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US20110275791A1 - A B Cell Depleting Agent for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis - Google Patents

A B Cell Depleting Agent for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110275791A1
US20110275791A1 US13/143,440 US201013143440A US2011275791A1 US 20110275791 A1 US20110275791 A1 US 20110275791A1 US 201013143440 A US201013143440 A US 201013143440A US 2011275791 A1 US2011275791 A1 US 2011275791A1
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cell
antibody
cells
atherosclerosis
treatment
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Ziad Mallat
Hafid Ait-Oufella
Alain Tedgui
Thomas Tedder
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Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale INSERM
Duke University
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Assigned to DUKE UNIVERSITY reassignment DUKE UNIVERSITY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TEDDER, THOMAS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/395—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum
    • A61K39/39533—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals
    • A61K39/3955—Antibodies; Immunoglobulins; Immune serum, e.g. antilymphocytic serum against materials from animals against proteinaceous materials, e.g. enzymes, hormones, lymphokines
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/50—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates
    • A61K47/51—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent
    • A61K47/68—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment
    • A61K47/6835—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site
    • A61K47/6849—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient the non-active ingredient being chemically bound to the active ingredient, e.g. polymer-drug conjugates the non-active ingredient being a modifying agent the modifying agent being an antibody, an immunoglobulin or a fragment thereof, e.g. an Fc-fragment the modifying agent being an antibody or an immunoglobulin bearing at least one antigen-binding site the antibody targeting a receptor, a cell surface antigen or a cell surface determinant
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/24—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against cytokines, lymphokines or interferons
    • C07K16/244—Interleukins [IL]
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2887—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against CD20
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis, in particular to a B cell depleting agent for the prevention or treatment of atherosclerosis.
  • Atherosclerosis is the most common cause of death in western societies and is predicted to become the leading cause of cardiovascular disease in the world within two decades.
  • Atherosclerosis contributes to the development of atherosclerotic vascular diseases (AVD) which may affect the coronary arteries (causing ischaemic heart disease), the cerebral circulation (causing cerebrovascular disease), the aorta (producing aneurysms that are prone to thrombosis and rupture) and peripheral blood vessels, typically the legs (causing peripheral vascular disease and intermittent claudication).
  • Ischaemic heart disease includes angina (chest pain caused by insufficient blood supply to cardiac muscle) and myocardial infarction (death of cardiac muscle) and cerebrovascular disease includes stroke and transient ischaemic attacks.
  • IHD atherosclerotic vascular diseases
  • Atherosclerotic plaques begin as fatty streaks underlying the endothelium of large arteries. Recruitment of macrophages and their subsequent uptake of LDL derived cholesterol are the major cellular events contributing to fatty streak formation. Many lines of evidence suggest that oxidative or non-oxidative modifications in the lipid and apolipoprotein B (apo B) components of LDL drive the initial formation of fatty streaks.
  • apo B apolipoprotein B
  • mmLDL minimal modification
  • apoB component is fragmented and lysine residues are covalently modified with reactive breakdown products of oxidized lipids.
  • Such particles are not bound by the LDL receptor but rather by so called scavenger receptors expressed on macrophages and smooth muscle cells.
  • scavenger receptors expressed on macrophages and smooth muscle cells.
  • proinflammatory and proatherogenic properties have been ascribed to mmLDL and oxLDL and their components. For instance, lysophosphatidylcho line or oxidized phospholipids increase monocyte's adhesion, monocyte and T cell chemotaxis and can induce proinflammatory gene expression.
  • the transition from the relatively simple fatty streak to the more complex plaque is characterized by the migration of smooth muscle cells from the medial layer of the artery wall to the internal elastic lamina and to intimal or subendothelial space, or by recruitment of smooth muscle cell progenitors.
  • Intimal smooth muscle cells may proliferate and take up modified lipoproteins, thus contributing to foam cell formation, and synthesize extracellular matrix proteins that lead to the development of the fibrous cap.
  • the advanced atherosclerotic plaque is schematically divided into two portions: the fibrous cap making up the surface layer and a lipid core making up the deep layer.
  • This extra-cellular matrix (ECM) is composed of vastly different macromolecules including collagen, elastin, glycoproteins and proteoglycans.
  • This phase of plaque development is influenced by interactions between monocyte/macrophages and T cells that result in a broad range of cellular and humoral responses and the acquisition of many features of a chronic inflammatory state. Significant cross talk appears to occur among the cellular elements of developing lesions. Lesional T cells appear to be activated and express both Th1 and Th2 cytokines). Similarly, macrophages, endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells appear to be activated based on their expression of MHC class II molecules and numerous inflammatory products such as TNF, IL-6 and MCP 1.
  • the present invention relates to a B cell depleting agent for the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis.
  • the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prevention of atherosclerosis.
  • a B cell depleting agent i.e. an anti-CD20 antibody
  • administration of a B cell depleting agent allows significant reduction of atherosclerotic plaque size in a mouse model.
