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US20120296041A1 - Polymers functionalized with nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group - Google Patents

Polymers functionalized with nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group Download PDF

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US20120296041A1
US20120296041A1 US13/522,983 US201113522983A US2012296041A1 US 20120296041 A1 US20120296041 A1 US 20120296041A1 US 201113522983 A US201113522983 A US 201113522983A US 2012296041 A1 US2012296041 A1 US 2012296041A1
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amino
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divalent organic
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Steven Luo
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Bridgestone Corp
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F212/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
    • C08F212/02—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical
    • C08F212/04—Monomers containing only one unsaturated aliphatic radical containing one ring
    • C08F212/06—Hydrocarbons
    • C08F212/08—Styrene
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
    • B60C—VEHICLE TYRES; TYRE INFLATION; TYRE CHANGING; CONNECTING VALVES TO INFLATABLE ELASTIC BODIES IN GENERAL; DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO TYRES
    • B60C1/00—Tyres characterised by the chemical composition or the physical arrangement or mixture of the composition
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
    • C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
    • C08C19/22—Incorporating nitrogen atoms into the molecule
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
    • C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
    • C08C19/25—Incorporating silicon atoms into the molecule
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08C—TREATMENT OR CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF RUBBERS
    • C08C19/00—Chemical modification of rubber
    • C08C19/30—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule
    • C08C19/42—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule reacting with metals or metal-containing groups
    • C08C19/44—Addition of a reagent which reacts with a hetero atom or a group containing hetero atoms of the macromolecule reacting with metals or metal-containing groups of polymers containing metal atoms exclusively at one or both ends of the skeleton
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F36/00—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds
    • C08F36/02—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds
    • C08F36/04—Homopolymers and copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, at least one having two or more carbon-to-carbon double bonds the radical having only two carbon-to-carbon double bonds conjugated
    • C08F36/06—Butadiene
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
    • C08F8/34—Introducing sulfur atoms or sulfur-containing groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/02—Elements
    • C08K3/04—Carbon
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
    • C08L15/00—Compositions of rubber derivatives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
    • C08F8/30—Introducing nitrogen atoms or nitrogen-containing groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
    • C08F8/42—Introducing metal atoms or metal-containing groups

Definitions

  • One or more embodiments of the present invention relate to functionalized polymers and methods for their manufacture.
  • rubber vulcanizates that demonstrate reduced hysteresis, i.e., less loss of mechanical energy to heat.
  • rubber vulcanizates that show reduced hysteresis are advantageously employed in tire components, such as sidewalls and treads, to yield tires having desirably low rolling resistance.
  • the hysteresis of a rubber vulcanizate is often attributed to the free polymer chain ends within the crosslinked rubber network, as well as the dissociation of filler agglomerates.
  • Functionalized polymers have been employed to reduce the hysteresis of rubber vulcanizates.
  • the functional group of the functionalized polymer may reduce the number of free polymer chain ends via interaction with filler particles. Also, the functional group may reduce filler agglomeration. Nevertheless, whether a particular functional group imparted to a polymer can reduce hysteresis is often unpredictable.
  • Functionalized polymers may be prepared by post-polymerization treatment of reactive polymers with certain functionalizing agents. However, whether a reactive polymer can be functionalized by treatment with a particular functionalizing agent can be unpredictable. For example, functionalizing agents that work for one type of polymer do not necessarily work for another type of polymer, and vice versa.
  • Anionic initiators are known to be useful for the polymerization of conjugated diene monomers to form polydienes having a combination of 1,2-, cis-1,4- and trans-1,4-linkages. Anionic initiators are also useful for the copolymerization of conjugated diene monomers with vinyl-substituted aromatic compounds.
  • the polymers prepared with anionic initiators may display living characteristics in that, upon completion of the polymerization, the polymer chains possess living ends that are capable of reacting with additional monomers for further chain growth or reacting with certain functionalizing agents to give functionalized polymers.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide a method for preparing a functionalized polymer, the method comprising the steps of: (i) polymerizing monomer with an anionic initiator to form a reactive polymer; and (ii) reacting the reactive polymer with a nitrile compound containing a protected amino group, where the protected amino group is directly attached to a moiety selected from the group consisting of acyclic moieties, heterocyclic moieties, and non-aromatic cyclic moieties.
  • Embodiments of the present invention further provide a method for preparing a functionalized polymer, the method comprising the steps of: (i) polymerizing monomer with an anionic initiator to form a reactive polymer; and (ii) reacting the reactive polymer with a nitrile compound containing a protected amino group defined by the formula I:
  • R 1 is a divalent organic group
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently a monovalent organic group or a hydrolyzable group, or R 2 and R 3 join to form a divalent organic group, with the proviso that R 1 is an acyclic divalent organic group, a heterocyclic divalent organic group, a non-aromatic cyclic divalent organic group that is devoid of heteroatoms, or a divalent organic group containing an aromatic ring that is devoid of heteroatoms so long as, where R 1 is a divalent organic group containing an aromatic ring that is devoid of heteroatoms, the protected amino group is not directly attached to the aromatic ring.
  • Embodiments of the present invention further provide a functionalized polymer containing a protected amino group, the functionalized polymer being defined by the formula VII:
  • R 1 is a divalent organic group
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently a monovalent organic group or a hydrolyzable group, or R 2 and R 3 join to form a divalent organic group, with the proviso that R 1 is an acyclic divalent organic group, a heterocyclic divalent organic group, a non-aromatic cyclic divalent organic group that is devoid of heteroatoms, or a divalent organic group containing an aromatic ring that is devoid of heteroatoms so long as, where R 1 is a divalent organic group containing an aromatic ring that is devoid of heteroatoms, the protected amino group is not directly attached to the aromatic ring.
  • Embodiments of the present invention further provide a functionalized polymer containing an amino group, the functionalized polymer being defined by the formula VIII:
  • R 1 is a divalent organic group
  • R 12 and R 13 are each independently a monovalent organic group or a hydrogen atom, or R 12 and R 13 join to form a divalent organic group, with the proviso that R 1 is an acyclic divalent organic group, a heterocyclic divalent organic group, a non-aromatic cyclic divalent organic group that is devoid of heteroatoms, or a divalent organic group containing an aromatic ring that is devoid of heteroatoms so long as, where R 1 is a divalent organic group containing an aromatic ring that is devoid of heteroatoms, the amino group is not directly attached to the aromatic ring
  • FIG. 1 is a graphical plot of hysteresis loss (tan ⁇ ) versus Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4 at 130° C.) for vulcanizates prepared from functionalized poly(styrene-co-butadiene) prepared according to one or more embodiments of the present invention as compared to vulcanizate prepared from unfunctionalized poly(styrene-co-butadiene).
  • a reactive polymer is prepared by anionically polymerizing conjugated diene monomer and optionally monomer copolymerizable therewith, and this reactive polymer is then functionalized by reaction with a nitrile compound containing a protected amino group.
  • the resultant functionalized polymers can be used in the manufacture of tire components.
  • the resultant functionalized polymers provide tire components that exhibit advantageously low hysteresis.
  • conjugated diene monomer examples include 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, 1,3-pentadiene, 1,3-hexadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 3-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene, and 2,4-hexadiene.
  • Mixtures of two or more conjugated dienes may also be utilized in copolymerization.
  • Examples of monomer copolymerizable with conjugated diene monomer include vinyl-substituted aromatic compounds such as styrene, p-methylstyrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, and vinylnaphthalene.
  • a reactive polymer is prepared by anionic polymerization, wherein monomer is polymerized by using an anionic initiator.
  • anionic polymerization The key mechanistic features of anionic polymerization have been described in books (e.g., Hsieh, H. L.; Quirk, R. P. Anionic Polymerization: Principles and Practical Applications; Marcel Dekker: New York, 1996) and review articles (e.g., Hadjichristidis, N.; Pitsikalis, M.; Pispas, S.; Iatrou, H.; Chem. Rev. 2001, 101(12), 3747-3792).
  • Anionic initiators may advantageously produce living polymers that, prior to quenching, are capable of reacting with additional monomers for further chain growth or reacting with certain functionalizing agents to give functionalized polymers.
  • the anionic initiator employed is a functional initiator that imparts a functional group at the head of the polymer chain (i.e., the location from which the polymer chain is started).
