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US20120000481A1 - Degradable filter element for smoking article - Google Patents

Degradable filter element for smoking article Download PDF

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Publication number
US20120000481A1
US20120000481A1 US13/095,447 US201113095447A US2012000481A1 US 20120000481 A1 US20120000481 A1 US 20120000481A1 US 201113095447 A US201113095447 A US 201113095447A US 2012000481 A1 US2012000481 A1 US 2012000481A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
filter
poly
cigarette
tow
starch
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
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US13/095,447
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English (en)
Inventor
Dennis Potter
Robert L. Oglesby
Paul S. Chapman
Andries D. Sebastian
Robert J. Pound
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RJ Reynolds Tobacco Co
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Priority to US13/095,447 priority Critical patent/US20120000481A1/en
Assigned to R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY reassignment R.J. REYNOLDS TOBACCO COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: POUND, ROBERT J., CHAPMAN, PAUL S., OGLESBY, ROBERT L., POTTER, DENNIS, SEBASTIAN, ANDRIES D.
Priority to PCT/US2011/040475 priority patent/WO2012003092A1/fr
Publication of US20120000481A1 publication Critical patent/US20120000481A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
    • A24D3/08—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as carrier or major constituent
    • A24D3/10—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as carrier or major constituent of cellulose or cellulose derivatives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
    • A24D3/067—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters characterised by functional properties
    • A24D3/068—Biodegradable or disintegrable
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24D—CIGARS; CIGARETTES; TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS; MOUTHPIECES FOR CIGARS OR CIGARETTES; MANUFACTURE OF TOBACCO SMOKE FILTERS OR MOUTHPIECES
    • A24D3/00—Tobacco smoke filters, e.g. filter-tips, filtering inserts; Filters specially adapted for simulated smoking devices; Mouthpieces for cigars or cigarettes
    • A24D3/06—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters
    • A24D3/14—Use of materials for tobacco smoke filters of organic materials as additive

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to products made or derived from tobacco, or that otherwise incorporate tobacco, and are intended for human consumption, and in particular, to filters for cigarettes.
  • the invention is directed to additives for filter elements configured for increasing the rate of degradation.
  • smokable material such as shredded tobacco (e.g., in cut filler form), surrounded by a paper wrapper, thereby forming a so-called “smokable rod” or “tobacco rod.”
  • a cigarette has a cylindrical filter element aligned in an end-to-end relationship with the tobacco rod.
  • a filter element comprises plasticized cellulose acetate tow circumscribed by a paper material known as “plug wrap.”
  • Certain filter elements can incorporate polyhydric alcohols.
  • the filter element is attached to one end of the tobacco rod using a circumscribing wrapping material known as “tipping paper.” It also has become desirable to perforate the tipping material and plug wrap, in order to provide dilution of drawn mainstream smoke with ambient air.
  • tipping paper a circumscribing wrapping material
  • a cigarette is employed by a smoker by lighting one end thereof and burning the tobacco rod. The smoker then receives mainstream smoke into his/her mouth by drawing on the opposite end (e.g., the filter end) of the cigarette, until the tobacco rod is partially or completely consumed, after which the remaining cigarette portion is discarded.
  • cigarette filters include solvent cross linked cellulose acetate fiber bundles wrapped in two layers of paper.
  • the first layer of paper often referred to as plug wrap, holds the fiber bundle together in a rod form and may include a glue line to anchor the fiber bundle to the plug wrap paper; the second layer, often referred to as the tipping, is fully adhered to the plug wrap and attaches the filter tube to the wrapping material surrounding the cigarette's tobacco rod.
  • Cigarette filters are slow to degrade or disperse in the environment. This is generally attributed to the tightly bound nature of the filter plug's design which is configured to provide a specified filtering effect, but which insulates the majority of the filter from environmental effects upon disposal.
  • a number of approaches have been used in the art to promote an increased rate of degradation of filter elements.
  • One approach involves incorporation of additives (e.g., water soluble cellulose materials, water soluble fiber bonding agents, photoactive pigments, or phosphoric acid) into the cellulose acetate material in order to accelerate polymer decomposition.
  • additives e.g., water soluble cellulose materials, water soluble fiber bonding agents, photoactive pigments, or phosphoric acid
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,453,144 to Kauffman et al. describes use of a water sensitive hot melt adhesive to adhere the plug wrap in order to enhance biodegradability of the filter element upon exposure to water.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,239 to Asai et al. proposes to replace conventional cellulose acetate filter elements with a filter element comprising a core of a fibrous or particulate cellulose material coated with a cellulose ester to enhance biodegradability.
  • Embodiments of the present invention relate to a smoking article and associated methods, and in particular, a rod-shaped smoking article (e.g., a cigarette).
  • the smoking article includes a lighting end (i.e., an upstream end) and a mouth end (i.e., a downstream end).
  • a mouth end piece is located at the extreme mouth end of the smoking article, and the mouth end piece allows the smoking article to be placed in the mouth of the smoker to be drawn upon.
  • the mouth end piece has the form of a filter element comprising a fibrous tow filter material.
  • the fibrous tow filter material may incorporate an effective amount of a degradable starch material (or other degradable polymer material) configured for increasing the rate of degradation of the filter material upon disposal. Dispersal of a degradable material throughout the fibrous tow can enhance degradation by creating voids within the fibrous tow as the degradable material decomposes, thus increasing available surface area within the fibrous tow for contact with the environment.
  • the invention provides a filter material configured for use as a filter element of a smoking article, comprising at least one segment of fibrous tow (e.g., cellulose acetate tow or polyolefin tow, or a combination thereof) including at least one (up to and potentially including a plurality of) superabsorbent object(s) dispersed therein (including being disposed within or between individual fibers of the filter material), the superabsorbent object comprising a superabsorbent material, the volume of which increases when it is exposed to water or other liquid.
  • fibrous tow e.g., cellulose acetate tow or polyolefin tow, or a combination thereof
  • superabsorbent object(s) dispersed therein including being disposed within or between individual fibers of the filter material
  • the superabsorbent object comprising a superabsorbent material, the volume of which increases when it is exposed to water or other liquid.
  • Exemplary superabsorbent materials may include one or more of polyacrylic acid sodium salt (a/k/a sodium polyacrylate), polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxy-methyl-cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, various hydrogels, and starch-grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile, or any other suitable superabsorbent polymer or non-polymeric material that will volumetrically expand upon contact with material, such as—for example—water, that may commonly be located in cigarette filter disposal locations, and mixtures thereof.