  • B cell-dependent responses are involved in the pathogenesis of (auto)-immune disorders and B cell depletion significantly reduces the burden of several immune-mediated diseases.
  • B cell activation has been until now associated with a protection against atherosclerosis (Caligiuri et al., 2002; Major et al., 2002; Binder et al., 2004; Miller et al., 2008), suggesting that B cell depleting therapies would enhance cardiovascular risk.
  • inventors unexpectedly show that mature B cell depletion using a CD20 monoclonal antibody induces a significant reduction of atherosclerosis in various mouse models of the disease.
  • This treatment preserves the production of natural and potentially protective anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) IgM autoantibodies over IgG type anti-oxLDL antibodies, and markedly reduces pathogenic T cell activation.
  • the atheroprotective mechanisms of B cell depletion involve a switch of the immune response towards diminished T cell-derived interferon-gamma secretion and enhanced production of interleukin-17, whose neutralization abrogates CD20 antibody-mediated atheroprotection.
  • B cell has its general meaning in the art.
  • B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response (as opposed to the cell-mediated immune response, which is governed by T cells).
  • a “B cell depleting agent” is a molecule which depletes or destroys B cells in a patient and/or interferes with one or more B cell functions, e.g. by reducing or preventing a humoral response elicited by the B cell.
  • the B cell depleting agent preferably binds to a B cell surface marker.
  • the B cell depleting agent preferably is able to deplete B cells (i.e. reduce circulating B cell levels) in a patient treated therewith. Such depletion may be achieved via various mechanisms such antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and/or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), inhibition of B cell proliferation and/or induction of B cell death (e.g. via apoptosis).
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
  • CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
  • B cell depleting agents include but are not limited to antibodies, synthetic or native sequence peptides and small molecule antagonists which preferably bind to the B cell surface marker, optionally conjugated with or fused to a cytotoxic agent.
  • the preferred B cell depleting agent comprises an antibody, more preferably a B cell depleting antibody.
  • the B cell depleting agent has not the capability to deplete plasma cells. In another preferred embodiment, the B cell depleting agent has not the capability to deplete B10 cells (or Breg cells). In another preferred embodiment, the B cell depleting agent has not the capability to deplete B1 cells. Accordingly, in a particular preferred embodiment the B cell depleting agent has not the capability to deplete plasma cells and B10 cells. Accordingly, in a particular preferred embodiment the B cell depleting agent has not the capability to deplete plasma cells, B10 cells and B1 cells.
  • “Complement dependent cytotoxicity” or “CDC” refers to the lysis of a target cell in the presence of complement. Activation of the classical complement pathway is initiated by the binding of the first component of the complement system to antibodies which are bound to their cognate antigen. To assess complement activation, a CDC assay, e.g. as described in Gazzano-Santoro et al. (1997) may be performed.
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
  • FcRs Fc receptors
  • cytotoxic cells e.g. Natural Killer (NK) cells, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages
  • NK Natural Killer
  • an in vitro ADCC assay such as that described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,500,362 or 5,821,337 may be performed.
  • B cell surface marker or “B cell target” or “B cell antigen” herein is an antigen expressed on the surface of a B cell which can be targeted with a B cell depleting agent which binds thereto.
  • Exemplary B cell surface markers include but are not limited to the CD10, CD 19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD23, CD24, CD37, CD53, CD72, CD73, CD74, CDw75, CDw76, CD77, CDw78, CD79a, CD79b, CD80, CD81, CD82, CD83, CDw84, CD85 and CD86 leukocyte surface markers.
  • CD20 antigen is a 35 kDa, non-glycosylated phosphoprotein found on the surface of greater than 90% of B cells from peripheral blood or lymphoid organs. CD20 is expressed during early pre-B cell development and remains until plasma cell differentiation. CD20 is present on both normal B cells as well as malignant B cells. Other names for CD20 in the literature include “B-lymphocyte-restricted antigen” and “Bp35”. The CD20 antigen is described in, e.g., Clark et al. PNAS (USA) 82:1766 (1985).
  • antibody or “immunoglobulin” have the same meaning, and will be used equally in the present invention.
  • the term “antibody” as used herein refers to immunoglobulin molecules and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin molecules, i.e., molecules that contain an antigen binding site that immunospecifically binds an antigen.
  • the term antibody encompasses not only whole antibody molecules, but also antibody fragments as well as variants (including derivatives) of antibodies and antibody fragments.
  • two heavy chains are linked to each other by disulfide bonds and each heavy chain is linked to a light chain by a disulfide bond. There are two types of light chain, lambda (l) and kappa (k).
  • the constant region domains of the light (CL) and heavy (CH) chains confer important biological properties such as antibody chain association, secretion, trans-placental mobility, complement binding, and binding to Fc receptors (FcR).
  • the Fv fragment is the N-terminal part of the Fab fragment of an immunoglobulin and consists of the variable portions of one light chain and one heavy chain.