  • the functional group includes one or more heteroatoms (e.g., nitrogen, oxygen, boron, silicon, sulfur, tin, and phosphorus atoms) or heterocyclic groups.
  • the functional group reduces the 50° C. hysteresis loss of carbon-black filled vulcanizates prepared from polymers containing the functional group as compared to similar carbon-black filled vulcanizates prepared from polymer that does not include the functional group.
  • Exemplary anionic initiators include organolithium compounds.
  • organolithium compounds may include heteroatoms.
  • organolithium compounds may include one or more heterocyclic groups.
  • Types of organolithium compounds include alkyllithium, aryllithium compounds, and cycloalkyllithium compounds.
  • Specific examples of organolithium compounds include ethyllithium, n-propyllithium, isopropyllithium, n-butyllithium, sec-butyllithium, t-butyllithium, n-amyllithium, isoamyllithium, and phenyllithium.
  • the organolithium compounds include a cyclic amine-containing compound such as lithiohexamethyleneimine.
  • a cyclic amine-containing compound such as lithiohexamethyleneimine.
  • the organolithium compounds include lithiated alkylthioacetals such as 2-lithio-2-methyl-1,3-dithiane.
  • the organolithium compounds include alkoxysilyl-containing initiators, such as lithiated t-butyldimethylpropoxysilane. These and related useful initiators are disclosed in U.S. Publ. No. 2006/0241241, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • anionic initiators include organosodium compounds such as phenylsodium and 2,4,6-trimethylphenylsodium. Also contemplated are those anionic initiators that give rise to di-living polymers, wherein both ends of a polymer chain are living. Examples of such initiators include dilithio initiators such as those prepared by reacting 1,3-diisopropenylbenzene with sec-butyllithium. These and related difunctional initiators are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,516, which is incorporated herein by reference. Radical anionic initiators may also be employed, including those described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,552,483, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the anionic initiator employed is trialkyltinlithium compound such as tri-n-butyltinlithium.
  • the conjugated diene monomers and vinyl-substituted aromatic monomers may be used at a weight ratio of 95:5 to 50:50, or in other embodiments, 90:10 to 65:35.
  • a randomizer which is typically a polar coordinator, may be employed along with the anionic initiator.
  • Randomizers include those having an oxygen or nitrogen heteroatom and a non-bonded pair of electrons.
  • exemplary types of randomizers include linear and cyclic oligomeric oxolanyl alkanes; dialkyl ethers of mono and oligo alkylene glycols (also known as glyme ethers); crown ethers; tertiary amines; linear THF oligomers; alkali metal alkoxides; and alkali metal sulfonates.
  • Linear and cyclic oligomeric oxolanyl alkanes are described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,429,091, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • randomizers include 2,2-bis(2′-tetrahydrofuryl)propane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), tetrahydrofuran (THF), 1,2-dipiperidylethane, dipiperidylmethane, hexamethylphosphoramide, N,N′-dimethylpiperazine, diazabicyclooctane, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, tri-n-butylamine, potassium t-amylate, potassium 4-dodecylsulfonate, and mixtures thereof.
  • TEDA 1,2-dimethoxyethane
  • THF tetrahydrofuran
  • 1,2-dipiperidylethane dipiperidylmethane
  • hexamethylphosphoramide 1,2-dipiperidylethane
  • N,N′-dimethylpiperazine diazabicyclooc
  • the amount of randomizer to be employed may depend on various factors such as the desired microstructure of the polymer, the ratio of monomer to comonomer, the polymerization temperature, as well as the nature of the specific randomizer and initiator employed. In one or more embodiments, the amount of randomizer employed may range between 0.05 and 100 moles per mole of the anionic initiator.
  • the anionic initiator and the randomizer can be introduced to the polymerization system by various methods.
  • the anionic initiator and the randomizer may be added separately to the monomer to be polymerized in either a stepwise or simultaneous manner.
  • the anionic initiator and the randomizer may be pre-mixed outside the polymerization system either in the absence of any monomer or in the presence of a small amount of monomer, and the resulting mixture may be aged, if desired, and then added to the monomer that is to be polymerized.
  • a solvent may be employed as a carrier to either dissolve or suspend the initiator in order to facilitate the delivery of the initiator to the polymerization system.
  • monomer can be used as the carrier.
  • the initiator can be used in their neat state without any solvent.
  • suitable solvents include those organic compounds that will not undergo polymerization or incorporation into propagating polymer chains during the polymerization of monomer in the presence of the initiator. In one or more embodiments, these organic species are liquid at ambient temperature and pressure. In one or more embodiments, these organic solvents are inert to the initiator.
  • Exemplary organic solvents include hydrocarbons with a low or relatively low boiling point such as aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons.
  • aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene, toluene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, diethylbenzene, and mesitylene.
  • Non-limiting examples of aliphatic hydrocarbons include n-pentane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, n-nonane, n-decane, isopentane, isohexanes, isopentanes, isooctanes, 2,2-dimethylbutane, petroleum ether, kerosene, and petroleum spirits.
  • non-limiting examples of cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons include cyclopentane, cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, and methylcyclohexane. Mixtures of the above hydrocarbons may also be used.
  • aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons may be desirably employed for environmental reasons. The low-boiling hydrocarbon solvents are typically separated from the polymer upon completion of the polymerization.
  • organic solvents include high-boiling hydrocarbons of high molecular weights, including hydrocarbon oils that are commonly used to oil-extend polymers.
  • hydrocarbon oils include paraffinic oils, aromatic oils, naphthenic oils, vegetable oils other than castor oils, and low PCA oils including MES, TDAE, SRAE, heavy naphthenic oils. Since these hydrocarbons are non-volatile, they typically do not require separation and remain incorporated in the polymer.
  • the production of the reactive polymer according to this invention can be accomplished by polymerizing conjugated diene monomer, optionally together with monomer copolymerizable with conjugated diene monomer, in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of an anionic initiator.
  • the amount of the initiator to be employed may depend on the interplay of various factors such as the type of initiator employed, the purity of the ingredients, the polymerization temperature, the polymerization rate and conversion desired, the molecular weight desired, and many other factors. Accordingly, a specific initiator amount cannot be definitively set forth except to say that catalytically effective amounts of the initiator may be used.
  • the initiator loading (e.g., an alkyllithium compound) may be varied from about 0.05 to about 100 mmol, in other embodiments from about 0.1 to about 50 mmol, and in still other embodiments from about 0.2 to about 5 mmol per 100 gram of monomer.
  • the polymerization may be carried out in a polymerization system that includes a substantial amount of solvent.
  • a solution polymerization system may be employed in which both the monomer to be polymerized and the polymer formed are soluble in the solvent.
  • a precipitation polymerization system may be employed by choosing a solvent in which the polymer formed is insoluble.
  • an amount of solvent in addition to the amount of solvent that may be used in preparing the initiator is usually added to the polymerization system.
  • the additional solvent may be the same as or different from the solvent used in preparing the initiator. Exemplary solvents have been set forth above.
  • the solvent content of the polymerization mixture may be more than 20% by weight, in other embodiments more than 50% by weight, and in still other embodiments more than 80% by weight based on the total weight of the polymerization mixture.
  • the polymerization system employed may be generally considered a bulk polymerization system that includes substantially no solvent or a minimal amount of solvent.
  • the solvent content of the polymerization mixture may be less than about 20% by weight, in other embodiments less than about 10% by weight, and in still other embodiments less than about 5% by weight based on the total weight of the polymerization mixture.
  • the polymerization mixture contains no solvents other than those that are inherent to the raw materials employed.
  • the polymerization mixture is substantially devoid of solvent, which refers to the absence of that amount of solvent that would otherwise have an appreciable impact on the polymerization process.
  • Polymerization systems that are substantially devoid of solvent may be referred to as including substantially no solvent.
  • the polymerization mixture is devoid of solvent.
  • the polymerization may be conducted in any conventional polymerization vessels known in the art.
  • solution polymerization can be conducted in a conventional stirred-tank reactor.
  • bulk polymerization can be conducted in a conventional stirred-tank reactor, especially if the monomer conversion is less than about 60%.
  • the bulk polymerization may be conducted in an elongated reactor in which the viscous cement under polymerization is driven to move by piston, or substantially by piston.
