[go: up one dir, main page]

US20120058468A1 - Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing - Google Patents

Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing Download PDF

Info

Publication number
US20120058468A1
US20120058468A1 US13/147,159 US201013147159A US2012058468A1 US 20120058468 A1 US20120058468 A1 US 20120058468A1 US 201013147159 A US201013147159 A US 201013147159A US 2012058468 A1 US2012058468 A1 US 2012058468A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
nucleic acid
adaptor
pore
construct
double stranded
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US13/147,159
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Brian McKeown
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Oxford Nanopore Technologies PLC
Original Assignee
Oxford Nanopore Technologies PLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Oxford Nanopore Technologies PLC filed Critical Oxford Nanopore Technologies PLC
Priority to US13/147,159 priority Critical patent/US20120058468A1/en
Assigned to OXFORD NANOPORE TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED reassignment OXFORD NANOPORE TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MCKEOWN, BRIAN
Publication of US20120058468A1 publication Critical patent/US20120058468A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

Links

Images

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11—DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
    • C07H21/00—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids
    • C07H21/04—Compounds containing two or more mononucleotide units having separate phosphate or polyphosphate groups linked by saccharide radicals of nucleoside groups, e.g. nucleic acids with deoxyribosyl as saccharide radical
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6869—Methods for sequencing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12Q—MEASURING OR TESTING PROCESSES INVOLVING ENZYMES, NUCLEIC ACIDS OR MICROORGANISMS; COMPOSITIONS OR TEST PAPERS THEREFOR; PROCESSES OF PREPARING SUCH COMPOSITIONS; CONDITION-RESPONSIVE CONTROL IN MICROBIOLOGICAL OR ENZYMOLOGICAL PROCESSES
    • C12Q2525/00—Reactions involving modified oligonucleotides, nucleic acids, or nucleotides
    • C12Q2525/10—Modifications characterised by
    • C12Q2525/121—Modifications characterised by incorporating both deoxyribonucleotides and ribonucleotides

