a high density. These cells were allowed to adhere overnight and reach confluency. The media covering the monolayers was removed and replaced with low serum media (2% FBS). Approximately 1×103 PFU of vaccinia virus was added to the monolayers and allowed to adsorb to the cells for 1 hour. Following adsorption, the low serum media was removed and replaced with complete media (10% FBS). Compounds of the present invention were added to complete media for a final concentration of 100 μM. Monolayers were allowed to incubate for approximately 3 days at 37° C. undisturbed. After this period, the media is removed and cells are fixed and stained with a Crystal Violet solution, and scored for plaque size or the presence of comets.
  • Compounds as disclosed in Summary Table B (See Table B) have been identified that have activity against poxvirus and specifically vaccinia virus (VV) based on the plaque assays. For instance, FIG. 1 shows compounds Eph—2wbz—105, Eph—2wbz—203, Eph—2wbz—206 and LG2-71 produce small plaques with comets (FIG. 1B), whereas compounds DM-1-187 and DM-1-196 produce smaller (pinpoint) plaques with no comets (FIG. 1C). Compounds Eph—2wbz—110, Apck108, Apck111, Apck26, and Apck27 produce pinpoint plaques (FIG. 2A), whereas compounds Apck105, LG2-91 and LG2-96 produce no plaques (FIG. 2B). Moreover, FIG. 4 illustrates additional phenotypes: such as small plaques with large comets produced by compounds Apck34 and Apck32 (FIG. 4A); more plaques than WT were produced by treated with compounds JGAP-13 and Butyeolactones-1 (FIG. 4B); and damaged monolayer was produced by treated with compounds Apck101 and YYB21 (FIG. 4C).
  • Based on the results with inhibitors of Src- and Abl-family kinases, (e.g. PD166326 and BMS354825), we chose to score the infected monolayers for three categories: (Class I) no difference from untreated cells; (Class II) small plaques without evidence of comets, indicative of an inhibitor of Abl-family kinases and EEV release; and (Class III) pinpoint plaques or absence of plaques, and absence of comets, indicative of an inhibitor of Src- and Abl-family kinases, a block in actin tails and release of EEV. Compounds belong to Class II category include, but are not limited to Eph2_wbz 107; WBZ-4; Eph2-wbz206; Eph2-wbz 211; APcK-107; APcK109; APcK110; YYB41; YYB44; LG2-62; LG2-79; JAK2F (See Table B below). Compounds belong to Class III category include, but are not limited to Eph2_wbz 102; Eph2_wbz 103; Eph2_wbz 104; Eph2_wbz 105; Eph2_wbz 106; Eph2_wbz 110; Eph2-wbz 112; Eph2-wbz 117; STI-OH; STI-F; STLL3; StiAF3_Ue; STLF2; Eph2_wbz202; Eph2-wbz203; Eph2_wbz216, AS605091; AS604850; AS605240; APcK-102; APcK-103; APcK104; APcK-105; APcK-106; APcK108; APcK111; APcK-26; APcK27; APcK35; APcK40; APcK43; APcK44; APcK48; dm-1-187; dm-1-193; dm-1-196; dm-1-203; PD166326; PD-Br; YYA104; YYA188; YYA194; YYA195; YYB19; YYB31; YYB32; LG2-9; LG2-11; LG2-13; LG2-85; LG2-71; LG2-95; LG2-91; LG2-101; LG2-102; LG2-98; LG2-96 (See Table B below).