  • extruders in which the cement is pushed along by a self-cleaning single-screw or double-screw agitator are suitable for this purpose.
  • Examples of useful bulk polymerization processes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,351,776, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • all of the ingredients used for the polymerization can be combined within a single vessel (e.g., a conventional stirred-tank reactor), and all steps of the polymerization process can be conducted within this vessel.
  • two or more of the ingredients can be pre-combined in one vessel and then transferred to another vessel where the polymerization of monomer (or at least a major portion thereof) may be conducted.
  • the polymerization can be carried out as a batch process, a continuous process, or a semi-continuous process.
  • the monomer is intermittently charged as needed to replace that monomer already polymerized.
  • the conditions under which the polymerization proceeds may be controlled to maintain the temperature of the polymerization mixture within a range from about ⁇ 10° C. to about 200° C., in other embodiments from about 0° C. to about 150° C., and in other embodiments from about 20° C. to about 100° C.
  • the heat of polymerization may be removed by external cooling by a thermally controlled reactor jacket, internal cooling by evaporation and condensation of the monomer through the use of a reflux condenser connected to the reactor, or a combination of the two methods.
  • the polymerization conditions may be controlled to conduct the polymerization under a pressure of from about 0.1 atmosphere to about 50 atmospheres, in other embodiments from about 0.5 atmosphere to about 20 atmosphere, and in other embodiments from about 1 atmosphere to about 10 atmospheres.
  • the pressures at which the polymerization may be carried out include those that ensure that the majority of the monomer is in the liquid phase.
  • the polymerization mixture may be maintained under anaerobic conditions.
  • the polymer chains in the resulting reactive polymer may possess reactive chain ends before the polymerization mixture is quenched.
  • the reactive polymer prepared with an anionic initiator e.g., an alkyllithium initiator
  • a living polymer e.g., a polymerization mixture including the reactive polymer
  • an active polymerization mixture e.g., an active polymerization mixture. The percentage of polymer chains possessing a reactive end depends on various factors such as the type of initiator, the type of monomer, the purity of the ingredients, the polymerization temperature, the monomer conversion, and many other factors.
  • At least about 20% of the polymer chains possess a reactive end in other embodiments at least about 50% of the polymer chains possess a reactive end, and in still other embodiments at least about 80% of the polymer chains possess a reactive end.
  • the reactive polymer, or more specifically the reactive chain end of the polymer can be reacted with a nitrile compound containing a protected amino group to form the functionalized polymer of this invention.
  • nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those compounds that contain one or more protected amino groups and one or more cyano groups.
  • the nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group may be simply referred to as the nitrile compounds.
  • a cyano group which may also be referred to as a nitrile group, may be defined by the formula —C ⁇ N.
  • protected amino groups include those amino groups that are formed or derived by replacing the two hydrogen atoms of the parent amino group (i.e. —NH 2 ) with other substituents such as hydrocarbyl or silyl groups.
  • a protected amino group may be defined by the formula —NR 2 , where each R group is independently a hydrocarbyl group or a silyl group. Where the protected amino group includes a silyl group and a hydrocarbyl group, the group may be referred to as a monosilylated amino group. Where the protected amino group includes two silyl groups, the group may be referred to as a disilylated amino group. Where the protected amino group includes two hydrocarbyl groups, the group may be referred to as a dihydrocarbylamino group.
  • Exemplary types of protected amino groups include, but are not limited to, bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino, bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino, 1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl, (trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino, (dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino, 1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl, dihydrocarbylamino, and 1-aza-1-cyclohydrocarbyl groups.
  • bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino groups include, but are not limited to, bis(trimethylsilyl)amino, bis(triethylsilyl)amino, bis(triisopropylsilyl)amino, bis(tri-n-propylsilyl)amino, bis(triisobutylsilyl)amino, bis(tri-t-butylsilyl)amino, and bis(triphenylsilyl)amino groups.
  • bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino groups include, but are not limited to, bis(dimethylhydrosilyl)amino, bis(diethylhydrosilyl)amino, bis(diisopropylhydrosilyl)amino, bis(di-n-propylhydrosilyl)amino, bis(diisobutylhydrosilyl)amino, bis(di-t-butylhydrosilyl)amino, and bis(diphenylhydrosilyl)amino groups.
  • 1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to, 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2,5,5-tetraethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2,5,5-tetraphenyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,6-disila-1-cyclohexyl, 2,2,6,6-tetraethyl-1-aza-2,6-disila-1-cyclohexyl, and 2,2,6,6-tetraphenyl-1-aza-2,6-disila-1-cyclohexyl groups.
  • (trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino groups include, but are not limited to, (trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino, (triethylsilyl)(methyl)amino, (triphenylsilyl)(methyl)amino, (trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino, (triethylsilyl)(phenyl)amino, and (triisopropylsilyl)(methyl)amino groups.
  • (dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino groups include, but are not limited to, (dimethylhydrosilyl)(methyl)amino, (diethylhydrosilyl)(methyl)amino, (diisopropylhydrosilyl)(methyl)amino, (di-n-propylhydrosilyl)(ethyl)amino, (diisobutylhydrosilyl)(phenyl)amino, (di-t-butylhydrosilyl)(phenyl)amino, and (diphenylhydrosilyl)(phenyl)amino groups.
  • 1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to, 2,2-dimethyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2-diethyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2-diphenyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclopentyl, 2,2-diisopropyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohexyl, 2,2-dibutyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohexyl, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohexyl groups.
  • dihydrocarbylamino groups include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino, diethylamino, di-n-propylamino, diisopropylamino, di-n-butylamino, diisobutylamino, dicyclohexylamino, diphenylamino, dibenzylamino, (methyl)(cyclohexyl)amino, (ethyl)(cyclohexyl)amino, (methyl)(phenyl)amino, (ethyl)(phenyl)amino, (methyl)(benzyl)amino, and (ethyl)(benzyl)amino groups.
  • 1-aza-1-cyclohydrocarbyl groups include, but are not limited to, aziridino, azetidino, pyrrolidino, piperidino, homopiperidino, morpholino, N-methylpiperazino, and N-methylhomopiperazino groups.
  • the nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those compounds where the cyano group is directly attached to an acyclic moiety. In other particular embodiments, the nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those compounds where the protected amino group is directly attached to an acyclic moiety. In yet other particular embodiments, the nitrile compounds include those compounds where both the cyano group and the protected amino group are directly attached to an acyclic moiety.
  • the nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those compounds where the cyano group is directly attached to a heterocyclic moiety. In other particular embodiments, the nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those compounds where the protected amino group is directly attached to a heterocyclic moiety. In yet other particular embodiments, the nitrile compounds include those compounds where both the cyano group and the protected amino group are directly attached to a heterocyclic moiety.
  • the nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those compounds where the cyano group is directly attached to a non-aromatic cyclic moiety. In other particular embodiments, the nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those compounds where the protected amino group is directly attached to a non-aromatic cyclic moiety. In yet other particular embodiments, the nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those compounds where both the cyano group and the protected amino group are directly attached to a non-aromatic cyclic moiety.
  • the nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those compounds where the cyano group is directly attached to an aromatic moiety (e.g., a phenyl ring) that is devoid of heteroatoms and the protected amino group is directly attached to an acyclic moiety, a heterocyclic moiety, or a non-aromatic cyclic moiety.
  • an aromatic moiety e.g., a phenyl ring
  • the protected amino group is directly attached to an acyclic moiety, a heterocyclic moiety, or a non-aromatic cyclic moiety.
  • this invention specifically excludes those compounds where the cyano group, in other embodiments where the protected amino group, or in other embodiments where both the cyano group and the protected amino group are directly attached to an aromatic moiety (e.g., a phenyl ring) that is devoid of heteroatoms.
  • an aromatic moiety e.g., a phenyl ring
  • nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group may be defined by the formula I:
  • R 1 is a divalent organic group
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently a monovalent organic group or a hydrolyzable group, or R 2 and R 3 join to form a divalent organic group.
  • the divalent organic group formed by joining R 2 and R 3 may include one or more hydrolyzable groups.
  • the divalent organic group R 1 may contain one or more additional protected amino groups and/or one or more additional cyano groups.