Definitions

  • the invention relates to adaptors for sequencing nucleic acids.
  • the adaptors may be used to generate single stranded constructs of nucleic acid for sequencing purposes. Such constructs may contain both strands from a double stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA) template.
  • the invention also relates to the constructs generated using the adaptors, methods of making the adaptors and constructs, as well as methods of sequencing double stranded nucleic acids.
  • Stochastic detection is an approach to sensing that relies on the observation of individual binding events between analyte molecules and a receptor.
  • Stochastic sensors can be created by placing a single pore of nanometer dimensions in an insulating membrane and measuring voltage-driven ionic transport through the pore in the presence of analyte molecules. The frequency of occurrence of fluctuations in the current reveals the concentration of an analyte that binds within the pore. The identity of an analyte is revealed through its distinctive current signature, notably the duration and extent of current block (Braha, O., Walker, B., Cheley, S., Kasianowicz, J. J., Song, L., Gouaux, J. E., and Bayley, H. (1997) Chem. Biol. 4, 497-505; and Bayley, H., and Cremer, P. S. (2001) Nature 413, 226-230).
  • Engineered versions of the bacterial pore forming toxin ⁇ -hemolysin ( ⁇ -HL) have been used for stochastic sensing of many classes of molecules (Bayley, H., and Cremer, P. S. (2001) Nature 413, 226-230; Shin, S., H., Luchian, T., Cheley, S., Braha, O., and Bayley, H. (2002) Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41, 3707-3709; and Guan, X., Gu, L.-Q., Cheley, S., Braha, O., and Bayley, H. (2005) ChemBioChem 6, 1875-1881).
  • artificial, identifiable adaptors may be used to generate single stranded nucleic acid constructs that contain both strands of a double stranded nucleic acid template.
  • the two strands of the template are covalently linked and delineated (divided) by an adaptor.
  • the adaptor not only allows the transition point from one strand to the other strand to be identified, but also allows the construct to be purified before it is sequenced.
  • the adaptor may further allow the construct to be differentiated from similar constructs in which the strands have a different source. Hence, the adaptors allow multiplex sequence analysis of templates originating from separate individual sources.
  • the adaptors are particularly useful for sequencing double stranded DNA (dsDNA) and double stranded RNA (dsRNA).
  • the adaptors may be used to generate single stranded constructs containing both the sense and antisense strands of the dsDNA or dsRNA.
  • the adaptors are generally used in pairs. Both types of adaptor in the pair not only comprise a region of double stranded nucleic acid that forms one half of a palindromic cleavage site, but also are differentially selectable from one another. Each pair comprises two types of adaptor; Type I and Type II.
  • Type I adaptors comprise a hairpin loop, which allows covalent linkage of the two strands in a double stranded nucleic acid template.
  • Type II adaptors may comprise a hairpin loop, but do not have to. This combination of features allows the generation and purification of single stranded constructs in which both strands of a double stranded nucleic acid template are covalently linked via a Type I adaptor.
  • the invention provides an adaptor for sequencing nucleic acids, which comprises a region of double stranded nucleic acid, wherein at least one end of the region forms one half of a palindromic cleavage site and wherein the adaptor is differentially selectable from another adaptor.
  • the region is formed by hybridization between two separated regions of a single stranded nucleic acid and the adaptor comprises a hairpin loop.
  • the invention also provides:
  • FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of a Type I adaptor.
  • the single stranded DNA strand has self complementarity such that it will hybridise to itself, leaving a large hairpin loop of single stranded DNA, which is used to selectively bind the ‘Type I adaptor’ ligation products during the purification.
  • the terminus of the self hybridised adaptor encodes one half of the primary Restriction Endonuclease (arrowed, 1 ry ), utilised to cleave any ligation products created by adaptor:adaptor ligations, whether Type I:Type I, Type I:Type II or Type II:Type II.
  • FIG. 2 shows one embodiment of a Type II adaptor.
  • the Type II adaptor comprises a hairpin loop.
  • the single stranded DNA is punctuated by a Biotin-dT base (starburst) which when the strand self-hybridises, is presented in the single stranded ‘bubble’ region.
  • This biotin is a selectable characteristic of only those ligation products which include a Type II adaptor.
  • the double stranded element of this adaptor includes a recognition sequence of the secondary Restriction Endonuclease, and (in common with the Type I adaptor) is terminated with one half of the primary Restriction Endonuclease recognition sequence, to enable elimination of adaptor:adaptor ligation products, as previously.
  • FIG. 3 shows two types of hairpin adaptor (black; Type I and dark grey; Type II) are combined with blunt ended template dsDNA (light grey).
  • Box A shows the ideal situation where one Type I and one Type II adaptor are ligated onto either end of an intervening template DNA sequence.
  • Box B depicts that if there is no intervening template, an undesirable ligation product is generated.
  • the presence of a primary RE restriction recognition site (solid line box) within the ligated product is useful for the selective destruction of the undesirable ligation product.
  • An alternative secondary RE restriction site (dotted box) within the Type II adaptor is used to liberate the sequencing template (see below).
  • ‘B’ indicates the presence of a biotin moiety included upon the single stranded element of the Type II adaptor.
  • FIG. 4 shows the generation of closed circular ‘DNA Dumbells’ commences with conventional random fragmentation of high molecular weight template DNA. Only a proportion of the fragments generated will carry extendable 3′OH underhang on both strands, which can be end repaired by DNA polymerase. A still smaller number of the repaired fragments will additionally have 5′ PO 4 ends on both strands. Although small in number, any such blunt ended fragments will be receptive to the ligation of artificial hairpin loop adaptors, which form the requisite closed circular templates for exonuclease sequencing on both strands.
  • FIG. 5 shows the post-ligation of the Type I and Type II adaptors.
  • the desired product for sequencing can be purified using the indicated procedure: Black lines represent ‘Type I’ adaptors; Dark Grey lines represent biotinylated ‘Type II’ adaptors; Light Grey lines indicate template DNA.
  • Crosshatched arrows indicate an operation without transfer to a fresh plate. Empty arrows indicate transfer of the contents of the previous well to a fresh plate.
  • Post ligation the products are pipetted into an immobilised streptavidin plate. Only those ligation products harbouring a biotinylated Type II adaptor will bind. (2) Washing the plate will remove all Type I/Type I ligation products, etc.
  • FIG. 6 shows the treatment of the captured dumbbell structure ( FIG. 1 , A) with the enzyme encoded in the hybridised region of the Type II adaptor releases a covalently closed structure as depicted here (left).
  • Treatment of this structure with a denaturant yields a single stranded structure (right) susceptible to exonuclease I digestion, which if processive, will liberate nucleotides from the DNA to be interrogated, the linking artificial sequence nucleotides and then the reverse complement nucleotides, which can be compared with the base calls already made. Combination of the calls generates a consensus call of greater quality.
  • FIG. 7 shows an example of the single stranded product that is recovered from the plate is digested by exonuclease to liberate 5′ monophosphate nucleosides that elicit a change in the current flow through an adaptor modified ⁇ -HL protein pore.
  • the order in which the ‘bases’ are released and identified is sequential.
  • SEQ ID NO: 1 shows the polynucleotide sequence encoding one subunit of wild type ⁇ -hemolysin ( ⁇ -HL).
  • SEQ ID NO: 2 shows the amino acid sequence of one subunit of wild type ⁇ -HL.
  • Amino acids 2 to 6, 73 to 75, 207 to 209, 214 to 216 and 219 to 222 form ⁇ -helices.
  • Amino acids 22 to 30, 35 to 44, 52 to 62, 67 to 71, 76 to 91, 98 to 103, 112 to 123, 137 to 148, 154 to 159, 165 to 172, 229 to 235, 243 to 261, 266 to 271, 285 to 286 and 291 to 293 form ⁇ -strands.
  • All the other non-terminal amino acids namely 7 to 21, 31 to 34, 45 to 51, 63 to 66, 72, 92 to 97, 104 to 111, 124 to 136, 149 to 153, 160 to 164, 173 to 206, 210 to 213, 217, 218, 223 to 228, 236 to 242, 262 to 265, 272 to 274 and 287 to 290 form loop regions.
  • Amino acids 1 and 294 are terminal amino acids.
  • SEQ ID NO: 3 shows the polynucleotide sequence encoding one subunit of ⁇ -HL M113R/N139Q (HL-RQ).
  • SEQ ID NO: 4 shows the amino acid sequence of one subunit of ⁇ -HL M113R/N139Q (HL-RQ). The same amino acids that form ⁇ -helices, ⁇ -strands and loop regions in wild type ⁇ -HL form the corresponding regions in this subunit.
  • SEQ ID NO: 5 shows the codon optimised polynucleotide sequence derived from the sbcB gene from E. coli. It encodes the exonuclease I enzyme (EcoExoI) from E. coli.
  • SEQ ID NO: 6 shows the amino acid sequence of exonuclease I enzyme (EcoExoI) from E. coli. This enzyme performs processive digestion of 5′ monophosphate nucleosides from single stranded DNA (ssDNA) in a 3′-5′ direction. Amino acids 60 to 68, 70 to 78, 80 to 93, 107 to 119, 124 to 128, 137 to 148, 165 to 172, 182 to 211, 213 to 221, 234 to 241, 268 to 286, 313 to 324, 326 to 352, 362 to 370, 373 to 391, 401 to 454 and 457 to 475 form ⁇ -helices.
  • EscoExoI exonuclease I enzyme
  • Amino acids 10 to 18, 28 to 26, 47 to 50, 97 to 101, 133 to 136, 229 to 232, 243 to 251, 258 to 263, 298 to 302 and 308 to 311 form ⁇ -strands. All the other non-terminal amino acids, 19 to 27, 37 to 46, 51 to 59, 69, 79, 94 to 96102 to 106, 120 to 123, 129 to 132, 149 to 164, 173 to 181, 212, 222 to 228 233, 242, 252 to 257, 264 to 267, 287 to 297, 303 to 307, 312, 325, 353 to 361, 371, 372, 392 to 400, 455 and 456, form loops.
  • Amino acids 1 to 9 are terminal amino acids.
  • the overall fold of the enzyme is such that three regions combine to form a molecule with the appearance of the letter C, although residues 355-358, disordered in the crystal structure, effectively convert this C into an O-like shape.
  • the amino terminus (1-206) forms the exonuclease domain and has homology to the DnaQ superfamily, the following residues (202-354) form an SH3-like domain and the carboxyl domain (359-475) extends the exonuclease domain to form the C-like shape of the molecule.
  • Four acidic residues of EcoExoI are conserved with the active site residues of the DnaQ superfamily (corresponding to D15, E17, D108 and D186).
  • SEQ ID NO: 7 shows the codon optimised polynucleotide sequence derived from the recJ gene from T. thermophilus. It encodes the RecJ enzyme from T. thermophilus (TthRecJ-cd).
  • SEQ ID NO: 8 shows the amino acid sequence of the RecJ enzyme from T. thermophilus (TthRecJ-cd). This enzyme performs processive digestion of 5′ monophosphate nucleosides from ssDNA in a 5′-3′ direction. Enzyme initiation on a strand requires at least 4 nucleotides. Amino acids 19 to 33, 44 to 61, 80 to 89, 103 to 111, 136 to 140, 148 to 163, 169 to 183, 189 to 202, 207 to 217, 223 to 240, 242 to 252, 254 to 287, 302 to 318, 338 to 350 and 365 to 382 form ⁇ -helices.
  • Amino acids 36 to 40, 64 to 68, 93 to 96, 116 to 120, 133 to 135, 294 to 297, 321 to 325, 328 to 332, 352 to 355 and 359 to 363 form ⁇ -strands. All the other non-terminal amino acids, 34, 35, 41 to 43, 62, 63, 69 to 79, 90 to 92, 97 to 102, 112 to 115, 121 to 132, 141 to 147, 164 to 168, 184 to 188203 to 206, 218 to 222, 241, 253, 288 to 293, 298 to 301, 319, 320, 326, 327, 333 to 337, 351 to 358 and 364, form loops.
  • Amino acids 1 to 18 and 383 to 425 are terminal amino acids.
  • the crystal structure has only been resolved for the core domain of RecJ from Thermus thermophilus (residues 40-463). To ensure initiation of translation and in vivo expression of the RecJ core domain a methionine residue was added at its amino terminus, this is absent from the crystal structure information.
  • the resolved structure shows two domains, an amino (2-253) and a carboxyl (288-463) region, connected by a long ⁇ -helix (254-287).
  • the catalytic residues (D46, D98, H122, and D183) co-ordinate a single divalent metal ion for nucleophilic attack on the phosphodiester bond. D46 and H120 proposed to be the catalytic pair; however, mutation of any of these conserved residues in the E. coli RecJ was shown to abolish activity.
  • SEQ ID NO: 9 shows the sequence of the I-SceI homing endonuclease recognition site.
  • SEQ ID NO: 10 shows the nucleic sequence from which preferred nucleic acid linkers can be generated.
  • SEQ ID NO: 11 shows a preferred nucleic acid linker.
  • MAL is maleimide. This linker is used in combination with SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • SEQ ID NO: 12 shows a preferred nucleic acid linker.
  • MAL is maleimide. This linker is used in combination with SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • SEQ ID NO: 13 shows a preferred nucleic acid linker.
  • MAL is maleimide. This linker is used in combination with SEQ ID NO: 16.
  • SEQ ID NO: 14 shows a preferred 15 mer nucleic acid linker.
  • MAL is maleimide. This linker is complementary to and used in combination with SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • SEQ ID NO: 15 shows a preferred 15 mer nucleic acid linker.
  • MAL is maleimide. This linker is complementary to and used in combination with SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • SEQ ID NO: 16 shows a preferred 15 mer nucleic acid linker.
  • MAL is maleimide. This linker is complementary to and used in combination with SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the invention provides adaptors for sequencing nucleic acids.
  • the adaptors comprise a region of double stranded nucleic acid. At least one end of the region forms one half of a palindromic cleavage site.
  • the adaptors are differentially selectable from other adaptors.
  • the region is formed by hybridization between two separated regions of a single stranded nucleic acid and the adaptors comprise a hairpin loop.
  • Adaptors of the invention are typically used as part of a pair of adaptors.
  • the adaptors of the invention have several advantages.
  • the adaptors facilitate construction, purification and final release of a desired single stranded sequencing construct, which comprises both strands of a double stranded nucleic acid template. This ensures that, when the construct is sequenced, each position in the double stranded nucleic acid is not merely observed once, but is in fact interrogated twice. This gives greater certainty that each position in the nucleic acid has been observed and that the aggregate call for both bases at each position is of a greater quality score than would be possible with a single observation.
  • the key advantage of the adaptors of the invention is that they allow each ‘base pair’ position of a double stranded template to be effectively interrogated twice as part of the same ‘read event’. This ensures that the quality of the sequence generated is consequently very much higher, with a reduced potential for misidentified base calls, or completely missed bases.
  • the adaptors of the invention allow the production of constructs containing both the sense and antisense strands of dsDNA and dsRNA. Each ‘base pair’ position of the dsDNA or dsRNA can effectively be interrogated twice; once on the sense strand and once on the antisense strand.
  • This ability to interrogate each position twice is particularly important when sequencing nucleic acids using stochastic sensing. Such sequencing normally depends on the capture of every base in turn by the transmembrane pore and a sufficiently high sampling rate to enable accurate determination of the degree to which the current flowing through the pore is reduced. Being able to effectively interrogate every base twice reduces the need to capture every base at a sufficiently high rate.
  • the adaptors of the invention allow the nucleic acid to be provided in a form suitable for stochastic sensing. Only single stranded nucleic acids can be threaded through transmembrane pores.
  • nucleic acid handling enzymes which are an integral part of the sequencing methods described herein, are capable of only handling single stranded nucleic acids.
  • the adaptors of the invention have a great degree of flexibility in their actual sequence and therefore functionality can be built into the sequences used. For instance, an adaptor-specific sequence can be built into each adaptor. This allows a construct containing a particular adaptor to be differentiated from one containing a different adaptor. This is particularly helpful for multiplex sequence analysis of templates originating from separate individual sources.
  • the adaptors are for sequencing nucleic acids.
  • the adaptors are preferably for sequencing a double stranded nucleic acid by generating a single stranded nucleic acid construct that contains both strands of the double stranded nucleic acid template.
  • the adaptors are more preferably for sequencing dsDNA or dsRNA by generating a single stranded nucleic acid construct that contains both the sense and antisense strands of the dsDNA or dsRNA.
  • the adaptors comprise a region of double stranded nucleic acid.
  • the presence of this region means that the adaptors of the invention are capable of ligating to other double stranded nucleic acids, such as dsDNA or dsRNA.
  • the adaptors of the invention are also capable of ligating to themselves or other types of adaptors. As described in more detail below, such ligation will result in the formation of a complete palindromic cleavable site. Suitable conditions that allow the ligation of the adaptors of the invention to double stranded nucleic acids or themselves are discussed below.
  • the region of double stranded nucleic acid may comprise any type of nucleic acid.
  • a nucleic acid is a macromolecule comprising two or more nucleotides.
  • the nucleic acid handled may comprise any combination of any nucleotides.
  • the nucleotides can be naturally occurring or artificial.
  • a nucleotide typically contains a nucleobase, a sugar and at least one phosphate group.
  • the nucleobase is typically heterocyclic. Nucleobases include, but are not limited to, purines and pyrimidines and more specifically adenine, guanine, thymine, uracil and cytosine.
  • the sugar is typically a pentose sugar.
  • Nucleotide sugars include, but are not limited to, ribose and deoxyribose.
  • the nucleotide is typically a ribonucleotide or deoxyribonucleotide.
  • the nucleotide typically contains a monophosphate, diphosphate or triphosphate. Phosphates may be attached on the 5′ or 3′ side of a nucleotide.
  • Nucleotides include, but are not limited to, adenosine monophosphate (AMP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), guanosine monophosphate (GMP), guanosine diphosphate (GDP), guanosine triphosphate (GTP), thymidine monophosphate (TMP), thymidine diphosphate (TDP), thymidine triphosphate (TTP), uridine monophosphate (UMP), uridine diphosphate (UDP), uridine triphosphate (UTP), cytidine monophosphate (CMP), cytidine diphosphate (CDP), cytidine triphosphate (CTP), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), deoxyadenosine diphosphate (dADP), deoxyadenos
  • the nucleic acid can be deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA).
  • the nucleic acid may include two strands of any synthetic nucleic acid known in the art, such as peptide nucleic acid (PNA), glycerol nucleic acid (GNA), threose nucleic acid (TNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA) or other synthetic polymers with nucleotide side chains.
  • PNA peptide nucleic acid
  • GNA glycerol nucleic acid
  • TAA threose nucleic acid
  • LNA locked nucleic acid
  • the nucleic acid in the adaptor is chosen such that the adaptors are capable of ligating to the double stranded nucleic acid being sequenced.
  • the region of double stranded nucleic acid may be any length as long as the palindromic cleavage site is functional when two adaptors ligate together.
  • the region will typically be 40 or fewer base pairs, such as 30 or fewer base pairs, 20 or fewer base pairs or 10 or fewer base pairs, in length.
  • the region is preferably 5 to 20 base pairs in length and more preferably 6 to 10 base pairs in length.
  • the region may be formed by hybridization of two separate strands of single stranded nucleic acid.
  • the two separate strands may be the same type of nucleic acid or different types of nucleic acid as long as they hybridise.
  • the two separate strands can be any of the types of nucleic acid described above. Suitable conditions that allow hybridization of nucleic acids are discussed in more detail below.
  • the region of double stranded nucleic acid is preferably formed by hybridization of two separated regions of a single stranded nucleic acid such that the adaptor comprises a hairpin loop.
  • Type I adaptors comprise a hairpin loop. This allows Type I adaptors to covalently link two strands of a double nucleic acid template.
  • Type II adaptors may or may not comprise a hairpin loop. It is preferred that the Type II adaptors comprise a hairpin loop.
  • the formation of hairpin loops is known in the art.
  • the hairpin loop is typically formed from single stranded nucleic acid.
  • the hairpin loop may be the same type of nucleic acid as that making up the region of double stranded nucleic acid.
  • the hairpin loop may be a different type of nucleic acid from that making up the region of double stranded nucleic acid.
  • the hairpin loop can be any of the types of nucleic acid described above.
  • the hairpin loop may be involved in the differential selectability of the adaptors of the invention.
  • the hairpin loop may comprise a selectable binding moiety.
  • the hairpin loop may be any length.
  • the hairpin loop is typically 50 or fewer bases, such as 40 or fewer bases, 30 or fewer bases, 20 or fewer bases or 10 or fewer bases, in length.
  • the hairpin loop is preferably from about 1 to 50, from 2 to 40 or from 6 to 30 bases in length. Longer lengths of the hairpin loop, such as from 15 to 50 bases, are preferred if the loop is involved in the differential selectability of the adaptor. Similarly, shorter lengths of the hairpin loop, such as from 1 to 5 bases, are preferred if the loop is not involved in the differential selectability of the adaptor.
  • the region of double stranded nucleic acid will have two free ends.
  • One or both of these ends may ligate to a double stranded nucleic acid template. At least one end forms one half of a palindromic cleavage site. Both ends preferably form one half of the same palindromic cleavage site.
  • One or both ends may also be involved in the differential selectability of the adaptors of the invention.
  • one end of the adaptor may ligate to a double stranded nucleic acid template and forms one half of a palindromic cleavage site and the other end is involved in the differential selectability of the adaptor.
  • the region of double stranded nucleic acid will have only one free end.
  • the other end is closed by the hairpin loop.
  • the free end not only forms one half of a palindromic cleavage site, but also may ligate to a double stranded nucleic acid template.
  • the free end(s) of the region of double stranded nucleic acid may be in any form.
  • the end(s) can be sticky. In other words, the end(s) do not have to form a base pair.
  • the sticky end(s) may have a 5′ or 3′ overhang. It is preferred that the end(s) are blunt. In other words, it is preferred that the end(s) form a base pair. It is particularly preferred that the end(s) of the region forming one half of a palindromic cleavage site are blunt.
  • the end that ligates to a double stranded nucleic acid template and forms one half of a palindromic cleavage site is blunt and the other end that is involved in the differential selectability of the adaptor is sticky.
  • a palindromic cleavage site is a palindromic consensus sequence in a nucleic acid that may be cleaved in some manner. Several such sequences are known in the art and may be used in the invention. Preferred palindromic cleavage sites are shown below.
  • One half of a palindromic cleavage site is exactly one half of a palindromic consensus sequence. In other words, it is the amount of a palindromic cleavage site that when recombined with itself forms a complete palindromic cleavage site. As discussed above, the ends forming the one half of the palindromic cleavage site may be sticky or blunt. For instance, for a palindromic cleavage site having the following sequence:
  • one half of the palindromic cleavage site can be
  • the first one half of the palindromic cleavage site has blunt ends, while the second two one halves of the palindromic cleavage site have sticky ends.
  • the adaptors of the invention are typically used in pairs with one type of adaptor in the pair being differentially selectable from the other type of adaptor in the pair. Since both types adaptors in the pair comprise one half a palindromic cleavage site, a complete palindromic cleavage site is formed when one type of adaptor ligates with an adaptor of the same type or of a different type. For instance, a complete palindromic cleavage site will be formed if Type I ligates to Type I (Type I:Type I), Type II ligates to Type II (Type II:Type II) or Type I ligates to Type II (Type I:Type II).
  • the formation of a complete palindromic cleavage site allows the ligated adaptors to be cleaved. This is discussed in more detail below.
  • the complete palindromic cleavage site may be any length.
  • palindromic cleavage sites are typically from 8 to 50 base pairs, such as at least 10 base pairs, at least 12 base pairs, at least 14 base pairs, at least 16 base pairs, at least 20 base pairs, at least 30 base pairs or at least 40 base pairs, in length.
  • the longer the palindromic cleavage site the better because the less likely the sequence will appear randomly in an organism's genome. In a completely random genome sequence (which of course is never found in nature), a palindromic cleavage site of x base pairs in length would be found once every 4 x base pairs.
  • Preferred palindromic cleavage sites include restriction endonuclease recognition sites.
  • Restriction endonuclease recognition sites are sites that are cleaved by restriction endonuclease enzymes.
  • Suitable restriction endonuclease enzymes for use in the invention include, but are not limited to, those in Enzyme Classification (EC) groups 3.1.21.4 and 3.1.21.5.
  • the restriction endonuclease recognition site may be a naturally occurring site that is cleaved by a naturally occurring restriction endonuclease enzyme. Alternatively, the restriction endonuclease recognition site and/or the restriction endonuclease may be non-naturally occurring.
  • Engineering a restriction endonuclease recognition site and/or a restriction endonuclease for use in the invention offers various advantages. For instance, engineering an endonuclease to cleave a long and/or rare site means that the endonuclease is less likely to “accidentally” cleave one or more sites with the double stranded nucleic acid template being interrogated.
  • Preferred restriction endonuclease recognition sites include, but are not limited to, the following:
  • Preferred halves of these sites therefore include, but are not limited to, the following:
  • Adaptors of the invention are differentially selectable from other adaptors.
  • Adaptors of the invention are differentially selectable from different types of adaptor of the invention.
  • Type I adaptors are differentially selectable from Type II adaptors.
  • Differential selectability means that one type of adaptor can be delineated or distinguished from another type of the adaptor on the basis of at least one property. Any property may be used to differentially select different types of adaptors.
  • adaptors are differentially selectable because they can be separated from each other.
  • each type of adaptor in the pair can be separated from the other type.
  • Type I adaptors can be separated from Type II adaptors and vice versa. This facilitates the method of the invention discussed in more detail below. Any means of separation can be used.
  • Differential selection preferably involves differential or selective binding to a surface.
  • two types of adaptors of the invention can of course be differentially selected if only one binds to surface A and only the other binds to surface B.
  • Adaptors of the invention are therefore differentially selectable if they specifically bind to a surface.
  • Adaptors specifically bind to a surface if they bind to the surface to a much greater degree than adaptors of a different type.
  • the adaptors bind to a surface to which no other types of adaptor bind. Suitable surfaces are discussed in more detail below.
  • the adaptors can be separated from other adaptors by differential binding. For instance, it is possible to separate two types of adaptor (for example Types A and B) from each other if the first type of adaptor (Type A) specifically binds to one surface (surface A) and the second type of adaptor (Type B) binds to another surface (surface B).