  • the specificity of the antibody resides in the structural complementarity between the antibody combining site and the antigenic determinant.
  • Antibody combining sites are made up of residues that are primarily from the hypervariable or complementarity determining regions (CDRs). Occasionally, residues from nonhypervariable or framework regions (FR) influence the overall domain structure and hence the combining site.
  • Complementarity Determining Regions or CDRs refer to amino acid sequences which together define the binding affinity and specificity of the natural Fv region of a native immunoglobulin binding site.
  • the light and heavy chains of an immunoglobulin each have three CDRs, designated L-CDR1, L-CDR2, L-CDR3 and H-CDR1, H-CDR2, H-CDR3, respectively.
  • An antigen-binding site therefore, includes six CDRs, comprising the CDR set from each of a heavy and a light chain V region.
  • Framework Regions (FRs) refer to amino acid sequences interposed between CDRs.
  • chimeric antibody refers to an antibody which comprises a VH domain and a VL domain of an antibody of the invention, and a CH domain and a CL domain of a human antibody.
  • humanized antibody refers to an antibody having variable region framework and constant regions from a human antibody but retains the CDRs of the antibody of the invention.
  • Fab denotes an antibody fragment having a molecular weight of about 50,000 and antigen binding activity, in which about a half of the N-terminal side of H chain and the entire L chain, among fragments obtained by treating IgG with a protease, papaine, are bound together through a disulfide bond.
  • Fab′ refers to an antibody fragment having a molecular weight of about 50,000 and antigen binding activity, which is obtained by cutting a disulfide bond of the hinge region of the F(ab′)2.
  • a single chain Fv (“scFv”) polypeptide is a covalently linked VH::VL heterodimer which is usually expressed from a gene fusion including VH and VL encoding genes linked by a peptide-encoding linker.
  • dsFv is a VH::VL heterodimer stabilised by a disulfide bond.
  • Divalent and multivalent antibody fragments can form either spontaneously by association of monovalent scFvs, or can be generated by coupling monovalent scFvs by a peptide linker, such as divalent sc(Fv)2.
  • diabodies refers to small antibody fragments with two antigen-binding sites, which fragments comprise a heavy-chain variable domain (VH) connected to a light-chain variable domain (VL) in the same polypeptide chain (VH-VL).
  • VH heavy-chain variable domain
  • VL light-chain variable domain
  • linker that is too short to allow pairing between the two domains on the same chain, the domains are forced to pair with the complementary domains of another chain and create two antigen-binding sites.
  • B cell depleting antibodies are defined as those antibodies which bind to a B cell surface marker on the surface of B cells and mediate their destruction or depletion when they bind to said cell surface marker.
  • the term includes antibody fragments.
  • Such antibodies include, but are not limited to, anti-CD20, anti-CD 19, anti-CD22, anti-CD21, anti-CD23, anti-CD28, anti-CD37, anti-CD40, anti-CD52 antibodies.
  • An example of an anti-CD20 antibody is RITUXAN® (rituximab).
  • B cell depleting antibodies also include antibodies that destroy B cells via other mechanisms. For example, these include radiolabeled antibodies that facilitate the destruction of B cells by binding to the B cell surface and delivering a lethal dose of radiation.
  • 131 I-Lym-1 anti-HLA-D
  • 131 I-tositumomab BEXXAR®
  • ibritumomab tiuxetan Y-90, In-I 11 ZEVALIN®
  • 90 Y-epratuzumab 90 Y-epratuzumab.
  • the term “treating” or “treatment”, as used herein, means reversing, alleviating, or inhibiting the progress of the disorder or condition to which such term applies, or one or more symptoms of such disorder or condition.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” is intended for a minimal amount of active agent which is necessary to impart therapeutic benefit to a subject.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” to a patient is such an amount which induces, ameliorates or otherwise causes an improvement in the pathological symptoms, disease progression or physiological conditions associated with or resistance to succumbing to a disorder.
  • preventing refers to preventing the disease or condition from occurring in a subject which has not yet been diagnosed as having it.
  • patient refers to any subject (preferably human) afflicted with or susceptible to be afflicted with atherosclerosis.
  • “Pharmaceutically” or “pharmaceutically acceptable” refer to molecular entities and compositions that do not produce an adverse, allergic or other untoward reaction when administered to a mammal, especially a human, as appropriate.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient refers to a non-toxic solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
  • the present invention relates to a method for preventing or treating atherosclerosis in a patient in need thereof comprising the step of depleting the B cells population of said patient.
  • said pathologies are atherosclerosis complications and are thus considered as indicative of atherosclerosis.
  • a further aspect of the invention relates to a method for preventing or treating a vascular or coronary disorder in a patient in need thereof comprising the step of depleting the B cells population of said patient.
  • the invention relates to a method for preventing or treating a vascular or coronary disorder comprising the step of administrating a patient in need thereof with a B cell depleting agent.
