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US20110283995A1 - Window System for a Solar Receiver and Method and Solar Receiver System Employing Same - Google Patents

Window System for a Solar Receiver and Method and Solar Receiver System Employing Same Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110283995A1
US20110283995A1 US13/124,849 US200913124849A US2011283995A1 US 20110283995 A1 US20110283995 A1 US 20110283995A1 US 200913124849 A US200913124849 A US 200913124849A US 2011283995 A1 US2011283995 A1 US 2011283995A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
optically transmissive
window system
cavity
transmissive members
solar
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US13/124,849
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
James B. Kesseli
Annette P. Chasse
Shaun D. Sullivan
Eric W. Vollnogle
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Brayton Energy LLC
Original Assignee
Southwest Solar Tech Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Southwest Solar Tech Inc filed Critical Southwest Solar Tech Inc
Priority to US13/124,849 priority Critical patent/US20110283995A1/en
Assigned to SOLARCAT, INC. reassignment SOLARCAT, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHASSE, ANNETTE P., KESSELI, JAMES B., SULLIVAN, SHAUN D., VOLLNOGLE, ERIC W.
Assigned to SOUTHWEST SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC. reassignment SOUTHWEST SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES, INC. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SOLARCAT, INC.
Publication of US20110283995A1 publication Critical patent/US20110283995A1/en
Assigned to BRAYTON ENERGY, LLC reassignment BRAYTON ENERGY, LLC ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SOUTHWEST SOLAR TECHNOLOGIES INC.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/006—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method using solar heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S20/00—Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments
    • F24S20/20—Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S80/00—Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00
    • F24S80/50—Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiation; Transparent coverings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24S—SOLAR HEAT COLLECTORS; SOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS
    • F24S23/00—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors
    • F24S23/70—Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors with reflectors
    • F24S2023/88—Multi reflective traps
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/40—Solar thermal energy, e.g. solar towers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making
    • Y10T29/49355—Solar energy device making