  • a mixture of two types of adaptor will contain unligated adaptors of both types, as well as ligated constructs of Type A:Type A, Type B:Type B and Type A:Type B.
  • Contacting the mixture with surface A will result in the binding of Type A adaptors and any constructs comprising a Type A adaptor.
  • contacting the mixture with surface B will result in the binding of Type B adaptors and any constructs comprising a Type B adaptor.
  • Ligated constructs can of course be cleaved using the palindromic cleavage site.
  • the adaptors preferably comprise a selectable binding moiety.
  • a selectable binding moiety is a moiety that can be selected on the basis of its binding properties.
  • a selectable binding moiety is preferably a moiety that specifically binds to a surface.
  • a selectable binding moiety specifically binds to a surface if it binds to the surface to a much greater degree than any other moiety used in the invention.
  • the moiety binds to a surface to which no other moiety used in the invention binds.
  • the hairpin loop preferably comprises the selective binding moiety.
  • Suitable selective binding moieties are known in the art.
  • Preferred selective binding moieties include, but are not limited to, biotin, a nucleic acid sequence, antibodies, antibody fragments, such as Fab and ScSv, antigens, nucleic acid binding proteins, poly histidine tails and GST tags.
  • the most preferred selective binding moieties are biotin and a selectable nucleic acid sequence. Biotin specifically binds to a surface coated with avidins. Selectable nucleic acid sequences specifically bind (i.e. hybridise) to a surface coated with homologous sequences. This is discussed in more detail below. Alternatively, selectable nucleic acid sequences specifically bind to a surface coated with nucleic acid binding proteins.
  • one type of adaptor in a pair of adaptors comprises biotin and the other type of adaptor comprises a selectable nucleic acid sequence.
  • the adaptors comprise a nucleic acid sequence that allows identification of the adaptor.
  • the nucleic acid sequence may be present in the region of double stranded nucleic acid or, if present, the hairpin loop.
  • the nucleic acid sequence is typically 12 or fewer bases, such as 10 or fewer bases, 8 or fewer bases or 6 or fewer bases, in length. It comprises a recognizable sequence that can be identified when a construct comprising the adaptor is sequenced in accordance with the invention.
  • the sequence will be identified as the adaptor part that links the two strands of nucleic acid to be interrogated is sequenced.
  • the sequence is typically present between the end that ligates to the double stranded nucleic acid template and the point at which adaptor can be cleaved or nicked. In such embodiments, the sequence remains ligated to the double stranded nucleic acid template even once the adaptor is cleaved or nicked.
  • the nucleic acid sequence identifies the source of the two strands to which it is ligated.
  • the adaptor allows multiplex sequence analysis of templates originating from separate individual sources. Each template is assigned a different adaptor, each of which comprises a nucleic acid sequence that allows identification of the source of the template.
  • the adaptor is itself capable of being cleaved or nicked.
  • the adaptor may be cleaved or nicked without having to ligate to another adaptor.
  • the region of double stranded nucleic acid may be capable of being cleaved or nicked and/or, if present, the hairpin loop may be capable of being cleaved or nicked.
  • the end of the adaptor that forms one half of a palindromic cleavage site i.e. the end of the adaptor that ligates to the double stranded sequence template
  • it is preferred that one or both ends of the adaptor can be separated from the selectable binding moiety.
  • Adaptors that are capable of being cleaved or nicked preferably contain one or more, such as two, three or more, cleavage or nick sites. Any cleavage or nick site may be used in accordance with the invention. Such sites include, but are not limited to, chemical cleavage or nick sites, RNA/DNA composite sites, non-natural bases (e.g. uracil) and restriction endonuclease recognition sites and homing endonuclease recognition sites.
  • sites include, but are not limited to, chemical cleavage or nick sites, RNA/DNA composite sites, non-natural bases (e.g. uracil) and restriction endonuclease recognition sites and homing endonuclease recognition sites.
  • Adaptors that are capable of being cleaved or nicked more preferably comprise one or more restriction or homing endonuclease recognition sites. It is preferred that the restriction or homing endonuclease recognition site(s) are not the palindromic cleavage site formed if the adaptor ligates to another adaptor of the invention. Suitable restriction or homing endonuclease recognition sites are known in the art. Preferred homing endonuclease recognition sites include, but are not limited to, the following:
  • I-SceI (SEQ ID NO: 9) 5′ . . . TAGGGATAACAGGGTAAT . . . 3′ 3′ . . . ATCCCTATTGTCCCATTA . . . 5′
  • the invention also provides pairs of adaptors of the invention.
  • One type of adaptor in the pair is formed by hybridization between two separated regions of a single stranded nucleic acid and comprises a hairpin loop (Type I).
  • the other type of adaptor in the pair may or may not have a hairpin loop (Type II).
  • the Type II adaptor is preferably also formed by hybridization between two separated regions of a single stranded nucleic acid and comprises a hairpin loop.
  • Each type of adaptor in the pair is differentially selectable from the other type.
  • a complete palindromic cleavage site is formed if any combination of the two types of adaptor are ligated to one another.
  • the adaptors may be any of those discussed above.
  • Type adaptor I can be separated from the Type II adaptor and vice versa. Any method of separation described above can be used. It is more preferred that the Type I adaptor can be separated from the Type II adaptor by differential binding. It is even more preferred that the Type I adaptor comprises a different selectable binding moiety from the Type II adaptor. Preferably, the Type I adaptor comprises a selectable nucleic acid and the
  • Type II adaptor comprises biotin. All of these embodiments facilitate the method of the invention discussed in more detail below.
  • Type I adaptor is not itself capable of being cleaved or nicked and that the Type II is itself capable of being cleaved or nicked.
  • the Type II adaptor may be cleaved or nicked in any of the ways discussed above.
  • Type I adaptor comprises a nucleic acid sequence that allows identification of the adaptor.
  • Type I Type II Hairpin present Hairpin present Selectable nucleic acid Biotin Not itself capable of being cleaved Itself capable of being cleaved or or nicked nicked Nucleic acid sequence that allows Nucleic acid sequence that allows identification of the adaptor identification of the adaptor
  • kits comprising at least two populations of adaptors of the invention formed by hybridization between two separated regions of a single stranded nucleic acid and comprising a hairpin loop (Type I).
  • Every adaptor in each population comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is specific for the population.
  • each adaptor in a population comprises a sequence that allows the adaptor to be identified as being part of that population and not part of one of the other populations.
  • the two or more populations allow multiplex sequence analysis of double stranded nucleic acid templates originating from two or more separate individual sources, such as from two or more organisms. Suitable organisms are discussed below.
  • Each template is assigned a different population, each of which comprises a nucleic acid sequence that allows identification of the source of the template.
  • the identifying nucleic acid sequence will be different in each population.
  • the sequence is typically located at the same position in the adaptors of each of the two or more populations. This allows efficient differentiation between the populations.
  • Nucleic acid sequences that allow identification of adaptors are discussed in more detail above. Any of the embodiments discussed above are applicable to the kits of the invention.
  • kits may comprise any number of populations, such as 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 or more populations.
  • kits preferably further comprise two or more populations of Type II adaptors such that every Type I adaptor forms a pair with a Type II adaptor. Pairs of adaptors are discussed in more detail above. Any of the embodiments discussed above are applicable to the kits of the invention.
  • kits for sequencing double stranded nucleic acid comprising a pair of adaptors of the invention and means for cleaving the palindromic cleavage site.
  • the means is typically an enzyme as discussed above.
  • kits of the invention may additionally comprise one or more other reagents or instruments which enable any of the embodiments mentioned above to be carried out.
  • reagents or instruments include one or more of the following: suitable buffer(s) (aqueous solutions), means to obtain a sample from a subject (such as a vessel or an instrument comprising a needle), means to amplify, express and/or sequence polynucleotide sequences, a membrane as defined above, a surface as defined above or voltage or patch clamp apparatus.
  • Reagents may be present in the kit in a dry state such that a fluid sample resuspends the reagents.
  • the kit may also, optionally, comprise instructions to enable the kit to be used in the method of the invention or details regarding which patients the method may be used for.
  • the kit may, optionally, comprise nucleotides.
  • the present invention also provides nucleic acid constructs for use as sequence templates.
  • the constructs are useful for sequencing double stranded nucleic acids.
  • the constructs generally comprise two strands of nucleic acid ligated to at least one adaptor of the invention. It is typically the sequence of the two strands of nucleic acid that needs to be determined.
  • the invention provides nucleic acid constructs for use as a sequencing template comprising a double stranded nucleic acid ligated to at least one adaptor of the invention.
  • the construct may comprise two adaptors, one ligated to each end of the double stranded nucleic acid.
  • the construct may comprise any of the adaptors discussed above.
  • the invention provides single stranded nucleic acid constructs for use as a sequencing template comprising two strands of nucleic acid covalently linked via an adaptor of the invention formed by hybridization between two separated regions of a single stranded nucleic acid and comprising a hairpin loop (Type I).
  • the two strands are typically derived from a double stranded nucleic acid, such as dsDNA or dsRNA.
  • the construct may comprise any of the Type I adaptors discussed above. Such constructs have several advantages as described above. In some instances, it may be necessary to denature the construct to yield a single stranded structure. Suitable conditions for denaturing nucleic acids are discussed in more detail below.
  • the invention provides circular nucleic acid constructs comprising two strands of nucleic acid covalently linked at each end via an adaptor of the invention formed by hybridization between two separated regions of a single stranded nucleic acid and comprising a hairpin loop (Type I).
  • the two strands are typically derived from a double stranded nucleic acid, such as dsDNA or dsRNA.
  • the construct may comprise any of the Type I adaptors discussed above.
  • the two strands are preferably the sense and antisense strands of dsDNA or dsRNA.
  • the invention also provides methods for preparing adaptors of the invention.
  • the methods involve providing two nucleic acids that are (i) capable of hybridizing to one another to form one half of a palindromic cleavage site and (ii) differentially selectable from those of another adaptor. These features are all discussed in detail above with reference to the adaptors of the invention.
  • the nucleic acids are contacted under conditions which allow them to hybridise and prepare an adaptor of the invention. Such conditions are discussed in detail below.
  • the invention also provides methods for preparing Type I adaptors.
  • the methods involve providing a single stranded nucleic acid comprising (i) two regions that are capable of hybridizing to one another, (ii) a loop-forming region that is differentially selectable from that of another adaptor and (iii) two ends which together form one half of a palindromic cleavage site. These features are all discussed in detail above with reference to the adaptors of the invention.
  • the nucleic acid is exposed to conditions which allow the two regions to hybridise and form a hairpin loop and thereby prepare a Type I adaptor.
  • the nucleic acids or regions that are capable of hybridizing to one another preferably share at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, at least 99% homology based on sequence identity.
  • the nucleic acids or regions are more preferably complementary (i.e. share 100% homology based on sequence identity).
  • Standard methods in the art may be used to determine homology.
  • the UWGCG Package provides the BESTFIT program which can be used to calculate homology, for example used on its default settings (Devereux et al (1984) Nucleic Acids Research 12, p 387-395).
  • the PILEUP and BLAST algorithms can be used to calculate homology or line up sequences (such as identifying equivalent residues or corresponding sequences (typically on their default settings)), for example as described in Altschul S. F. (1993) J Mol Evol 36:290-300; Altschul, S. F et al (1990) J Mol Biol 215:403-10.
  • HSPs high scoring sequence pair
  • T some positive-valued threshold score
  • Altschul et al, supra these initial neighbourhood word hits act as seeds for initiating searches to find HSP's containing them.
  • the word hits are extended in both directions along each sequence for as far as the cumulative alignment score can be increased.
  • Extensions for the word hits in each direction are halted when: the cumulative alignment score falls off by the quantity X from its maximum achieved value; the cumulative score goes to zero or below, due to the accumulation of one or more negative-scoring residue alignments; or the end of either sequence is reached.
  • the BLAST algorithm parameters W, T and X determine the sensitivity and speed of the alignment.
  • the BLAST algorithm performs a statistical analysis of the similarity between two sequences; see e.g., Karlin and Altschul (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 5873-5787.
  • One measure of similarity provided by the BLAST algorithm is the smallest sum probability (P(N)), which provides an indication of the probability by which a match between two amino acid sequences would occur by chance.
  • P(N) the smallest sum probability
  • a sequence is considered similar to another sequence if the smallest sum probability in comparison of the first sequence to the second sequence is less than about 1, preferably less than about 0.1, more preferably less than about 0.01, and most preferably less than about 0.001.
  • Hybridization can be carried out under low stringency conditions, for example in the presence of a buffered solution of 30 to 35% formamide, 1 M NaCl and 1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate) at 37° C.
  • Hybridization can be carried out under moderate stringency conditions, for example in the presence of a buffer solution of 40 to 45% formamide, 1 M NaCl, and 1% SDS at 37° C., followed by a wash in from 0.5 ⁇ (0.0825 M Na+) to 1 ⁇ (0.1650 M Na+) SSC at 55° C.
  • Hybridization can be carried out under high stringency conditions, for example in the presence of a buffered solution of 50% formamide, 1 M NaCl, 1% SDS at 37° C., followed by a wash in 0.1 ⁇ (0.0165 M Na+) SSC at 60° C.
  • the invention also provides various methods for preparing the constructs of the invention.
  • the constructs of the invention are discussed above. Any of the constructs of the invention can be made using these methods.
  • the invention provides methods for preparing nucleic acid constructs of the invention.
  • the methods involve contacting at least one adaptor of the invention with two strands of nucleic acid under conditions which allow ligation between the adaptor(s) and the strands. Any of the adaptors discussed above may be used.
  • the two strands are typically derived from a double stranded nucleic acid, such as dsDNA or dsRNA.
  • Conditions suitable for ligating nucleic acids are known in the art. Such conditions include, but are not limited to, 50 mM Tris-HCl, 10 mM MgCl 2 , 1 mM ATP, 10 mM Dithiothreitol, pH 7.5 and 25° C.
  • the adaptor(s) are then allowed to ligate to the two strands and thereby prepare a nucleic acid construct.
  • the invention provides methods for preparing single stranded nucleic acid constructs of the invention.
  • the methods involve contacting a Type I adaptor with two strands of nucleic acid under conditions which allow ligation between the adaptor and the strands.
  • Any of the Type I adaptors discussed above may be used.
  • the two strands are typically derived from a double stranded nucleic acid, such as dsDNA or dsRNA. Conditions suitable for ligating nucleic acids are discussed above.
  • the adaptor is allowed to covalently link the two strands at each end.
  • the covalently linked constructs are then denatured to prepare single stranded nucleic acid constructs. Suitable conditions for denaturing nucleic acids include, but are not limited to, pH, temperature and ionic strength.
  • the invention provides method for preparing circular nucleic acid constructs of the invention.
  • the methods involve contacting at least two Type I adaptors with two strands of nucleic acid under conditions which allow ligation between the adaptors and strands.
  • the at least two Type I adaptors may be the same or different. Any of the Type I adaptors discussed above may be used.
  • the two strands are typically derived from a double stranded nucleic acid, such as dsDNA or dsRNA. Conditions suitable for ligating nucleic acids are discussed above.
  • An adaptor is then allowed to covalently link the two strands at each end and thereby prepare circular nucleic acid constructs.
  • the invention provides methods for preparing sequence constructs.
  • the methods prepare single stranded nucleic acid constructs comprising the two strands of a double stranded nucleic acid covalently linked via a Type I adaptor.
  • the methods involve providing double stranded nucleic acid.
  • the providing preferably involves randomly fragmenting template nucleic acid.
  • the ends of the double stranded nucleic acid may be repaired to form blunt ends. Any of the nucleic acids disclosed above can be used.
  • the methods are typically carried out using a double stranded nucleic acid whose sequence is unknown. Alternatively, the methods may be carried out using a double stranded nucleic acid whose sequence is known or can be predicted.
  • the methods may be carried out in vitro on double stranded nucleic acid obtained from or extracted from any organism or microorganism.
  • the organism or microorganism is typically prokaryotic, eukaryotic or an archon and typically belongs to one the five kingdoms: plantae, animalia, fungi, monera and protista.
  • the methods may be carried out in vitro on double stranded nucleic acid obtained from or extracted from any virus.
  • the double stranded nucleic acid is human in origin, but alternatively it may be from another mammal animal such as from commercially farmed animals such as horses, cattle, sheep or pigs or may alternatively be pets such as cats or dogs.
  • the double stranded nucleic acid is typically processed prior to undergoing the methods, for example by centrifugation or by passage through a membrane that filters out unwanted molecules or cells, such as red blood cells.
  • the double stranded nucleic acid may be used immediately upon being taken.
  • the double stranded nucleic acid may also be typically stored prior to undergoing the methods, preferably below ⁇ 70° C.
  • the double stranded nucleic acid is preferably dsDNA or dsRNA.
  • the double stranded nucleic acid is contacted with a pair of Type I and Type II adaptors of the invention under conditions which allow the adaptors to ligate to the nucleic acid.
  • the Type II adaptor is itself capable of being cleaved or nicked as discussed above. Conditions suitable for ligating nucleic acids are discussed above. Suitable pairs of Type I adaptors and Type II adaptors are also discussed above.
  • the ligated products are then contacted with a surface that specifically binds the Type II adaptors that are capable of being cleaved or nicked.
  • a surface that specifically binds the Type II adaptors that are capable of being cleaved or nicked. Any constructs containing Type II adaptors will bind to the surface.
  • Suitable surfaces include, but are not limited to, metal (gold in particular), agarose, dextran, polystyrene, glass, silica (bonded and unbonded) and cellulose.
  • the surface specifically binds a selectable binding moiety on the Type II adaptors.
  • the surface is most preferably coated with avidins.
  • Suitable buffers include, but are not limited to, Tris, HEPES and MOPS at suitable ionic concentrations. This step removes all constructs formed by the ligation of a Type I adaptor to a Type I adaptor (Type I:Type I).
  • the surface is then contacted with an enzyme that recognises the complete palindromic cleavage site. Suitable enzymes are discussed above. This step will cleave any remaining (i.e. bound) constructs formed from the ligation of an adaptor to an adaptor, i.e. Type I:Type II or Type II:Type II.
  • any unbound products are removed, typically by washing. This step ensures that only Type II adaptors in isolation or constructs containing the double stranded nucleic acid and at least one Type II adaptor remain bound to the surface.
  • the Type II adaptors are then cleaved. Methods for doing this are discussed above. This step ensures the release of the constructs containing the double stranded nucleic acid and at least one Type II adaptor from the surface.
  • the soluble products are then contacted with a surface that specifically binds the Type I adaptors that are not capable of being cleaved or nicked. Any remaining constructs containing Type I adaptors bind to the surface. Each construct will contain the double stranded nucleic acid covalently linked at one end via a Type I adaptor.
  • the surface preferably specifically binds a selectable binding moiety on the Type I adaptors.
  • the surface is more preferably coated with nucleic acid sequences that are at least 80%, such as least 90%, at least 95% or at least 99%, homologous based on sequence identity to a selectable nucleic acid sequence in the Type I adaptors.
  • the surface is most preferably coated with nucleic acid sequences that are complementary to a selectable nucleic acid sequence in the Type I adaptors. Again, unbound products are removed.
  • any remaining products are released from the surface.
  • Those released products represent a sequencing construct of the invention in which a double stranded nucleic acid is covalently linked at one end via a Type I adaptor.
  • the construct may also contain fragments of the Type II adaptor at the ends of the double stranded nucleic acid.
  • the resulting construct may need to be denatured to form a single stranded construct.
  • Conditions suitable for denaturing double stranded nucleic acids are discussed above.
  • the invention also provides methods of sequencing double stranded nucleic acid.
  • the methods involve carrying out one of the methods described above for preparing nucleic acid constructs.
  • the construct contains two strands of nucleic acid, preferably DNA or RNA, covalently linked via a Type I adaptor. If necessary, the construct is denatured to form a single stranded construct. Conditions for doing this are described above.
  • the single stranded construct is then be sequenced. Sequencing the single stranded construct will provide the sequence of, in order, one strand, the Type I adaptor and the other strand. The strands will of course be in opposite orientations. In some embodiments, fragments of the Type II adaptors may also be present in the single stranded nucleic acid construct.
  • the methods of the invention are advantageous because each position in the double stranded nucleic acid is interrogated twice (i.e. once on each strand).
  • the methods preferably involve sequencing double stranded nucleic acid containing or suspected of containing methylcytosine. If the Type I adaptor comprises a nucleic acid sequence that identifies the source of the double stranded nucleic acid, this will also be recognised using the methods of the invention.
  • the whole or only part of the construct may be sequenced using these methods.
  • the construct can be any length.
  • the construct can be at least 10, at least 50, at least 100, at least 150, at least 200, at least 250, at least 300, at least 400 or at least 500 nucleotides in length.
  • the methods are typically carried out in vitro.
  • the invention may improve the data quality of all existing second generation sequencing chemistries and next generation sequencing technologies in development.
  • Any method of sequencing the single stranded nucleic acid construct may be used in accordance with the invention. Suitable methods are known in the art.
  • Such methods include, but are not limited to, Sanger (or dideoxy) method, the Maxam-Gilbert (chemical cleavage) method, Life Technologies' SOLiD (which uses sequencing by ligation), Illumina Genome Analyser (which uses fluorescent reversible terminator chemistry on amplified templates), 454 Genome Sequencer FLX (which uses pyrosequencing chemistry on amplified templates), Helicos Heliscope (which uses true single molecule sequencing by fluorescent reversible terminator chemistry on unamplified (adapter modified) templates), Bionanomatrix (electronic discrimination of bases in etched channels), Danaher Motion (‘polony’ sequencing), LingVitae (‘design polymer’ sequencing), Pacific BioSciences' Single Molecule Sequencing by fluorescent nucleotide DNA polymerization and Visigen's (Sequencing by FRET interaction of donor and acceptor during a DNA polymerisation reaction).
  • transmembrane pores can be used to sequence nucleic acid molecules.
  • One way involves the use of an exonuclease enzyme, such as a deoxyribonuclease.
  • the exonuclease enzyme is used to sequentially detach the nucleotides from a target nucleic strand. The nucleotides are then detected and discriminated by the pore in order of their release, thus reading the sequence of the original strand.
  • Another way of sequencing nucleic acids involves the use of an enzyme that pushes or pulls the target nucleic acid strand through the pore in combination with an applied potential.
  • the ionic current fluctuates as a nucleotide in the target strand passes through the pore. The fluctuations in the current are indicative of the sequence of the strand.
  • a third way of sequencing a nucleic acid strand is to detect the byproducts of a polymerase in close proximity to a pore detector.
  • nucleoside phosphates nucleotides
  • a phosphate labelled species is released upon the addition of a polymerase to the nucleotide strand and the phosphate labelled species is detected by the pore.
  • the phosphate species contains a specific label for each nucleotide.
  • the bi-products of the base addition are detected.
  • the order that the phosphate labelled species are detected can be used to determine the sequence of the nucleic acid strand.
  • the sequencing is carried out by methods comprising (i) contacting the construct with a transmembrane pore having an exonuclease and a molecular adaptor covalently attached thereto so that the exonuclease digests an individual nucleotide from one end of the construct; (ii) contacting the nucleotide with the pore so that the nucleotide interacts with the molecular adaptor; (iii) measuring the current passing through the pore during the interaction and thereby determining the identity of the nucleotide; and (iv) repeating steps (i) to (iii) at the same end of the construct and thereby determining the sequence of the target sequence.
  • the methods involve stochastic sensing of a proportion of the nucleotides in the construct in a successive manner in order to sequence the construct. Individual nucleotides are described below.
  • the sequencing is carried out by methods comprising (i) contacting the construct with a transmembrane pore having a nucleic acid handling enzyme attached thereto so that the enzyme pushes or pulls the construct through the pore and a proportion of the nucleotides in the construct interacts with the pore and (ii) measuring the current passing through the pore during each interaction and thereby determining the sequence of the construct.
  • the methods involve stochastic sensing of a proportion of the nucleotides in a construct as the nucleotides pass through the barrel or channel in a successive manner in order to sequence the construct.
  • a transmembrane pore is a pore that permits ions driven by an applied potential to flow from one side of a membrane to the other side of the membrane.
  • the pore preferably permits nucleotides to flow from one side of a membrane to the other along the applied potential.
  • the pore preferably allows a nucleic acid, such as DNA or RNA, to be pushed or pulled through the pore.
  • the pore is preferably a transmembrane protein pore.