  • the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group may be represented by the formula II:
  • R 1 and R 5 are each independently a divalent organic group, and R 4 and R 6 are each independently a bond or a hydrolyzable group.
  • monovalent organic groups may include hydrocarbyl groups or substituted hydrocarbyl groups such as, but not limited to, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, allyl, aralkyl, alkaryl, or alkynyl groups.
  • Substituted hydrocarbyl groups include hydrocarbyl groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl group.
  • these groups may include from one, or the appropriate minimum number of carbon atoms to form the group, to about 20 carbon atoms.
  • These groups may also contain heteroatoms such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, boron, oxygen, silicon, sulfur, tin, and phosphorus atoms.
  • hydrolyzable groups include those groups or substituents that are relatively stable, and therefore remain chemically bonded to the nitrogen atom, in non-aqueous environments or environments that are devoid or substantially devoid of water. However, once exposed to water, moisture, or materials containing water or moisture, the hydrolyzable groups or substituents hydrolyze and are thereby cleaved from the nitrogen atom. As a result, the hydrolyzable groups are replaced by a hydrogen atom.
  • Exemplary hydrolyzable groups include trihydrocarbylsilyl and dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl groups.
  • Specific examples of trihydrocarbylsilyl groups include trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, tri-n-propylsilyl, triisopropylsilyl, tri-n-butylsilyl, triisobutylsilyl, tri-t-butylsilyl, triphenylsilyl, and t-butyldimethylsilyl groups.
  • dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl groups include dimethylhydrosilyl, diethylhydrosilyl, di-n-propylhydrosilyl, diisopropylhydrosilyl, di-n-butylhydrosilyl, diisobutylhydrosilyl, di-t-butylhydrosilyl, and diphenylhydrosilyl groups.
  • a catalyst may also be used to remove the silyl group from the protected amino group. Suitable catalysts include tetrabutylammonium fluoride, strong acids such as hydrochloric acid, and Lewis acids such as titanium tetrachloride.
  • divalent organic groups may include hydrocarbylene groups or substituted hydrocarbylene groups such as, but not limited to, alkylene, cycloalkylene, alkenylene, cycloalkenylene, alkynylene, cycloalkynylene, or heterocyclic arylene (i.e., arylene groups with heteroatoms in the ring) groups.
  • heterocyclic arylene i.e., arylene groups with heteroatoms in the ring
  • non-heterocyclic arylene groups e.g. phenyl groups
  • Substituted hydrocarbylene groups include hydrocarbylene groups in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by a substituent such as an alkyl group. In one or more embodiments, these groups may include from one, or the appropriate minimum number of carbon atoms to form the group, to about 20 carbon atoms. These groups may also contain one or more heteroatoms such as, but not limited to, nitrogen, oxygen, boron, silicon, sulfur, tin, and phosphorus atoms.
  • the divalent organic group R 1 is an acyclic divalent organic group (either linear or branched) that may or may not include one or more heteroatoms. In other embodiments, the divalent organic group R 1 is a heterocyclic divalent organic group. In yet other embodiments, the divalent organic group R 1 is a non-aromatic cyclic divalent organic group that is devoid of heteroatoms.
  • the divalent organic group R 1 may contain an aromatic ring (e.g. a phenyl ring) that is devoid of heteroatoms so long as the protected amino group is not directly attached to the aromatic ring (e.g. the protected amino group can be attached to R 1 via an alkylene group pendent from the aromatic ring).
  • an aromatic ring e.g. a phenyl ring
  • the protected amino group can be attached to R 1 via an alkylene group pendent from the aromatic ring.
  • R 2 of formula I is a silyl group
  • the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group may be represented by the formula III:
  • R 1 is a divalent organic group
  • R 3 is a monovalent organic group or a hydrolyzable group
  • each R 7 is independently a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group, or R 3 and one R 7 join to form a divalent organic group.
  • the divalent organic group formed by joining R 3 and R 7 may include one or more hydrolyzable groups.
  • the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group may be represented by the formula IV:
  • R 1 and R 8 are each independently a divalent organic group, and each R 7 is independently a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group.
  • R 2 and R 3 of formula I are each independently a silyl group, and the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group may be represented by the formula V:
  • R 1 is a divalent organic group
  • R 9 and R 10 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group, or at least one R 9 and at least one R 10 join to form a divalent organic group.
  • the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group may be represented by the formula VI:
  • R 1 and R 11 are each independently a divalent organic group
  • R 9 and R 10 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group.
  • nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those that may derive from nitrile compounds such as arenecarbonitrile compounds, alkanecarbonitrile compounds, alkenecarbonitrile compounds, alkynecarbonitrile compounds, cycloalkanecarbonitrile compounds, cycloalkenecarbonitrile compounds, cycloalkyne carbonitrile compounds, and heterocyclic nitrile compounds.
  • nitrile compounds such as arenecarbonitrile compounds, alkanecarbonitrile compounds, alkenecarbonitrile compounds, alkynecarbonitrile compounds, cycloalkanecarbonitrile compounds, cycloalkenecarbonitrile compounds, cycloalkyne carbonitrile compounds, and heterocyclic nitrile compounds.
  • arenecarbonitrile compounds include arene compounds where one or more hydrogen atoms on the arene compound have been replaced by cyano groups, and those skilled in the art appreciate that the other classes of nitrile compounds can be similarly identified.
  • Exemplary arenecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those that derive from arenecarbonitrile compounds such as, 2-methylbenzonitrile, 3-methylbenzonitrile, 4-methylbenzonitrile, 2-ethylbenzonitrile, 3-ethylbenzonitrile, 4-ethylbenzonitrile, 2-cyclohexylbenzonitrile, 3-cyclohexylbenzonitrile, and 4-cyclohexylbenzonitrile.
  • alkanecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those that derive from alkanecarbonitrile compounds such as acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile, isobutyronitrile, valeronitrile, isovaleronitrile, pivalonitrile, 1-hexanenitrile, and 1-heptanenitrile.
  • alkenecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those that derive from alkenecarbonitrile compounds such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, crotononitrile, 3-butenenitrile, 2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, 2-pentenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile, 4-pentenenitrile, 5-hexenenitrile, 2-methyleneglutaronitrile, 6-heptenenitrile, fumaronitrile, methylenemalononitrile, and benzylidenemalononitrile.
  • alkenecarbonitrile compounds such as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, crotononitrile, 3-butenenitrile, 2-methyl-2-butenenitrile, 2-pentenenitrile, 3-pentenenitrile, 4-pentenenitrile, 5-hexenenitrile, 2-methyleneglutaronitrile, 6-heptenenitrile, fumaronitrile, methylenemalononitrile, and benz
  • alkynecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those that derive from alkynecarbonitrile compounds such as 3-butynenitrile, 2-pentynenitrile, 3-pentynenitrile, 4-pentynenitrile, and 5-hexynenitrile.
  • Exemplary cycloalkanecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those that derive from cycloalkanecarbonitrile compounds such as cyclopropanecarbonitrile, cyclobutanecarbonitrile, cyclopentanecarbonitrile, cyclohexanecarbonitrile, and cycloheptanecarbonitrile.
  • Exemplary cycloalkenecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those that derive from cycloalkenecarbonitrile compounds such as 1-cyclopropenecarbonitrile, 1-cyclobutenecarbonitrile, 1-cyclopentenecarbonitrile, 1-cyclohexenecarbonitrile, and 1-cycloheptenecarbonitrile.
  • heterocyclic nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include those that derive from heterocyclic nitrile compounds such as 2-pyridinecarbonitrile, 3-pyridinecarbonitrile, 4-pyridinecarbonitrile, 2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile, 4-pyrimidinecarbonitrile, 5-pyrimidinecarbonitrile, pyrazinecarbonitrile, 3-pyridazinecarbonitrile, and 4-pyridazinecarbonitrile.
  • Exemplary types of arenecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]arenecarbonitrile, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]arenecarbonitrile, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)arenecarbonitrile, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]arenecarbonitrile, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]arenecarbonitrile, (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)arenecarbonitrile, (dihydrocarbylamino)arenecarbonitrile, and (1-aza-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)arenecarbonitrile.
  • alkanecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]alkanecarbonitrile, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]alkanecarbonitrile, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkanecarbonitrile, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkanecarbonitrile, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkanecarbonitrile, (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkanecarbonitrile, (dihydrocarbylamino)alkanecarbonitrile, and (1-aza-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkanecarbonitrile.
  • alkenecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]alkenecarbonitrile, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]alkenecarbonitrile, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkenecarbonitrile, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkenecarbonitrile, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkenecarbonitrile, (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkenecarbonitrile, (dihydrocarbylamino)alkenecarbonitrile, and (1-aza-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkenecarbonitrile.
  • alkynecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]alkynecarbonitrile, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]alkynecarbonitrile, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkynecarbonitrile, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkynecarbonitrile, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]alkynecarbonitrile, (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkynecarbonitrile, (dihydrocarbylamino)alkynecarbonitrile, and (1-aza-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)alkynecarbonitrile.
  • Exemplary types of cycloalkanecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]cycloalkanecarbonitrile, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]cycloalkanecarbonitrile, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkanecarbonitrile, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkanecarbonitrile, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkanecarbonitrile, (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkanecarbonitrile, (dihydrocarbylamino)cycloalkanecarbonitrile, and (1-aza-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkanecarbonitrile.
  • Exemplary types of cycloalkenecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]cycloalkenecarbonitrile, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]cycloalkenecarbonitrile, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkenecarbonitrile, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkenecarbonitrile, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkenecarbonitrile, (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkenecarbonitrile, (dihydrocarbylamino)cycloalkenecarbonitrile, and (1-aza-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkenecarbonitrile.
  • Exemplary types of cycloalkynecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]cycloalkynecarbonitrile, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]cycloalkynecarbonitrile, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkynecarbonitrile, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkynecarbonitrile, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]cycloalkynecarbonitrile, (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkynecarbonitrile, (dihydrocarbylamino)cycloalkynecarbonitrile, and (1-aza-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)cycloalkynecarbonitrile.
  • heterocyclic nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include [bis(trihydrocarbylsilyl)amino]heterocyclic nitrile, [bis(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)amino]heterocyclic nitrile, (1-aza-disila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)heterocyclic nitrile, [(trihydrocarbylsilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]heterocyclic nitrile, [(dihydrocarbylhydrosilyl)(hydrocarbyl)amino]heterocyclic nitrile, (1-aza-2-sila-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)heterocyclic nitrile, (dihydrocarbylamino)heterocyclic nitrile, and (1-aza-1-cyclohydrocarbyl)heterocyclic nitrile.
  • arenecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include 2-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]benzonitrile, 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]benzonitrile, 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]benzonitrile, 2-[(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)methyl]benzonitrile, 3-[(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)methyl]benzonitrile, 4-[(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)methyl]benzonitrile, 2-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)aminomethyl]benzonitrile, 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)aminomethyl]benzonitrile, 4-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)aminomethyl]benzonitrile
  • alkanecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include [bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]acetonitrile, 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]propionitrile, 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]butyronitrile, 5-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]valeronitrile, (2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)acetonitrile, 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)propionitrile, 4-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)butyronitrile, 5-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)valeronitrile, [(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]acetonit
  • alkenecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]crotononitrile, 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-4-pentenenitrile, 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-5-hexenenitrile, 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)crotononitrile, 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-4-pentenenitrile, 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-5-hexenenitrile, 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]crotonitrile, 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]crotonitrile, 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyls
  • alkynecarbonitrile compounds containing protected amino groups include 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-4-pentynenitrile, 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-5-hexynenitrile, 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-4-pentynenitrile, 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-5-hexynenitrile, 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]-4-pentynenitrile, 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]-4-pentynenitrile, 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]-5-hexynenitrile, 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]-5-hexynenitrile, 3-(
  • cycloalkanecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include 3-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclopentanecarbonitrile, 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexanecarbonitrile, 3-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)cyclopentanecarbonitrile, 4-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)cyclohexanecarbonitrile, 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]cyclopentanecarbonitrile, 3-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]cyclopentanecarbonitrile, 4-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]cyclohexanecarbonitrile, 4-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]cyclohexanecarbonitrile, 4-[
  • cycloalkenecarbonitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclopentene-1-carbonitrile, 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]cyclohexene-1-carbonitrile, 4-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)cyclopentene-1-carbonitrile, 4-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)cyclohexene-1-carbonitrile, 4-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]cyclopentene-1-carbonitrile, 4-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]cyclopentene-1-carbonitrile, 4-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]cyclohexene-1-carbonitrile, 4-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]]cycl
  • heterocyclic nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group include 5-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-2-pyridinecarbonitrile, 5-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile, 5-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-2-pyridinecarbonitrile, 5-(2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-aza-2,5-disila-1-cyclopentyl)-2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile, 5-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]-2-pyridinecarbonitrile, 5-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]-2-pyridinecarbonitrile, 5-[(trimethylsilyl)(methyl)amino]-2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile, 5-[(trimethylsilyl)(ethyl)amino]-2-pyrimidinecarbonitrile, 5-(2,2-dimethyl-1-aza
  • the nitrile compounds containing a protected amino group can be synthesized by alkylating or silylating a nitrile compound containing a primary amino group (i.e. —NH 2 ) or a secondary amino group represented by the formula —NH(R), where R is a monovalent organic group such as a hydrocarbyl or silyl group.
  • exemplary alkylating reagents include alkyl halides.
  • Exemplary silylating reagents include trialkylsilyl halides, 1,2-bis(chlorodimethylsilyl)ethane, and trialkylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate.
  • a base such as triethylamine may be used to neutralize the acid formed during the alkylation or silylation reaction.
  • the amount of the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group that can be added to the polymerization mixture to yield the functionalized polymer of this invention may depend on various factors including the type and amount of initiator used to synthesize the reactive polymer and the desired degree of functionalization.
  • the amount of the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group employed can be described with reference to the amount of the metal cation associated with the initiator.
  • the molar ratio of the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group to the lithium cation may be from about 0.3:1 to about 2:1, in other embodiments from about 0.6:1 to about 1.5:1, and in other embodiments from 0.8:1 to about 1.2:1.
  • a co-functionalizing agent in addition to the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group, may also be added to the polymerization mixture to yield a functionalized polymer with tailored properties.
  • a mixture of two or more co-functionalizing agents may also be employed.
  • the co-functionalizing agent may be added to the polymerization mixture prior to, together with, or after the introduction of the nitrile compound.
  • the co-functionalizing agent is added to the polymerization mixture at least 5 minutes after, in other embodiments at least 10 minutes after, and in other embodiments at least 30 minutes after the introduction of the nitrile compound.
  • co-functionalizing agents include compounds or reagents that can react with a reactive polymer produced by this invention and thereby provide the polymer with a functional group that is distinct from a propagating chain that has not been reacted with the co-functionalizing agent.
  • the functional group may be reactive or interactive with other polymer chains (propagating and/or non-propagating) or with other constituents such as reinforcing fillers (e.g. carbon black) that may be combined with the polymer.
  • the reaction between the co-functionalizing agent and the reactive polymer proceeds via an addition or substitution reaction.
  • Useful co-functionalizing agents may include compounds that simply provide a functional group at the end of a polymer chain without joining two or more polymer chains together, as well as compounds that can couple or join two or more polymer chains together via a functional linkage to form a single macromolecule.
  • the latter type of co-functionalizing agents may also be referred to as coupling agents.
  • co-functionalizing agents include compounds that will add or impart a heteroatom to the polymer chain.
  • co-functionalizing agents include those compounds that will impart a functional group to the polymer chain to form a functionalized polymer that reduces the 50° C. hysteresis loss of a carbon-black filled vulcanizates prepared from the functionalized polymer as compared to similar carbon-black filled vulcanizates prepared from non-functionalized polymer. In one or more embodiments, this reduction in hysteresis loss is at least 5%, in other embodiments at least 10%, and in other embodiments at least 15%.
  • suitable co-functionalizing agents include those compounds that contain groups that may react with the reactive polymers produced in accordance with this invention.
  • exemplary co-functionalizing agents include ketones, quinones, aldehydes, amides, esters, isocyanates, isothiocyanates, epoxides, imines, aminoketones, aminothioketones, and acid anhydrides. Examples of these compounds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,906,706, 4,990,573, 5,064,910, 5,567,784, 5,844,050, 6838,526, 6977,281, and 6,992,147; U.S. Pat. Publication Nos.