  • the invention also provides filter elements for smoking articles such as cigarettes, wherein the filter element comprises one or more segments of fibrous tow filter material as described herein.
  • the filter element can comprise a first segment of fibrous tow filter material and a second segment of fibrous tow filter material, wherein the first segment of fibrous tow filter material comprises a superabsorbent material as described herein and the second segment is devoid of superabsorbent material.
  • the invention provides a cigarette comprising a tobacco rod having a smokable filler material contained within a circumscribing wrapping material and a filter element connected to the tobacco rod at one end of the tobacco rod, the filter element comprising at least one segment of fibrous tow having at least one superabsorbent object dispersed therein.
  • the invention provides a method of preparing a cigarette filter having a superabsorbent material disposed therein.
  • Methods for including a superabsorbent material into a smoking article filter may include but are not limited to: capsule insertion technology, pellet insertion technology, thread insertion technology using a hydrogel or other superabsorbent polymer or other material formed into a thread/strand or by adhering grains of hydrogel to a carrier thread, sprinkling of grains into tow band, and/or inclusion into filter tow with a plasticizer.
  • FIG. 1 is an exploded perspective view of a smoking article having the form of a cigarette, showing the smokable material, the wrapping material components, and the filter element of the cigarette;
  • FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a filter element
  • FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a filter element
  • FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional view of another embodiment of a filter element
  • FIG. 4B is a longitudinal section view of embodiment of FIG. 4A , including internal expanding elements having expanded to disrupt the filter element and its overlying wrapping layers;
  • FIG. 5 is an exploded perspective view of a smoking article having the form of a cigarette, showing the smokable material, the wrapping material components, and the filter element of the cigarette;
  • FIG. 5A shows one embodiment of a tipping material with holes
  • FIG. 5B shows another embodiment of a tipping material with holes
  • FIGS. 6A and 6B show, respectively, “before” and “after” images of cigarettes exposed to water, including a control and two cigarettes embodying aspects of the present invention
  • FIG. 7 shows a longitudinal section view of a cigarette, the filter of which includes a capsule of a degradation-enhancing material
  • FIG. 8 shows a longitudinal section view of a cigarette, the filter of which includes an elongate pellet of a degradation-enhancing material
  • FIG. 9 shows a longitudinal section view of a cigarette, the filter of which includes a plurality of capsules
  • FIG. 10 shows a longitudinal section view of a cigarette, the filter of which includes a rod of a degradation-enhancing material
  • FIG. 11 shows a longitudinal section view of a cigarette, the filter of which includes a plurality of threads of a degradation-enhancing material.
  • a smoking article 100 may be embodied as a cigarette.
  • the cigarette 100 includes a generally cylindrical rod 102 of a charge or roll of smokable filler material contained in a circumscribing wrapping material 106 .
  • the rod 102 is conventionally referred to as a “tobacco rod.”
  • the ends of the tobacco rod 102 are open to expose the smokable filler material.
  • the cigarette 100 is shown as having one optional band 122 (e.g., a printed coating including a film-forming agent, such as starch, ethylcellulose, or sodium alginate) applied to the wrapping material 106 , and that band circumscribes the cigarette rod in a direction transverse to the longitudinal axis of the cigarette.
  • a film-forming agent such as starch, ethylcellulose, or sodium alginate
  • the band 122 provides a cross-directional region relative to the longitudinal axis of the cigarette.
  • the band 122 can be printed on the inner surface of the wrapping material (i.e., facing the smokable filler material), or less preferably, on the outer surface of the wrapping material.
  • the cigarette can possess a wrapping material having one optional band, the cigarette also can possess wrapping material having further optional spaced bands numbering two, three, or more.
  • a filter element 126 is disposed at the mouth end 120 of the tobacco rod 102 , and the lighting end 118 is positioned at the opposite end.
  • the filter element 126 is axially aligned in an end-to-end relationship with and preferably abutting the tobacco rod 102 .
  • Filter element 126 may have a generally cylindrical shape, and its diameter may be substantially the same as the diameter of the tobacco rod.
  • the proximal and distal ends 126 a , 126 b (respectively) of the filter element 126 preferably permit the passage of air and smoke therethrough.
  • the filter includes a first filter segment 232 that is positioned immediately adjacent one end of the tobacco rod 102 .
  • the first filter segment 232 includes filter material 240 (e.g., cellulose acetate tow impregnated with plasticizer, such as triacetin).
  • a plurality of degradation-enhancing objects e.g., expandable members, here embodied as superabsorbent objects 250 , is disposed within the filter material 240 of the first segment.
  • the filter element may also incorporate other components that have the ability to alter the properties of the mainstream smoke that passes throughout the filter element, such as adsorbent materials or flavorants.
  • Exemplary adsorbent materials include activated carbon and ion exchange resins
  • exemplary flavorants include flavorant-containing capsules and solid botanical additives such as peppermint or spearmint leaves or other plant-based flavorants in particulate form. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,041,790 to Smith et al. and U.S. Pat. Application Publication Nos. 2004/0237984 to Figlar et al.; 2005/0268925 to Schluter et al.; 2006/0130861 to Luan et al.; and 2006/0174899 to Luan et al., each of which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Exemplary superabsorbent materials included sodium (polyacrylate) polyacrylamide copolymer, ethylene maleic anhydride copolymer, cross-linked carboxy-methyl-cellulose, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, cross-linked polyethylene oxide, various hydrogels including so-called “hydrogel crystals,” and starch-grafted copolymer of polyacrylonitrile, or any other suitable superabsorbent polymer or non-polymeric material.
  • Preferred superabsorbent materials will volumetrically expand upon contact with material, such as—for example—water, that may commonly be located in cigarette filter disposal locations.
  • volumetric expansion of preferred superabsorbent materials will preferably be by a multiplicative factor of at least two, but volumetric expansion of preferred materials may be about 6 ⁇ to about 8 ⁇ or greater.
  • contact with moisture such as water or other materials in a typical waste-disposal site will allow and enable the volumetric expansion.
  • the volumetric expansion will disrupt and spread apart the filter fibers, and will also break open the plug wrap 128 and tipping material 146 , each of which is configured as a paper or paper-like material subject to ripping, tearing, bursting, and/or other disruption when subjected to mechanical force—particularly in the presence of moisture. (see, e.g. FIG. 4B ).