  • said coronary disorder or vascular disorders is selected from the group consisting of atherosclerotic vascular disease, such as aneurysm or stroke, asymptomatic coronary artery coronary diseases, chronic ischemic disorders without myocardial necrosis, such as stable or effort angina pectoris; acute ischemic disorders without myocardial necrosis, such as unstable angina pectoris; and ischemic disorders such as myocardial infarction.
  • the invention relates to a method for preventing or treating myocardial infarction in a patient in need thereof comprising the step of depleting the B cells population of said patient.
  • the invention relates to a method for preventing or treating myocardial infarction comprising the step of administrating a patient in need thereof with a B cell depleting agent.
  • the invention relates to a method for preventing or treating aneurysm in a patient in need thereof comprising the step of depleting the B cells population of said patient.
  • the invention relates to a method for preventing or treating aneurysm comprising the step of administrating a patient in need thereof with a B cell depleting agent.
  • the B cell depleting agent may consist in a B cell depleting antibody.
  • Antibodies directed against a B cell surface marker can be raised according to known methods by administering the appropriate antigen or epitope to a host animal selected, e.g., from pigs, cows, horses, rabbits, goats, sheep, and mice, among others.
  • a host animal selected, e.g., from pigs, cows, horses, rabbits, goats, sheep, and mice, among others.
  • Various adjuvants known in the art can be used to enhance antibody production.
  • antibodies useful in practicing the invention can be polyclonal, monoclonal antibodies are preferred.
  • Monoclonal antibodies can be prepared and isolated using any technique that provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture. Techniques for production and isolation include but are not limited to the hybridoma technique, the human B-cell hybridoma technique and the EBV-hybridoma technique. Alternatively, techniques described for the production of single chain antibodies (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,778) can be adapted to produce single chain antibodies against a B cell surface marker.
  • Useful antibodies according to the invention also include antibody fragments including but not limited to F(ab′)2 fragments, which can be generated by pepsin digestion of an intact antibody molecule, and Fab fragments, which can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of the F(ab′)2 fragments.
  • Fab and/or scFv expression libraries can be constructed to allow rapid identification of fragments having the desired specificity to the B cell surface marker.
  • Humanized antibodies and antibody fragments therefrom can also be prepared according to known techniques.
  • “Humanized antibodies” are forms of non-human (e.g., rodent) chimeric antibodies that contain minimal sequence derived from non-human immunoglobulin.
  • humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins (recipient antibody) in which residues from a hypervariable region (CDRs) of the recipient are replaced by residues from a hypervariable region of a non-human species (donor antibody) such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity.
  • donor antibody such as mouse, rat, rabbit or nonhuman primate having the desired specificity, affinity and capacity.
  • framework region (FR) residues of the human immunoglobulin are replaced by corresponding non-human residues.
  • humanized antibodies may comprise residues that are not found in the recipient antibody or in the donor antibody. These modifications are made to further refine antibody performance.
  • the humanized antibody will comprise substantially all of at least one, and typically two, variable domains, in which all or substantially all of the hypervariable loops correspond to those of a non-human immunoglobulin and all or substantially all of the FRs are those of a human immunoglobulin sequence.
  • the humanized antibody optionally also will comprise at least a portion of an immunoglobulin constant region (Fc), typically that of a human immunoglobulin.
  • Fc immunoglobulin constant region
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity
  • CDC complement dependent cytotoxicity
  • B cell proliferation e.g. via apoptosis
  • the B cell depleting antibody may consist in an antibody directed against a B cell surface marker which is conjugated to a cytotoxic agent or a growth inhibitory agent.
  • a “growth inhibitory agent” when used herein refers to a compound or composition which inhibits growth of a cell, especially B cell, either in vitro or in vivo.
  • growth inhibitory agents include agents that block cell cycle progression, such as agents that induce G1 arrest and M-phase arrest.
  • Classical M-phase blockers include the vincas (vincristine and vinblastine), taxanes, and topoisomerase II inhibitors such as doxorubicin, epirubicin, daunorubicin, etoposide, and bleomycin.
  • DNA alkylating agents such as tamoxifen, prednisone, dacarbazine, mechlorethamine, cisplatin, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil.
  • cytotoxic agent refers to a substance that inhibits or prevents the function of cells and/or causes destruction of cells.
  • the term is intended to include radioactive isotopes (e.g. At211, 1131, 1125, Y90, Re186, Re188, Sm153, Bi212, P32, and radioactive isotopes of Lu), chemotherapeutic agents, e.g., methotrexate, adriamicin, vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine, etoposide), doxorubicin, melphalan, mitomycin C, chlorambucil, daunorubicin or other intercalating agents, enzymes and fragments thereof such as nucleolytic enzymes, antibiotics, and toxins such as small molecule toxins or enzymatically active toxins of bacterial, fungal, plant or animal origin, including fragments and/or variants thereof, e.g., gelonin, ricin, saporin,
  • a fusion protein comprising the antibody and cytotoxic agent or growth inhibitory agent may be made, by recombinant techniques or peptide synthesis.
  • the length of DNA may comprise respective regions encoding the two portions of the conjugate either adjacent one another or separated by a region encoding a linker peptide which does not destroy the desired properties of the conjugate.
  • the preferred B cell surface marker is CD20.
  • B cell depleting agent is an anti-CD20 antibody.
  • depleting antibodies examples include antibodies which bind the CD20 antigen: “C2B8” which is “rituximab” (“RITUXAN®”) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, expressly incorporated herein by reference); the yttrium-[90]-labeled 2138 murine antibody designated “Y2B8” (U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, expressly incorporated herein by reference); murine IgG2a “131” optionally labeled with 1311 to generate the “1311-B1” antibody (BEXXARTM®) (U.S. Pat. No.
  • rituximab or “RITUXAN®” herein refer to the genetically engineered chimeric murine/human monoclonal antibody directed against the CD20 antigen and designated “C2B8” in U.S. Pat. No. 5,736,137, expressly incorporated herein by reference.
  • the antibody is an IgG, kappa immunoglobulin containing murine light and heavy chain variable region sequences and human constant region sequences.
  • Rituximab has a binding affinity for the CD20 antigen of approximately 8.0 nM. It is commercially available, e.g. from Genentech (South San Francisco, Calif.).
  • the B cell depleting agent of the invention may be administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition, as defined below.
  • said B cell depleting agent is administered in a therapeutically effective amount.
  • a “therapeutically effective amount” is meant a sufficient amount of the B cell depleting agent to treat or to prevent atherosclerosis at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to any medical treatment.
  • the total perodically usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
  • the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidential with the specific polypeptide employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
  • the daily dosage of the products may be varied over a wide range from 0.01 to 1,000 mg per adult per day.
  • the compositions contain 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 15.0, 25.0, 50.0, 100, 250 and 500 mg of the active ingredient for the symptomatic adjustment of the dosage to the patient to be treated.
  • a medicament typically contains from about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg of the active ingredient, preferably from 1 mg to about 100 mg of the active ingredient.
  • An effective amount of the drug is ordinarily supplied at a dosage level from 0.0002 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg of body weight per day, especially from about 0.001 mg/kg to 7 mg/kg of body weight per day.
  • the B cell depleting agent of the invention may be combined with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and optionally sustained-release matrices, such as biodegradable polymers, to form therapeutic compositions.
  • the active principle in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, can be administered in a unit administration form, as a mixture with conventional pharmaceutical supports, to animals and human beings.
  • Suitable unit administration forms comprise oral-route forms such as tablets, gel capsules, powders, granules and oral suspensions or solutions, sublingual and buccal administration forms, aerosols, implants, subcutaneous, transdermal, topical, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intravenous, subdermal, transdermal, intrathecal and intranasal administration forms and rectal administration forms.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions contain vehicles which are pharmaceutically acceptable for a formulation capable of being injected.
  • vehicles which are pharmaceutically acceptable for a formulation capable of being injected.
  • These may be in particular isotonic, sterile, saline solutions (monosodium or disodium phosphate, sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium chloride and the like or mixtures of such salts), or dry, especially freeze-dried compositions which upon addition, depending on the case, of sterilized water or physiological saline, permit the constitution of injectable solutions.
  • the pharmaceutical forms suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions; formulations including sesame oil, peanut oil or aqueous propylene glycol; and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • the form must be sterile and must be fluid to the extent that easy syringability exists. It must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage and must be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms, such as bacteria and fungi.
  • Solutions comprising compounds of the invention as free base or pharmacologically acceptable salts can be prepared in water suitably mixed with a surfactant, such as hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof and in oils. Under ordinary conditions of storage and use, these preparations contain a preservative to prevent the growth of microorganisms.
  • the B cell depleting agent of the invention can be formulated into a composition in a neutral or salt form.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include the acid addition salts (formed with the free amino groups of the protein) and which are formed with inorganic acids such as, for example, hydrochloric or phosphoric acids, or such organic acids as acetic, oxalic, tartaric, mandelic, and the like. Salts formed with the free carboxyl groups can also be derived from inorganic bases such as, for example, sodium, potassium, ammonium, calcium, or ferric hydroxides, and such organic bases as isopropylamine, trimethylamine, histidine, procaine and the like.
  • the carrier can also be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, and vegetables oils.
  • the proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants.
  • the prevention of the action of microorganisms can be brought about by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal, and the like.
  • isotonic agents for example, sugars or sodium chloride.
  • Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by the use in the compositions of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminium monostearate and gelatin.
  • Sterile injectable solutions are prepared by incorporating the active polypeptides in the required amount in the appropriate solvent with various of the other ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by filtered sterilization.
  • dispersions are prepared by incorporating the various sterilized active ingredients into a sterile vehicle which contains the basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated above.
  • the preferred methods of preparation are vacuum-drying and freeze-drying techniques which yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
  • solutions Upon formulation, solutions will be administered in a manner compatible with the dosage formulation and in such amount as is therapeutically effective.
  • the formulations are easily administered in a variety of dosage forms, such as the type of injectable solutions described above, but drug release capsules and the like can also be employed.
  • aqueous solutions For parenteral administration in an aqueous solution, for example, the solution should be suitably buffered if necessary and the liquid diluent first rendered isotonic with sufficient saline or glucose.
  • aqueous solutions are especially suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration.
  • sterile aqueous media which can be employed will be known to those of skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.
  • one dosage could be dissolved in 1 ml of isotonic NaCl solution and either added to 1000 ml of hypodermoclysis fluid or injected at the proposed site of infusion. Some variation in dosage will necessarily occur depending on the condition of the subject being treated. The person responsible for administration will, in any event, determine the appropriate dose for the individual subject.
  • parenteral administration such as intravenous or intramuscular injection
  • other pharmaceutically acceptable forms include, e.g. tablets or other solids for oral administration; liposomal formulations; time release capsules; and any other form currently used.
  • FIG. 1 B cell depletion in the blood after 3 months of anti-murine CD20 treatment, one intraperitoneal (200 ⁇ g) injection every 3 weeks.
  • FIG. 2 B cell depletion in spleen after 3 months of anti-CD20 treatment, one intraperitoneal (200 ⁇ g) injection every 3 weeks.
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B represent B cell depletion in 2 distinct experiments.
  • FIG. 3 B cell depletion (B220 high) in bone marrow after 3 months of anti-CD20 treatment, one intraperitoneal (200 ⁇ g) injection every 3 weeks.
  • FIG. 4 B cell depletion induces a decrease of CD69 expression by splenic CD4 T cell suggesting a CD4 T cell deactivation.
  • FIG. 5 B cell depletion induces a decrease of CD44high expression by splenic CD4 T cell suggesting a CD4 T cell deactivation
  • FIG. 6 B cell depletion induces a decrease of BrdU incorporation in vivo by splenic CD4 T cell indicating a decrease of in vivo CD4 T cell proliferation.
  • FIG. 7 Cytokine production by purified splenic CD4+ T cell stimulated in vitro with anti-CD3 antibody in the presence of purified CD11c+ dendritic cells
  • FIG. 9 Neutrophil cell count (Ly6G+CD11b+) and monocyte cell count (CD11b+/Ly6G ⁇ /Ly6Chigh, low or neg) was assessed using flow cytometry (Second set of experiments). Inventors found increased neutrophil and monocyte cell count after 3 months of anti-CD20 treatment.
  • FIG. 10 Weight and plasma cholesterol levels were similar between the groups after 3 months of treatment.
  • FIG. 11 Significant reduction in aortic sinus lesion size in the groups of mice treated with an anti-CD20 antibody (MB20-11) after 6 or 12 weeks of treatment.
  • FIG. 12 CD20 mAb ( ⁇ -CD20) treatment depletes B cells and reduces the development of atherosclerosis.
  • Panels A to D show reduction of atherosclerosis development after ⁇ -CD20 therapy in 4 different experiments using Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ or Ldlr ⁇ / ⁇ mice fed either a chow diet (CD) or a western diet (WD).
  • Representative photomicrographs of Oil red O-stained aortic sinuses are shown for each experimental setting along with quantification of intimal lesion size. Bars indicate median values.
  • FIG. 13 CD20 mAb ( ⁇ -CD20) treatment reduces the development of atherosclerosis in the thoracic aorta. Quantitative analysis of the extent of Oil red O staining in thoracic aortas Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice fed a western diet for 12 weeks and treated with ⁇ -CD20 or a control antibody. Data (mean values ⁇ s.e.m.) are representative of 9 (Ctr) to 10 mice ( ⁇ -CD20) per group.
  • Atherosclerosis is associated with signs of B cell activation, particularly manifested by enhanced production of natural IgM type and adaptive IgG types anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) (auto)antibodies (Caligiuri et al., 2002; Shaw et al., 2000).
  • ox-LDL anti-oxidized low-density lipoprotein
  • autoantibodies Caligiuri et al., 2002; Shaw et al., 2000.
  • B cells have been assigned a protective role in atherosclerosis (Caligiuri et al., 2002; Major et al., 2002; Binder et al., 2004; Miller et al., 2008).
  • IgG types anti-ox-LDL antibodies show variable association with vascular risk
  • circulating levels of IgM type anti-ox-LDL antibodies have been more frequently linked with reduced vascular risk in humans (Karvonen et al., 2003; Tsimikas et al., 2007).
  • IL-5- and IL-33-mediated atheroprotective effects have been indirectly associated with specific B1 cell activation and enhanced production of natural IgM type anti-oxLDL antibodies (Binder C J et al, 2004; Miller A M et al, 2005).
  • splenectomy or transfer of ⁇ MT-deficient (B cell deficient) bone marrow into lethally-irradiated atherosclerosis-susceptible mice resulted in profound reduction of IgG or total anti-oxLDL antibody production and was associated with acceleration of lesion development.
  • mice In order to directly assess the role of B cells in atherosclerosis, inventors examined lesion development in mice with or without B cell depletion. They first used Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice fed a high fat western diet, a model previously shown to be associated with significant B cell activation and high production of anti-ox-LDL antibodies, and previously used to assess the protective role of B cells in atherosclerosis. To deplete B cells, mice were treated every 3 weeks with a previously validated mouse monoclonal CD20 antibody (Uchida et al., Int Immunol, 2004; Uchida et al., J Exp Med, 2004) for either 6 or 12 weeks. Control mice received a control monoclonal antibody (mAb).
  • mAb control monoclonal antibody
  • FIG. 1 As expected, treatment with CD20 mAb led to sustained and profound reduction of the number of mature B cells in blood ( FIG. 1 ), spleen ( FIG. 2 ), peritoneum and bone marrow.
  • B220 low IgM + cells were severely depleted (92% to 100%) at all studied sites.
  • Spleen B220 kow IgM + cells also showed a marked reduction ( ⁇ 80%) but, as previously observed, immature bone marrow B220 low (IgM + ) cells ( FIG. 3 ) were less sensitive to CD20 mAb-mediated depletion.
  • IgG type anti-oxLDL antibodies on atherosclerosis
  • changes in anti-oxLDL IgG levels following CD20 mAb treatment could not be held responsible for lesion reduction.
  • Levels of IgM type antibodies against either copper-oxidized or malondialdehyde-modified LDL were also reduced after 6 or 12 weeks of CD20-targeted therapy.
  • IgM type antibodies are endowed with athero-protective properties and their reduction after CD20 mAb therapy could not account for athero-protection but instead, might have impeded the reduction of atherosclerosis.
  • IgM type anti-oxLDL and TlSid+ IgM antibodies showed a much lower reduction compared to IgG type antibodies, which might have preserved an athero-protective pathway.
  • IgM type antibodies dominate the humoral response to oxLDL in Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice and are increased even at a young age (before the initiation of CD20 mAb treatment in this study), which may explain, at least in part, the persistence of a significant IgM level after CD20 immunotherapy, a treatment that does not dramatically affect pre-existing antibodies titers. IgM persistence may also be related to the delay required to markedly deplete peritoneal B1 cells using CD20 mAb.
  • T cell-derived cytokines significantly alter lesion development. Therefore, inventors examined the consequences of B cell depletion on cytokine production by purified T cells. Inventors found a marked reduction of pro-atherogenic IFN- ⁇ by purified T cells recovered from CD20 mAb-treated mice compared with controls. Of note, this was associated with a deviation of the immune response towards a significant increase of T cell-derived IL-17A production in CD20 mAb-treated animals. Recent studies in inventor's laboratory identified an unexpected regulatory and protective role for IL-17A production in atherosclerosis. IL17A has also been shown to modulate Th1 polarization.
  • CD20 mAb-induced changes in T cell cytokine profile (reduced Th1 and increased IL17) could be responsible for CD20 mAb-dependent atheroprotection
  • CD20 mAb was administered to Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice (on high fat diet for 6 weeks) in the presence of control or anti-IL17A neutralizing antibody.
  • IL17 neutralization led to increased IFN- ⁇ production in the atherosclerotic aortas and completely abrogated the athero-protective effects of CD20 mAb therapy, despite similar circulating cholesterol levels and despite no significant changes in anti-oxLDL antibodies levels.
  • inventors provide strong evidence that mature B cell depletion reduces the development of atherosclerosis in mice. These results challenge the paradigm that overall B cell function is atheroprotective and show that a major B cell role in atherosclerosis is to drive T cell activation towards enhanced pro-atherogenic Th1 immune response and limited production of athero-protective IL-17.
  • limited vascular B cell infiltration is detectable in the early stages of atherosclerosis, B cell accumulation substantially increases with time within and around advanced atherosclerotic coronary lesions and atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysms, both in mice and humans, and is even prominent in vascular inflammation associated with other immune-mediated diseases. Inhibition of excessive B cell activation either through depletion or immune modulation might substantially limit vascular inflammation and atherosclerotic lesion development.
  • mice Animals. All mice were on C57B1/6 background. Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice were 10-week-old males maintained on chow diet for 12 weeks or put on western diet (20% fat, 0.15% cholesterol, 0% cholate) for either 6 or 12 weeks. Ldlr ⁇ / ⁇ mice were 10-week-old males put on western diet for either 6 weeks. At 10-week-old, mice were treated intra-peritoneally (i.p.) with a previously validated mouse monoclonal CD20 antibody (Uchida et al., Int Immunol, 2004; Uchida et al., J Exp Med, 2004) or a control IgG (200 ⁇ g every 3 weeks), for either 6 or 12 weeks.