  • the co-functionalizing agents employed may be metal halides, metalloid halides, alkoxysilanes, metal carboxylates, hydrocarbylmetal carboxylates, hydrocarbylmetal ester-carboxylates, and metal alkoxides.
  • Exemplary metal halide compounds include tin tetrachloride, tin tetrabromide, tin tetraiodide, n-butyltin trichloride, phenyltin trichloride, di-n-butyltin dichloride, diphenyltin dichloride, tri-n-butyltin chloride, triphenyltin chloride, germanium tetrachloride, germanium tetrabromide, germanium tetraiodide, n-butylgermanium trichloride, di-n-butylgermanium dichloride, and tri-n-butylgermanium chloride.
  • Exemplary metalloid halide compounds include silicon tetrachloride, silicon tetrabromide, silicon tetraiodide, methyltrichlorosilane, phenyltrichlorosilane, dimethyldichlorosilane, diphenyldichlorosilane, boron trichloride, boron tribromide, boron triiodide, phosphorous trichloride, phosphorous tribromide, and phosphorus triiodide.
  • the alkoxysilanes may include at least one group selected from the group consisting of an epoxy group and an isocyanate group.
  • Exemplary alkoxysilane compounds including an epoxy group include (3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, (3-glycidyloxypropyl)triethoxysilane, (3-glycidyloxypropyl)triphenoxysilane, (3-glycidyloxypropyl)methyldimethoxysilane, (3-glycidyloxypropyl)methyldiethoxysilane, (3-glycidyloxypropyl)methyldiphenoxysilane, [2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl]trimethoxysilane, and [2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyl]triethoxysilane.
  • Exemplary alkoxysilane compounds including an isocyanate group include (3-isocyanatopropyl)trimethoxysilane, (3-isocyanatopropyl)triethoxysilane, (3-isocyanatopropyl)triphenoxysilane, (3-isocyanatopropyl)methyldimethoxysilane, (3-isocyanatopropyl)methyldiethoxysilane (3-isocyanatopropyl)methyldiphenoxysilane, and (isocyanatomethyl)methyldimethoxysilane.
  • Exemplary metal carboxylate compounds include tin tetraacetate, tin bis(2-ethylhexanaote), and tin bis(neodecanoate).
  • Exemplary hydrocarbylmetal carboxylate compounds include triphenyltin 2-ethylhexanoate, tri-n-butyltin 2-ethylhexanoate, tri-n-butyltin neodecanoate, triisobutyltin 2-ethylhexanoate, diphenyltin bis(2-ethylhexanoate), di-n-butyltin bis(2-ethylhexanoate), di-n-butyltin bis(neodecanoate), phenyltin tris(2-ethylhexanoate), and n-butylltin tris(2-ethylhexanoate).
  • hydrocarbylmetal ester-carboxylate compounds include di-n-butyltin bis(n-octylmaleate), di-n-octyltin bis(n-octylmaleate), diphenyltin bis(n-octylmaleate), di-n-butyltin bis(2-ethylhexylmaleate), di-n-octyltin bis(2-ethylhexylmaleate), and diphenyltin bis(2-ethylhexylmaleate).
  • Exemplary metal alkoxide compounds include dimethoxytin, diethoxytin, tetraethoxytin, tetra-n-propoxytin, tetraisopropoxytin, tetra-n-butoxytin, tetraisobutoxytin, tetra-t-butoxytin, and tetraphenoxytin.
  • the amount of the co-functionalizing agent that can be added to the polymerization mixture may depend on various factors including the type and amount of initiator used to synthesize the reactive polymer and the desired degree of functionalization.
  • the amount of the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group employed can be described with reference to the amount of metal cation associated with the initiator.
  • the molar ratio of the nitrile containing a protected amino group to the lithium cation may be from about 0.3:1 to about 2:1, in other embodiments from about 0.6:1 to about 1.5:1, and in other embodiments from 0.8:1 to about 1.2:1.
  • the amount of the co-functionalizing agent employed can also be described with reference to the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group.
  • the molar ratio of the co-functionalizing agent to the nitrile compound may be from about 0.05:1 to about 1:1, in other embodiments from about 0.1:1 to about 0.8:1, and in other embodiments from about 0.2:1 to about 0.6:1.
  • the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group may be introduced to the polymerization mixture at a location (e.g., within a vessel) where the polymerization has been conducted. In other embodiments, the nitrile compound may be introduced to the polymerization mixture at a location that is distinct from where the polymerization has taken place. For example, the nitrile compound may be introduced to the polymerization mixture in downstream vessels including downstream reactors or tanks, in-line reactors or mixers, extruders, or devolatilizers.
  • the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group can be reacted with the reactive polymer after a desired monomer conversion is achieved but before the polymerization mixture is quenched by a quenching agent.
  • the reaction between the nitrile compound and the reactive polymer may take place within 30 minutes, in other embodiments within 5 minutes, and in other embodiments within one minute after the peak polymerization temperature is reached.
  • the reaction between the nitrile compound and the reactive polymer can occur once the peak polymerization temperature is reached.
  • the reaction between the nitrile compound and the reactive polymer can occur after the reactive polymer has been stored.
  • the storage of the reactive polymer occurs at room temperature or below room temperature under an inert atmosphere.
  • the reaction between the nitrile compound and the reactive polymer may take place at a temperature from about 10° C. to about 150° C., and in other embodiments from about 20° C. to about 100° C.
  • the time required for completing the reaction between the nitrile compound and the reactive polymer depends on various factors such as the type and amount of the initiator used to prepare the reactive polymer, the type and amount of the nitrile compound, as well as the temperature at which the functionalization reaction is conducted.
  • the reaction between the nitrile compound and the reactive polymer can be conducted for about 10 to 60 minutes.
  • a quenching agent can be added to the polymerization mixture in order to protonate the reaction product between the reactive polymer and the nitrile compound, inactivate any residual reactive polymer chains, and/or inactivate the initiator.
  • the quenching agent may include a protic compound, which includes, but is not limited to, an alcohol, a carboxylic acid, an inorganic acid, water, or a mixture thereof.
  • An antioxidant such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol may be added along with, before, or after the addition of the quenching agent.
  • the amount of the antioxidant employed may be in the range of 0.2% to 1% by weight of the polymer product.
  • the polymer product can be oil extended by adding an oil to the polymer, which may be in the form of a polymer cement or polymer dissolved or suspended in monomer. Practice of the present invention does not limit the amount of oil that may be added, and therefore conventional amounts may be added (e.g., 5-50 phr).
  • Useful oils or extenders that may be employed include, but are not limited to, aromatic oils, paraffinic oils, naphthenic oils, vegetable oils other than castor oils, low PCA oils including MES, TDAE, and SRAE, and heavy naphthenic oils.
  • the various constituents of the polymerization mixture may be recovered.
  • the unreacted monomer can be recovered from the polymerization mixture.
  • the monomer can be distilled from the polymerization mixture by using techniques known in the art.
  • a devolatilizer may be employed to remove the monomer from the polymerization mixture. Once the monomer has been removed from the polymerization mixture, the monomer may be purified, stored, and/or recycled back to the polymerization process.
  • the polymer product may be recovered from the polymerization mixture by using techniques known in the art.
  • desolventization and drying techniques may be used.
  • the polymer can be recovered by passing the polymerization mixture through a heated screw apparatus, such as a desolventizing extruder, in which the volatile substances are removed by evaporation at appropriate temperatures (e.g., about 100° C. to about 170° C.) and under atmospheric or sub-atmospheric pressure. This treatment serves to remove unreacted monomer as well as any low-boiling solvent.
  • the polymer can also be recovered by subjecting the polymerization mixture to steam desolventization, followed by drying the resulting polymer crumbs in a hot air tunnel.
  • the polymer can also be recovered by directly drying the polymerization mixture on a drum dryer.
  • the reactive polymer and the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group are believed to react to produce a novel functionalized polymer, which can be protonated or further modified
  • the exact chemical structure of the functionalized polymer produced in every embodiment is not known with any great degree of certainty, particularly as the structure relates to the residue imparted to the polymer chain end by the nitrile compound and optionally the co-functionalizing agent.