  • absorbent/expanding filter inserts include polyacrylate with poly(ethylene glycol), alginate-poly(sodium acrylate-coacrylamide), alginate-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin, carboxymethylchitosan-g-poly(acrylic acid) copolymer, acrylic acid and maleic anhydride-copolymerizate, polyvinylalcohol-phosphate, acrylic acid-polyvinyl alcohol copolymer, polyacrylamide, acrylamide/N-vinyl-pyrrolidone/3(2-hydroxyethyl carbamoyl)acrylic acid, poly(acrylamide-co-methyl methacrylate), polyacrylamide/sodium alginate, polyacrylic acid, poly(sodium acrylate) cross-linked with modified poly(ethylene glycol), sulfonated polystyrene, hydrolysed acrylonitrile sulfon
  • microbes including various bacteria and fungi are known to degrade superabsorbent polymers, which—when provided in certain embodiments—may also assist in the degradation of a disposed filter.
  • certain strains of the fungus Trichoderma reesei have the ability to secrete large quantities of cellulotic (e.g., cellulase and hemicellulase) enzymes.
  • cellulotic e.g., cellulase and hemicellulase
  • Some cellulase enzymes may break down cellulose components into water-soluble sugars including, for example, glucose.
  • the white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium is known to biodegrade polyacrylates and polyacrylate/polyacryalamide copolymers. (see, e.g.,
  • cigarette filters are disposed of by being flushed into water disposal lines or by being left in an open/exposed environment.
  • the volumetric expansion facilitated in embodiments described herein will also hasten the degradation of disposed filters by disrupting the filter and thereby increasing the access of degradation-enhancing environmental components to the filter elements.
  • degradation-enhancing object should be understood within the present specification to refer to discrete objects disposed upon and/or within fibrous filter tow material. These discrete objects will expand upon contact with moisture in a disposal environment, and/or that will actively disperse and/or degrade fibrous filter tow material and that may also actively disperse and/or degrade material such as plug wrap or tipping paper around the filter tow. As such, the term excludes materials such as starches that are taught as being themselves degradable for enhancing filter degradation without the expansion characteristics of the presently-disclosed materials.
  • the filter 126 may include a second filter segment 236 longitudinally disposed relative to the first segment 232 and positioned at the mouth end 120 of the cigarette 100 .
  • the second filter segment 236 includes filter material 248 (e.g., cellulose acetate tow impregnated with plasticizer, such as triacetin).
  • the second filter segment 236 does not include the superabsorbent objects 250 ; however, such objects can be present in and/or on all filter segments, if desired.
  • a filter segment may be considered devoid of the superabsorbent objects when it includes no more than about 0.5 weight percent of the superabsorbent objects, based on the total weight of the filter segment.
  • the filter element 126 is circumscribed along its outer circumferential surface and/or or longitudinal periphery by a layer of outer plug wrap 128 .
  • outer plug wrap 128 overlies each of the first filter segment 232 and the second filter segment 236 , so as to provide a combined, two-segment filter element.
  • a single-segment filter element and/or multi-segment filter elements having two or more segments may also be made and used within the scope of the present invention.
  • the filter element 126 is attached to the tobacco rod 102 using tipping material 146 (e.g., essentially air impermeable tipping paper), that circumscribes both the entire length of the filter element 126 and an adjacent region of the tobacco rod 102 .
  • tipping material 146 e.g., essentially air impermeable tipping paper
  • the inner surface of the tipping material 146 may be fixedly secured to the outer surface of the plug wrap 128 and the outer surface of the wrapping material 106 of the tobacco rod using a suitable adhesive, which attaches the filter element and the tobacco rod to one another.
  • a ventilated or air diluted smoking article can be provided with an optional air dilution means, such as a series of perforations 130 , each of which extend through the tipping material and plug wrap.
  • the optional perforations 130 shown in FIG. 1 , may be made by various techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art, such as laser perforation techniques.
  • so-called off-line air dilution techniques can be used (e.g., through the use of porous paper plug wrap and pre-perforated tipping paper).
  • the amount or degree of air dilution or ventilation can vary.
  • the amount of air dilution for an air diluted cigarette may be greater than about 10 percent, generally may be greater than about 20 percent, and sometimes is greater than about 40 percent.
  • the upper level for air dilution for an air diluted cigarette may be less than about 80 percent, and often is less than about 70 percent.
  • air dilution is the ratio (expressed as a percentage) of the volume of air drawn through the air dilution means to the total volume and air and smoke drawn through the cigarette and exiting the extreme mouth end portion of the cigarette.
  • the smoker typically lights the lighting end 118 of the cigarette 100 using a match or cigarette lighter, whereupon the smokable material 102 begins to burn.
  • the mouth end 120 of the cigarette 100 is placed in the lips of the smoker.
  • Thermal decomposition products e.g., components of tobacco smoke
  • the filter element 126 and any residual portion of the tobacco rod 102 may be discarded.
  • the presence of the superabsorbent objects can increase the rate of degradation of the filter element 126 .
  • Expansion of the superabsorbent objects through and pushing against the surrounding fibrous tow material, plug wrap, and tipping paper/material will disrupt the tight, typically water-resistant construction of the filter element 126 , allowing spaces/voids between those components.
  • the voids provide additional surface area within the filter element 126 for contact with environmental elements such as moisture and air, which may enhance the rate of degradation of the filter.
  • the filter element could include more than the two segments set forth in FIG. 2 .
  • the filter element could also include a cavity formed between two filter material segments.
  • the filter segment comprising the dispersed superabsorbent objects and/or other degradation-enhancing object(s) can be more centrally located within the filter element with one or more filter segments that do not contain the particles on each side.
  • all filter segments could include the superabsorbent objects.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates a three-segment filter 326 .
  • a first filter segment 331 is disposed immediately adjacent the tobacco rod 102 and held thereto by plug wrap 128 and tipping material 146 .
  • the first segment 331 includes superabsorbent objects 350 disposed at the interface between the plug wrap 128 and the filter material 240 , and preferably configured, like the other objects described herein, to exert sufficient mechanical force when in contact with moisture in a disposal environment to disrupt the plug wrap and/or tipping material, as well as spreading apart the fibers of fibrous filter tow.
  • a second filter segment 332 is disposed immediately adjacent the first segment 331 , nearer the mouth end. It includes a plurality of superabsorbent objects embodied as crystal shaped particles 351 dispersed through the filter material 240 .