  • Some of the compounds tested herewith, e.g., ApCK103, Apck-43, LG2-55, and LG2-71 had effects in both the Herpes and Vaccinia assays (see also below, and Table B below). Others (e.g. PD166326 and related compounds described in previous applications) had effects in both vaccinia assays and assays with pathogenic E. coli (Swimm et al., 2004, Molecular Biology of the Cell. 2004. 15:3520-3529). Some of the Class II and III compounds were also tested in microscopy assays as described above. The results showed that Class II compounds tested in that assay did not affect the number of actin tails, whereas Class III compounds tested in that assay reduced or eliminated actin tails (See FIG. 3). As described above, FIG. 3 illustrates actin protein tail and plaque formations from microscopy and plaque vaccinia assays for wide type (WT, with only the vaccinia virus infection) (top row) and with compounds STI-F (middle row) and Eph—2wbz—203 (bottom row), and their likely kinase family targets. Based on the characterization of the kinase-dependence of actin motility, these data indicate that Class II compounds likely inhibit Abl-family kinases and Class III compounds likely inhibit both Abl- and Src-family kinases, though there might be a possibility that other kinases are also inhibited.
  • The results provided herewith also provide implications for a treatment of poxyiral infections. Because the phenotypes caused by Gleevec®, an inhibitor used for the treatment of poxyiral infections, are consistent with the phenotypes caused by the Classes II and III compounds described herewith, it suggests that both Class II and Class III compounds will likely block EEV release. Because EEV mediate dissemination of the virus in vivo, these compounds will likely confine the infection to a particular locale (e.g. lungs). Furthermore, because Gleevec® does not interfere with the acquisition of protective immunity, immunosuppressive effects of the Class II or Class III compounds provided herewith would not be expected.
    • Example 3 Drug Screening Assays for Herpes Virus
  • All herpes viruses share the property of establishing life-long infection in their host. Notably, the gamma-herpes viruses are all associated with the development of lymphomas and other cancers. To determine whether tyrosine kinases participate in gamma-herpes virus infections, confluent monolayers of 3T3 cells were exposed and plated in optical 96 well dishes to the library of compounds of the present invention described herein for 1 hour. The cells were then infected with a gamma-herpes variant that expresses GFP under a CMV promoter (GHV-Bac-GFP), and replaced the compounds of the present invention at final concentration of 10 μM.
  • After 7 days, control cells that were left untreated exhibited marked cytopathic effects, an effect attributed to the spread of the initial infection throughout the monolayer, and subsequent lysis of infected cells. Amongst compound treated cells, three phenotypes were evident: (i) compound treated cells showed evidence of cytopathic effects to the same extent as controls. Because compound treated cells left uninfected showed little evidence of cytopathic effects this phenotype indicates that compounds causing this phenotype did not affect viral entry, egress from an infected cell, spread within the monolayer, or lysis; (ii) Monolayers of cells remained intact after treated with this group of compounds, and examination of the GFP fluorescence indicated foci of fluorescence that did not spread throughout the monolayer. This phenotype indicates that the compounds causing this phenotype likely block virus entry or egress. Exemplary compounds include, but are not limited to CGP-2 (Gleevec®), StiAF3-iAR, and LG2-71 compounds of the present invention (See Table B below); and (iii) Monolayers of cells also remained intact after treated with this group of compounds, but examination of the GFP fluorescence indicated fluorescence throughout the monolayer. This phenotype indicates that the compounds causing this phenotype did not block viral entry or egress but may inhibit cellular lysis. Exemplary compounds include, but are not limited to CGP51148WBZ-4, Apck103, Apck21, APck25, APcK36, ApcK 42, APCK50, APCK51, APCK53, LG2-55, LG2-77, and LG2-81 (See Table B below). Together these data suggest that compounds in groups (ii) and (iii) affect aspects of viral growth, and limit production of new virus, and are further expected to be useful for treating and preventing pathogenic infections.
  • Although these compounds provided herewith are designed to inhibit tyrosine kinases, there is no evidence in the literature for the involvement of tyrosine kinases in gamma Herpes pathogenesis, and off-site effects of these compounds on cellular or viral targets would not be ruled out. Nevertheless, the compounds identified herewith may prove effective in treating infections caused by Herpes virus and related virus, including, but not limited to Epstein Barr virus and Herpes Simplex virus.
  • Many modifications and other embodiments of the inventions set forth herein will come to mind to one skilled in the art to which these inventions pertain having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the inventions are not be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. Further, it must be noted that as used in this specification and the appended embodiments, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
  • All publications and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All publications and patent applications are herein incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.
  • TABLE B
    VACCINIA
    VACCINIA PLAQUE
    COMPOUND STRUCTURE Plaque Assay ASSAY 2 HERPES
    Eph2_wbz 101
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00243
         		WT Not screened WT
    Eph2_wbz 102
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00244
         		NO PLAQUES no plaques WT
    Eph2_wbz 103
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00245
         		NO PLAQUES PINPOINT WT
    Eph2_wbz 104
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00246
         		NO PLAQUES SLITGHLY SMALLER PLAQUES WT
    Eph2_wbz 105
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00247
         		SMALLER PLAQUES THAN WT NO PLAQUES WT
    Eph2_wbz 106
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00248
         		NO PLAQUES SMALLER PLAQUES THAN WT WT
    Eph2_wbz 107
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00249
         		SMALLER PLAQUES THAN WT SMALLER PLAQUES THAN WT WT
    Eph2_wbz 110
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00250
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES PINPOINT WT
    Eph2-wbz 112
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00251
         		SMALL PLAQUES PINPOINT WT
    Eph2-wbz 115
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00252
         		WT DELAYED CPE
    Eph2-wbz 116
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00253
         		CPE WT
    Eph2-wbz 117
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00254
         		NO PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES; COMETS? WT
    WBZ-6
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00255
         		CPE DELAYED CPE
    STI-OH
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00256
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES WT
    STI-F
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00257
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    STLL3
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00258
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    StiAF3-iAR
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00259
         		CPE ENTRY OR EGRESS INHIBITOR
    StiAF3_Ue
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00260
         		NO PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    STLF2
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00261
         		PIN POINT PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    WBZ-4
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00262
         		SMALL PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES WT
    Eph2_wbz202
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00263
         		PLAQUES SMALLER THAN WT, STILL SEE COMETS PINPOINT PLAQUES WT
    Eph2-wbz203
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00264
         		SMALL PLAQUES, STILL SEE COMETS SMALL PLAQUES WT
    Eph2-wbz206
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00265
         		SMALL PLAQUES, COMETS? SMALL PLAQUES WT
    Eph2-wbz 211
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00266
         		SMALL PLAQUES Comets? SLIGHTLY SMALLER PLAQUES WT
    Eph2_wbz 216
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00267
         		SLIGHTLY SMALLER PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    Eph2_wbz217
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00268
         		SLIGHTLY SMALLER PLAQUES WT WT
    AS-605091
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00269
         		SMALL PLAQUES PINPOINT PLAQUES WT
    AS-604850
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00270
         		NO PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    AS-604240
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00271
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES PINPOINT PLAQUES WT
    APcK-101
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00272
         		CPE WT
    APcK-102
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00273
         		SMALLER PLAQUES THAN WT NO PLAQUES WT
    APcK-103
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00274
         		NO PLAQUES NO PLAQUES DELAYED CPE
    APcK-104
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00275
         		SMALLER PLAQUES THAN WT. NO COMETS PINPOINT PLAQUES WT
    APcK-105
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00276
         		NO PLAQUES PINPOINT PLAQUES WT
    APcK-106
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00277
         		SMALLER PLAQUES THAN WT PINPOINT PLAQUES WT
    APcK-107
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00278
         		SMALLER PLAQUES THAN WT SMALLER PLAQUES THAN WT WT
    APcK-108
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00279
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-109
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00280
         		SLIGHTLY SMALLER PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES, LARGE TAILS WT
    APcK-110
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00281
         		SMALL PLAQUES, SEE LOTS OF SATELLITE PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-111
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00282
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES PINPOINT PLAQUES WT
    APcK-115
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00283
         		WT SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-19
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00284
         		WT SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-20
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00285
         		WT NO PLAQUES WT
    APcK-21
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00286
         		WT DELAYED CPE
    APcK-25
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00287
         		WT DELAYED CPE
    APcK-26
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00288
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-27
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00289
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-28