  • a transmembrane protein pore is a polypeptide or a collection of polypeptides that permits ions driven by an applied potential to flow from one side of a membrane to the other side of the membrane.
  • the pore may be isolated, substantially isolated, purified or substantially purified.
  • a pore is isolated or purified if it is completely free of any other components, such as lipids or other pores.
  • a pore is substantially isolated if it is mixed with carriers or diluents which will not interfere with its intended use.
  • a pore is substantially isolated or substantially purified if it present in a form that comprises less than 10%, less than 5%, less than 2% or less than 1% of other components, such as lipids or other pores.
  • the pore is typically present in a lipid bilayer.
  • the pore may be a monomer or an oligomer.
  • the pore is preferably made up of several repeating subunits, such as 6, 7 or 8 subunits.
  • the pore is more preferably a heptameric pore.
  • the pore typically comprises a barrel or channel through which the ions may flow.
  • the subunits of the pore typically surround a central axis and contribute strands to a transmembrane ⁇ barrel or channel or a transmembrane ⁇ -helix bundle or channel.
  • the barrel or channel of the pore typically comprises amino acids that facilitate interaction with nucleotides or nucleic acids. These amino acids are preferably located near a constriction of the barrel or channel.
  • the pore typically comprises one or more positively charged amino acids, such as arginine, lysine or histidine. These amino acids typically facilitate the interaction between the pore and nucleotides or nucleic acids.
  • the nucleotide detection can be facilitated with an adaptor. This is discussed in more detail below.
  • Pores for use in accordance with the invention can be ⁇ -barrel pores, ⁇ -helix bundle pores or solid state pores.
  • ⁇ -barrel pores comprise a barrel or channel that is formed from ⁇ -strands.
  • Suitable ⁇ -barrel pores include, but are not limited to, ⁇ -toxins, such as ⁇ -hemolysin, anthrax toxin and leukocidins, and outer membrane proteins/porins of bacteria, such as Mycobacterium smegmatis porin A (MspA), outer membrane porin F (OmpF), outer membrane porin G (OmpG), outer membrane phospholipase A and Neisseria autotransporter lipoprotein (NalP).
  • ⁇ -helix bundle pores comprise a barrel or channel that is formed from ⁇ -helices.
  • Suitable ⁇ -helix bundle pores include, but are not limited to, inner membrane proteins and ⁇ outer membrane proteins, such as WZA.
  • Suitable solid state pores include, but are not limited to, silicon nitride pores, silicon dioxide pores and graphene pores. Other suitable solid state pores and methods of producing them are discussed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,464,842, WO 03/003446, WO 2005/061373, U.S. Pat. No. 7,258,838, U.S. Pat. No. 7,466,069, U.S. Pat. No. 7,468,271 and U.S. Pat. No. 7,253,434.
  • the pore is preferably derived from ⁇ -hemolysin ( ⁇ -HL).
  • ⁇ -HL ⁇ -hemolysin
  • the wild type ⁇ -HL pore is formed of seven identical monomers or subunits (i.e. it is heptameric).
  • the sequence of one wild type monomer or subunit of ⁇ -hemolysin is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the pore preferably comprises seven subunits of the sequence shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 or a variant thereof.
  • Residues 113 and 147 of SEQ ID NO: 2 form part of a constriction of the barrel or channel of ⁇ -HL.
  • a variant of SEQ ID NO: 2 is a subunit that has an amino acid sequence which varies from that of SEQ ID NO: 2 and which retains its pore forming ability.
  • the ability of a variant to form a pore can be assayed using any method known in the art. For instance, the variant may be inserted into a membrane along with other appropriate subunits and its ability to oligomerise to form a pore may be determined
  • the variant may include modifications that facilitate covalent attachment to or interaction with the nucleic acid handling enzyme.
  • the variant preferably comprises one or more reactive cysteine residues that facilitate attachment to the enzyme.
  • the variant may include a cysteine at one or more of positions 8, 9, 17, 18, 19, 44, 45, 50, 51, 237, 239 and 287 and/or on the amino or carboxy terminus of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • Preferred variants comprise a substitution of the residue at position 8, 9,17, 237, 239 and 287 of SEQ ID NO: 2 with cysteine (K8C, T9C, N17C, K237C, S239C or E287C).
  • the variant may be modified to facilitate genetic fusion of the enzyme. For instance, one or more residues adjacent to the insertion site may be modified, such as deleted, to facilitate insertion of the enzyme and/or linkers. If the enzyme is inserted into loop 2 of SEQ ID NO: 2, one or more of residues D45, K46, N47, H48, N49 and K50 of SEQ ID NO: 2 may be deleted.
  • the variant may also include modifications that facilitate any interaction with nucleotides or facilitate orientation of a molecular adaptor as discussed below.
  • the variant may also contain modifications that facilitate covalent attachment of a molecular adaptor.
  • the variant preferably has a glutamine at position 139 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the variant preferably has an arginine at position 113 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the variant preferably has a cysteine at position 119, 121 or 135 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • SEQ ID NO: 4 shows the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 except that it has an arginine at position 113 (M113R) and a glutamine at position 139 (N139Q).
  • SEQ ID NO: 4 or a variant thereof may be used to form a pore in accordance with the invention.
  • the variant may be a naturally occurring variant which is expressed naturally by an organism, for instance by a Staphylococcus bacterium, or expressed recombinantly by a bacterium such as Escherichia coli.
  • Variants also include non-naturally occurring variants produced by recombinant technology. Over the entire length of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4, a variant will preferably be at least 50% homologous to that sequence based on amino acid identity.
  • the variant polypeptide may be at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% and more preferably at least 95%, 97% or 99% homologous based on amino acid identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 over the entire sequence.
  • Amino acid substitutions may be made to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 in addition to those discussed above, for example up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20 or 30 substitutions.
  • Conservative substitutions may be made, for example, according to Table 2 below.
  • One or more amino acid residues of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 may additionally be deleted from the polypeptides described above. Up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20 or 30 residues may be deleted, or more.
  • Variants may fragments of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4. Such fragments retain pore forming activity. Fragments may be at least 50, 100, 200 or 250 amino acids in length. A fragment preferably comprises the pore forming domain of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4. Fragments typically include residues 119, 121, 135. 113 and 139 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4.
  • One or more amino acids may be alternatively or additionally added to the polypeptides described above.
  • An extension may be provided at the amino terminus or carboxy terminus of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 or a variant or fragment thereof.
  • the extension may be quite short, for example from 1 to 10 amino acids in length. Alternatively, the extension may be longer, for example up to 50 or 100 amino acids.
  • a carrier protein may be fused to a pore or variant.
  • a variant of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 is a subunit that has an amino acid sequence which varies from that of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 and which retains its ability to form a pore.
  • a variant typically contains the regions of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 that are responsible for pore formation.
  • the pore forming ability of ⁇ -HL, which contains a ⁇ -barrel, is provided by ⁇ -strands in each subunit.
  • a variant of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 typically comprises the regions in SEQ ID NO: 2 that form ⁇ -strands.
  • the amino acids of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 that form ⁇ -strands are discussed above.
  • One or more modifications can be made to the regions of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 that form ⁇ -strands as long as the resulting variant retains its ability to form a pore. Specific modifications that can be made to the ⁇ -strand regions of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 are discussed above.
  • a variant of SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 preferably includes one or more modifications, such as substitutions, additions or deletions, within its ⁇ -helices and/or loop regions. Amino acids that form ⁇ -helices and loops are discussed above.
  • the variant may be modified for example by the addition of histidine or aspartic acid residues to assist its identification or purification or by the addition of a signal sequence to promote their secretion from a cell where the polypeptide does not naturally contain such a sequence.
  • the pore may be labelled with a revealing label.
  • the revealing label may be any suitable label which allows the pore to be detected. Suitable labels include, but are not limited to, fluorescent molecules, radioisotopes, e.g. 125 I, 35 S, 14 C, enzymes, antibodies, antigens, polynucleotides and ligands such as biotin.
  • the pore may be isolated from a pore producing organism, such as Staphylococcus aureus, or made synthetically or by recombinant means.
  • the pore may be synthesised by in vitro translation and transcription.
  • the amino acid sequence of the pore may be modified to include non-naturally occurring amino acids or to increase the stability of the pore.
  • the pore is produced by synthetic means, such amino acids may be introduced during production.
  • the pore may also be altered following either synthetic or recombinant production.
  • the pore may also be produced using D-amino acids.
  • the pores may comprise a mixture of L-amino acids and D-amino acids. This is conventional in the art for producing such proteins or peptides.
  • the pore may also contain other non-specific chemical modifications as long as they do not interfere with its ability to form a pore.
  • a number of non-specific side chain modifications are known in the art and may be made to the side chains of the pores. Such modifications include, for example, reductive alkylation of amino acids by reaction with an aldehyde followed by reduction with NaBH 4 , amidination with methylacetimidate or acylation with acetic anhydride.
  • the modifications to the pore can be made after expression of each subunit or after the subunits have been used to form a pore.
  • the pore can be produced using standard methods known in the art. Polynucleotide sequences encoding a pore or pore subunit may be isolated and replicated using standard methods in the art. Polynucleotide sequences encoding a pore or pore subunit may be expressed in a bacterial host cell using standard techniques in the art. The pore may be produced in a cell by in situ expression of the polypeptide from a recombinant expression vector. The expression vector optionally carries an inducible promoter to control the expression of the polypeptide.
  • a pore may be produced in large scale following purification by any protein liquid chromatography system from pore producing organisms or after recombinant expression as described below.
  • Typical protein liquid chromatography systems include FPLC, AKTA systems, the Bio-Cad system, the Bio-Rad BioLogic system and the Gilson HPLC system.
  • a nucleic acid handling enzyme is a polypeptide that is capable of interacting with and modifiying at least one property of a nucleic acid.
  • the enzyme may modify the nucleic acid by cleaving it to form individual nucleotides or shorter chains of nucleotides, such as di- or trinucleotides.
  • the enzyme may modify the nucleic acid by orienting it or moving it to a specific position. Any of the nucleic acids discussed above may be handled by the enzyme.
  • the nucleic acid handled by the enzyme is preferably single stranded.
  • the nucleic acid handled by the enzyme may be double stranded, such as dsDNA or dsRNA. Enzymes that handle single stranded nucleic acids may be used to sequence double stranded DNA as long as the double stranded DNA is chemically or thermally dissociated into a single strand before it is handled by the enzyme.
  • the tertiary structure of the nucleic acid handling enzyme is known. Knowledge of the three dimensional structure of the enzyme allows modifications to be made to the enzyme to facilitate its function in the methods of the invention.
  • the enzyme may be any size and have any structure.
  • the enzyme may be an oligomer, such as a dimer or trimer.
  • the enzyme is preferably a small, globular polypeptide formed from one monomer. Such enzymes are easy to handle and are less likely to interfere with the pore forming ability of the pore or pore subunit, particularly if fused to or inserted into the sequence of the pore or pore subunit.
  • the amino and carboxy terminii of the enzyme are preferably in close proximity.
  • the amino and carboxy terminii of the enzyme are more preferably presented on same face of the enzyme.
  • Such embodiments facilitate insertion of the enzyme into the sequence of the pore or pore subunit. For instance, if the amino and carboxy terminii of the enzyme are in close proximity, each can be attached by genetic fusion to adjacent amino acids in the sequence of the pore or pore subunit.
  • the location and function of the active site of the enzyme is known. This prevents modifications being made to the active site that abolish the activity of the enzyme. It also allows the enzyme to be attached to the pore so that the enzyme handles the construct in such a way that a proportion of the nucleotides in the construct interacts with the pore. It is beneficial to position the active site of the enzyme as close as possible to the part of the pore that forms part of the opening of the barrel of channel of the pore, without the enzyme itself presenting a block to the flow of current. Knowledge of the way in which an enzyme may orient nucleic acids also allows an effective pore-enzyme construct to be designed.
  • the enzyme In order that most of the nucleotides in the construct are correctly identified by stochastic sensing, the enzyme must handle the nucleic acid in a buffer background which is compatible with discrimination of the nucleotides.
  • the enzyme preferably has at least residual activity in a salt concentration well above the normal physiological level, such as from 100 mM to 2000 mM.
  • the enzyme is more preferably modified to increase its activity at high salt concentrations.
  • the enzyme may also be modified to improve its processivity, stability and shelf life.
  • Suitable modifications can be determined from the characterisation of nucleic acid handling enzymes from extremphiles such as halophilic, moderately halophilic bacteria, thermophilic and moderately thermophilic organisms, as well as directed evolution approaches to altering the salt tolerance, stability and temperature dependence of mesophilic or thermophilic exonucleases.
  • the enzyme also preferably retains at least partial activity at temperatures from 10° C. to 60° C., such as at room temperature. This allows the construct to sequence nucleic acids at a variety of temperatures, including room temperature.
  • the nucleic acid handling enzyme is preferably a nucleolytic enzyme.
  • the nucleic acid handling enzyme is more preferably member of any of the Enzyme Classification (EC) groups 3.1.11, 3.1.13, 3.1.14, 3.1.15, 3.1.16, 3.1.21, 3.1.22, 3.1.25, 3.1.26, 3.1.27, 3.1.30 and 3.1.31.
  • the nucleic acid handling enzyme is more preferably any one of the following enzymes:
  • the enzyme is most preferably an exonuclease, such as a deoxyribonuclease, which cleave nucleic acids to form individual nucleotides.
  • exodeoxyribonucleases are that they are active on both single stranded and double stranded DNA and hydrolyse bases either in the 5′-3′ or 3′-5′ direction.
  • An individual nucleotide is a single nucleotide.
  • An individual nucleotide is one which is not bound to another nucleotide or nucleic acid by any bond, such as a phosphodiester bond.
  • a phosphodiester bond involves one of the phosphate groups of a nucleotide being bound to the sugar group of another nucleotide.
  • An individual nucleotide is typically one which is not bound in any manner to another nucleic acid sequence of at least 5, at least 10, at least 20, at least 50, at least 100, at least 200, at least 500, at least 1000 or at least 5000 nucleotides.
  • Preferred enzymes for use in the method include exonuclease I from E. coli (SEQ ID NO: 6) and RecJ from T. thermophilus (SEQ ID NO: 8) and variants thereof.
  • the exonuclease enzyme preferably comprises any of the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 8 or a variant thereof.
  • a variant of SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8 is an enzyme that has an amino acid sequence which varies from that of SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8 and which retains nucleic acid handling ability.
  • the ability of a variant to handle nucleic acids can be assayed using any method known in the art. For instance, the variant or a pore having the variant attached thereto can be tested for their ability to handle specific sequences of nucleic acids.
  • the enzyme may include modifications that facilitate handling of the nucleic acid and/or facilitate its activity at high salt concentrations and/or room temperature.
  • the enzyme may include modifications that facilitate covalent attachment to or its interaction with the pore or pore subunit.
  • accessible cysteines may be removed from the enzyme to avoid non-specific reactions with a linker.
  • one or more reactive cysteines may be introduced into the enzyme, for instance as part of a genetically-fused peptide linker, to facilitate attachment to the pore or pore subunit.
  • Variants may differ from SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8 to the same extent as variants of SEQ ID NO: 2 differ from SEQ ID NO: 2 or 4 as discussed above.
  • a variant of SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8 retains its nucleic acid handling activity.
  • a variant typically contains the regions of SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8 that are responsible for nucleic acid handling activity.
  • the catalytic domains of SEQ ID NOs: 6 and 8 are discussed above.
  • a variant of SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8 preferably comprises the relevant catalytic domain.
  • a variant SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8 typically includes one or more modifications, such as substitutions, additions or deletions, outside the relevant catalytic domain.
  • SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8 Preferred variants of SEQ ID NO: 6 or 8 are described in a co-pending application being filed simultaneously with this application [J A Kemp & Co Ref: N.106566; Oxford Nanolabs Ref: ONL IP 007] which is incorporated herein by reference. All the teachings of that application may be applied equally to the present invention.
  • Preferred enzymes that are capable of pushing or pulling the construct through the pore include polymerases, exonucleases, helicases and topoisomerases, such as gyrases.
  • the polymerase is preferably a member of any of the Enzyme Classification (EC) groups 2.7.7.6, 2.7.7.7, 2.7.7.19, 2.7.7.48 and 2.7.7.49.
  • the polymerase is preferably a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase, an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase or an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
  • the helicase is preferably a member of any of the Enzyme Classification (EC) groups 3.6.1.- and 2.7.7.-.
  • the helicase is preferably an ATP-dependent DNA helicase (EC group 3.6.1.8), an ATP-dependent RNA helicase (EC group 3.6.1.8) or an ATP-independent RNA helicase.
  • the topoisomerase is preferably a member of any of the Enzyme Classification (EC) groups 5.99.1.2 and 5.99.1.3.
  • the enzyme may be labelled with a revealing label.
  • the revealing label may be any of those described above.
  • the enzyme may be isolated from an enzyme-producing organism, such as E. coli, T. thermophilus or bacteriophage, or made synthetically or by recombinant means.
  • the enzyme may be synthesised by in vitro translation and transcription as described above and below.
  • the enzyme may be produced in large scale following purification as described above.
  • the enzyme attached to the pore handles a construct in such a way that a proportion of the nucleotide in the construct interacts with the pore, preferably the barrel or channel of the pore. Nucleotides are then distinguished on the basis of the different ways in which they affect the current flowing through the pore during the interaction.
  • the fixed nature of the enzyme means that a construct is handled by the pore in a specific manner. For instance, each nucleotide may be digested from one of the construct in a processive manner or the construct may be pushed or pulled through the pore. This ensures that a proportion of the nucleotides in the construct interacts with the pore and is identified. The lack of any interruption in the signal is important when sequencing nucleic acids.
  • the fixed nature of the enzyme and the pore means they can be stored together, thereby allowing the production of a ready-to-use sensor.
  • an exonuclease enzyme such as a deoxyribonuclease
  • an exonuclease enzyme is attached to the pore such that a proportion of the nucleotides is released from the construct and interacts with the barrel or channel of the pore.
  • an enzyme that is capable of pushing or pulling the construct through the pore is attached to the pore such that the construct is pushed or pulled through the barrel or channel of the pore and a proportion of the nucleotides in the construct interacts with the barrel or channel.
  • the nucleotides may interact with the pore in blocks or groups of more than one, such as 2, 3 or 4.
  • Suitable enzymes include, but are not limited to, polymerases, nucleases, helicases and topoisomerases, such as gyrases.
  • the enzyme is preferably attached to the pore at a site in close proximity to the opening of the barrel of channel of the pore.
  • the enzyme is more preferably attached to the pore such that its active site is orientated towards the opening of the barrel of channel of the pore. This means that a proportion of the nucleotides of the construct is fed in the barrel or channel.
  • the enzyme is preferably attached to the cis side of the pore.
  • the pore is attached to the enzyme.
  • the pore may be attached to the enzyme at more than one, such as two or three, points. Attaching the pore to the enzyme at more than one point can be used to constrain the mobility of the enzyme. For instance, multiple attachments may be used to constrain the freedom of the enzyme to rotate or its ability to move away from the pore or pore subunit.
  • the pore may be in a monomeric form when it is attached to the enzyme (post expression modification).
  • the pore may be an oligomeric pore when it is attached to an enzyme (post oligomerisation modification).
  • the pore or pore subunit can be attached to the enzyme using any method known in the art.
  • the pore or pore subunit and enzyme may be produced separately and then attached together.
  • the two components may be attached in any configuration. For instance, they may be attached via their terminal (i.e. amino or carboxy terminal) amino acids. Suitable configurations include, but are not limited to, the amino terminus of the enzyme being attached to the carboxy terminus of the pore or pore subunit and vice versa.
  • the two components may be attached via amino acids within their sequences.
  • the enzyme may be attached to one or more amino acids in a loop region of the pore or pore subunit.
  • terminal amino acids of the enzyme are attached to one or more amino acids in the loop region of a pore or pore subunit. Terminal amino acids and loop regions are discussed above.
  • the pore or pore subunit is genetically fused to the enzyme.
  • a pore or pore subunit is genetically fused to an enzyme if the whole construct is expressed from a single polynucleotide sequence.
  • the coding sequences of the pore or pore subunit and enzyme may be combined in any way to form a single polynucleotide sequence encoding the construct.
  • the pore or pore subunit and enzyme may be genetically fused in any configuration.
  • the pore or pore subunit and enzyme may be fused via their terminal amino acids.
  • the amino terminus of the enzyme may be fused to the carboxy terminus of the pore or pore subunit and vice versa.
  • the amino acid sequence of the enzyme is preferably added in frame into the amino acid sequence of the pore or pore subunit.
  • the enzyme is preferably inserted within the sequence of the pore or pore subunit.
  • the pore or pore subunit and enzyme are typically attached at two points, i.e. via the amino and carboxy terminal amino acids of the enzyme.
  • the amino and carboxy terminal amino acids of the enzyme are in close proximity and are each attached to adjacent amino acids in the sequence of the pore or pore subunit.
  • the enzyme is inserted into a loop region of the pore or pore subunit.
  • the enzyme is inserted between amino acids, 18 and 19, 44 and 45 or 50 and 51 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the pore or pore subunit is chemically fused to the enzyme.
  • a pore or pore subunit is chemically fused to an enzyme if the two parts are chemically attached, for instance via a linker molecule.
  • Suitable methods include, but are not limited to, hex-his tag, Ni-NTA, biotin binding to streptavidin, antibody binding to an antigen, primary amine coupling, GST tags binding to glutathione, MBP tags binding to dextrin, Protein A binding to IgG, reaction between thiols, nucleic acid hybridization linkers and cysteine linkage. DNA hybridization linkers and cysteine linkage are discussed in more detail below.
  • the pore or pore subunit is preferably covalently attached to the enzyme.
  • the pore must retain its pore forming ability.
  • the pore forming ability of the pore is typically provided by its ⁇ -helices and ⁇ -strands.
  • ⁇ -barrel pores comprise a barrel or channel that is formed from ⁇ -strands
  • ⁇ -helix bundle pores comprise a barrel or channel that is formed from ⁇ -helices.
  • the ⁇ -helices and ⁇ -strands are typically connected by loop regions.
  • the enzyme is preferably genetically fused to a loop region of the pore or pore subunit or inserted into a loop region of the pore or pore subunit. The loop regions of specific subunits are discussed in more detail above.
  • enzyme is attached to one or more of amino acids 8, 9, 17, 18, 19, 44, 45, 50 and 51 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the construct retains the nucleic acid handling ability of the enzyme, which is also typically provided by its secondary structural elements ( ⁇ -helices and ⁇ -strands) and tertiary structural elements.
  • the enzyme is preferably genetically fused to the pore or pore subunit or inserted into the pore or pore subunit via residues or regions that does not affect its secondary or tertiary structure.
  • the pore or pore subunit may be attached directly to the enzyme.
  • the pore or pore subunit is preferably attached to the enzyme using one or more, such as two or three, linkers.
  • the one or more linkers may be designed to constrain the mobility of the enzyme.
  • the linkers may be attached to one or more reactive cysteine residues, reactive lysine residues or non-natural amino acids in the pore, pore subunit subunit and/or enzyme.
  • Suitable linkers are well-known in the art. Suitable linkers include, but are not limited to, chemical crosslinkers and peptide linkers. Preferred linkers are amino acid sequences (i.e. peptide linkers) or nucleic acid hybridization linkers.
  • the length, flexibility and hydrophilicity of the peptide or nucleic acid hybridization linkers are typically designed such that it does not to disturb the functions of the pore or pore subunit and enzyme.
  • Preferred flexible peptide linkers are stretches of 2 to 20, such as 4, 6, 8, 10 or 16, serine and/or glycine amino acids. More preferred flexible linkers include (SG) 1 , (SG) 2 , (SG) 3 , (SG) 4 , (SG) 5 and (SG) 8 wherein S is serine and G is glycine.
  • Preferred rigid linkers are stretches of 2 to 30, such as 4, 6, 8, 16 or 24, proline amino acids. More preferred rigid linkers include (P) 12 wherein P is proline.
  • the nucleic acid hybridization linkers can comprise any of the nucleic acids discussed above. For instance, they may comprise deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), ribonucleic acid (RNA) or any synthetic nucleic acid known in the art, such as peptide nucleic acid (PNA), glycerol nucleic acid (GNA), threose nucleic acid (TNA), locked nucleic acid (LNA) or other synthetic polymers with nucleotide side chains.