  • the structure of the functionalized polymer may depend upon various factors such as the conditions employed to prepare the reactive polymer (e.g., the type and amount of the initiator) and the conditions employed to react the nitrile compound (and optionally the co-functionalizing agent) with the reactive polymer (e.g., the types and amounts of the nitrile compound and the co-functionalizing agent).
  • one of the products resulting from the reaction between the reactive polymer and the nitrile compound containing a protected amino group may be a functionalized polymer containing a protected amino group, which is defined by the formula VII:
  • R 1 is a divalent organic group
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently a monovalent organic group or a hydrolyzable group, or R 2 and R 3 join to form a divalent organic group, with the proviso that R 1 is an acyclic divalent organic group, a heterocyclic divalent organic group, a non-aromatic cyclic divalent organic group that is devoid of heteroatoms, or a divalent organic group containing an aromatic ring that is devoid of heteroatoms so long as, where R 1 is a divalent organic group containing an aromatic ring that is devoid of heteroatoms, the protected amino group (i.e. the —N(R 2 )(R 3 ) group in the formula VII) is not directly attached to the aromatic ring.
  • the protected amino group i.e. the —N(R 2 )(R 3 ) group in the formula VII
  • the functionalized polymer described by formula VII may undergo a hydrolysis reaction, which may optionally be catalyzed by the use of an acid, to form a functionalized polymer containing an amino group, which is defined by the formula VIII:
  • R 1 is a divalent organic group
  • R 12 and R 13 are each independently a monovalent organic group or a hydrogen atom, or R 12 and R 13 join to form a divalent organic group, with the proviso that R 1 is an acyclic divalent organic group, a heterocyclic divalent organic group, a non-aromatic cyclic divalent organic group that is devoid of heteroatoms, or a divalent organic group containing an aromatic ring that is devoid of heteroatoms so long as, where R 1 is a divalent organic group containing an aromatic ring that is devoid of heteroatoms, the amino group (i.e. the —N(R 12 )(R 13 ) group in the formula VIII) is not directly attached to the aromatic ring.
  • the functionalized polymers prepared according to this invention may contain unsaturation.
  • the functionalized polymers are vulcanizable.
  • the functionalized polymers can have a glass transition temperature (T g ) that is less than 0° C., in other embodiments less than ⁇ 20° C., and in other embodiments less than ⁇ 30° C. In one embodiment, these polymers may exhibit a single glass transition temperature.
  • the polymers may be hydrogenated or partially hydrogenated.
  • the number average molecular weight (M n ) of the functionalized polymers prepared according to this invention may be from about 1,000 to about 1,000,000, in other embodiments from about 5,000 to about 1,000,000, in other embodiments from about 50,000 to about 500,000, and in other embodiments from about 100,000 to about 300,000, as determined by using gel permeation chromatography (GPC) calibrated with polystyrene standards and Mark-Houwink constants for the polymer in question.
  • the molecular weight distribution or polydispersity (M w /M n ) of these polymers may be from about 1.0 to about 3.0, and in other embodiments from about 1.1 to about 2.0.
  • the functionalized polymers of this invention may be polydienes or copolymers of conjugated diene and co-monomer having medium or low cis-1,4-linkage contents. These polymers can have a cis-1,4-linkage content of from about 10% to 60%, in other embodiments from about 15% to 55%, and in other embodiments from about 20% to about 50%. These polymers may also have a 1,2-linkage content from about 10% to about 90%, in other embodiments from about 10% to about 60%, in other embodiments from about 15% to about 50%, and in other embodiments from about 20% to about 45%.
  • the head of the polymer chain includes a functional group that is the residue of the functional initiator.
  • the functionalized polymer of this invention is a polymer selected from the group consisting of polybutadiene, polyisoprene, poly(styrene-co-butadiene), poly(styrene-co-butadiene-co-isoprene), poly(isoprene-co-styrene), and poly(butadiene-co-isoprene).
  • the functionalized polymers of this invention are copolymers of 1,3-butadiene, styrene, and optionally isoprene. These copolymer may include random copolymers and block copolymers.
  • the functionalized polymers of this invention may provide rubber compositions that demonstrate reduced hysteresis.
  • the functionalized polymers are particularly useful in preparing rubber compositions that can be used to manufacture tire components. Rubber compounding techniques and the additives employed therein are generally disclosed in The Compounding and Vulcanization of Rubber , in Rubber Technology ( 2nd Ed. 1973).
  • the rubber compositions can be prepared by using the functionalized polymers alone or together with other elastomers (i.e., polymers that can be vulcanized to form compositions possessing rubbery or elastomeric properties).
  • Other elastomers that may be used include natural and synthetic rubbers.
  • the synthetic rubbers typically derive from the polymerization of conjugated diene monomers, the copolymerization of conjugated diene monomers with other monomers such as vinyl-substituted aromatic monomers, or the copolymerization of ethylene with one or more ⁇ -olefins and optionally one or more diene monomers.
  • Exemplary elastomers include natural rubber, synthetic polyisoprene, polybutadiene, polyisobutylene-co-isoprene, neoprene, poly(ethylene-co-propylene), poly(styrene-co-butadiene), poly(styrene-co-isoprene), poly(styrene-co-isoprene-co-butadiene), poly(isoprene-co-butadiene), poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-diene), polysulfide rubber, acrylic rubber, urethane rubber, silicone rubber, epichlorohydrin rubber, and mixtures thereof.
  • These elastomers can have a myriad of macromolecular structures including linear, branched, and star-shaped structures.
  • the rubber compositions may include fillers such as inorganic and organic fillers.
  • organic fillers include carbon black and starch.
  • inorganic fillers include silica, aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, mica, talc (hydrated magnesium silicate), and clays (hydrated aluminum silicates).
  • carbon blacks and silicas are the most common fillers used in manufacturing tires. In certain embodiments, a mixture of different fillers may be advantageously employed.
  • carbon blacks include furnace blacks, channel blacks, and lamp blacks. More specific examples of carbon blacks include super abrasion furnace blacks, intermediate super abrasion furnace blacks, high abrasion furnace blacks, fast extrusion furnace blacks, fine furnace blacks, semi-reinforcing furnace blacks, medium processing channel blacks, hard processing channel blacks, conducting channel blacks, and acetylene blacks.
  • the carbon blacks may have a surface area (EMSA) of at least 20 m 2 /g and in other embodiments at least 35 m 2 /g; surface area values can be determined by ASTM D-1765 using the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) technique.
  • the carbon blacks may be in a pelletized form or an unpelletized flocculent form. The preferred form of carbon black may depend upon the type of mixing equipment used to mix the rubber compound.
  • the amount of carbon black employed in the rubber compositions can be up to about 50 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of rubber (phr), with about 5 to about 40 phr being typical.
  • Hi-SilTM 215, Hi-SilTM 233, and Hi-SilTM190 PPG Industries, Inc.; Pittsburgh, Pa.
  • Other suppliers of commercially available silica include Grace Davison (Baltimore, Md.), Degussa Corp. (Parsippany, N.J.), Rhodia Silica Systems (Cranbury, N.J.), and J.M. Huber Corp. (Edison, N.J.).
  • silicas may be characterized by their surface areas, which give a measure of their reinforcing character.
  • the Brunauer, Emmet and Teller (“BET”) method (described in J. Am. Chem. Soc ., vol. 60, p. 309 et seq.) is a recognized method for determining the surface area.
  • the BET surface area of silica is generally less than 450 m 2 /g.
  • Useful ranges of surface area include from about 32 to about 400 m 2 /g, about 100 to about 250 m 2 /g, and about 150 to about 220 m 2 /g.
  • the pH's of the silicas are generally from about 5 to about 7 or slightly over 7, or in other embodiments from about 5.5 to about 6.8.
  • a coupling agent and/or a shielding agent may be added to the rubber compositions during mixing in order to enhance the interaction of silica with the elastomers.
  • a coupling agent and/or a shielding agent are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
  • the amount of silica employed in the rubber compositions can be from about 1 to about 100 phr or in other embodiments from about 5 to about 80 phr.
  • the useful upper range is limited by the high viscosity imparted by silicas.
  • the amount of silica can be decreased to as low as about 1 phr; as the amount of silica is decreased, lesser amounts of coupling agents and shielding agents can be employed.
  • the amounts of coupling agents and shielding agents range from about 4% to about 20% based on the weight of silica used.
  • a multitude of rubber curing agents may be employed, including sulfur or peroxide-based curing systems. Curing agents are described in Kirk - Othmer , E NCYCLOPEDIA OF C HEMICAL T ECHNOLOGY , Vol. 20, pgs. 365-468, (3 rd Ed. 1982), particularly Vulcanization Agents and Auxiliary Materials , pgs. 390-402, and A. Y. Coran, Vulcanization , E NCYCLOPEDIA OF P OLYMER S CIENCE AND E NGINEERING , (2 nd Ed. 1989), which are incorporated herein by reference. Vulcanizing agents may be used alone or in combination.
  • oils include those conventionally used as extender oils, which are described above.
  • All ingredients of the rubber compositions can be mixed with standard mixing equipment such as Banbury or Brabender mixers, extruders, kneaders, and two-rolled mills.
  • the ingredients are mixed in two or more stages.
  • a so-called masterbatch which typically includes the rubber component and filler, is prepared.
  • the masterbatch may exclude vulcanizing agents.
  • the masterbatch may be mixed at a starting temperature of from about 25° C. to about 125° C. with a discharge temperature of about 135° C. to about 180° C.
  • the vulcanizing agents may be introduced and mixed into the masterbatch in a final mixing stage, which is typically conducted at relatively low temperatures so as to reduce the chances of premature vulcanization.
  • additional mixing stages sometimes called remills, can be employed between the masterbatch mixing stage and the final mixing stage.
  • remill stages are often employed where the rubber composition includes silica as the filler.
  • Various ingredients including the functionalized polymers of this invention can be added during these remills.
  • the initial masterbatch is prepared by including the functionalized polymer of this invention and silica in the substantial absence of coupling agents and shielding agents.
  • the rubber compositions prepared from the functionalized polymers of this invention are particularly useful for forming tire components such as treads, subtreads, sidewalls, body ply skims, bead filler, and the like.
  • the functional polymers of this invention are employed in tread and sidewall formulations.
  • these tread or sidewall formulations may include from about 10% to about 100% by weight, in other embodiments from about 35% to about 90% by weight, and in other embodiments from about 50% to about 80% by weight of the functionalized polymer based on the total weight of the rubber within the formulation.
  • vulcanization is effected by heating the vulcanizable composition in a mold; e.g., it may be heated to about 140° C. to about 180° C.
  • Cured or crosslinked rubber compositions may be referred to as vulcanizates, which generally contain three-dimensional polymeric networks that are thermoset.
  • the other ingredients, such as fillers and processing aids, may be evenly dispersed throughout the crosslinked network.
  • Pneumatic tires can be made as discussed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,866,171, 5,876,527, 5,931,211, and 5,971,046, which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • the 1 H NMR data (C 6 D 6 , 25° C., referenced to tetramethylsilane) of the product are listed as follows: ⁇ 8.07 (doublet of doubets, 1H, aromatic proton), 6.70 (doublet of doublets, 1H, aromatic proton), 6.45 (doublet of doublets, 1H, aromatic proton), ⁇ 0.16 (singlet, 18H, Si—CH 3 protons). From the 1 H NMR data, the structure of the product was determined to be as follows:
  • the 1 H NMR data (CDCl 3 , 25° C., referenced to tetramethylsilane) of the product are listed as follows: ⁇ 3.07 (triplet, 2H, N—CH 2 protons), 2.48 (singlet, 3H, N—CH 3 protons), 2.42 (triplet, 2H, CH 2 CN protons), 0.09 (singlet, 9H, Si—CH 3 protons). From the 1 H NMR data, the structure of the product was determined to be as follows:
  • TMSIDPN N-trimethylsilyl-3,3′-iminodipropionitrile
  • the 1 H NMR data (CDCl 3 , 25° C., referenced to tetramethylsilane) of the product are listed as follows: ⁇ 3.15 (triplet, 4H, N—CH 2 protons), 2.42 (triplet, 4H, N—CH 2 protons), 0.15 (singlet, 9H, Si—CH 3 protons). From the 1 H NMR data, the structure of the product was determined to be as follows:
  • the Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4 ) of the resulting polymer was determined to be 13.6 at 100° C. by using a Alpha Technologies Mooney viscometer with a large rotor, a one-minute warm-up time, and a four-minute running time. As determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), the polymer had a number average molecular weight (M n ) of 116,600, a weight average molecular weight (M w ) of 120,200, and a molecular weight distribution (M w /M n ) of 1.03.
  • Example 8 About 335 g of the living polymer cement as synthesized in Example 8 was transferred from the reactor to a nitrogen-purged bottle, followed by addition of 1.80 ml of 0.237 M 4-[bis(trimethylsilyl)aminomethyl]benzonitrile (4-BTMSAMBZN) in hexane. The bottle was tumbled for 30 minutes in a water bath maintained at 65° C.
  • the resulting polymer cement was quenched with 3 ml of 12 wt % 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol solution in isopropanol, coagulated with 2 liters of isopropanol containing 0.5 g of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and then drum-dried.
  • the properties of the resulting 4-BTMSAMBZN-modified polymer are summarized in Table 1.
  • Example 8 About 409 g of the living polymer cement as synthesized in Example 8 was transferred from the reactor to a nitrogen-purged bottle, followed by addition of 2.22 ml of 0.230 M 5-[bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]-2-pyridinecarbonitrile (BTMSAPyCN) in hexane. The bottle was tumbled for 30 minutes in a water bath maintained at 65° C. The resulting polymer cement was quenched with 3 ml of 12 wt % 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol solution in isopropanol, coagulated with 2 liters of isopropanol containing 0.5 g of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol, and then drum-dried.
  • Table 1 The properties of the resulting BTMSAPyCN-modified polymer are summarized in Table 1.
  • TMSIDPN N-trimethylsilyl-3,3′-iminodipropionitrile
  • poly(styrene-co-butadiene) samples produced in Examples 8-16 were evaluated in a rubber compound filled with carbon black.
  • the compositions of the vulcanizates are presented in Table 2, wherein the numbers are expressed as parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of total rubber (phr).
  • the Mooney viscosity (ML 1+4 ) of the uncured rubber compound was determined at 130° C. by using a Alpha Technologies Mooney viscometer with a large rotor, a one-minute warm-up time, and a four-minute running time.
  • the Payne effect data ( ⁇ G′) and hysteresis data (tan ⁇ ) of the vulcanizates were obtained from a dynamic strain-sweep experiment, which was conducted at 60° C. and 10 Hz with strain sweeping from 0.25% to 15%.
  • ⁇ G′ is the difference between G′ at 0.25% strain and G′ at 15% strain.
  • the physical properties of the vulcanizates are summarized in Table 3. In FIG. 1 , the tan ⁇ data are plotted against the compound Mooney viscosities.
  • the 4-BTMSAMBZN-, BTMSAPyCN-, 3-BTMSAPN-, 3-TMSMAPN-, TMSIDPN-, 3-BTMSABZN-, and 4-BTMSABZN-modified poly(styrene-co-butadiene) samples give lower tan ⁇ than the unmodified polymer, indicating that the modification of poly(styrene-co-butadiene) with 4-BTMSAMBZN, BTMSAPyCN, 3-BTMSAPN, 3-TMSMAPN, TMSIDPN, 3-BTMSABZN, and 4-BTMSABZN reduces hysteresis.
  • the modified poly(styrene-co-butadiene) samples also give significantly lower ⁇ G′ than the unmodified polymer, indicating that the Payne Effect has been reduced due to the interaction between the modified polymer and carbon black.
  • 4-BTMSAMBZN, BTMSAPyCN, 3-BTMSABZN, and 4-BTMSABZN contain the same bis(trimethylsilyl)amino group
  • the poly(styrene-co-butadiene) samples (Examples 10, 11, 19, and 20) modified with 4-BTMSAMBZN or BTMSAPyCN where the bis(trimethylsilyl)amino group is directly attached to an acyclic moiety or a heterocyclic moiety provide lower tan ⁇ and lower ⁇ G′ as compared to the poly(styrene-co-butadiene) samples (Examples 15, 16, 24, and 25 (comparative)) modified with 3-BTMSABZN or 4-BTMSABZN where the bis(trimethyls

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CN103025816A (zh) 2013-04-03
RU2564352C2 (ru) 2015-09-27
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US9469710B2 (en) 2016-10-18
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