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B depict a two-segment filter 426 .
  • a first filter segment 432 is disposed immediately adjacent the tobacco rod 102 and held thereto by plug wrap 128 and tipping material 146 .
  • the first segment 432 includes a superabsorbent object 450 embodied as a first capsule 450 .
  • a second filter segment 436 is disposed adjacent and slightly spaced apart from the first segment 432 , nearer the mouth end. It includes a superabsorbent object 454 embodied as a second capsule 454 incorporated into the filter material 240 .
  • FIG. 4B shows the filter 426 after it has been exposed to moisture or another instrumentality activating the superabsorbent objects 450 , 454 .
  • a degradation-enhancing object such as superabsorbent object 454 may also be disposed in a space between filter segments.
  • Certain embodiments may include perforation through the tipping material and/or plug wrap of a cigarette, as is described with reference to FIG. 5 , which shows an exploded view of a cigarette 500 .
  • a cigarette embodiment 500 may be constructed including a tobacco rod 502 , circumscribed by a wrapping material 506 .
  • a filter 126 made of acetate tow or other filter material providing for longitudinal passage of air therethrough may be circumscribed by plug wrap (not shown separately), which may in turn be circumscribed by tipping material 546 , configured to attach the filter portion to the tobacco rod portion of the cigarette 500 .
  • the plug wrap and/or tipping material 546 may include a circumferential or other pattern (or non-pattern) of perforations 530 formed mechanically, by laser (which is generally preferred), or by some other means.
  • a generally longitudinal plurality of perforations 533 is also provided. (The perforations are shown as rather large, but—as noted above—are not necessarily drawn to scale, and may be different in both relative and absolute size, geometry, and dimensions).
  • the generally longitudinal plurality of perforations 533 may be formed substantially co-linear with the central longitudinal axis of the cigarette 500 as shown. However, the generally longitudinal plurality of perforations 533 may be formed in a wavy pattern ( FIG. 5A ), helical pattern ( FIG. 5B ), or in any other generally longitudinal orientation that extends from at or near a distal/ lighting end of the filter portion to, or at least near to the mouth-end of the filter portion. In still other embodiments, the perforations 533 may be formed into a pattern such as, for example, lettering, logo(s), geometric patterns, or other designs.
  • the perforations preferably are disposed so as to allow materials overlying the filter material (e.g., plug wrap, tipping material) more easily to split or otherwise be disrupted when subjected to mechanical forces from an expanding object in the filter.
  • Filter materials such acetate tow commonly exhibit a generally longitudinal orientation or grain, the end(s) of which are exposed at the generally cylindrical end(s) of the filter. As a result, moisture entering the exposed end(s) tends to travel longitudinally through the filter.
  • the mechanical forces of that expansion are directed toward the circumference of the filter material 526 , such that at least a portion of the mechanical force (generated by the expansion of the object(s)) is generally transverse to the wrapping material 546 and (if present) plug wrap, as well as generally transverse to the longitudinal orientation or grain of the filter materials.
  • the expansive forces of the object(s) in the presence of moisture will promote rupture of the wrapper (e.g., plug wrap, tipping material) constraining the filter material and/or will promote separation of the fibrous and other materials forming the filter, thereby promotion dispersion and degradation of the filter.
  • the presence of moisture will also promote weakening of the wrapping around the filter (e.g., plug wrap, tipping material), which may be aided by the construction of the filter wrapping as in the perforated embodiments of FIGS.
  • the composition of the filter wrapping e.g., providing filter wrapping that provides desirable qualities for the forces and level of moisture encountered during manufacture, storage, and use of cigarettes, while allowing permeation and weakening and/or degradation in the presence of moisture encountered in a disposal environment).
  • the generally longitudinal plurality of perforations 533 provides a “tearable portion” of the filter region.
  • the generally longitudinal plurality of perforations 533 preferably is configured such that swelling or other volumetric expansion of an inner member of the filter 526 will tear the plug wrap and tipping material 546 therealong.
  • moisture conditions encountered during normal use will not activate the expandable member sufficiently to adversely affect functionality of the filter with regard to air flow, flavor transmission, and integrity of the filter material and surrounding plug wrap and/or tipping material.
  • some cigarette embodiments may include one or more pellets, particles, threads, rods, and/or other-shaped units of a cellulosic polymer that swells when exposed to moisture.
  • the degree of swelling/expansion occasioned by smoking a cigarette so embodied preferably will not occur during the consumption of the cigarette in a manner that would adversely affect functionality of the filter with regard to air flow, flavor transmission, and integrity of the filter material and surrounding plug wrap and/or tipping material.
  • Cigarettes according to such an embodiment may be constructed in any manner as described above with reference to one or more of FIGS.
  • these and other embodiments of a cigarette may include an adhesive used to adhere one or more of wrapping material, tipping material, and plug wrap to each other and/or themselves, where the adhesive is configured to release (e.g., by degradation or other mechanism) when exposed to a high level of moisture.
  • a hot melt adhesive for gluing the edges of the plug wrap
  • an aqueous dispersion based adhesive for gluing the tipping paper.
  • both types typically include ethylene vinyl acetate as the main polymeric ingredient. Ethylene vinyl acetate is not generally considered a readily biodegradable polymer.
  • the adhesive that holds the fibers together within the two layers of paper are also biodegradable.
  • Certain biodegradable adhesives may be used in cigarette filters as hot melts and as aqueous dispersions.
  • thermoplastic starches e.g., Biograde polymers from Biograde Ltd., Biolice polymer from Limgrane, Biomax from DuPont, Bioplast from Biotec, Cereloy Bio polymer from Cerestech Inc., Getrex polymer from IGV, Grace Bio GB 100 polymer from Grace Biotech, Mater-Bi polymers from Novamont, Plantic polymers from Plantic, Re-New polymers from Starch Tech, Solanyl BP from Rodenburg Biopolymers); lends of thermoplastic starches and polyolefins (e.g., BioCeres polymers from FuturaMat, Biograde polymers from Biograde Ltd., Cereloy Eco from Cerestech Inc., CP-Bio PP from Cereplast); blends of thermoplastic starches and polyvinyl alcohol (e.g., Biograde WS from Bio
  • the polymer is first dissolved in a water miscible organic solvent.
  • the precipitation of the polymer into dispersion is induced by mixing the solution with water.