  • the linkers can also be modified such they react with one another once they have hybridised. Alternatively, agents may be used to crosslink the linkers once they have hybridised to one another.
  • Preferred nucleic acid hybridization linkers correspond to the first 15, 25 or 35 nucleotides from the 5′ end of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the linker preferably also has TT at the 3′ end to provide extra flexibility.
  • the linkers have a group, such as maleimide, that allows the linker to be attached to the nucleic acid binding protein or surface.
  • Maleimide modified oliognucleotides can be obtained commercially, for instance from ATDBio. More preferred linkers are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 11, 12 and 13. Complementary linkers are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 14, 15 and 16.
  • SEQ ID NO: 11, 12 or 13 may be attached to one of the nucleic acid binding protein and surface and the complementary linker (SEQ ID NO: 14, 15 or 16 respectively) is attached to the other of the nucleic acid binding protein and surface.
  • the nucleic acid binding protein and surface can then be attached together by hybridizing the linkers.
  • Linkers may be attached to the pore or pore subunit first and then the enzyme, the enzyme first and then the pore or pore subunit or the enzyme and pore or pore subunit at the same time.
  • the linker When the linker is attached to the pore or pore subunit, it may be a monomeric subunit, part of an oligomer of two or more monomers or part of complete oligomeric pore. It is preferred that the linker is reacted before any purification step to remove any unbound linker.
  • a preferred method of attaching the pore or pore subunit to the enzyme is via cysteine linkage. This can be mediated by a bi-functional chemical linker or by a polypeptide linker with a terminal presented cysteine residue.
  • ⁇ -HL SEQ ID NO: 2 lacks native cysteine residues so the introduction of a cysteine into the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 enables the controlled covalent attachment of the enzyme to the subunit.
  • Cysteines can be introduced at various positions, such as position K8, T9 or N17 of SEQ ID NO: 2 or at the carboxy terminus of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • any bi-functional linker may be designed to ensure that the enzyme is positioned correctly in relation to the subunit and the function of both the subunit and enzyme is retained.
  • Suitable linkers include bismaleimide crosslinkers, such as 1,4-bis(maleimido)butane (BMB) or bis(maleimido)hexane.
  • BMB 1,4-bis(maleimido)butane
  • BMB bis(maleimido)hexane
  • a reactive cysteine is presented on a peptide linker that is genetically attached to the enzyme. This means that additional modifications will not necessarily be needed to remove other accessible cysteine residues from the enzyme.
  • the reactivity of cysteine residues may be enhanced by modification of the adjacent residues, for example on a peptide linker. For instance, the basic groups of flanking arginine, histidine or lysine residues will change the pKa of the cysteines thiol group to that of the more reactive S ⁇ group.
  • the reactivity of cysteine residues may be protected by thiol protective groups such as dTNB. These may be reacted with one or more cysteine residues of the enzyme or pore or pore subunit, either as a monomer or part of an oligomer, before a linker is attached.
  • Cross-linkage of pores, pore subunits or enzymes to themselves may be prevented by keeping the concentration of linker in a vast excess of the pore, pore subunit and/or enzyme.
  • a “lock and key” arrangement may be used in which two linkers are used.
  • click chemistry such as azide alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition, may be used to ensure that the pore or pore subunit only binds to the enzyme and not to itself and vice versa.
  • the azide-PEG-maleimide and alkyne-PEG-maleimide linkers shown in Table 3 above are used. One is attached to the pore or pore subunit and the other is attached to the enzyme. This ensures that binding only occurs between the pore or pore subunit and the enzyme.
  • each linker may react together to form a longer linker and the other ends of the linker each react with a different part of the construct (i.e. subunit or monomer).
  • the site of covalent attachment is selected such that the enzyme handles a construct in such a way that a proportion of the nucleotides in the construct interacts with the pore. Nucleotides are then distinguished on the basis of the different ways in which they affect the current flowing through the pore during the interaction.
  • the enzyme is preferably attached to a part of the pore or pore subunit that forms part of the cis side of a pore comprising the construct.
  • the cis side is the grounded side by convention. If a hemolysin pore is inserted correctly into an elcetrophysiology apparatus, the Cap region is on the cis side. It is well known that, under a positive potential, nucleotides will migrate from the cis to the trans side of pores used for stochastic sensing.
  • Positioning the enzyme at the cis side of a pore allows it to handle the construct such that a proportion of the nucleotides in the sequence enters the barrel or channel of the pore and interacts with it.
  • at least 20%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 80% or at least 90% of the nucleotides in the sequence enters the barrel or channel of the pore and interacts with it.
  • the site and method of covalent attachment is preferably selected such that mobility of the enzyme is constrained. This helps to ensure that the enzyme handles the construct in such a way that a proportion of the nucleotides in the construct interacts with the pore. For instance, constraining the ability of enzyme to move means that its active site can be permanently orientated towards the part of the pore or pore subunit that forms part of the opening of the barrel of channel of the pore.
  • the mobility of the enzyme may be constrained by increasing the number of points at which the enzyme is attached to the pore or pore subunit and/or the use of specific linkers.
  • the pore comprises a molecular adaptor that facilitates the interaction between the pore and the nucleotides or the construct.
  • the presence of the adaptor improves the host-guest chemistry of the pore and nucleotides released from or present in the construct.
  • the principles of host-guest chemistry are well-known in the art.
  • the adaptor has an effect on the physical or chemical properties of the pore that improves its interaction with nucleotides.
  • the adaptor typically alters the charge of the barrel or channel of the pore or specifically interacts with or binds to nucleotides thereby facilitating their interaction with the pore.
  • the adaptor mediates the interaction between nucleotides released from or present in the construct and the pore.
  • the nucleotides preferably reversibly bind to the pore via or in conjunction with the adaptor.
  • the nucleotides most preferably reversibly bind to the pore via or in conjunction with the adaptor as they pass through the pore across the membrane.
  • the nucleotides can also reversibly bind to the barrel or channel of the pore via or in conjunction with the adaptor as they pass through the pore across the membrane.
  • the adaptor preferably constricts the barrel or channel so that it may interact with the nucleotides.
  • the adaptor is typically cyclic.
  • the adaptor preferably has the same symmetry as the pore.
  • An adaptor having seven-fold symmetry is typically used if the pore is heptameric (e.g. has seven subunits around a central axis that contribute 14 strands to a transmembrane ⁇ barrel).
  • an adaptor having six-fold symmetry is typically used if the pore is hexameric (e.g. has six subunits around a central axis that contribute 12 strands to a transmembrane ⁇ barrel, or is a 12-stranded ⁇ barrel).
  • Any adaptor that facilitates the interaction between the pore and the nucleotide can be used.
  • Suitable adaptors include, but are not limited to, cyclodextrins, cyclic peptides and cucurbiturils.
  • the adaptor is preferably a cyclodextrin or a derivative thereof.
  • the adaptor is more preferably heptakis-6-amino- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (am 7 - ⁇ CD), 6-monodeoxy-6-monoamino- ⁇ -cyclodextrin (am 1 - ⁇ CD) or heptakis-(6-deoxy-6-guanidino)-cyclodextrin (gu 7 - ⁇ CD).
  • Table 4 shows preferred combinations of pores and adaptors.
  • the adaptor is preferably covalently attached to the pore.
  • the adaptor can be covalently attached to the pore using any method known in the art.
  • the adaptor may be attached directly to the pore.
  • the adaptor is preferably attached to the pore using a bifunctional crosslinker. Suitable crosslinkers are well-known in the art.
  • Preferred crosslinkers include 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 3-(pyridin-2-yldisulfanyl)propanoate, 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 4-(pyridin-2-yldisulfanyl)butanoate and 2,5-dioxopyrrolidin-1-yl 8-(pyridin-2-yldisulfanyl)octananoate.
  • the most preferred crosslinker is succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio)propionate (SPDP).
  • the adaptor is covalently attached to the bifunctional crosslinker before the adaptor/crosslinker complex is covalently attached to the pore but it is also possible to covalently attach the bifunctional crosslinker to the pore before the bifunctional crosslinker/pore complex is attached to the adaptor.
  • the site of covalent attachment is selected such that the adaptor facilitates interaction of nucleotides released from or present in the construct with the pore and thereby allows detection of nucleotides.
  • the correct orientation of the adaptor within the barrel or channel of the pore and the covalent attachment of adaptor to the pore can be facilitated using specific modifications to SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • every subunit of the pore preferably has a glutamine at position 139 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • One or more of the subunits of the pore may have an arginine at position 113 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • One or more of the subunits of the pore may have a cysteine at position 119, 121 or 135 of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the methods may be carried out using any suitable membrane/pore system in which a pore having a nucleic acid handling enzyme, such as an exonuclease, attached thereto is inserted into a membrane.
  • the methods are typically carried out using (i) an artificial membrane comprising a pore having a nucleic acid handling enzyme, such as an exonuclease, attached thereto, (ii) an isolated, naturally occurring membrane comprising a pore having a nucleic acid handling enzyme, such as an exonuclease, attached thereto, or (iii) a cell expressing a pore having a nucleic acid handling enzyme, such as an exonuclease, attached thereto.
  • the methods are preferably carried out using an artificial membrane.
  • the membrane may comprise other transmembrane and/or intramembrane proteins as well as other molecules in addition to the modified pore.
  • the membrane forms a barrier to the flow of ions, nucleotides and nucleic acids.
  • the membrane is preferably a lipid bilayer.
  • Lipid bilayers suitable for use in accordance with the invention can be made using methods known in the art. For example, lipid bilayer membranes can be formed using the method of Montal and Mueller (1972). Lipid bilayers can also be formed using the method described in International Application No. PCT/GB08/000563 and PCT/GB07/002856.
  • lipid bilayers formed from any membrane lipid including, but not limited to, phospholipids, glycolipids, cholesterol and mixtures thereof. Any of the lipids described in International Application No. PCT/GB08/000563 may be used.
  • the nucleotide or construct may be contacted with the pore on either side of the membrane.
  • the nucleotide or construct may be introduced to the pore on either side of the membrane.
  • the nucleotide or construct is typically contacted with the side of the membrane on which the enzyme is attached to the pore. This allows the enzyme to handle the construct during the method.
  • a proportion of the nucleotides of the construct interacts with the pore and/or adaptor as it passes across the membrane through the barrel or channel of the pore.
  • the nucleotide may interact with the pore via or in conjunction with the adaptor, dissociate from the pore and remain on the same side of the membrane.
  • the methods may involve the use of pores in which the orientation of the adaptor is fixed.
  • the nucleotide is preferably contacted with the end of the pore towards which the adaptor is oriented. Most preferably, the nucleotide is contacted with the end of the pore towards which the portion of the adaptor that interacts with the nucleotide is orientated.
  • the nucleotides may interact with the pore in any manner and at any site. As discussed above, the nucleotides preferably reversibly bind to the pore via or in conjunction with the adaptor. The nucleotides most preferably reversibly bind to the pore via or in conjunction with the adaptor as they pass through the pore across the membrane. The nucleotides can also reversibly bind to the barrel or channel of the pore via or in conjunction with the adaptor as they pass through the pore across the membrane.
  • the nucleotide affects the current flowing through the pore in a manner specific for that nucleotide. For example, a particular nucleotide will reduce the current flowing through the pore for a particular mean time period and to a particular extent. In other words, the current flowing through the pore is distinctive for a particular nucleotide.
  • Control experiments may be carried out to determine the effect a particular nucleotide has on the current flowing through the pore. Results from carrying out the method of the invention on a test sample can then be compared with those derived from such a control experiment in order to identify a particular nucleotide.
  • the methods may be carried out using any apparatus that is suitable for investigating a membrane/pore system in which a pore having a nucleic acid handling enzyme attached thereto is inserted into a membrane.
  • the methods may be carried out using any apparatus that is suitable for stochastic sensing.
  • the apparatus comprises a chamber comprising an aqueous solution and a barrier that separates the chamber into two sections.
  • the barrier has an aperture in which the membrane containing the pore is formed.
  • the nucleotide or construct may be contacted with the pore by introducing the nucleic acid into the chamber.
  • the nucleic acid may be introduced into either of the two sections of the chamber, but is preferably introduced into the section of the chamber containing the enzyme.
  • the methods may be carried out using the apparatus described in International Application No. PCT/GB08/000562.
  • the methods involve measuring the current passing through the pore during interaction with the nucleotides. Therefore the apparatus also comprises an electrical circuit capable of applying a potential and measuring an electrical signal across the membrane and pore.
  • the methods may be carried out using a patch clamp or a voltage clamp.
  • the methods preferably involves the use of a voltage clamp.
  • the methods of the invention involve the measuring of a current passing through the pore during interaction with nucleotides of a construct. Suitable conditions for measuring ionic currents through transmembrane pores are known in the art and disclosed in the Examples. The method is carried out with a voltage applied across the membrane and pore.
  • the voltage used is typically from ⁇ 400 mV to +400 mV.
  • the voltage used is preferably in a range having a lower limit selected from ⁇ 400 mV, ⁇ 300 mV, ⁇ 200 mV, ⁇ 150 mV, ⁇ 100 mV, ⁇ 50 mV, ⁇ 20 mV and 0 mV and an upper limit independently selected from +10 mV, +20 mV, +50 mV, +100 mV, +150 mV, +200 mV, +300 mV and +400 mV.
  • the voltage used is more preferably in the range 120 mV to 170 mV. It is possible to increase discrimination between different nucleotides by a pore of the invention by varying the applied potential.
  • the methods are carried out in the presence of any alkali metal chloride salt.
  • the salt is present in the aqueous solution in the chamber. Potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl) or caesium chloride (CsCl) is typically used. KCl is preferred.
  • the salt concentration is typically from 0.1 to 2.5M, from 0.3 to 1.9M, from 0.5 to 1.8M, from 0.7 to 1.7M, from 0.9 to 1.6M or from 1M to 1.4M.
  • High salt concentrations provide a high signal to noise ratio and allow for currents indicative of the presence of a nucleotide to be identified against the background of normal current fluctations. However, lower salt concentrations may have to be used so that the enzyme is capable of functioning.
  • the methods are typically carried out in the presence of a buffer.
  • the buffer is present in the aqueous solution in the chamber. Any buffer may be used in the methods.
  • One suitable buffer is Tris-HCl buffer.
  • the methods are typically carried out at a pH of from 4.0 to 10.0, from 4.5 to 9.5, from 5.0 to 9.0, from 5.5 to 8.8, from 6.0 to 8.7 or from 7.0 to 8.8 or 7.5 to 8.5.
  • the pH used is preferably about 7.5.
  • the methods are typically carried out at from 0° C. to 100° C., from 15° C. to 95° C., from 16° C. to 90° C., from 17° C. to 85° C., from 18° C. to 80° C., 19° C. to 70° C., or from 20° C. to 60° C.
  • the methods may be carried out at room temperature.
  • the methods are preferably carried out at a temperature that supports enzyme function, such as about 37° C. Good nucleotide discrimination can be achieved at low salt concentrations if the temperature is increased. However, lower temperatures, particularly those below room temperature, result in longer dwell times and can therefore be used to obtain a higher degree of accuracy.
  • lipid bilayer to divide two different concentrations of salt solution, a low salt concentration of salt on the enzyme side and a higher concentration on the opposite side.
  • This approach is to use 200 mM of KCl on the cis side of the membrane and 500 mM KCl in the trans chamber. At these conditions, the conductance through the pore is expected to be roughly equivalent to 400 mM KCl under normal conditions, and the enzyme only experiences 200 mM if placed on the cis side.
  • Another possible benefit of using asymmetric salt conditions is the osmotic gradient induced across the pore.
  • This net flow of water could be used to pull nucleotides into the pore for detection.
  • a similar effect can be achieved using a neutral osmolyte, such as sucrose, glycerol or PEG.
  • a neutral osmolyte such as sucrose, glycerol or PEG.
  • Another possibility is to use a solution with relatively low levels of KCl and rely on an additional charge carrying species that is less disruptive to enzyme activity.
  • the methods of sequencing involve contacting the construct with a pore having an exonuclease enzyme, such as deoxyribonuclease, attached thereto. Any of the exonuclease enzymes discussed above may be used in the method.
  • the exonuclease releases individual nucleotides from one end of the construct.
  • Exonucleases are enzymes that typically latch onto one end of a nucleic acid sequence and digest the sequence one nucleotide at a time from that end.
  • the exonuclease can digest the nucleic acid in the 5′ to 3′ direction or 3′ to 5′ direction.
  • the end of the nucleic acid to which the exonuclease binds is typically determined through the choice of enzyme used and/or using methods known in the art. Hydroxyl groups or cap structures at either end of the nucleic acid sequence may typically be used to prevent or facilitate the binding of the exonuclease to a particular end of the nucleic acid sequence.
  • the method involves contacting the construct with the exonuclease so that the nucleotides are digested from the end of the construct at a rate that allows identification of a proportion of nucleotides as discussed above.
  • Methods for doing this are well known in the art. For example, Edman degradation is used to successively digest single amino acids from the end of polypeptide such that they may be identified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
  • HPLC High Performance Liquid Chromatography
  • a homologous method may be used in the present invention.
  • a suitable rate of activity of the exonuclease in the method of sequencing involves digestion of from 0.5 to 1000 nucleotides per second, from 0.6 to 500 nucleotides per second, 0.7 to 200 nucleotides per second, from 0.8 to 100 nucleotides per second, from 0.9 to 50 nucleotides per second or 1 to 20 or 10 nucleotides per second.
  • the rate is preferably 1, 10, 100, 500 or 1000 nucleotides per second.
  • a suitable rate of exonuclease activity can be achieved in various ways. For example, variant exonucleases with a reduced or improved optimal rate of activity may be used in accordance with the invention.
  • Strand sequencing involves the controlled and stepwise translocation of nucleic acid polymers through a pore.
  • DNA handling enzymes are suitable for use in this application provided they hydrolyse, polymerise or process single stranded DNA or RNA.
  • Preferred enzymes are polymerases, nucleases, helicases and topoisomerases, such as gyrases.
  • the enzyme moiety is not required to be in as close a proximity to the pore lumen as for individual nucleotide sequencing as there is no potential for disorder in the series in which nucleotides reach the sensing moiety of the pore.
  • the two strategies for single strand DNA sequencing are the translocation of the DNA through the nanopore, both cis to trans and trans to cis, either with or against an applied potential.
  • the most advantageous mechanism for strand sequencing is the controlled translocation of single strand DNA through the nanopore with an applied potential.
  • Exonucleases that act progressively or processively on double stranded DNA can be used on the cis side of the pore to feed the remaining single strand through under an applied potential or the trans side under a reverse potential.
  • a helicase that unwinds the double stranded DNA can also be used in a similar manner.
  • sequencing applications that require strand translocation against an applied potential, but the DNA must be first “caught” by the enzyme under a reverse or no potential.
  • the single strand DNA exonucleases or single strand DNA dependent polymerases can act as molecular motors to pull the recently translocated single strand back through the pore in a controlled stepwise manner, trans to cis, against the applied potential.
  • the desired template is generated by the ligation of artificial hairpin adaptors (referred to in this document as “Type I adaptor” and “Type II adaptor”) to the blunt ends of the double stranded (dsDNA) template fragments.
  • the adaptors are artificial, chemically synthesised DNA sequences that are designed to facilitate construction, purification and final release of the desired single stranded sequencing template. Being artificial sequences, these adaptors have a great degree of flexibility in their actual sequence and therefore functionality can be built into the sequences used.
  • the Type I adaptor ( FIG. 1 ) is synthesised as a single stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotide in which the 5′ terminal nucleotides are complementary to the 3′ terminal nucleotides such that under appropriate conditions, an intramolecular hybridisation occurs, generating a blunt-ended ‘hairpin loop’ of DNA with a dsDNA region and a ssDNA ‘bubble’ region.
  • the double stranded hybridised region is terminated with (for example) a sequence of bases which represent one half of the recognition sequence of a ‘rare cutting’ restriction endonuclease.
  • the ‘bubble’ region is a single stranded sequence that can provides a hybridisable ‘hook’ for capture of the structure, and any ligation products containing the structure, onto a support surface or bead which is equipped with the complementary ssDNA sequence.
  • the ‘bubble’ region may also contain a sequence that identifies a particular Type I adaptor from another otherwise identical Type I adaptor, and thus enables the multiplex analysis of ligation products derived from template DNAs from different individuals.
  • the Type II adaptor ( FIG. 2 ) is not unlike the Type I adaptor in gross structure, being the product of an intramolecular hybridisation of a long oligonucleotide.
  • the structure formed has a terminal end that also describes half of the palindromic rare-cutting restriction enzyme present at the terminal end of the Type I adaptor hairpin.
  • the double stranded region of the Type II adaptor contains the recognition sequence of a distinct rare-cutting restriction endonuclease (2 ry in FIG. 2 ).
  • the adaptor may also contain a sequence that can be used to identify the adaptor and is situated between the end describing half of the palindromic rare-cutting restriction enzyme (1 ry in FIG.
  • the bubble region of single stranded DNA of the Type II adaptor can be markedly smaller than that of the Type I adaptor, as although it also harbours a selectable marker, this is in the form of a [Biotin-dT], which enables the capture of any ligation products containing a Type II adaptor onto a surface of immobilised streptavidin.
  • sequencing template may be prepared in a number of ways.
  • An established method is the random fragmentation and end repair of the sheared DNA to blunt ends; it is an accepted and reliable method, and the proposed template generation scheme presumes that this will be the method of choice.
  • the technique described could be modified to accommodate other methods of fragmentation that generate alternative termini, including ‘sticky’ ends.
  • the fragments of sheared DNA will be equipped with a 5′ PO 4 and a 3′ OH on both strands.
  • Dephosphorylation of the template would prevent concatamerisation of the template fragments, but would present a challenge of then having to repair the nicks left upon ligation of the 5′ phosphorylated adaptors.
  • Use of excess concentrations of the adaptors with phosphorylated template DNA will limit the possibility of template:template ligations, but will mean that a large number of ligation products devoid of inserted template will be created ( FIG. 3 and FIG. 4 ).
  • FIG. 5 A strategy for streamlined purification of the desired single stranded product is presented ( FIG. 5 ).
  • Post-ligation reaction all dumbbell structures incorporating Type II adaptors are captured (by virtue of the biotin moiety carried on the Type II adaptors) onto an immobilised streptavidin surface, and any structure which only contain the Type I adaptors remain unbound and can be washed away.
  • Treatment of the bound Type II adaptor structures with the primary restriction endonuclease will cleave those bound products formed by the ligation of two adaptors without any intervening template DNA. All released fragments can then be washed away, whereas the desired products are retained bound to the plate.
  • the secondary restriction enzyme will cleave those bound fragments within the captured Type II adaptor sequence, whether the product of the ligation has just one Type II adaptor or both ends have a Type II adaptor.
  • the release products are either the desired covalently closed structures (2 ⁇ 3 rds of all released structures will be this form) or will be linearised sequences derived from the Type II:template:Type II ligation products (1 ⁇ 3 rd of the released products will be this form).
  • the non-closed end of the desired covalently closed structure will be derived from the Type II adaptor and may contain a sequence that may be used to identify that adaptor.
  • Transferring these released sequences to a fresh plate on which a single stranded DNA sequence complementary to the sequence of the Type I ‘bubble’ will enable capture of only those DNA species derived from a Type I:template:Type II ligation product. Washing will remove any other fragments of DNA and will leave only the desired covalently closed TypeI:template:Type II remnant species, which can then be released from the plate (heat, alkali wash) and be denatured ready for exonuclease sequencing.
  • the above purification scheme has the attraction of being automatable, and in delivering only one species of product: that desired for the sequencing reaction.
  • This product can be released from the immobilised anti-Type I adaptor bubble plate by a simple alkali wash, after which the denatured template DNA ( FIG. 6 ) might be neutralised in the presence of, for example, a buffer solution containing E. coli single stranded binding protein, which when bound to the denatured ssDNA will maintain its single stranded form; a prerequisite for maintaining the processivity of the E. coli Exonuclease I.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Plant Pathology (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
US13/147,159 2009-01-30 2010-01-29 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing Abandoned US20120058468A1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/147,159 US20120058468A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2010-01-29 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US14873709P 2009-01-30 2009-01-30
US13/147,159 US20120058468A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2010-01-29 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
PCT/GB2010/000160 WO2010086622A1 (fr) 2009-01-30 2010-01-29 Adaptateurs pour des constructions d'acide nucléique dans le séquençage de séquences transmembranaires