Definitions

  • This disclosure relates generally to concentrating solar thermal energy systems and, more specifically, to the solar receiver portion of a solar concentrator such as a solar receiver system employing a parabolic dish or mirror field surrounding a central tower.
  • Concentrated solar energy created by a focusing mirror system, has been used to heat working fluids for power conversion or high temperature process heat applications. Temperatures in the range of 700 to 1100 degrees Celsius are commonly achieved within the solar receiver portion of the system.
  • the solar receiver has an aperture to receive the focused solar power and an absorber within the receiver cavity which is cooled by a fluid.
  • the fluid may be the working fluid of an engine cycle, such as a Stirling, Brayton, or
  • the fluid may be employed for a high-temperature process, such as a thermochemical conversion, energy transport, or thermal energy storage.
  • a high-temperature process such as a thermochemical conversion, energy transport, or thermal energy storage.
  • the efficiency of the solar receiver is a strong function of the aperture size and the cavity temperature, as re-radiation from the absorber elements to the environment represents a dominant loss.
  • Window or cover glass has been employed to reduce this re-radiation by impeding a fraction of the infrared energy while transmitting the majority of the solar spectrum. This is commonly referred to as the “greenhouse” effect.
  • the gains due to the window's infrared absorption and its reduction of free convection losses are somewhat offset by the solar reflection from the window surfaces.
  • Most window materials appropriate for solar receivers have an index of refraction of about 1.4 to 1.6. Even for the most transmissive window materials, the index of refraction change between air and the window results in a reflection loss of roughly 4% per interface or a total of 8% for the two sides of the window. These losses are generally referred to as Fresnel losses.
  • the present disclosure is directed to an improved window system for a solar receiver which provides a high level of impedance to the thermal re-radiation while minimizing the Fresnel losses.
  • the present disclosure is directed to a solar receiver employing the same and to a method of manufacture.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art solar receiver system which includes a parabolic reflector 4 is mounted on a structure 2 to reflect and concentrate solar rays 1 onto a solar receiver 3 .
  • FIG. 2 provides a general view of the solar receiver 3 , which includes an aperture 5 for admitting solar energy into a cavity having a front cavity portion 6 , and an absorber 7 .
  • the acceptance angle of the front cavity portion 6 is set to avoid direct irradiation of the reflected sun light.
  • the absorber 7 is configured to absorb power and transfer that power to a working fluid.
  • the absorber 7 may be tubular, of plate-fin construction, or an open matrix, such as honeycomb, standing pins, or porous foam.
  • the fluid may be air, helium, hydrogen, or any number of fluids used in engine cycles, thermo-chemical reactions, or thermal storage applications.
  • FIG. 3 shows a flat disk window 8 as generally known in the art.
  • the flat window though simple, reflects a portion 10 of the incident energy due to the so-called Fresnel loss, associated with the mismatched indices of refraction between the window and air.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the Fresnel reflection from a flat window 8 .
  • the principal ray 1 intersects the window surface, wherein the transmitted portion 9 passes through the window, while the reflected fraction 10 is redirected at an equal-but-opposite angle from the plane of the surface at the point of intersection.
  • the transmitted portion 9 passes through the window
  • the reflected fraction 10 is redirected at an equal-but-opposite angle from the plane of the surface at the point of intersection.
  • there are two surfaces, i.e., the inward facing surface and the outward facing surface of the window 8 there are two Fresnel reflection rays 10 .
  • this reflection represents about 8% of the total incident energy.
  • FIG. 5 shows an alternative prior art solar receiver 3 a having a concave window 11 .
  • the Fresnel reflections are redirected elsewhere in the cavity, but are not lost as would be the case for the flat window.
  • Not all concaved windows function efficiently in this manner.
  • the Fresnel reflection component from a hemispherical concaved window will direct the majority of its reflected energy onto the front or proximal cavity portion 6 , rather than the distal cavity portion containing the absorber surface 7 . Therefore, it can be deduced that only a deep-domed window will efficiently capture the energy in the Fresnel reflections.
  • a large, dome-shaped window device, suitable for power generation, is known to be expensive, particularly for high temperature solar receiver applications where quartz (fused silica) or Sapphire (aluminum oxide) are required.
  • a window system for a solar receiver of a type having a solar energy receiving chamber, a solar energy receiving aperture defining an opening to the solar energy receiving chamber, and a solar energy absorber received within the solar energy receiving chamber is provided.
  • the window system includes a plurality of optically transmissive members formed of an optically transmissive material and the plurality of optically transmissive members are attached together to form a bundled array.
  • a solar receiver in another aspect, includes a cavity, an aperture for receiving light entering the cavity, a solar absorber disposed within the cavity, and a plurality of optically transmissive members formed of an optically transmissive material attached together to form a bundled array.
  • the bundled array is disposed on the solar receiver at the aperture.
  • a method for manufacturing a solar receiver includes forming a solar receiver of a type having a cavity, an aperture for receiving light entering the cavity, and a solar absorber disposed within the cavity, girding a plurality of optically transmissive members to form a bundled array, each of the optically transmissive members formed of an optically transmissive material, and attaching the bundled array to the solar receiver at the aperture.
  • the invention may take form in various components and arrangements of components, and in various steps and arrangements of steps.
  • the drawings are only for purposes of illustrating the preferred embodiments and are not to be construed as limiting the invention.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art solar receiver apparatus.
  • FIG. 2 provides a general view of the solar receiver portion appearing in FIG. 1 .
  • FIG. 3 shows a prior art solar receiver having a flat disc window.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the Fresnel reflection from a prior art solar receiver having a flat window.
  • FIG. 5 shows an alternative prior art solar receiver having a concave window.
  • FIG. 6A shows a window system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6B is a fragmentary, cross-sectional view of the tube bundle 12 , taken generally along the lines 6 B- 6 B appearing in FIG. 6A .
  • FIG. 6C is an enlarged view of the region 6 C appearing in FIG. 6A .
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the general features of the exemplary cylindrical tubes 14 .
  • FIG. 8A shows a fragmentary, cross-sectional view of a bundled array of tubes secured via an alternative.
  • FIG. 8B shows a fragmentary, top view of the bundled array of tubes appearing in FIG. 8A .
  • the window 12 includes a packing of optically transmissive members 14 formed of an optically transmissive material.
  • the optically transmissive members 14 may be of solid or hollow construction, and in the depicted preferred embodiment are elongate, straight tubes 14 . While the tubes 14 shown in the depicted exemplary embodiment are circular in cross-sectional shape, it will be recognized that tubes 14 of any geometrical configuration, e.g., polygonal in cross-section, may also be employed.
  • the term optically transmissive is intended to refer to a material that transmits a significant portion of solar radiation incident thereon.
  • the members 14 may be solid rods formed of an optically transmissive material, and may likewise have circular, polygonal, or other cross-sectional shape.
  • the depicted preferred embodiment will be described herein primarily by way of reference to the preferred embodiment employing hollow or tubular optically transmissive members 14 , it will be recognized that the disclosure herein is equally applicable to window systems employing solid rods as the optically transmissive members.
  • a band clamp 13 or similar tension device extends about the periphery, banding the array of tubes 14 together.
  • the tubes 14 may be keyed or bonded together.
  • the tubes 14 may be made from an optically transmissive material, including without limitation, quartz, borosilicate glass (e.g., PYREX®), glass, sapphire, metal oxide, or the like. Because the optically transmissive members 14 have poor thermal communication with their neighbors, those located on the outer perimeter, outside of the solar irradiated aperture, may be relatively cool. Therefore, the oversized bundle as shown in FIGS. 6A and 6C may be clamped with a tension spring mechanism. As best seen in FIG. 6B , in the depicted preferred embodiment, the tubes 14 are bundled in a hexagonal, close-packed configuration.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates the general features of a preferred embodiment herein employing cylindrical tubes 14 .
  • the tube bundle is located nominally at the plane 21 of the aperture 5 of the solar received 3 , i.e., so that the outward, light-receiving face of the tube bundle array 12 is generally aligned with the plane 21 of the aperture 5 .
  • the bundle 12 may be secured to the solar receiver body 3 using one or more mechanical fasteners as would be understood by persons skilled in the art, such as one or more brackets, clamps, clips, snap fit fasteners, clips, dogs, pawls, a bezel, or other attachment or fitment means.
  • the tube bundle may, optionally, extend above the absorber plane 20 , which defines the boundary between the proximal or front cavity portion 6 and the distal portion of the receiver cavity containing the absorber surface 7 .
  • This is typically not necessary to achieve good performance.
  • the only portion of the tube window system that is subject to the Fresnel loss is the tube end, normal to the axial dimension of the cylinder. Though this generally represents a very small fraction of the incident energy, this loss may be reduced by choosing thin-walled tubes or by rounding, thinning, sharpening, or chamfering the tube ends.
  • a portion of the infrared radiation 17 emanating from the absorber 7 above the plane 20 of the absorber 7 may pass directly through the tube bore; however, this fraction drops as the aspect ratio (length to diameter) of the tubes 14 increases.
  • the radiation 17 from the absorber 7 is emitted in all directions.
  • the so-called view factor through the tubes 14 diminishes with increasing tube aspect ratio.
  • a higher aspect ratio tube serves as an effective radiation barrier, as the absorbed energy has a long conduction path to the front or outward-facing end of the tube, where it is exposed to cooler ambient air.
  • the length to diameter ratio, L/D, of the tubes 14 may be about 3 or greater to insure a high intersection of the cavity radiation 17 , although other aspect ratios are contemplated. While there is no constraint on the diameter of the tubes 14 , tubes having a diameter in the range of about 25 to about 50 millimeters (about 1 to about 2 inches) may advantageously be employed.
  • the window system described herein may also function as barrier to cavity convection losses, impeding the transfer of buoyancy-driven air out of the cavity.
  • the widow system herein may still employ a band clamp 13 encircling the bundled array of tubes 14 (see FIGS. 6A and 6C ), but may further include features on the tubes to prevent relative movement or sliding of adjacent tubes 14 .
  • a band clamp 13 encircling the bundled array of tubes 14 (see FIGS. 6A and 6C ), but may further include features on the tubes to prevent relative movement or sliding of adjacent tubes 14 .
  • the tube bundle includes two types of tubes, namely, straight walled tubes 30 and non-straight walled tubes 31 , which have a flange, flare, or like protrusion 32 at the tube ends.
  • the protrusion 32 may be relatively small or slight.
  • the depicted preferred embodiment shows tubes 31 having a flange feature 32 at both ends, it will be recognized that window systems having tubes 31 with the flange feature 32 on only one end or the other are also contemplated.
  • the flare or flange feature 32 need not be continuous, but may be a segmented flare or flange or may be a protrusion or other key-like feature. When bundled in a close packed hexagonal array, the flare 32 abuts the ends of the adjacent tubes 30 and prevents the straight tubes 30 from slipping.
  • the tubes 14 illustrated in the depicted preferred embodiment may be replaced with solid, optically transmissive rods.
  • Such rods may be straight walled, or may be a combination of straight-walled rods and rods having a flange, flare, or like protrusion at one or both ends, as detailed above by way of reference to FIGS. 8A and 8B .
  • One or both ends of such rods may be flat, or, may be rounded (e.g., hemispherical or otherwise rounded), tapered, etc.
  • a window system in accordance with this disclosure may be positioned at the aperture of a solar receiver and may include a bundle of one or more tubes made from quartz, borosilicate glass (e.g., PYREX®), glass, or sapphire, or other optically transmissive materials.
  • the widow system may include a bundle of tubes, wherein the diameter of the bundle is significantly larger than the aperture of the solar receiver, permitting the use of a clamping mechanism with the purpose of binding the array of tubes into a planer module, i.e., having a generally planar light-receiving face.
  • the window system may further comprise or contain a clamping device for providing clamping support to the bundle of tubes.
  • the clamping device may contain a metal spring and may be located within the cooler outer region of the bundle.
  • a window system as described in may employ tubes wherein one or both ends of one or more of the tubes have closed, e.g., hemispherical or otherwise rounded, for example, ends such as typically used in the closed end of a test-tube.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Optical Elements Other Than Lenses (AREA)
  • Light Receiving Elements (AREA)
  • Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
US13/124,849 2008-10-23 2009-10-23 Window System for a Solar Receiver and Method and Solar Receiver System Employing Same Abandoned US20110283995A1 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US13/124,849 US20110283995A1 (en) 2008-10-23 2009-10-23 Window System for a Solar Receiver and Method and Solar Receiver System Employing Same

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US10788908P 2008-10-23 2008-10-23
PCT/US2009/061917 WO2010048553A2 (fr) 2008-10-23 2009-10-23 Système de fenêtre pour récepteur solaire, son procédé et système de récepteur solaire utilisant celui-ci
US13/124,849 US20110283995A1 (en) 2008-10-23 2009-10-23 Window System for a Solar Receiver and Method and Solar Receiver System Employing Same

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CN (1) CN102245977A (fr)
IL (1) IL212480A0 (fr)
WO (1) WO2010048553A2 (fr)

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US8640689B1 (en) * 2009-09-29 2014-02-04 Esolar, Inc. Direct-absorption receiver
US10203134B2 (en) 2014-11-23 2019-02-12 Richard Lee Johnson Solid state solar thermal energy collector
US20230021446A1 (en) * 2019-12-26 2023-01-26 Synhelion Sa Receiver
CN116181594A (zh) * 2023-03-20 2023-05-30 中国科学院理化技术研究所 高温换热器与热声发电系统
US12222137B2 (en) 2023-06-26 2025-02-11 Sol Energia Inc. Thermal energy storage systems and methods

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CN103344048B (zh) * 2013-07-18 2015-02-11 北京航空航天大学 一种渐缩管束结构腔式太阳能接收器
CN105571155A (zh) * 2016-02-01 2016-05-11 中国华能集团清洁能源技术研究院有限公司 一种线性菲涅尔挡风玻璃固定结构
CN110398074A (zh) * 2019-07-26 2019-11-01 西南石油大学 一种用于太阳能灶的专用加热锅具装置

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WO2010048553A2 (fr) 2010-04-29
WO2010048553A3 (fr) 2010-10-14
CN102245977A (zh) 2011-11-16

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