  • Another approach includes evaporative precipitation in to a dispersion, where the polymer is dissolved in an organic solvent which is not miscible with water, and the polymer solution is then sprayed into heated water resulting in an immediate evaporation of the organic solvent, which immediately forms the polymer particles are formed into a dispersion.
  • micronized powder of the polymer is charged in to ball mill containing milling media (e.g., zirconium dioxide beads, silicium nitride beads, polystyrene beads) with an aqueous stabilizer, which is typically a surfactant.
  • milling media e.g., zirconium dioxide beads, silicium nitride beads, polystyrene beads
  • aqueous stabilizer typically a surfactant.
  • High pressure homogenization is a process performed at room temperature with a piston gap homogenizer in an aqueous medium. During this process, a coarse suspension is formed through a very tiny homogenization gap. The particle size reduction to a dispersion is caused by cavitation forces, shear forces, and particle collision.
  • the polymeric material is subjected to ultra high shear forces to break down to smaller sizes that can be dispersed in water and stabilized with a surfactant.
  • Another method uses supercritical fluid technology where a supercritical fluid such as CO2 is used to effect a particle size reduction of the starting polymer that can then be dispersed into aqueous media.
  • a supercritical fluid such as CO2
  • the polymer is first spray dried to obtain a powder and then dispersed and stabilized in water with a surfactant.
  • These or other methods may be used to apply one or more of the biodegradable adhesives noted herein, or other adhesive(s) to secure tipping paper and/or plug wrap. The tipping paper and/or plug wrap thus secured will be more easily released to expose underlying filter materials to biodegradation or other degradation processes.
  • some embodiments may include other degradability/ biodegradability features such as disposition of one or more non-hazardous agents, distinct from the degradation-enhancing objects of the present specification.
  • These other features e.g., microbial agents, cellulase and/or other enzymatic agents
  • FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate a comparative example using a standard cigarette 680 (a Camel® Wide), a first capsule-containing cigarette embodiment 660 , and a second capsule-containing cigarette embodiment 670 (also Camel® Wide cigarettes).
  • the cigarettes are substantially alike in all aspects, except that the first and second capsule-containing embodiments 660 , 670 each have a superabsorbent capsule 665 (not visible in FIG. 6A ) inserted into the filter tow 692 making up the filter, with care having been exercised not to disrupt the tipping material 693 encircling the filter tow 692 . (It is expected that—in longitudinal section—these cigarettes, before smoking, would appear substantially similar to those shown in FIG. 7 ).
  • the capsule used was a commercially available water-storing gel bead (JRM Chemical, Inc. of Cleveland, Ohio). All three cigarettes 660 , 670 , 680 were smoked under the same standard conditions for about the same amount of time. Then they were substantially simultaneously placed into a container 695 of water. After about 10 minutes, as shown in FIG. 6A , one of the capsule-containing embodiments 670 already showed signs of the tipping paper 693 starting to open along its seam 694 , but the “control cigarette” 680 shows no sign of change.
  • the tipping paper 693 of each of the capsule-containing embodiments 660 , 670 is substantially open along its seam, but the “control cigarette” 680 still shows no sign of change along its seam.
  • the standard cigarette 680 was substantially unaffected other than having gotten wet, while the superabsorbent capsule 665 of the first and second capsule-containing embodiments 660 , 670 have volumetrically expanded so much that they have split open the tipping paper seams 694 and started spreading out the filter tow 692 .
  • FIG. 6B where the cigarettes are rotated to more clearly show the effect
  • the wrapping material overlying the filter tow 692 of both of the capsule-containing cigarettes 660 , 670 was disrupted from within by the mechanical forces exerted by volumetric expansion of the capsule therein.
  • the filter tow is already being spread apart such that it may more readily be dispersed and/or degraded. Over a longer time, the expansion will increase, and—in many disposal environments—the filter tow of cigarettes equipped with such a volumetrically-expanding degradation-enhancing element will disperse in a far more rapid time than would the filter material of the standard cigarette.
  • the splitting at seam 694 in this and other embodiments may be enhanced by use of a water-soluble (or at least water-sensitive or water-degradable) adhesive along the plug wrap seam 694 .
  • a water-soluble (or at least water-sensitive or water-degradable) adhesive along the plug wrap seam 694 .
  • appropriate adhesives include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,453,144 and 5,498,224 to Kauffman et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,227 to Arzonico et al., each of which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • FIG. 7 shows a cigarette 710 including a one-segment filter 726 .
  • the material 740 e.g., acetate tow or other appropriate material
  • the filter material 740 may be encompassed by plug wrap 728 and tipping material 746 , and be attached to a wrapping material-encompassed tobacco rod 702 .
  • FIG. 8 shows a cigarette 810 including a one-segment filter 826 .
  • the material 840 e.g., acetate tow or other appropriate material
  • the filter material 840 may be encompassed by plug wrap 828 and tipping material 846 , and be attached to a wrapping material-encompassed tobacco rod 802 .
  • FIG. 9 shows a cigarette 910 including a one-segment filter 926 .
  • the material 940 e.g., acetate tow or other appropriate material
  • the filter material 940 may be encompassed by plug wrap 928 and tipping material 946 , and be attached to a wrapping material-encompassed tobacco rod 902 .
  • FIG. 10 shows a cigarette 1010 including a one-segment filter 1026 .
  • the material 1040 e.g., acetate tow or other appropriate material
  • the filter material 1040 may be encompassed by plug wrap 1028 and tipping material 1046 , and be attached to a wrapping material-encompassed tobacco rod 1002 .
  • FIG. 11 shows a three-segment filter 1126 of a cigarette.
  • the material 1140 e.g., acetate tow or other appropriate material
  • the material 1140 making up the central segment of the filter 1126 surrounds a plurality of threads 1150 of a degradation-enhancing material such as, for example, a compound configured to volumetrically expand upon contacting moisture and/or another material as described herein.
  • the filter material 1140 may be encompassed by plug wrap 1128 and tipping material 1146 , and be attached to a wrapping material-encompassed tobacco rod.
  • Each of the embodiments included herein may include a coating around the expandable/ expanding objects and/or degradability-enhancing features, where the coating is configured to protect the coated feature from moisture for a certain amount of time and/or moisture-volume exposure.
  • Moisture-soluble and moisture disruptable coatings are well-known in the confectionary and pharmaceutical arts.