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PCT/GB2010/000160 A-371-Of-International WO2010086622A1 (fr) 2009-01-30 2010-01-29 Adaptateurs pour des constructions d'acide nucléique dans le séquençage de séquences transmembranaires

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US15/390,806 Continuation US20170321266A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2016-12-27 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20120058468A1 true US20120058468A1 (en) 2012-03-08

Family

ID=42083949

Family Applications (8)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US13/147,159 Abandoned US20120058468A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2010-01-29 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US15/390,806 Abandoned US20170321266A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2016-12-27 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US15/906,964 Active 2030-07-09 US11459606B2 (en) 2009-01-30 2018-02-27 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US16/363,444 Active US11352664B2 (en) 2009-01-30 2019-03-25 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US16/568,781 Abandoned US20200002761A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2019-09-12 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US17/821,950 Abandoned US20230065890A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2022-08-24 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US18/972,028 Pending US20250179570A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2024-12-06 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US18/971,390 Pending US20250197926A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2024-12-06 System for disinfecting textiles in a household appliance

Family Applications After (7)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US15/390,806 Abandoned US20170321266A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2016-12-27 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US15/906,964 Active 2030-07-09 US11459606B2 (en) 2009-01-30 2018-02-27 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US16/363,444 Active US11352664B2 (en) 2009-01-30 2019-03-25 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US16/568,781 Abandoned US20200002761A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2019-09-12 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US17/821,950 Abandoned US20230065890A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2022-08-24 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US18/972,028 Pending US20250179570A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2024-12-06 Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US18/971,390 Pending US20250197926A1 (en) 2009-01-30 2024-12-06 System for disinfecting textiles in a household appliance

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (8) US20120058468A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2391732B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP5843614B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR101797773B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN102369298B (fr)
AU (1) AU2010209528B2 (fr)
BR (1) BRPI1007214A8 (fr)
CA (1) CA2750879C (fr)
WO (1) WO2010086622A1 (fr)

Cited By (65)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2014122467A1 (fr) 2013-02-06 2014-08-14 Loxbridge Research Llp Systèmes et procédés pour la détection de maladie précoce et la surveillance de maladie en temps réel
US20150152492A1 (en) * 2011-07-25 2015-06-04 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Hairpin loop method for double strand polynucleotide sequencing using transmembrane pores
US9404146B2 (en) 2008-03-28 2016-08-02 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Compositions and methods for nucleic acid sequencing
US9551023B2 (en) 2012-09-14 2017-01-24 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Sample preparation method
US9562887B2 (en) 2008-11-14 2017-02-07 Oxford University Innovation Limited Methods of enhancing translocation of charged analytes through transmembrane protein pores
US9617591B2 (en) 2011-12-29 2017-04-11 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method for characterising a polynucleotide by using a XPD helicase
WO2017100027A1 (fr) 2015-12-08 2017-06-15 Quantapore, Inc. Procédé de translocation d'acides nucléiques via des nanopores
US9732381B2 (en) 2009-03-25 2017-08-15 Oxford University Innovation Limited Method for sequencing a heteropolymeric target nucleic acid sequence
US9751915B2 (en) 2011-02-11 2017-09-05 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pores
US9758823B2 (en) 2011-10-21 2017-09-12 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Enzyme method
US9777049B2 (en) 2012-04-10 2017-10-03 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant lysenin pores
WO2017151680A3 (fr) * 2016-02-29 2017-10-12 Dodo Omnidata, Inc. Procédés, compositions et dispositifs de stockage d'informations
US9797009B2 (en) 2012-07-19 2017-10-24 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Enzyme construct
WO2017209891A1 (fr) 2016-05-31 2017-12-07 Quantapore, Inc. Séquençage bicolore par les nanopores
US9885078B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2018-02-06 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Enzyme-pore constructs
WO2018034807A1 (fr) 2016-08-19 2018-02-22 Quantapore, Inc. Séquençage par nanopores à base optique à l'aide d'agents d'extinction
US9995728B2 (en) 2012-11-06 2018-06-12 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Quadruplex method
US10006905B2 (en) 2013-03-25 2018-06-26 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Nanopore biosensors for detection of proteins and nucleic acids
WO2018145041A1 (fr) * 2017-02-06 2018-08-09 10X Genomics, Inc. Systèmes et procédés de préparation d'acides nucléiques
WO2018183942A1 (fr) * 2017-03-31 2018-10-04 Grail, Inc. Préparation de banques améliorées et leur utilisation pour la correction d'erreurs basées sur le séquençage et/ou l'identification de variants
US10167503B2 (en) 2014-05-02 2019-01-01 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pores
US10221450B2 (en) 2013-03-08 2019-03-05 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Enzyme stalling method
US10266885B2 (en) 2014-10-07 2019-04-23 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pores
US10385389B2 (en) 2014-01-22 2019-08-20 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method for attaching one or more polynucleotide binding proteins to a target polynucleotide
US10385382B2 (en) 2011-12-29 2019-08-20 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Enzyme method
US10392658B2 (en) 2014-01-22 2019-08-27 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method for controlling the movement of a polynucleotide through a transmembrane pore
US10400014B2 (en) 2014-09-01 2019-09-03 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant CsgG pores
US10438662B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2019-10-08 Iridia, Inc. Methods, compositions, and devices for information storage
US10450606B2 (en) 2012-02-17 2019-10-22 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Compositions and methods for accurately identifying mutations
US10472673B2 (en) 2015-02-19 2019-11-12 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Hetero-pores
US10480026B2 (en) 2014-10-17 2019-11-19 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method for nanopore RNA characterisation
US10501767B2 (en) 2013-08-16 2019-12-10 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Polynucleotide modification methods
US10570440B2 (en) 2014-10-14 2020-02-25 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method for modifying a template double stranded polynucleotide using a MuA transposase
US10640822B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2020-05-05 Iridia, Inc. Systems and methods for writing, reading, and controlling data stored in a polymer
US10669578B2 (en) 2014-02-21 2020-06-02 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Sample preparation method
US10724018B2 (en) 2013-10-18 2020-07-28 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Modified helicases
US10739341B2 (en) 2012-02-15 2020-08-11 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Aptamer method
US10808231B2 (en) 2012-07-19 2020-10-20 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Modified helicases
US10859562B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2020-12-08 Iridia, Inc. Methods, compositions, and devices for information storage
US10975428B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2021-04-13 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pore
US10976300B2 (en) 2015-12-08 2021-04-13 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Modified nanopores, compositions comprising the same, and uses thereof
US10995333B2 (en) 2017-02-06 2021-05-04 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for nucleic acid preparation
US11001883B2 (en) * 2012-03-05 2021-05-11 The General Hospital Corporation Systems and methods for epigenetic sequencing
US11047006B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2021-06-29 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11052368B2 (en) 2014-04-21 2021-07-06 Vilnius University Systems and methods for barcoding nucleic acids
US11104709B2 (en) 2016-04-06 2021-08-31 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pore
US11111532B2 (en) 2013-10-18 2021-09-07 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method of characterizing a target ribonucleic acid (RNA) comprising forming a complementary polynucleotide which moves through a transmembrane pore
US11155860B2 (en) 2012-07-19 2021-10-26 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. SSB method
US11169138B2 (en) 2015-04-14 2021-11-09 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Nanopores with internal protein adaptors
US11180741B2 (en) 2014-10-07 2021-11-23 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Modified enzymes
US11307192B2 (en) 2015-02-19 2022-04-19 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Method for producing a hetero-oligomeric pore comprising two different monomers in a specific stiochiometric ratio
US11332784B2 (en) 2015-12-08 2022-05-17 Twinstrand Biosciences, Inc. Adapters, methods, and compositions for duplex sequencing
US11352664B2 (en) 2009-01-30 2022-06-07 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US11572387B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2023-02-07 Vib Vzw Protein pores
US11649480B2 (en) 2016-05-25 2023-05-16 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Method for modifying a template double stranded polynucleotide
US11655465B1 (en) 2019-05-02 2023-05-23 Iridia, Inc. Enzymes and systems for synthesizing DNA
US11708574B2 (en) 2016-06-10 2023-07-25 Myriad Women's Health, Inc. Nucleic acid sequencing adapters and uses thereof
US11725205B2 (en) 2018-05-14 2023-08-15 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Methods and polynucleotides for amplifying a target polynucleotide
US11739367B2 (en) 2017-11-08 2023-08-29 Twinstrand Biosciences, Inc. Reagents and adapters for nucleic acid sequencing and methods for making such reagents and adapters
US11746367B2 (en) 2015-04-17 2023-09-05 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Barcoding systems and methods for gene sequencing and other applications
US11837302B1 (en) 2020-08-07 2023-12-05 Iridia, Inc. Systems and methods for writing and reading data stored in a polymer using nano-channels
US11845985B2 (en) 2018-07-12 2023-12-19 Twinstrand Biosciences, Inc. Methods and reagents for characterizing genomic editing, clonal expansion, and associated applications
US12024541B2 (en) 2017-05-04 2024-07-02 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Transmembrane pore consisting of two CsgG pores
US12215384B2 (en) 2016-05-25 2025-02-04 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Methods of characterising target polynucleotides
US12410478B2 (en) 2012-06-06 2025-09-09 Myriad Genetics, Inc. Hereditary cancer genes

Families Citing this family (29)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2010036287A1 (fr) * 2008-09-24 2010-04-01 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Détection intermittente durant des réactions analytiques
US9347929B2 (en) 2011-03-01 2016-05-24 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Controlling translocation through nanopores with fluid wall
JP6480183B2 (ja) 2011-05-27 2019-03-06 オックスフォード ナノポール テクノロジーズ リミテッド 結合方法
US10767208B2 (en) 2011-09-06 2020-09-08 Gen-Probe Incorporated Closed nucleic acid structures
WO2013036668A1 (fr) 2011-09-06 2013-03-14 Gen-Probe Incorporated Gabarits mis sous forme circulaire pour séquençage
CA2849624C (fr) 2011-09-23 2021-05-25 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Analyse d'un polymere comprenant des unites de polymere
US9404147B2 (en) 2011-12-19 2016-08-02 Gen-Probe Incorporated Closed nucleic acid structures
JP6333179B2 (ja) * 2012-01-20 2018-05-30 ジニア テクノロジーズ， インコーポレイテッド ナノポアベースの分子検出および配列決定
EP2814980B8 (fr) 2012-02-16 2020-06-10 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Analyse de mesures d'un polymère
GB2557509A (en) 2012-06-08 2018-06-20 Pacific Biosciences California Inc Modified base detection with nanopore sequencing
EP2880186B1 (fr) * 2012-08-03 2019-02-06 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Compositions et procédés pour améliorer le séquençage de nanopores
GB201222928D0 (en) 2012-12-19 2013-01-30 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Analysis of a polynucleotide
US9557292B2 (en) 2013-02-25 2017-01-31 The Regents Of The University Of Michigan Nanopore-based determination of protein charge, shape, volume, rotational diffusion coefficient, and dipole moment
GB201406155D0 (en) 2014-04-04 2014-05-21 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Method
DK3102702T3 (da) * 2014-02-05 2019-06-17 Fraunhofer Ges Forschung Fejlfri sekvensering af DNA
WO2015150786A1 (fr) 2014-04-04 2015-10-08 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Méthode de caractérisation d'un acide nucléique double brin au moyen d'un nano-pore et de molécules d'ancrage aux deux extrémités dudit acide nucléique
EP3626834B1 (fr) 2014-07-15 2022-09-21 Qiagen Sciences, LLC Codes à barres semi-aléatoires pour l'analyse d'acides nucléiques
WO2016059427A1 (fr) 2014-10-16 2016-04-21 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Analyse d'un polymère
GB201418469D0 (en) 2014-10-17 2014-12-03 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Method
WO2016082129A1 (fr) * 2014-11-26 2016-06-02 深圳华大基因研究院 Procédé et réactif pour la construction d'une banque cyclique d'acide nucléique simple brin à double séquence de liaison
CN107208162B (zh) 2015-02-26 2020-12-29 株式会社日立高新技术 核酸分子的构建方法
CN106939344B (zh) * 2017-04-20 2020-04-21 北京迈基诺基因科技股份有限公司 用于二代测序的接头
CN111032867A (zh) * 2017-06-16 2020-04-17 应用干细胞有限公司 具有提高的敲入效率的基因编辑方法
GB2589159B (en) 2017-12-29 2023-04-05 Clear Labs Inc Nucleic acid sequencing apparatus
GB201805676D0 (en) * 2018-04-05 2018-05-23 Imperial Innovations Ltd Compositions
KR102342490B1 (ko) * 2018-04-05 2021-12-24 한국한의학연구원 분자 인덱스된 바이설파이트 시퀀싱
GB201819378D0 (en) 2018-11-28 2019-01-09 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Analysis of nanopore signal using a machine-learning technique
US11248265B1 (en) 2020-11-19 2022-02-15 Clear Labs, Inc Systems and processes for distinguishing pathogenic and non-pathogenic sequences from specimens
WO2022243748A2 (fr) * 2021-05-16 2022-11-24 Geneditbio Limited Procédés d'enrichissement d'acide nucléique ciblé, identification de hors cible et évaluation de l'efficacité d'édition de gène

Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6087099A (en) * 1997-09-08 2000-07-11 Myriad Genetics, Inc. Method for sequencing both strands of a double stranded DNA in a single sequencing reaction
US20020028458A1 (en) * 1998-12-23 2002-03-07 Preben Lexow Sequencing method using magnifying tags
US20020098530A1 (en) * 2000-03-30 2002-07-25 City Of Hope Tumor suppressor gene
US20030044816A1 (en) * 1995-03-17 2003-03-06 Denison Timothy J. Characterization of individual polymer molecules based on monomer-interface interactions
US20030059778A1 (en) * 2001-09-24 2003-03-27 Andrew Berlin Nucleic acid sequencing by Raman monitoring of uptake of precursors during molecular replication
US20030165936A1 (en) * 1998-06-24 2003-09-04 Elazar Rabbani Methods for detecting nucleic acid sequences
US20050142559A1 (en) * 2003-01-15 2005-06-30 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Amplification of DNA in a hairpin structure, and applications
US20060063171A1 (en) * 2004-03-23 2006-03-23 Mark Akeson Methods and apparatus for characterizing polynucleotides
US20060141516A1 (en) * 2004-12-28 2006-06-29 Uwe Kobold De-novo sequencing of nucleic acids
US20110281768A1 (en) * 2008-03-28 2011-11-17 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Diagnostic sequencing with small nucleic acid circles