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00290
         		WT SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-29
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00291
         		WT SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-31
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00292
         		WT SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-32
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00293
         		LARGE COMETS WT
    APcK-34
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00294
         		SMALL PLAQUES, LARGE COMETS WT
    APcK-35
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00295
         		SMALL PLAQUES, NO COMETS NO PLAQUES WT
    APcK-36
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00296
         		WT DELAYED CPE
    APcK-37
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00297
         		WT SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-38
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00298
         		WT NO PLAQUES WT
    APcK-39
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00299
         		WT NO PLAQUES WT
    APcK-40
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00300
         		SLIGHTLY SMALLER PLAQUES PINPOINT PLAQUES WT
    APcK-41
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00301
         		WT NO PLAQUES WT
    APcK-42
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00302
         		WT DELAYED CPE
    APcK-43
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00303
         		NO PLAQUES NO PLAQUES DELAYED CPE
    APcK-44
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00304
         		SMALL PLAQUES WITH COMETS PINPOINT PLAQUES WT
    APcK-48
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00305
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-49
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00306
         		WT SMALL PLAQUES WT
    APcK-50
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00307
         		WT DELAYED CPE
    APcK-51
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00308
         		WT DELAYED CPE
    APcK-53
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00309
         		WT DELAYED CPE
    APcK-55
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00310
         		WT NO PLAQUES WT
    APcK-58
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00311
         		WT NO PLAQUES WT
    butyrolactones-1
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00312
         		SMALL PLAQUES WITH LARGE TAILS OR CPE WT
    dm-I-180
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00313
         		LARGE TAILS WT
    dm-I-183
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00314
         		CPE WT
    dm-I-184
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00315
         		WT SLIGHTLY SMALLER PLAQUES WT
    dm-I-187
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00316
         		SMALL PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    dm-I-193
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00317
         		SMALL PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    dm-I-196
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00318
         		SMALL PLAQUES, NO TAILS PINPOINTS WT
    dm-I-203
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00319
         		SMALL PLAQUES PINPOINTS WT
    PD166326
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00320
         		CPE NO PLAQUES WT
    PD-Br
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00321
         		SMALL PLAQUES, CPE NO PLAQUES WT
    YYA26b
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00322
         		CPE WT
    YYA103
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00323
         		CPE WT
    YYA104
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00324
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    YYA105
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00325
         		CPE WT
    YYA187
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00326
         		CPE WT
    YYA188
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00327
         		NO PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    YYA190
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00328
         		CPE (MONOLAYER NOT INFECTED WITH VV; DRUG DESTROYED MONOLAYER, THOUGH) WT
    YYA194
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00329
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    YYA195
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00330
         		NO PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    YYB19
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00331
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    YYB21
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00332
         		CPE WT
    YYB23
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00333
         		CPE WT
    YYB31
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00334
         		FEW COMETS PINPOINTS WT
    YYB32
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00335
         		SMALLER PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES WT
    YYB34
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00336
         		LARGE COMETS WT
    YYB41
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00337
         		SMALL PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES WT
    YYB44
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00338
         		MEDIUM PLAQUES SMALL PLAQUES WT
    LG2-9
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00339
         		SLIGHTLY SMALLER PLAQUES PINPOINTS WT
    LG2-11
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00340
         		CPE, PINPOINT PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    LG2-13
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00341
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES SLIGHTL SMALLER PLAQUES WT
    LG2-60
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00342
         		WT NO PLAQUES WT
    LG2-55
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00343
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES WT DELAYED CPE
    LG2-77
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00344
         		WT WT DELAYED CPE
    LG2-62
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00345
         		SMALLER PLAQUES THAN WT SMALL PLAQUES WT
    LG2-81
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00346
         		WT DELAYED CPE
    LG2-85
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00347
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    LG2-111
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00348
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES WT WT
    LG2-71
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00349
         		SMALL PLAQUES, WITH COMETS PINPOINTS ENTRY OR EGRESS INHIBITOR
    LG2-79
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00350
         		SMALLER PLAQUES, COMETS? SMALL PLAQUES WT
    LG2-95
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00351
         		PINPOINT PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    LG2-91
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00352
         		NO PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    LG2-101
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00353
         		SMALL PLAQUES, WITH TAILS PINPOINTS WT
    LG2-102
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00354
         		NO PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    LG2-98
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00355
         		SMALL PLAQUES, WITH TAILS PINPOINTS WT
    LG2-96
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00356
         		NO PLAQUES NO PLAQUES WT
    JGAP-11
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00357
         		MORE PLAQUES THAN WT WT
    JGAP-13
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00358
         		MORE PLAQUES THAN WT WT
    JGAP-5
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00359
         		MASSIVE COMETS WT
    CGP-2
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00360
         		CPE ENTRY OR EGRESS INHIBITOR
    CGP51148 WBZ-4
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00361
         		CPE DELAYED CPE
    AMN107 CPE WT
    JAK2F
    Figure US20120302565A1-20121129-C00362
         		SMALL PLAQUES SLIGHTLY SMALLER PLAQUES WT
    HERPES—WT IS OBLITERATED MONOLAYER
    VACCINIA VIRUS—WT, PLAQUE ASSAY IS NORMAL SIZED PLAQUES AND COMET TAILS
    CPE—CYTOPATHIC EFFECTS

Claims (16)

1. A method of preventing or treating pathogenic infection comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of compositions comprising one or more kinase inhibitors as set forth in Table A to a patient in need thereof for preventing or treating infection caused by a broad array of pathogens.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said kinase inhibitors are tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein said tyrosine kinase inhibitors are Abl- or Src-family tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein said pathogenic infection is caused by bacterial pathogens.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein said bacterial pathogens are selected from the group consisting of Escherichia coli (enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohemmorhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli (EIEC)), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (mTB), Pseudomonas aerginosa, Chlamydia trachomatis, Pox viruses (including Vaccinia and variola viruses), polyoma viruses (including JC and BK viruses), human immunodeficiency viruses (for example, HIV-1), Herpes viruses (including Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus, and Gamma Herpes virus), influenza virus, Shigella flexneri, Coxsakie virus, Helicobacter pylori, West Nile virus, Listeria monocytogeres, Salmonella typhimurium, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and other pathogens.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein said pathogenic infection is caused by viral pathogens.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein said viral pathogens are selected from the group consisting of Adenoviridae, Arenaviridae, Astroviridae, Bacteriophages, Baculoviridae, Bunyaviridae, Calciviridae; Coronaviridae, Deltavirus, Filoviridae, Flaviviridae, Geminiviridae, Hepadnaviridae, Herpesviridae, Nodaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Papovaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, Parvoviridae, Phycodnaviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxyiridae, Reoviridae, Retroviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Tobainoviridae, and Togaviridae, Poxviruses including Vaccinia and variola viruses, polyoma viruses including JC and BK viruses, Herpes viruses including Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus, and Gamma Herpes virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV-1).
8. The method of claim 6, wherein said pathogenic infection is caused by poxvirus.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein said pathogenic infection is caused by vaccinia viruses.
10. The method of claim 6, wherein pathogenic infection is caused by Herpes viruses including Herpes Simplex virus, Epstein Barr virus, and Gamma Herpes virus.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein said kinase inhibitor is StiAF3-iAR or LG2-71.
12. The method of claim 1, wherein said kinase inhibitor is WBZ-6, CGP51148WBZ-4, Eph2_wbz, Apck103, Apck21, APck25, APcK36, APCK50, APCK51, APCK53, LG2-55, LG2-77, or LG2-81.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein said pathogenic infection is an acute infection.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein said acute infection is treated for short periods of time.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein said short periods of time is less than three weeks.
16. The method of claim 1, wherein said kinase inhibitors are set forth in Summary Table B.
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