  • a thin gelatin coating may be used to coat the expandable and/or other degradation-enhancing features in a cigarette filter, where the thin gelatin coating will generally withstand moisture levels associated with typical transport, storage, and use of a cigarette without adversely affecting the cigarette, but will be dissolved or otherwise disrupted upon contact with a level of moisture encountered in a disposal environment thereby exposing the coated feature and allowing its activation.
  • the dimensions of a representative cigarette 100 may vary.
  • Preferred cigarettes are rod-shaped, and can have diameters of about 7.5 mm (e.g., circumferences of about 20 mm to about 27 mm, often about 22.5 mm to about 25 mm); and can have total lengths of about 70 mm to about 120 mm, often about 80 mm to about 100 mm.
  • the length of the filter element 30 can vary. Typical filter elements can have total lengths of about 15 mm to about 40 mm, often about 20 mm to about 35 mm.
  • the downstream or mouth end filter segment often has a length of about 10 mm to about 20 mm; and the upstream or tobacco rod end filter segment often has a length of about 10 mm to about 20 mm.
  • Various types of cigarette components including tobacco types, tobacco blends, top dressing and casing materials, blend packing densities and types of paper wrapping materials for tobacco rods, can be employed. See, for example, the various representative types of cigarette components, as well as the various cigarette designs, formats, configurations and characteristics, that are set forth in Johnson, Development of Cigarette Components to Meet Industry Needs, 52nd T.S.R.C. (September, 1998); U.S. Pat. No. 5,101,839 to Jakob et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,159,944 to Arzonico et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,220,930 to Gentry and U.S. Pat. No.
  • the entire smokable rod is composed of smokable material (e.g., tobacco cut filler) and a layer of circumscribing outer wrapping material.
  • smokable material e.g., tobacco cut filler
  • the filter material can vary, and can be any material of the type that can be employed for providing a tobacco smoke filter for cigarettes.
  • a traditional cigarette filter material is used, such as cellulose acetate tow, gathered cellulose acetate web, polypropylene tow, gathered cellulose acetate web, gathered paper, strands of reconstituted tobacco, or the like.
  • This may include gathered web filters using paper and/or one or more non-woven fabrics.
  • filamentary or fibrous tow such as cellulose acetate, polyolefins such as polypropylene, or the like.
  • One filter material that can provide a suitable filter rod is cellulose acetate tow having 3 denier per filament and 40,000 total denier.
  • cellulose acetate tow having 3 denier per filament and 35,000 total denier can provide a suitable filter rod.
  • cellulose acetate tow having 8 denier per filament and 40,000 total denier can provide a suitable filter rod.
  • a plasticizer such as triacetin or carbowax is applied to the filamentary tow in traditional amounts using known techniques.
  • the plasticizer component of the filter material comprises triacetin and carbowax in a 1:1 ratio by weight.
  • the total amount of plasticizer is generally about 4 to about 20 percent by weight, preferably about 6 to about 12 percent by weight.
  • Other suitable materials or additives used in connection with the construction of the filter element will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art of cigarette filter design and manufacture. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,285 to Rivers, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • Filamentary tow such as cellulose acetate
  • a conventional filter tow processing unit such as a commercially available E-60 supplied by Arjay Equipment Corp., Winston-Salem, N.C.
  • E-60 supplied by Arjay Equipment Corp., Winston-Salem, N.C.
  • Other types of commercially available tow processing equipment as are known to those of ordinary skill in the art, may similarly be used.
  • the filter elements disclosed herein may include a plurality of longitudinally-extending segments. Each segment can have varying properties and may include various materials capable of filtration or adsorption of particulate matter and/or vapor phase compounds. Typically, a filter element of the invention will include 1 to 6 segments, and frequently may include 2 to 4 segments. In preferred embodiments, the degradation-enhancing objects such as, for example—superabsorbent objects, will not be disposed in the tobacco rod.
  • the filter may include materials constructed to speed or otherwise facilitate breakdown of the filter.
  • These materials can be made of any filler material that is itself degradable, meaning the material is capable of undergoing degradation or decomposition, for example through chemical reaction that breaks down the particles into decomposition products, particularly under environmental conditions associated with disposal of the filter material.
  • One exemplary type of degradation is biodegradation.
  • biodegradable particle refers to a particulate material that degrades under aerobic and/or anaerobic conditions in the presence of bacteria, fungi, algae, and other microorganisms to carbon dioxide/methane, water and biomass, although materials containing heteroatoms can also yield other products such as ammonia or sulfur dioxide.
  • Biomass generally refers to the portion of the metabolized materials incorporated into the cellular structure of the organisms present or converted to humus fractions indistinguishable from material of biological origin.
  • Biodegradability can be measured, for example, by placing a sample in environmental conditions expected to lead to decomposition, such as placing a sample in water, a microbe-containing solution, a compost material, or soil.
  • the degree of degradation can be characterized by weight loss of the sample over a given period of exposure to the environmental conditions.
  • Exemplary rates of degradation for certain filter element embodiments of the invention include a weight loss of at least about 20% after burial in soil for 60 days or a weight loss of at least about 30% after 15 days of exposure to a typical municipal composter.
  • rates of biodegradation can vary widely depending on the type of degradable particles used, the remaining composition of the filter element, and the environmental conditions associated with the degradation test.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,970,988 to Buchanan et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 6,571,802 to Yamashita provide exemplary test conditions for degradation testing.
  • biodegradable materials include, without limitation, starch, cellulosic or other organic plant-derived fibrous materials (e.g., cotton, wool, cedar, hemp, bamboo, kapok, or flax), polyvinyl alcohol, aliphatic polyesters, aliphatic polyurethanes, cis-polyisoprene, cis-polybutadiene, polyhydroxy alkanoates, polyanhydrides, and copolymers and blends thereof.
  • cellulosic or other organic plant-derived fibrous materials e.g., cotton, wool, cedar, hemp, bamboo, kapok, or flax
  • polyvinyl alcohol e.g., aliphatic polyesters, aliphatic polyurethanes, cis-polyisoprene, cis-polybutadiene, polyhydroxy alkanoates, polyanhydrides, and copolymers and blends thereof.
  • aliphatic polyester refers to polymers having the structure —[C(O)—R—O] n —, wherein n is an integer representing the number of monomer units in the polymer chain and R is an aliphatic hydrocarbon, preferably a C1-C10 alkylene, more preferably a C1-C6 alkylene (e.g., methylene, ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, butylene, isobutylene, and the like), wherein the alkylene group can be a straight chain or branched.
  • Exemplary aliphatic polyesters include polyglycolic acid (PGA), polylactic acid (PLA) (e.g., poly(L-lactic acid) or poly(DL-lactic acid)), polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB), polyhydroxy valerate (PHV), polycaprolactone (PCL), and copolymers thereof.
  • PLA polylactic acid
  • PHB polyhydroxy butyrate
  • PV polyhydroxy valerate
  • PCL polycaprolactone
  • copolymers thereof may include, for example, any of the materials described in pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/539,226, which is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the particle size of the degradable particles can vary, but is typically small enough to ensure uniform dispersion throughout the fibrous tow filter material without unduly affecting the desirable filtration and mechanical properties of the fibrous tow.
  • reference to “particles” or “particulate” materials simply refers to discrete units of relatively small size but does not restrict the cross-sectional shape or overall geometry of the material, which can be characterized as spherical, oblong, ovoid, flake-like, irregular or the like without departing from the invention.
  • the degradable particles usually have a particle size range of about 100 nm to about 20 microns, more typically about 400 nm to about 800 nm, and most often about 400 nm to about 600 nm.
  • the particle size of the degradable particles can be characterized as less than about 20 microns, less than about 800 nm, or less than about 600 nm.
  • Certain embodiments of the degradable particles can be characterized as having a particle size of more than about 100 nm or more than about 400 nm.
  • the amount of degradable particles used in a filter element can vary, but typical weight percentages are in the range of about 5 to about 30% by weight, based on the overall dry weight of the filter element, more typically about 10 to about 20% by weight. In certain embodiments, the amount of degradable particles in the filter element can be characterized as more than about 5% by weight, more than about 10% by weight, or more than about 15% by weight, but less than about 60% by weight, less than about 50% by weight, or less than about 40% by weight.
  • the degradable particles are characterized as having certain solubility properties. For example, in certain applications, it may be desirable for the particles to have a high degree of solubility in water. In other embodiments, hydrophobicity (i.e., relatively low water solubility) will be desired. Many polymer materials, including starch materials, can be chemically modified in order to increase or reduce water solubility. In some embodiments, the particles can be viewed as highly soluble in water. In other embodiments, the particles have a low level of solubility in water and/or in certain other solvents, such as solvents used in the cellulose acetate fiber manufacturing process (e.g., the particles can be insoluble in acetone).
  • solvents used in the cellulose acetate fiber manufacturing process e.g., the particles can be insoluble in acetone
  • soluble refers to a material with a solubility in the given solvent of at least about 50 g/L, typically at least about 75 g/L, and often at least about 100 g/L at 25° C.
  • a material characterized as “insoluble” refers to a material having a solubility in the given solvent of no more than about 5 g/L, typically less than about 2 g/L, and often less than about 0.5 g/L at 25° C.
  • the process for making filter elements according to the invention can vary, but a process for making cellulose acetate filter elements typically begins with forming cellulose fibers.
  • the first step in conventional cellulose acetate fiber formation is esterifying a cellulose material.
  • Cellulose is a polymer formed of repeating units of anhydroglucose. Each monomer unit has three hydroxyl groups available for ester substitution (e.g., acetate substitution).
  • Cellulose esters may be formed by reacting cellulose with an acid anhydride.
  • the acid anhydride is acetic anhydride.
  • Cellulose pulp from wood or cotton fibers is typically mixed with acetic anhydride and acetic acid in the presence of an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid.
  • esterification process of cellulose will often result in essentially complete conversion of the available hydroxyl groups to ester groups (e.g., an average of about 2.9 ester groups per anhydroglucose unit).
  • the polymer is typically hydrolyzed to drop the degree of substitution (DS) to about 2 to about 2.5 ester groups per anhydroglucose unit.
  • DS degree of substitution
  • the cellulose acetate flake is typically dissolved in a solvent (e.g., acetone, methanol, methylene chloride, or mixtures thereof) to form a viscous solution.
  • a solvent e.g., acetone, methanol, methylene chloride, or mixtures thereof
  • concentration of cellulose acetate in the solution is typically about 15 to about 35 percent by weight.
  • Additives such as whitening agents (e.g., titanium dioxide) can be added to the solution if desired.
  • the resulting liquid is sometimes referred to as a liquid “dope.”
  • the cellulose acetate dope is spun into filaments using a nonwoven fabric melt-spinning technique.
  • the cellulose acetate dope is spun into filaments by extruding the liquid dope through a spinneret.
  • the filaments pass through a curing/drying chamber, which solidifies the filaments prior to collection.
  • the collected fibers are combined into a tow band, crimped, and dried. Conventional crimp ratios are in the range of 1.2 to 1.8.
  • the fibers are typically packaged in bales that are suitable for later use in filter element formation processes.
  • the process of forming the actual filter element typically involves mechanically withdrawing the cellulose acetate tow from the bale and separating the fibers into a ribbon-like band.
  • the tow band is subjected to a “blooming” process wherein the tow band is separated into individual fibers. Blooming can be accomplished, for example, by applying different tensions to adjacent sections of the tow band or applying pneumatic pressure.
  • the bloomed tow band then passes through a relaxation zone that allows the fibers to contract, followed by passage into a bonding station.
  • the bonding station typically applies a plasticizer such as triacetin to the bloomed fibers, which softens the fibers and allows adjacent fibers to fuse together.
  • the bonding process forms a homogenous mass of fibers with increased rigidity.
  • the filter-forming step may include placement of the one or more capsules and/or pellets into assembled filter tow in a manner similar to methods now known and used for capsule or pellet insertion.
  • Methods and machines for completing this assembly step include those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,115,085 to Deal et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 7,479,098 to Thomas et al., each of which is incorporated by reference.
  • Superabsorbent, otherwise expandable, and/or other degradation-enhancing objects may be distributed into filter tow before or during the time it is spread and gathered for bulking, fed into the filter tow as it is gathered for bulking, placed into a cavity in the filter (e.g., in the manner used for providing charcoal granules in charcoal segmented filters), or by any other method appropriate for distributing one or more particles, pellets, rods, threads, or other shaped or amorphous degradation-enhancing objects including superabsorbent and other expandable objects.
  • Methods for including a superabsorbent material into a smoking article filter may include but are not limited to: capsule insertion technology, pellet insertion technology, thread insertion technology using a hydrogel or other superabsorbent polymer or other material formed into a thread/strand or by adhering grains of hydrogel to a carrier thread, sprinkling of grains into tow band, and/or inclusion into filter tow with a plasticizer
  • Filter element components or segments for filter elements for multi-segment filtered cigarettes typically are provided from filter rods that are produced using traditional types of rod-forming units, such as those available as KDF-2 and KDF-3E from Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG.
  • filter material such as filter tow
  • An exemplary tow processing unit has been commercially available as E-60 supplied by Arjay Equipment Corp., Winston-Salem, NC.
  • Other exemplary tow processing units have been commercially available as AF-2, AF-3, and AF-4 from Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG.
  • Cigarette filter rods can be used to provide multi-segment filter rods.
  • the production of multi-segment filter rods can be carried out using the types of rod-forming units that traditionally have been employed to provide multi-segment cigarette filter components.
  • Multi-segment cigarette filter rods can be manufactured using a cigarette filter rod making device available under the brand name Mulfi from Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG of Hamburg, Germany.
  • Representative types of filter designs and components, including representative types of segmented cigarette filters, are set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,920,990 to Lawrence et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,012,829 to Thesing et al.; U.S. Pat. No.
  • Multi-segment filter elements typically are provided from so-called “six-up” filter rods, “four-up” filter rods and “two-up” filter rods that are of the general format and configuration conventionally used for the manufacture of filtered cigarettes can be handled using conventional-type or suitably modified cigarette rod handling devices, such as tipping devices available as Lab MAX, MAX, MAX S or MAX 80 from Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG. See, for example, the types of devices set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 3,308,600 to Erdmann et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,670 to Heitmann et al.; U.S. Pat. No.
  • Manners and methods for incorporating degradable particles and/or superabsorbent objects into desired regions of the filter element can vary.
  • the particles can be incorporated into a polymeric material prior to fiber formation, incorporated into the fibrous filter materials during the fiber formation process, or incorporated into the fibrous tow during the rod-forming process.
  • the particles and/or superabsorbent objects could be introduced into the cellulose acetate or polyolefin “dope” prior to spinning the cellulose acetate or polyolefin fibers.
  • starch particles may be admixed into the fiber precursor solution.
  • the particles are preferably insoluble in the dope solvent (e.g., acetone) and instead form a slurry or dispersion in the liquid composition.
  • the particles can be soluble in the dope solvent.
  • the degradable particles could be dry-blended with the polymer (e.g., polypropylene or cellulose acetate) prior to fiber formation, such as by using a twin-screw extruder conventionally used to mix additives with polymeric materials.
  • a twin-screw extruder conventionally used to mix additives with polymeric materials.
  • each individual fiber that forms the fibrous tow filter material will have a plurality of degradable particles dispersed and imbedded therein, which may enhance degradation of the filter element produced using the fibers.
  • the amount of degradable particles added to the fiber precursor solution or admixed with a polymeric material using a dry-blending technique is typically in the range of about 5 to about 40% by weight, more often about 10 to about 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the precursor solution or total weight of the blended components.
  • particulate materials can be incorporated into “dalmation” types of filter regions using the general types of techniques used to add particulate material in traditional dalmation filter manufacture.
  • Techniques for production of dalmation filters are known, and representative dalmation filters have been provided commercially by Filtrona Greensboro Inc.
  • any other known types of techniques and equipment for producing filter segments incorporating granular materials can be suitably altered so as to introduce degradable particles and/or superabsorbent objects into regions of filter segments.
  • degradable particles can be applied to the fibrous tow as a slurry in a suitable solvent (e.g., water).
  • the particles can also be applied within a binder or adhesive matrix, or attached to a carrier material, such as a carrier fiber or capsule, and inserted into the fibrous tow with the carrier material.
  • the degradable particles and/or superabsorbent objects can be introduced to the inner surface of the plug wrap or within the side seam adhesive formulation.
  • Exemplary processes for introducing additives into fibrous filter tow during filter rod formation are set forth in U.S. Pat. Application Publication Nos. 2008/0029118 to Nelson et al. and 2008/0302373 to Stokes et al., as well as in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/124,891 filed May 21, 2008; Ser. No. 12/259,838 filed Oct. 28, 2008; and Ser. No. 12/407,260 filed Mar. 19, 2009, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.
  • Filter elements of the present invention can be incorporated within the types of cigarettes set forth in U.S. Pat. No. 4,756,318 to Clearman et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,714,082 to Banerjee et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,771,795 to White et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,793,365 to Sensabaugh et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,989,619 to Clearman et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,917,128 to Clearman et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 4,961,438 to Korte; U.S. Pat. No.
  • filter elements of the present invention can be incorporated within the types of cigarettes that have been commercially marketed under the brand names “Premier” and “Eclipse” by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. See, for example, those types of cigarettes described in Chemical and Biological Studies on New Cigarette Prototypes that Heat Instead of Burn Tobacco, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company Monograph (1988) and Inhalation Toxicology, 12:5, p. 1-58 (2000); which are incorporated herein by reference.
  • Cigarette rods typically are manufactured using a cigarette making machine, such as a conventional automated cigarette rod making machine.
  • exemplary cigarette rod making machines are of the type commercially available from Molins PLC or Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG.
  • cigarette rod making machines of the type known as MkX (commercially available from Molins PLC) or PROTOS (commercially available from Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG) can be employed.
  • MkX commercially available from Molins PLC
  • PROTOS commercially available from Hauni-Werke Korber & Co. KG
  • a description of a PROTOS cigarette making machine is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 4,474,190 to Brand, at col. 5, line 48 through col. 8, line 3, which is incorporated herein by reference. Types of equipment suitable for the manufacture of cigarettes also are set forth in U.S.
  • Preferred cigarettes of the present invention exhibit desirable resistance to draw.
  • an exemplary cigarette exhibits a pressure drop of between about 50 and about 200 mm water pressure drop at 17.5 cc/sec. air flow.
  • Preferred cigarettes exhibit pressure drop values of between about 60 mm and about 180, more preferably between about 70 mm to about 150 mm, water pressure drop at 17.5 cc/sec. air flow.
  • pressure drop values of cigarettes are measured using a Filtrona Cigarette Test Station (CTS Series) available from Filtrona Instruments and Automation Ltd.

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  • Cigarettes, Filters, And Manufacturing Of Filters (AREA)
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