Family Cites Families (182)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FI82266C (fi) 1982-10-19 1991-02-11 Cetus Corp Foerfarande foer framstaellning av il-2 -mutein.
GB8924338D0 (en) 1989-10-28 1989-12-13 Atomic Energy Authority Uk Electrodes
US5215899A (en) 1989-11-09 1993-06-01 Miles Inc. Nucleic acid amplification employing ligatable hairpin probe and transcription
US5424413A (en) 1992-01-22 1995-06-13 Gen-Probe Incorporated Branched nucleic acid probes
FR2703693B1 (fr) 1993-04-06 1995-07-13 Pasteur Institut Procédé rapide de détermination d'une séquence d'ADN et application au séquençage et au diagnostic.
US5714320A (en) * 1993-04-15 1998-02-03 University Of Rochester Rolling circle synthesis of oligonucleotides and amplification of select randomized circular oligonucleotides
JPH09500102A (ja) 1993-04-28 1997-01-07 ウォーセスター ファウンデーション フォー エクスペリメンタル バイオロジー 細胞指向性溶解孔形成剤
US5777078A (en) 1993-04-28 1998-07-07 Worcester Foundation For Experimental Biology Triggered pore-forming agents
DE4320201A1 (de) 1993-06-18 1995-01-12 Asta Medica Ag Verwendung von Cetrorelix und weiteren Nona- und Dekapeptiden zur Herstellung eines Arzneimittels zur Bekämpfung von Aids und zur Wachstumsstimulation
US5561043A (en) 1994-01-31 1996-10-01 Trustees Of Boston University Self-assembling multimeric nucleic acid constructs
US7569341B2 (en) 1994-01-31 2009-08-04 Trustees Of Boston University Nucleic acid directed immobilization arrays and methods of assembly
US5795782A (en) 1995-03-17 1998-08-18 President & Fellows Of Harvard College Characterization of individual polymer molecules based on monomer-interface interactions
US6395887B1 (en) 1995-08-01 2002-05-28 Yale University Analysis of gene expression by display of 3'-end fragments of CDNAS
US5866336A (en) 1996-07-16 1999-02-02 Oncor, Inc. Nucleic acid amplification oligonucleotides with molecular energy transfer labels and methods based thereon
WO1999005167A1 (fr) 1997-07-25 1999-02-04 University Of Massachusetts Pores de proteines specifiquement concus utilises en tant que constituants pour des biocapteurs
US6127166A (en) 1997-11-03 2000-10-03 Bayley; Hagan Molluscan ligament polypeptides and genes encoding them
JPH11137260A (ja) 1997-11-06 1999-05-25 Soyaku Gijutsu Kenkyusho:Kk 抗インフルエンザウイルス環状ダンベル型ｒｎａ−ｄｎａキメラ化合物及び抗インフルエンザウイルス剤
US6123819A (en) 1997-11-12 2000-09-26 Protiveris, Inc. Nanoelectrode arrays
DE19826758C1 (de) 1998-06-15 1999-10-21 Soft Gene Gmbh Darstellung von linearen kovalent geschlossenen DNA-Molekülen als Expressionskonstrukte
US7588900B2 (en) 2001-07-03 2009-09-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Mammalian sweet and amino acid heterodimeric taste receptors
US6787308B2 (en) 1998-07-30 2004-09-07 Solexa Ltd. Arrayed biomolecules and their use in sequencing
US6235502B1 (en) 1998-09-18 2001-05-22 Molecular Staging Inc. Methods for selectively isolating DNA using rolling circle amplification
US6267872B1 (en) 1998-11-06 2001-07-31 The Regents Of The University Of California Miniature support for thin films containing single channels or nanopores and methods for using same
US6426231B1 (en) 1998-11-18 2002-07-30 The Texas A&M University System Analyte sensing mediated by adapter/carrier molecules
US6465193B2 (en) 1998-12-11 2002-10-15 The Regents Of The University Of California Targeted molecular bar codes and methods for using the same
US7056661B2 (en) 1999-05-19 2006-06-06 Cornell Research Foundation, Inc. Method for sequencing nucleic acid molecules
EP1192103A1 (fr) 1999-06-22 2002-04-03 President And Fellows of Harvard College Procede permettant de respecter les caracteristiques dimensionnelles d'une structure a l'etat solide
US7258838B2 (en) 1999-06-22 2007-08-21 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Solid state molecular probe device
US6464842B1 (en) 1999-06-22 2002-10-15 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Control of solid state dimensional features
EP1196434A2 (fr) 1999-06-29 2002-04-17 University Health Network Conjugues peptidiques favorisant la stabilisation des proteines membranaires et les interactions avec les membranes biologiques
DE60026321D1 (de) 1999-08-13 2006-04-27 Univ Yale New Haven Binär kodierte sequenzmarker
US6274320B1 (en) * 1999-09-16 2001-08-14 Curagen Corporation Method of sequencing a nucleic acid
US6682649B1 (en) 1999-10-01 2004-01-27 Sophion Bioscience A/S Substrate and a method for determining and/or monitoring electrophysiological properties of ion channels
WO2001040516A2 (fr) 1999-12-02 2001-06-07 Molecular Staging Inc. Generation d'adn circulaire a un seul brin a partir de segments lineaires de renaturation automatique
EP2261240B1 (fr) 2000-02-11 2015-09-02 The Texas A & M University System Compositions à biocapteur et procédés d'utilisation
AU2001250912B2 (en) 2000-03-21 2007-01-04 Curagen Corporation VEGF-modulated genes and methods employing them
US20020098540A1 (en) 2000-03-22 2002-07-25 Diane Pennica Novel polypeptides, and nucleic acids encoding the same
US6387624B1 (en) 2000-04-14 2002-05-14 Incyte Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Construction of uni-directionally cloned cDNA libraries from messenger RNA for improved 3′ end DNA sequencing
US7001792B2 (en) 2000-04-24 2006-02-21 Eagle Research & Development, Llc Ultra-fast nucleic acid sequencing device and a method for making and using the same
US20020132350A1 (en) 2000-09-14 2002-09-19 Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc. Targeted genetic manipulation using Mu bacteriophage cleaved donor complex
US6709861B2 (en) * 2000-11-17 2004-03-23 Lucigen Corp. Cloning vectors and vector components
WO2002042496A2 (fr) 2000-11-27 2002-05-30 The Regents Of The University Of California Procedes et dispositifs de caracterisation de molecules d'acide nucleique bicatenaire
US20020197618A1 (en) 2001-01-20 2002-12-26 Sampson Jeffrey R. Synthesis and amplification of unstructured nucleic acids for rapid sequencing
US20030087232A1 (en) 2001-01-25 2003-05-08 Fred Christians Methods for screening polypeptides
US7807408B2 (en) 2001-03-19 2010-10-05 President & Fellows Of Harvard College Directed evolution of proteins
JP2005520178A (ja) 2001-06-27 2005-07-07 プレジデント・アンド・フェローズ・オブ・ハーバード・カレッジ ソリッドステート寸法フィーチャの制御
US6863833B1 (en) 2001-06-29 2005-03-08 The Board Of Trustees Of The Leland Stanford Junior University Microfabricated apertures for supporting bilayer lipid membranes
NZ535144A (en) 2002-03-15 2006-03-31 Nuevolution As An improved method for synthesising templated molecules
US20030215881A1 (en) 2002-05-10 2003-11-20 Hagan Bayley Stochastic sensing through covalent interactions
US7253434B2 (en) 2002-10-29 2007-08-07 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Suspended carbon nanotube field effect transistor
EP1560792B1 (fr) 2002-10-29 2014-07-30 President and Fellows of Harvard College Fabrication de dispositifs a nanotubes de carbone
JP2006517798A (ja) 2003-02-12 2006-08-03 イェニソン スベンスカ アクティエボラーグ 核酸配列用の方法及び手段
US20100035254A1 (en) * 2003-04-08 2010-02-11 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Composition and method for nucleic acid sequencing
WO2004092331A2 (fr) 2003-04-08 2004-10-28 Li-Cor, Inc. Composition et procede pour le sequençage d'acides nucleiques
US7163658B2 (en) 2003-04-23 2007-01-16 Rouvain Bension Rapid sequencing of polymers
US7344882B2 (en) 2003-05-12 2008-03-18 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Polynucleotides encoding variants of the TRP channel family member, LTRPC3
WO2005056750A2 (fr) * 2003-12-11 2005-06-23 Quark Biotech, Inc. Inversion-duplication d'acides nucleiques et bibliotheques preparees de cette maniere
ATE430712T1 (de) 2003-12-19 2009-05-15 Harvard College Analyse von molekülen durch translokation durch eine beschichtete öffnung
GB0400584D0 (en) 2004-01-12 2004-02-11 Solexa Ltd Nucleic acid chacterisation
GB2413796B (en) 2004-03-25 2006-03-29 Global Genomics Ab Methods and means for nucleic acid sequencing
US20050227239A1 (en) 2004-04-08 2005-10-13 Joyce Timothy H Microarray based affinity purification and analysis device coupled with solid state nanopore electrodes
US7618778B2 (en) 2004-06-02 2009-11-17 Kaufman Joseph C Producing, cataloging and classifying sequence tags
WO2005124888A1 (fr) 2004-06-08 2005-12-29 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Transistor a effet de champ dans un nanotube au carbone suspendu
US7700281B2 (en) 2004-06-30 2010-04-20 Usb Corporation Hot start nucleic acid amplification
CN102925549A (zh) * 2004-08-13 2013-02-13 哈佛学院院长等 超高处理量光学-纳米孔dna读出平台
US20060086626A1 (en) 2004-10-22 2006-04-27 Joyce Timothy H Nanostructure resonant tunneling with a gate voltage source
WO2007084103A2 (fr) 2004-12-21 2007-07-26 The Texas A & M University System Canaux et pores ioniques a haute temperature
GB0505971D0 (en) 2005-03-23 2005-04-27 Isis Innovation Delivery of molecules to a lipid bilayer
US7507575B2 (en) 2005-04-01 2009-03-24 3M Innovative Properties Company Multiplex fluorescence detection device having removable optical modules
CA2603352C (fr) 2005-04-06 2013-10-01 Jene Golovchenko Caracterisation moleculaire a l'aide de nanotubes de carbone
CA2615323A1 (fr) 2005-06-06 2007-12-21 454 Life Sciences Corporation Sequencage d'extremites appariees
US20070020640A1 (en) 2005-07-21 2007-01-25 Mccloskey Megan L Molecular encoding of nucleic acid templates for PCR and other forms of sequence analysis
WO2007018601A1 (fr) 2005-08-02 2007-02-15 Rubicon Genomics, Inc. Compositions et methodes de traitement et d'amplification d'adn consistant a utiliser plusieurs enzymes dans une seule reaction
WO2007024997A2 (fr) 2005-08-22 2007-03-01 Fermalogic, Inc. Procedes d'augmentation de la production de metabolites secondaires par manipulation de voies metaboliques comprenant le methylmalonyl coa
GB0523282D0 (en) * 2005-11-15 2005-12-21 Isis Innovation Methods using pores
WO2007075987A2 (fr) 2005-12-22 2007-07-05 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Polymérases actives couplées à des surfaces
US7932029B1 (en) * 2006-01-04 2011-04-26 Si Lok Methods for nucleic acid mapping and identification of fine-structural-variations in nucleic acids and utilities
EP1994179A2 (fr) 2006-02-18 2008-11-26 Michael Strathmann Sequencage a multiplexage massif
US8673567B2 (en) 2006-03-08 2014-03-18 Atila Biosystems, Inc. Method and kit for nucleic acid sequence detection
WO2007114693A2 (fr) 2006-04-04 2007-10-11 Keygene N.V. Detection de marqueurs moleculaires a haut rendement base sur des fragments de restriction
US8889348B2 (en) 2006-06-07 2014-11-18 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York DNA sequencing by nanopore using modified nucleotides
JP4876766B2 (ja) 2006-08-10 2012-02-15 トヨタ自動車株式会社 燃料電池
WO2008030968A2 (fr) 2006-09-06 2008-03-13 Phase Bioscience, Inc. Compositions thérapeutiques peptidiques de fusion
WO2008045575A2 (fr) 2006-10-13 2008-04-17 J. Craig Venter Institute, Inc. Procédé de séquençage
WO2008051530A2 (fr) 2006-10-23 2008-05-02 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Enzymes polymèrases et réactifs pour le séquençage amélioré d'acides nucléiques
GB2445016B (en) 2006-12-19 2012-03-07 Microsaic Systems Plc Microengineered ionisation device
AU2008217578A1 (en) 2007-02-20 2008-08-28 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Lipid bilayer sensor system
EP2156179B1 (fr) 2007-04-04 2021-08-18 The Regents of The University of California Procédés d'utilisation d'un nanopore
US8698481B2 (en) 2007-09-12 2014-04-15 President And Fellows Of Harvard College High-resolution molecular sensor
GB2453377A (en) 2007-10-05 2009-04-08 Isis Innovation Transmembrane protein pores and molecular adapters therefore.
KR101414713B1 (ko) 2007-10-11 2014-07-03 삼성전자주식회사 리가제 및 엔도뉴클레아제의 존재하에서 롤링서클 증폭에의하여 표적 핵산을 증폭하는 방법
GB0724736D0 (en) 2007-12-19 2008-01-30 Oxford Nanolabs Ltd Formation of layers of amphiphilic molecules
EP2232233B1 (fr) 2007-12-31 2014-03-12 Fujirebio Inc. Groupes de microrésonateurs pour une détection optique en mode cavité
WO2009092035A2 (fr) 2008-01-17 2009-07-23 Sequenom, Inc. Procédés et compositions pour l'analyse de molécules biologiques
US8263367B2 (en) * 2008-01-25 2012-09-11 Agency For Science, Technology And Research Nucleic acid interaction analysis
US8231969B2 (en) 2008-03-26 2012-07-31 University Of Utah Research Foundation Asymmetrically functionalized nanoparticles
US8236499B2 (en) 2008-03-28 2012-08-07 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Methods and compositions for nucleic acid sample preparation
US8628940B2 (en) 2008-09-24 2014-01-14 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Intermittent detection during analytical reactions
US20090269771A1 (en) 2008-04-24 2009-10-29 Life Technologies Corporation Method of sequencing and mapping target nucleic acids
EP2281062B1 (fr) 2008-04-24 2017-11-29 The Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York Motifs géométriques et bicouches lipidiques utilisables pour l'organisation de molécules d'adn
CN103695530B (zh) 2008-07-07 2016-05-25 牛津纳米孔技术有限公司 酶-孔构建体
CN102144037A (zh) 2008-07-07 2011-08-03 牛津纳米孔技术有限公司 检测碱基的孔
US20100092960A1 (en) 2008-07-25 2010-04-15 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Helicase-assisted sequencing with molecular beacons
CN102203273A (zh) 2008-09-09 2011-09-28 生命技术公司 生成基因特异性的文库的方法
US8481264B2 (en) * 2008-09-19 2013-07-09 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Immobilized nucleic acid complexes for sequence analysis
EP3029467B1 (fr) 2008-09-22 2020-01-08 University of Washington Nanopores msp et procédés associés
US8383369B2 (en) 2008-09-24 2013-02-26 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Intermittent detection during analytical reactions
WO2010036287A1 (fr) 2008-09-24 2010-04-01 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Détection intermittente durant des réactions analytiques
US9080211B2 (en) 2008-10-24 2015-07-14 Epicentre Technologies Corporation Transposon end compositions and methods for modifying nucleic acids
PT2963709T (pt) 2008-10-24 2017-08-21 Epicentre Tech Corp Composições de extremidade de transposão e métodos de modificação de ácidos nucleicos
US8486630B2 (en) 2008-11-07 2013-07-16 Industrial Technology Research Institute Methods for accurate sequence data and modified base position determination
GB0820927D0 (en) 2008-11-14 2008-12-24 Isis Innovation Method
AU2009325069B2 (en) 2008-12-11 2015-03-19 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Classification of nucleic acid templates
US9222082B2 (en) 2009-01-30 2015-12-29 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Hybridization linkers
KR101797773B1 (ko) 2009-01-30 2017-11-15 옥스포드 나노포어 테크놀로지즈 리미티드 막횡단 시퀀싱에서 핵산 구축물용 어댑터
AU2010213510B2 (en) 2009-02-16 2014-05-01 Epicentre Technologies Corporation Template-independent ligation of single-stranded DNA
CA2753294A1 (fr) 2009-02-23 2010-08-26 Cytomx Therapeutics, Inc. Proproteines et leurs procedes d'utilisation
FR2943656A1 (fr) 2009-03-25 2010-10-01 Air Liquide Procede et installation de production d'hydrogene mettant en oeuvre un compresseur thermocinetique
GB0905140D0 (en) 2009-03-25 2009-05-06 Isis Innovation Method
WO2010117470A2 (fr) 2009-04-10 2010-10-14 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Dispositifs et procédés de séquençage de nanopore
DK2422198T3 (da) 2009-04-20 2014-01-06 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Lipiddobbeltlag-sensorgruppe
GB0910302D0 (en) 2009-06-15 2009-07-29 Lumora Ltd Nucleic acid amplification
US20120015821A1 (en) * 2009-09-09 2012-01-19 Life Technologies Corporation Methods of Generating Gene Specific Libraries
AU2010326349B2 (en) 2009-12-01 2015-10-29 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Biochemical analysis instrument
WO2011090556A1 (fr) 2010-01-19 2011-07-28 Verinata Health, Inc. Procédés pour déterminer une fraction d'acide nucléique fœtal dans des échantillons maternels
FR2955773B1 (fr) 2010-02-01 2017-05-26 Commissariat Energie Atomique Complexe moleculaire de ciblage des antigenes vers les cellules presentatrices d'antigene et ses applications pour la vaccination
KR20110100963A (ko) 2010-03-05 2011-09-15 삼성전자주식회사 미세 유동 장치 및 이를 이용한 표적 핵산의 염기 서열 결정 방법
ES2626411T3 (es) 2010-03-10 2017-07-25 Ibis Biosciences, Inc. Producción de ácido nucleico circular monocatenario
US8652779B2 (en) 2010-04-09 2014-02-18 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Nanopore sequencing using charge blockade labels
US20120244525A1 (en) 2010-07-19 2012-09-27 New England Biolabs, Inc. Oligonucleotide Adapters: Compositions and Methods of Use
US20140051068A1 (en) 2010-09-07 2014-02-20 The Regents Of The University Of California Control of dna movement in a nanopore at one nucleotide precision by a processive enzyme
EP2635679B1 (fr) 2010-11-05 2017-04-19 Illumina, Inc. Liaison entre des lectures de séquences à l'aide de codes marqueurs appariés
WO2012083249A2 (fr) 2010-12-17 2012-06-21 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Séquençage d'adn par une synthèse utilisant des nucléotides modifiés et une détection par nanopores
US20130291392A1 (en) 2011-01-18 2013-11-07 R.K. Swamy Multipurpose instrument for triangle solutions, measurements and geometrical applications called triometer
WO2012098562A2 (fr) 2011-01-19 2012-07-26 Panacea Biotec Limited Compositions liquides pour administration par voie orale de sels de lanthane
ES2762866T3 (es) 2011-01-28 2020-05-26 Illumina Inc Reemplazo de nucleótidos por bibliotecas doblemente etiquetadas y direccionales
US20120196279A1 (en) 2011-02-02 2012-08-02 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Methods and compositions for nucleic acid sample preparation
JP6169976B2 (ja) 2011-02-11 2017-07-26 オックスフォード ナノポール テクノロジーズ リミテッド 変異体細孔
JP6480183B2 (ja) 2011-05-27 2019-03-06 オックスフォード ナノポール テクノロジーズ リミテッド 結合方法
US20130017978A1 (en) 2011-07-11 2013-01-17 Finnzymes Oy Methods and transposon nucleic acids for generating a dna library
US9145623B2 (en) 2011-07-20 2015-09-29 Thermo Fisher Scientific Oy Transposon nucleic acids comprising a calibration sequence for DNA sequencing
JP6298404B2 (ja) 2011-07-25 2018-03-20 オックスフォード ナノポール テクノロジーズ リミテッド 膜貫通ポアを用いる二重鎖ポリヌクレオチド配列決定のためのヘアピンループ方法
US9632102B2 (en) 2011-09-25 2017-04-25 Theranos, Inc. Systems and methods for multi-purpose analysis
CA2849624C (fr) 2011-09-23 2021-05-25 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Analyse d'un polymere comprenant des unites de polymere
US20140308661A1 (en) 2011-09-25 2014-10-16 Theranos, Inc. Systems and methods for multi-analysis
US9810704B2 (en) 2013-02-18 2017-11-07 Theranos, Inc. Systems and methods for multi-analysis
KR20140090633A (ko) 2011-10-21 2014-07-17 옥스포드 나노포어 테크놀로지즈 리미티드 포어 및 hel308 헬리카제를 사용하여 표적 폴리뉴클레오티드를 특성화하는 방법
KR102086182B1 (ko) 2011-12-29 2020-03-06 옥스포드 나노포어 테크놀로지즈 리미티드 효소 방법
CN104136631B (zh) 2011-12-29 2017-03-01 牛津纳米孔技术公司 使用xpd解旋酶表征多核苷酸的方法
NO2694769T3 (fr) 2012-03-06 2018-03-03
US9777049B2 (en) 2012-04-10 2017-10-03 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant lysenin pores
GB2557509A (en) 2012-06-08 2018-06-20 Pacific Biosciences California Inc Modified base detection with nanopore sequencing
TWI655213B (zh) 2012-07-13 2019-04-01 目立康股份有限公司 自我組織化肽衍生物的製造方法
EP2875154B1 (fr) 2012-07-19 2017-08-23 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Procédé SSB pour caractériser un acide nucléique
EP3741847A1 (fr) 2012-07-19 2020-11-25 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Hélicases modifiées
CA2879355C (fr) 2012-07-19 2021-09-21 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Construction comprenant une helicase et son utilisation dans la caracterisation des polynucleotides
US9551023B2 (en) 2012-09-14 2017-01-24 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Sample preparation method
GB201313121D0 (en) 2013-07-23 2013-09-04 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Array of volumes of polar medium
US9823235B2 (en) 2012-10-26 2017-11-21 Oxford Nanopre Technologies Ltd. Droplet interfaces
WO2014074922A1 (fr) 2012-11-09 2014-05-15 Stratos Genomics, Inc. Concentration d'une molécule visée en vue d'une détection par un nano-pore
US9683230B2 (en) 2013-01-09 2017-06-20 Illumina Cambridge Limited Sample preparation on a solid support
US20140206842A1 (en) 2013-01-22 2014-07-24 Muhammed Majeed Peptides Modified with Triterpenoids and Small Organic Molecules: Synthesis and use in Cosmeceutical
GB201318465D0 (en) 2013-10-18 2013-12-04 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Method
GB201314695D0 (en) 2013-08-16 2013-10-02 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Method
WO2014135838A1 (fr) 2013-03-08 2014-09-12 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Procédé d'immobilisation enzymatique
WO2014153408A1 (fr) 2013-03-19 2014-09-25 Directed Genomics, Llc Enrichissement en séquences cibles
CN105992634B (zh) 2013-08-30 2019-06-14 华盛顿大学商业中心 选择性修饰聚合物亚单位以改进基于纳米孔的分析
WO2015055981A2 (fr) 2013-10-18 2015-04-23 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Enzymes modifiées
GB201406151D0 (en) 2014-04-04 2014-05-21 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Method
AU2015208919B9 (en) 2014-01-22 2021-04-01 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Method for attaching one or more polynucleotide binding proteins to a target polynucleotide
GB201403096D0 (en) 2014-02-21 2014-04-09 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Sample preparation method
WO2015148567A1 (fr) 2014-03-24 2015-10-01 Bernick David L Adaptateur moléculaire pour la capture et la manipulation de l'arn de transfert
CA3172086A1 (fr) 2014-06-13 2015-12-17 Illumina Cambridge Limited Procedes et compositions a utiliser pour preparer le sequencage de bibliotheques
US10017759B2 (en) 2014-06-26 2018-07-10 Illumina, Inc. Library preparation of tagged nucleic acid
SG11201610910QA (en) 2014-06-30 2017-01-27 Illumina Inc Methods and compositions using one-sided transposition
WO2016022557A1 (fr) 2014-08-05 2016-02-11 Twist Bioscience Corporation Clonage acellulaire d'acides nucléiques
EP3633047B1 (fr) 2014-08-19 2022-12-28 Pacific Biosciences of California, Inc. Procédés de séquenage d' acides nucléiques basé sur un enrichissement d'acides nucléiques
GB201418159D0 (en) 2014-10-14 2014-11-26 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Method
CN107208162B (zh) 2015-02-26 2020-12-29 株式会社日立高新技术 核酸分子的构建方法
GB201609220D0 (en) 2016-05-25 2016-07-06 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Method
CN107488656B (zh) 2016-06-13 2020-07-17 陆欣华 一种核酸等温自扩增方法
GB201807793D0 (en) 2018-05-14 2018-06-27 Oxford Nanopore Tech Ltd Method