  • a previously validated mouse monoclonal CD20 antibody Uchida et al., Int Immunol, 2004; Uchida et al., J Exp Med, 2004
  • a control IgG 200 ⁇ g every 3 weeks
  • mice received an i.p. injection of either purified neutralizing anti-IL-17A specific antibody (200 ⁇ g/mouse, twice per week) (Uyttenhove et al., 2006 and 2007; Wang et al., 2009) or control IgG for 6 weeks.
  • purified neutralizing anti-IL-17A specific antibody 200 ⁇ g/mouse, twice per week
  • control IgG 6 weeks.
  • CD11c + and CD4 + cells were purified and processed for cell proliferation assays and cytokine production as previously described in detail (Taleb et al., 2007).
  • IL-17 and IFN- ⁇ productions in the supernatants were measured using specific ELISAs (BD Biosciences and R&D Systems).
  • APC-conjugated anti-CDR 145-2C11
  • FITC- or PE-Cy7-conjugated anti-CD4 RM4-5
  • APC-conjugated anti-CD25 PC61.5
  • PE-conjugated anti-CD69 H1.2F3
  • APC-conjugated anti-IgM II/41
  • FITC-conjugated anti-CD86 GL1
  • PE-conjugated anti-CD80 (16-10A1
  • APC-conjugated anti-CD40 (1C10)
  • PE-Cy7-conjugated anti-CD11c N41
  • PE-Cy7-conjugated anti-CD11b M1/70
  • PE-conjugated anti-CD45R B220
  • FITC-conjugated anti-CD5 53-7.3
  • biotin-conjugated anti-CD44 followed by APC-conjugated Streptavidin APC-Cy7-conjugated anti-CD45R (B220) (RA3-6B2)
  • APC-conjugated anti-IFN ⁇ XMG1.2
  • PE-conjugated anti-IL17A TC11-18H10
  • erythrocytes were lysed using BD FACS lysing solution (BD Biosciences).
  • lymphocytes were stimulated in vitro with leukocyte activation cocktail (BD Biosciences) according to manufacturer's instruction for 4 hours.
  • FSC Forward scatter
  • SSC side scatter
  • BrdU labeling was performed as previously described (Fisson et al., 2007).
  • Mini osmotic pumps (ALZET1007D; Charles River Laboratories), delivering 1.2 mg per day of BrdU (Sigma-Aldrich) for 7 d, were transplanted to mice subcutaneously under isoflurane anesthesia one week before sacrifice. Lymph node cells and splenocytes were stained with a PE-Cy7-conjugated anti-CD4 (RM4-5) and APC-conjugated anti-CD25 (PC61.5).
  • BrdU detection was performed using FITC BrdU Flow kit (BD Pharmingen) according to manufacturer's instructions. Cells were analyzed using a BD Cantoll or BD LSRII flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson).
  • Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Quantitative Real time PCR was performed on an ABI prizm 7700 in triplicates. CT for GAPDH was used to normalize gene expression. Quantitative Real time PCR was performed for the following proteins: IL10, TGF- ⁇ and IFN- ⁇ .
  • Myocardial infarction was induced in 8 weeks old male C57BL6J mice by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery.
  • One hour after myocardial ischemic injury mice were treated or not by intraperitoneal injection of a mouse monoclonal CD20 antibody (160 ⁇ g).
  • Inventors showed that B cells infiltrated the infarct area.
  • Blood B cells levels were analyzed by flow cytometry at days 1, 3, 7 and 14 after MI. The percentage of IgM+ B220+-B cells was markedly reduced after CD20 antibody treatment. Mice were sacrificed at day 14 post-MI and cardiac function was measured by echocardiography ( FIG. 14 ). Such treatment was associated with an increase in fractional shortening suggesting that said treatment may be beneficial for the treatment of myocardial infarction.
  • mice fed a chow or high fat diet develop abdominal aortic aneurysm when infused with angiotensin (Ang) II for 28 days (Daugherty A et al, 2000).
  • Ang angiotensin
  • inventors may also use a new model of aortic aneurysm with a high incidence of aneurysm rupture, described in patent application WO2009056419.
  • the model uses Apoe+/+ or Apoe ⁇ / ⁇ mice, and associates both AngII infusion and neutralization of TGF- ⁇ activity, two factors with a high relevance to the human disease.
  • systemic neutralization of TGF- ⁇ activity leads to unexpected and marked increase in the susceptibility of these mice to AngII-induced aortic aneurysm (92.5%), and to a high level of mortality from aortic dissection and rupture (65%).
  • B cell depletion using anti-CD20 mAb will be initiated at the time of aneurysm induction in order to assess its effect on aneurysm development.
  • a first infusion of 200 ⁇ g i.p. is done one hour after aneurysm induction and a second two weeks after.
  • mice are sacrificed after four weeks. Abdominal aortic aneurysm and immune response are assessed, an echography is done.

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