Patent Citations (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20030044816A1 (en) * 1995-03-17 2003-03-06 Denison Timothy J. Characterization of individual polymer molecules based on monomer-interface interactions
US6087099A (en) * 1997-09-08 2000-07-11 Myriad Genetics, Inc. Method for sequencing both strands of a double stranded DNA in a single sequencing reaction
US20030165936A1 (en) * 1998-06-24 2003-09-04 Elazar Rabbani Methods for detecting nucleic acid sequences
US20020028458A1 (en) * 1998-12-23 2002-03-07 Preben Lexow Sequencing method using magnifying tags
US20020098530A1 (en) * 2000-03-30 2002-07-25 City Of Hope Tumor suppressor gene
US20030059778A1 (en) * 2001-09-24 2003-03-27 Andrew Berlin Nucleic acid sequencing by Raman monitoring of uptake of precursors during molecular replication
US20050142559A1 (en) * 2003-01-15 2005-06-30 Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Inc. Amplification of DNA in a hairpin structure, and applications
US20060063171A1 (en) * 2004-03-23 2006-03-23 Mark Akeson Methods and apparatus for characterizing polynucleotides
US20060141516A1 (en) * 2004-12-28 2006-06-29 Uwe Kobold De-novo sequencing of nucleic acids
US20110281768A1 (en) * 2008-03-28 2011-11-17 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Diagnostic sequencing with small nucleic acid circles

Cited By (147)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11705217B2 (en) 2008-03-28 2023-07-18 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Sequencing using concatemers of copies of sense and antisense strands
US9910956B2 (en) 2008-03-28 2018-03-06 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Sequencing using concatemers of copies of sense and antisense strands
US9600626B2 (en) 2008-03-28 2017-03-21 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Methods and systems for obtaining a single molecule consensus sequence
US9582640B2 (en) 2008-03-28 2017-02-28 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Methods for obtaining a single molecule consensus sequence
US9542527B2 (en) 2008-03-28 2017-01-10 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Compositions and methods for nucleic acid sequencing
US9404146B2 (en) 2008-03-28 2016-08-02 Pacific Biosciences Of California, Inc. Compositions and methods for nucleic acid sequencing
US11859247B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2024-01-02 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Enzyme-pore constructs
US10077471B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2018-09-18 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Enzyme-pore constructs
US11078530B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2021-08-03 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Enzyme-pore constructs
US9885078B2 (en) 2008-07-07 2018-02-06 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Enzyme-pore constructs
US9562887B2 (en) 2008-11-14 2017-02-07 Oxford University Innovation Limited Methods of enhancing translocation of charged analytes through transmembrane protein pores
US11459606B2 (en) 2009-01-30 2022-10-04 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US11352664B2 (en) 2009-01-30 2022-06-07 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US12173364B2 (en) 2009-03-25 2024-12-24 Oxford University Innovation Limited Method for sequencing a heteropolymeric target nucleic acid sequence
US9732381B2 (en) 2009-03-25 2017-08-15 Oxford University Innovation Limited Method for sequencing a heteropolymeric target nucleic acid sequence
US10669581B2 (en) 2009-03-25 2020-06-02 Oxford University Innovation Limited Method for sequencing a heteropolymeric target nucleic acid sequence
US9751915B2 (en) 2011-02-11 2017-09-05 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pores
US10597713B2 (en) 2011-07-25 2020-03-24 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Hairpin loop method for double strand polynucleotide sequencing using transmembrane pores
US12168799B2 (en) 2011-07-25 2024-12-17 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Hairpin loop method for double strand polynucleotide sequencing using transmembrane pores
US10851409B2 (en) 2011-07-25 2020-12-01 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Hairpin loop method for double strand polynucleotide sequencing using transmembrane pores
US20150152492A1 (en) * 2011-07-25 2015-06-04 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Hairpin loop method for double strand polynucleotide sequencing using transmembrane pores
US9957560B2 (en) * 2011-07-25 2018-05-01 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Hairpin loop method for double strand polynucleotide sequencing using transmembrane pores
US11261487B2 (en) 2011-07-25 2022-03-01 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Hairpin loop method for double strand polynucleotide sequencing using transmembrane pores
US11168363B2 (en) 2011-07-25 2021-11-09 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Hairpin loop method for double strand polynucleotide sequencing using transmembrane pores
US10724087B2 (en) 2011-10-21 2020-07-28 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Enzyme method
US11634763B2 (en) 2011-10-21 2023-04-25 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Enzyme method
US9758823B2 (en) 2011-10-21 2017-09-12 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Enzyme method
US10385382B2 (en) 2011-12-29 2019-08-20 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Enzyme method
US9617591B2 (en) 2011-12-29 2017-04-11 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method for characterising a polynucleotide by using a XPD helicase
US11685922B2 (en) 2012-02-15 2023-06-27 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Aptamer method
US10739341B2 (en) 2012-02-15 2020-08-11 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Aptamer method
US10450606B2 (en) 2012-02-17 2019-10-22 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Compositions and methods for accurately identifying mutations
US11441180B2 (en) 2012-02-17 2022-09-13 Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center Compositions and methods for accurately identifying mutations
US11047003B2 (en) 2012-03-05 2021-06-29 The General Hospital Corporation Systems and methods for epigenetic sequencing
US11001883B2 (en) * 2012-03-05 2021-05-11 The General Hospital Corporation Systems and methods for epigenetic sequencing
US11555220B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2023-01-17 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US12006545B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2024-06-11 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11970740B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2024-04-30 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11242562B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2022-02-08 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11098359B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2021-08-24 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US12258629B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2025-03-25 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11993815B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2024-05-28 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11549144B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2023-01-10 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11608529B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2023-03-21 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11130996B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2021-09-28 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11155869B2 (en) * 2012-03-20 2021-10-26 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11198907B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2021-12-14 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11118225B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2021-09-14 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US11047006B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2021-06-29 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US12241123B2 (en) 2012-03-20 2025-03-04 University Of Washington Through Its Center For Commercialization Methods of lowering the error rate of massively parallel DNA sequencing using duplex consensus sequencing
US10882889B2 (en) 2012-04-10 2021-01-05 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant lysenin pores
US12258375B2 (en) 2012-04-10 2025-03-25 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Mutant lysenin pores
US9777049B2 (en) 2012-04-10 2017-10-03 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant lysenin pores
US11845780B2 (en) 2012-04-10 2023-12-19 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Mutant lysenin pores
US12410478B2 (en) 2012-06-06 2025-09-09 Myriad Genetics, Inc. Hereditary cancer genes
US10808231B2 (en) 2012-07-19 2020-10-20 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Modified helicases
US12448646B2 (en) 2012-07-19 2025-10-21 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc SSB method
US11525126B2 (en) 2012-07-19 2022-12-13 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Modified helicases
US9797009B2 (en) 2012-07-19 2017-10-24 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Limited Enzyme construct
US12252717B2 (en) 2012-07-19 2025-03-18 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Modified helicases
US11155860B2 (en) 2012-07-19 2021-10-26 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. SSB method
US9551023B2 (en) 2012-09-14 2017-01-24 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Sample preparation method
US9995728B2 (en) 2012-11-06 2018-06-12 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Quadruplex method
WO2014122467A1 (fr) 2013-02-06 2014-08-14 Loxbridge Research Llp Systèmes et procédés pour la détection de maladie précoce et la surveillance de maladie en temps réel
US11560589B2 (en) 2013-03-08 2023-01-24 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Enzyme stalling method
US10221450B2 (en) 2013-03-08 2019-03-05 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Enzyme stalling method
US10976311B2 (en) 2013-03-25 2021-04-13 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Nanopore biosensors for detection of proteins and nucleic acids
US10802015B2 (en) 2013-03-25 2020-10-13 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Nanopore biosensors for detection of proteins and nucleic acids
US10514378B2 (en) 2013-03-25 2019-12-24 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Nanopore biosensors for detection of proteins and nucleic acids
US10006905B2 (en) 2013-03-25 2018-06-26 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Nanopore biosensors for detection of proteins and nucleic acids
US11761956B2 (en) 2013-03-25 2023-09-19 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Nanopore biosensors for detection of proteins and nucleic acids
US11186857B2 (en) 2013-08-16 2021-11-30 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Polynucleotide modification methods
US10501767B2 (en) 2013-08-16 2019-12-10 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Polynucleotide modification methods
US11111532B2 (en) 2013-10-18 2021-09-07 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method of characterizing a target ribonucleic acid (RNA) comprising forming a complementary polynucleotide which moves through a transmembrane pore
US11525125B2 (en) 2013-10-18 2022-12-13 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Modified helicases
US12473593B2 (en) 2013-10-18 2025-11-18 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Method of characterizing a target ribonucleic acid (RNA) comprising forming a complementary polynucleotide which moves through a transmembrane pore
US12258591B2 (en) 2013-10-18 2025-03-25 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Modified helicases
US10724018B2 (en) 2013-10-18 2020-07-28 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Modified helicases
US10392658B2 (en) 2014-01-22 2019-08-27 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method for controlling the movement of a polynucleotide through a transmembrane pore
US11725235B2 (en) 2014-01-22 2023-08-15 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Method for attaching one or more polynucleotide binding proteins to a target polynucleotide
US10385389B2 (en) 2014-01-22 2019-08-20 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method for attaching one or more polynucleotide binding proteins to a target polynucleotide
US10669578B2 (en) 2014-02-21 2020-06-02 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Sample preparation method
US11542551B2 (en) 2014-02-21 2023-01-03 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Sample preparation method
US11052368B2 (en) 2014-04-21 2021-07-06 Vilnius University Systems and methods for barcoding nucleic acids
US11739377B2 (en) 2014-05-02 2023-08-29 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Method of improving the movement of a target polynucleotide with respect to a transmembrane pore
US10167503B2 (en) 2014-05-02 2019-01-01 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pores
US10443097B2 (en) 2014-05-02 2019-10-15 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method of improving the movement of a target polynucleotide with respect to a transmembrane pore
US10844432B2 (en) 2014-05-02 2020-11-24 Oxford Nanopore Technologies, Ltd. Method of improving the movement of a target polynucleotide with respect to a transmembrane pore
US10400014B2 (en) 2014-09-01 2019-09-03 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant CsgG pores
US12275761B2 (en) 2014-09-01 2025-04-15 Vib Vzw Mutant CsgG pores
US11034734B2 (en) 2014-09-01 2021-06-15 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pores
US11180741B2 (en) 2014-10-07 2021-11-23 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Modified enzymes
US11965183B2 (en) 2014-10-07 2024-04-23 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Modified enzymes
US10266885B2 (en) 2014-10-07 2019-04-23 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pores
US10570440B2 (en) 2014-10-14 2020-02-25 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method for modifying a template double stranded polynucleotide using a MuA transposase
US11390904B2 (en) 2014-10-14 2022-07-19 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Nanopore-based method and double stranded nucleic acid construct therefor
US10480026B2 (en) 2014-10-17 2019-11-19 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method for nanopore RNA characterisation
US11021747B2 (en) 2014-10-17 2021-06-01 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Method for nanopore RNA characterisation
US12129518B2 (en) 2014-10-17 2024-10-29 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Method for nanopore RNA characterization
US11307192B2 (en) 2015-02-19 2022-04-19 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Method for producing a hetero-oligomeric pore comprising two different monomers in a specific stiochiometric ratio
US10472673B2 (en) 2015-02-19 2019-11-12 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Hetero-pores
US11169138B2 (en) 2015-04-14 2021-11-09 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Nanopores with internal protein adaptors
US11746367B2 (en) 2015-04-17 2023-09-05 President And Fellows Of Harvard College Barcoding systems and methods for gene sequencing and other applications
WO2017100027A1 (fr) 2015-12-08 2017-06-15 Quantapore, Inc. Procédé de translocation d'acides nucléiques via des nanopores
US10976300B2 (en) 2015-12-08 2021-04-13 Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Modified nanopores, compositions comprising the same, and uses thereof
US11332784B2 (en) 2015-12-08 2022-05-17 Twinstrand Biosciences, Inc. Adapters, methods, and compositions for duplex sequencing
US10438662B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2019-10-08 Iridia, Inc. Methods, compositions, and devices for information storage
US10859562B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2020-12-08 Iridia, Inc. Methods, compositions, and devices for information storage
RU2765308C2 (ru) * 2016-02-29 2022-01-28 Айридия, Инк. Способы, композиции и устройства для хранения информации
US11505825B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2022-11-22 Iridia, Inc. Methods of synthesizing DNA
WO2017151680A3 (fr) * 2016-02-29 2017-10-12 Dodo Omnidata, Inc. Procédés, compositions et dispositifs de stockage d'informations
US10640822B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2020-05-05 Iridia, Inc. Systems and methods for writing, reading, and controlling data stored in a polymer
CN109415766A (zh) * 2016-02-29 2019-03-01 艾瑞迪亚公司 用于信息存储的方法、组合物和装置
US10714178B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2020-07-14 Iridia, Inc. Methods, compositions, and devices for information storage
US11549140B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2023-01-10 Iridia, Inc. Systems and methods for writing, reading, and controlling data stored in a polymer
US10995373B2 (en) 2016-02-29 2021-05-04 Iridia, Inc. Systems and methods for writing, reading, and controlling data stored in a polymer
US10975428B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2021-04-13 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pore
US11685949B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2023-06-27 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Mutant pore
US11597970B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2023-03-07 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Mutant pores
US12227800B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2025-02-18 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Mutant pores
US10995372B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2021-05-04 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pores
US12018326B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2024-06-25 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Mutant pore
US11186868B2 (en) 2016-03-02 2021-11-30 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Mutant pore
US11939359B2 (en) 2016-04-06 2024-03-26 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Mutant pore
US12371458B2 (en) 2016-04-06 2025-07-29 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Mutant pore
US11104709B2 (en) 2016-04-06 2021-08-31 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Ltd. Mutant pore
US11649480B2 (en) 2016-05-25 2023-05-16 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Method for modifying a template double stranded polynucleotide
US12215384B2 (en) 2016-05-25 2025-02-04 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Methods of characterising target polynucleotides
WO2017209891A1 (fr) 2016-05-31 2017-12-07 Quantapore, Inc. Séquençage bicolore par les nanopores
US11708574B2 (en) 2016-06-10 2023-07-25 Myriad Women's Health, Inc. Nucleic acid sequencing adapters and uses thereof
WO2018034807A1 (fr) 2016-08-19 2018-02-22 Quantapore, Inc. Séquençage par nanopores à base optique à l'aide d'agents d'extinction
WO2018145041A1 (fr) * 2017-02-06 2018-08-09 10X Genomics, Inc. Systèmes et procédés de préparation d'acides nucléiques
US10995333B2 (en) 2017-02-06 2021-05-04 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for nucleic acid preparation
US12365893B2 (en) 2017-02-06 2025-07-22 10X Genomics, Inc. Systems and methods for nucleic acid preparation
WO2018183942A1 (fr) * 2017-03-31 2018-10-04 Grail, Inc. Préparation de banques améliorées et leur utilisation pour la correction d'erreurs basées sur le séquençage et/ou l'identification de variants
US20180291438A1 (en) * 2017-03-31 2018-10-11 Grail, Inc. Library preparation and use thereof for sequencing based error correction and/or variant identification
US11584958B2 (en) * 2017-03-31 2023-02-21 Grail, Llc Library preparation and use thereof for sequencing based error correction and/or variant identification
US12024541B2 (en) 2017-05-04 2024-07-02 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Transmembrane pore consisting of two CsgG pores
US11945840B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2024-04-02 Vib Vzw Protein pores
US12084477B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2024-09-10 Vib Vzw Protein pores
US11572387B2 (en) 2017-06-30 2023-02-07 Vib Vzw Protein pores
US11739367B2 (en) 2017-11-08 2023-08-29 Twinstrand Biosciences, Inc. Reagents and adapters for nucleic acid sequencing and methods for making such reagents and adapters
US11725205B2 (en) 2018-05-14 2023-08-15 Oxford Nanopore Technologies Plc Methods and polynucleotides for amplifying a target polynucleotide
US11845985B2 (en) 2018-07-12 2023-12-19 Twinstrand Biosciences, Inc. Methods and reagents for characterizing genomic editing, clonal expansion, and associated applications
US12338470B2 (en) 2019-05-02 2025-06-24 Iridia, Inc. Enzymes and systems for synthesizing DNA
US11655465B1 (en) 2019-05-02 2023-05-23 Iridia, Inc. Enzymes and systems for synthesizing DNA
US11837302B1 (en) 2020-08-07 2023-12-05 Iridia, Inc. Systems and methods for writing and reading data stored in a polymer using nano-channels

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2010086622A1 (fr) 2010-08-05
KR20110111507A (ko) 2011-10-11
EP2391732B1 (fr) 2015-05-27
US11352664B2 (en) 2022-06-07
EP2391732A1 (fr) 2011-12-07
CN102369298B (zh) 2017-03-22
CA2750879A1 (fr) 2010-08-05
KR101797773B1 (ko) 2017-11-15
CA2750879C (fr) 2018-05-22
US20250197926A1 (en) 2025-06-19
CN102369298A (zh) 2012-03-07
US20230065890A1 (en) 2023-03-02
US20200002761A1 (en) 2020-01-02
US20180291440A1 (en) 2018-10-11
US20190376132A1 (en) 2019-12-12
BRPI1007214A8 (pt) 2022-12-20
US11459606B2 (en) 2022-10-04
JP2012516146A (ja) 2012-07-19
BRPI1007214A2 (pt) 2019-04-09
JP5843614B2 (ja) 2016-01-13
WO2010086622A8 (fr) 2012-01-19
AU2010209528B2 (en) 2015-10-01
US20250179570A1 (en) 2025-06-05
AU2010209528A1 (en) 2011-08-18
US20170321266A1 (en) 2017-11-09

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US20250179570A1 (en) Adaptors for nucleic acid constructs in transmembrane sequencing
US20250215490A1 (en) Method for sequencing a heteropolymeric target nucleic acid sequence
US20230212665A1 (en) Enzyme stalling method
US11186857B2 (en) Polynucleotide modification methods
US9447152B2 (en) Base-detecting pore

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
AS Assignment

Owner name: OXFORD NANOPORE TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED, UNITED KINGD

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:MCKEOWN, BRIAN;REEL/FRAME:027229/0006

Effective date: 20110817

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION