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US20110067641A1 - Methods and Apparatus For Increasing Upper-Level Fish Populations - Google Patents

Methods and Apparatus For Increasing Upper-Level Fish Populations Download PDF

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Publication number
US20110067641A1
US20110067641A1 US12/991,998 US99199809A US2011067641A1 US 20110067641 A1 US20110067641 A1 US 20110067641A1 US 99199809 A US99199809 A US 99199809A US 2011067641 A1 US2011067641 A1 US 2011067641A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
panels
water
cable
wave
pump
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/991,998
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English (en)
Inventor
Philip W. Kithil
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ATMOCEAN Inc
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ATMOCEAN Inc
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Publication date
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Priority to US12/991,998 priority Critical patent/US20110067641A1/en
Assigned to ATMOCEAN, INC. reassignment ATMOCEAN, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KITHIL, PHILIP W.
Publication of US20110067641A1 publication Critical patent/US20110067641A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • A01K61/10—Culture of aquatic animals of fish
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01K—ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; AVICULTURE; APICULTURE; PISCICULTURE; FISHING; REARING OR BREEDING ANIMALS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NEW BREEDS OF ANIMALS
    • A01K61/00—Culture of aquatic animals
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
    • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
    • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/30—Energy from the sea, e.g. using wave energy or salinity gradient

Definitions

  • Embodiments of the present invention relate to methods and apparatuses for altering conditions in large bodies of water.
  • Embodiments of the present invention also relate to methods, apparatus, and systems for enhancing ocean fish catch; techniques for monetizing the enhanced ocean fish catch; regulatory techniques for sustainable management of the ocean fish resource; methods, apparatus, and alternative designs to release water contained within tube portions of wave-driven pumps; and methods, apparatuses and systems for mixing adjacent parcels of fluid.
  • U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/056,480 discloses a spool-shaped buoy to allow the flexible tube to be rolled up for storage and transportation; multiple pumps with tethers to maintain spacing, with the pumps not directly connected to seafloor or land-based anchors; each buoy provided with electronic measuring and communication devices; and the pump operating to bring up deep cold water containing higher nutrients, causing more phytoplankton to grow which increase the ocean food chain, resulting in greater fish populations.
  • Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/981,699 depicts a similar buoy provided with a vertical axis wind turbine to generate electricity both for local consumption and conveyed via a high voltage direct current conductor to a land power grid. Multiple buoys are connected in series to increase the overall power generation capability.
  • An embodiment of the present invention relates to a method for increasing fish populations which includes providing a wave-driven pump, and pumping water with the wave-driven pump to bring locally-existing nutrients from a deeper layer to an upper layer.
  • the pumping can occur within a large body of water, which can be an ocean.
  • the water can be pumped a distance of at least 100 feet and optionally a distance of at least 600 feet.
  • the method can also include monitoring fish populations around at least an upper portion of the pump using an echolocater, and the echolocater can optionally be disposed on a portion of the pump, which can optionally be the buoy of the pump.
  • the method can also include communicating results of the fish monitoring to a remote location.
  • An embodiment of the present invention also relates to a wave-driven pump which includes a releasable valve disposed at a lower portion thereof.
  • the valve can optionally be released by a weight sliding down a cable and impacting a portion of said valve, which portion can be a release mechanism.
  • the valve of the wave-driven pump can include an assembly which provides a breach within the pump whereby water is released through the breach when the pump is lifted from a body of water.
  • the assembly can include an impact-activated release mechanism.
  • the present invention relates to an ocean water movement apparatus which includes a plurality of rotatable panels connected to a wave energy capturing apparatus by a cable.
  • the energy capturing apparatus can include a buoy.
  • at least some of the rotatable panels can be arranged in pairs and disposed along at least a portion of the cable at spaced intervals.
  • the panels can be positioned on the cable such that a primary axis of the cable forms a substantially right angle with a primary plane of the panels when the panels are in a non-rotated state.
  • the panels can rotate approximately 90 degrees such that a primary axis of the cable is substantially parallel with a primary plane of the panels when the panels are in a rotated state.
  • the water parcels not contiguous to the rotatable panels constrain the movement of water parcels contiguous to the rotatable panels. Movement of the contiguous parcels is preferably substantially vertical.
  • the energy capturing apparatus can also include a cable formed into a loop which is connected to the wave energy capturing device. Optionally, the topmost portion of the cable loop can be movably positionable.
  • FIG. 1A is a drawing of a pump according to an embodiment of the present invention wherein a releasable valve is connected thereto;
  • FIGS. 1B-D are drawings illustrating a releasable valve and components thereof according to an embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a drawing illustrating an embodiment of the present invention wherein a pair of panels is attached to a buoy via a cable;
  • FIG. 3 is a drawing which illustrates directions of travel for water surrounding a pair of panels which are moved to create an upwelling action
  • FIG. 4 is a drawing which illustrates a series of panels attached to a cable extending from a buoy
  • FIG. 5 is a drawing illustrating the arc path followed by a pair of panels when they pivot
  • FIG. 6 is a drawing which illustrates a perspective view of a pair of panels having a lip disposed on an upper surface near a outer circumference thereof;
  • FIGS. 7A-C are drawings which illustrate embodiments of the present invention wherein different sizes of panels are used
  • FIGS. 8A & B are drawings which illustrate an embodiment of the present invention wherein the cable is configured to be rotatable to provide upwelling or downwelling effects;
  • FIGS. 9A & B are drawings which illustrate ellipsoidal-shaped panels which cause a weathervane effect on the panel.
  • the term “cable” is intended to have a broad meaning which includes any device, method, or apparatus capable of transferring a pulling force, including cables, ropes, chains, rods, tubes, straps, wires, strings, belts, combinations thereof, and the like, all made from any type of material capable of maintaining, for at least a limited time, at least some structural integrity when submersed in an aqueous environment.
  • Ocean fisheries typically are regulated by appropriate governmental authorities, e.g., state rules apply within 3 miles of U.S. shorelines, then U.S. rules apply beyond 3 miles out to 200 miles, and international rules apply beyond 200 miles.
  • state rules apply within 3 miles of U.S. shorelines
  • U.S. rules apply beyond 3 miles out to 200 miles
  • international rules apply beyond 200 miles.
  • Unfortunately the fish are indifferent to these artificial boundaries, since these rules apply to the fisherman and not the fish.
  • One result of this arbitrary boundary system is the widespread mismanagement of ocean fish resources.
  • Applicant's wave-driven upwelling pump brings up higher-nutrient, deep, ocean water, which in the presence of sunlight generates phytoplankton—the base of the ocean food chain.
  • Redfield-ratio values for propagation of species in the ocean and based on a 3 m diameter by 200 m deep pump operating for 30 days in 3 m waves with a period of 10 seconds, consulting biologist Dr. Wiebke Boeing has calculated 124 kg additional fish biomass per month, as follows:
  • Iron is typically the limiting nutrient in the oceans (Martin 1990; Landry et al. 2000).
  • This ratio can vary depending on algae composition and seawater chemistry.
  • wave-driven pump 10 preferably comprises buoy 12 connected to valve 14 by cable 16 running inside of flexible tube 18 .
  • Buoy 12 preferably rides the waves of a large body of water, thus causing valve 14 to open and close.
  • buoy 12 is necessarily quite large. The size, in fact, is dictated by the mass of water to be pumped up on each wave cycle. If the wave pump is operating efficiently in waves having a height of 3 m, the volume of water pumped on each wave stroke is (pi*r 2 *h*mass), or 21.2 m 3 .
  • buoy 12 has a displacement which is at least 2 times greater than the volume being pumped, a buoy with a volume of about 45 cubic meters is thus needed. If buoy 12 is cylindrical with a lengthwise dimension of 5 m, then the diameter is easily calculated to be 3.4 m.
  • echolocater 20 is thus able to characterize the change in fish population around buoy 12 over time. While numerous echolocaters are known and can produce desirable results, a preferred echolocater is the Simrad SH80, or the companion model SX90.
  • the data generated by fish echolocater 20 can be periodically transmitted via a satellite link, thence to shore or boat-based computers for further processing and imaging of the fish population density, as well as any changes therein.
  • echolocater 20 By disposing echolocater 20 on buoy 12 for numerous pumps 10 disposed in the ocean, rather than disposing echolocater on one or several boats, a near-continuous profile of local fish populations across wide areas of the open ocean greatly enhance the fishing boat's efficiency since it can proceed directly to locations with maximum population, thereby saving boat & crew cost, and reducing fuel consumption.
  • echolocaters located on buoys rather than on boats are afforded the ability to operate in a “quiet” environment, without interference from boat engines, propellers, onboard equipment etc., therefore the signal/noise ratio is greatly enhanced and the signal likely requires less post-processing to eliminate confusing signals.
  • echolocaters 20 can autocalibrate since the return signal from tube 18 and valve 14 are a constant, being known objects at known distances.
  • This feature eliminates problems with boat-mounted echolocaters which are subjected to signal variability from different depths of the ocean floor as the boat travels across the ocean.
  • the electronics comprising the transducer and transceiver can “drift” due to temperature and humidity effects, thereby requiring complex adjustments to provide usable information.
  • the company or enterprise which deploys and/or operates the wave-driven pump buoys and associated hardware may agree to rent space on buoy 12 for echolocater 20 .
  • the rental could be for a specified time period, and/or could include a fee for each transmission of data using communications capability provided onboard buoy 12 .
  • the enterprise could post-process the data and sell or otherwise make available data showing current fish populations as well as comparisons to previous time periods. Such information would not only be extremely useful for fishermen, but also be very helpful for fishery regulators in their quest to maintain sustainability of the resource.
  • a further embodiment of the present invention relates to an improved method for recovery of one or more pumps, for instance to service or replace valve 14 or other underwater component. Since tube 18 contains hundreds of tons of seawater, it is impractical to bring up valve 14 by winching it in, unless a method is devised to open valve 14 or otherwise release the water contained in tube 18 . Several techniques to open valve 14 , or to release the water in tube 18 , are described below.
  • One technique is to provide a cable which runs from buoy 12 to valve 14 , which cable can be exercised in a manner to open valve 14 .
  • This technique suffers from risk of the cable breaking over time, or inadvertently fouling valve 14 . If constant tension is required to maintain valve 14 open, this also presents a problem especially in heavy sea states where the recovery boat and buoy 12 are moving up and down on different cycles.
  • valve 14 is electronically secure in an open position. This can be done a number of different ways, for example with an acoustic release mechanism, or an explosive bolt.
  • a third, preferred technique is to attach weight 13 at top of cable 16 which connects valve 14 to buoy 12 .
  • weight 13 On command, weight 13 is released and slides down cable 16 .
  • releasing mechanism 15 is preferably shoved down, thus removing the catch on bar 17 such that it can slide to remove the tension from strap 19 .
  • strap 19 preferably holds flexible lube 18 to valve 14 , when the tension is removed from strap 19 , the water contained within flexible tube 18 can preferably drain therefrom when pump 10 is lifted out of the body of water. While the foregoing describes one specific example of how an opening can be provided for water to drain from pump 10 as pump 10 is removed from a body of water, various other methods, apparatuses, and systems can of course be provided to achieve the same result.
  • a valve can be caused to operate in low wave conditions such as approximately 36′′ wave heights.
  • low wave conditions such as approximately 36′′ wave heights.
  • An embodiment of the present invention provides multiple sections of an injection molded unit with walls, valve flappers which snaps-on to a hinge rod, with each section joined to the adjacent section by a protrusions, and the entire assembly held together by a and securing straps.
  • While some embodiments of the present invention relate to wave driven upwelling pump apparatuses having a flexible tube for transportation of the water, alternative embodiments of the present invention eliminate the substantially vertical flexible tube, while simplifying the valve element, and reducing possible negative effects on the ocean environment from the artificial upwelling produced by the wave driven upwelling pump. This is accomplished by providing a plurality of valve assemblies disposed in a vertical column.
  • a significant benefit of embodiments of the present invention relates to improved durability, a necessary condition for any apparatus to survive in the harsh open ocean environment.
  • these embodiments of the present invention comprises one or more rigid panels which are configured to move in an approximate 90 degree arc and which are attached to a cable.
  • the cable and panels are disposed substantially vertically In a body of water, with one end of the cable attached to a buoy.
  • two opposing rigid panels 24 and 26 are secured to cable 28 and are configured to rotate from horizontal to vertical positions, e.g., at 90 degrees with respect to cable 28 , with hinge points 29 preferably located at the bottom of panels 24 and 26 when they are in a substantially vertical orientation.
  • buoy 30 rises and falls as waves move across the body of water.
  • the water mass acts against panels 24 and 26 to move them into a substantially horizontal orientation.
  • gravity causes buoy 30 , panels 24 and 26 , and cable 28 to move downward, producing a force from the water mass which moves panels 24 and 26 into a substantially vertical orientation.
  • buoy 30 on wave down-slope, buoy 30 , cable 28 , and rigid panels 24 and 26 together fall toward the center of earth due to gravity. Because rigid panels 24 and 26 are operable in a 90 degree arc, the contiguous water parcels which have moved upward during the wave upslope, now act to rotate the downward-moving panels into a substantially vertical orientation. In this orientation, panels 24 and 26 offer much less resistance to the contiguous water parcels, and panels 24 and 26 readily move downward with cable 28 , substantially equivalent to the movement downward of buoy 30 on the wave down-slope.
  • the contiguous water parcels rotate panels 24 and 26 into a horizontal orientation, further moving these water parcels upward.
  • the contiguous water parcels cause panels 24 and 26 to move from horizontal to vertical orientation, allowing contiguous as well as adjacent parcels of water to slide past the panels. Multiple waves thus produce an upwelling of the contiguous water parcels.
  • multiple sets of panels can be affixed to cable 28 at appropriate spacing so that the upwelling flow becomes nearly continuous, as illustrated in FIG. 4 .
  • the multiple sets of panels one above the other act in concert since contiguous water parcels are more constrained by parcels of water positioned laterally from the panels than from more distant parcels above or below the panels.
  • the incompressibility of water forms a virtual tube that guides the contiguous water parcels upward since that is the path of least resistance to the moving panels and the moving contiguous water parcels.
  • rotatable panels 50 and 52 are provided with structural member 54 that contacts second structural member 56 when panels 50 and 52 reach a horizontal orientation.
  • second structural member 56 is a rigid panel substantially parallel to cable 58 and possibly in contact with cable 58 .
  • Cable 58 preferably acts as a structural member to prevent panels 50 and 52 from rotating past the vertical position.
  • the panel edge is provided with lip 60 which helps to contain the contiguous water parcel within the confines of the panel.
  • Lip 60 can be of a dimension somewhat larger than the through-dimension of second structural member 56 , thereby ensuring on wave down-slope that the panel is oriented somewhat off of vertical and provides a reaction surface on the edge of the panel, enabling the contiguous water to rotate the panel from near-vertical to horizontal.
  • the bottom edge of the second structural member can assume an arc shape, thus reducing the water resistance against the edge, that otherwise could slow the downward motion of the panels on wave down slope.
  • multiple sets of panels of different dimensions are provided on the cable. See FIGS. 7A to 7C .
  • sets of panels 70 can become successively larger at greater distance from buoy 72 . Since the deep ocean is denser, when brought upward the pump wants to sink back to its neutrally buoyant environment. This size progression allows less sinking of the denser water, since panels 70 have progressively larger surface area at greater depths.
  • panels 74 can become successively smaller at greater distance from buoy 76 , which will encourage more rapid sinking of the denser water.
  • FIG. 7C comprises a blend of larger and smaller panels provided on cable 74 , which for instance increases the mixing of contiguous and non-contiguous water parcels. Enhanced mixing preferably breaks down greater stratification of the ocean, which scientists attribute to global warming.
  • cable 80 is made into a continuous loop, preferably, although not necessarily, connected to buoy 82 at opposite ends, with sets of panels 84 provided one above the next on some portion of the continuous cable loop.
  • upwelling 83 is achieved, since panels 84 are oriented horizontally on wave upslope, and vertically on wave down-slope.
  • the portion of the loop cable previously adjacent buoy 82 connection point is moved to the bottom of the loop, and panels 84 move with cable 80 until they are oppositely oriented.
  • each set of panels can be provided with ellipsoidal shape 90 (when viewed from above), so that when in a vertical position, any lateral ocean currents rotate the panels in line with the currents, much like a weathervane, to reduce oscillation of the panels and maximize the sinking of the panels and cable, by gravity, during the wave down-slope.
  • Ellipsoidal shape 90 offers maximum surface area with an offset center of force, allowing the panel to rotate in line with lateral currents. Otherwise, lateral currents could act against the downward-falling panel to cause oscillation, possibly reducing the wave down-slope efficiency. See FIGS. 9A and 9B .
  • many pumps can be connected laterally one to the next, to form arrays of pumps, or the pumps can be deployed in free-drifting manner in the open ocean.
  • the embodiments of the present invention offer natural upwelling, since the deep water is moved upward incrementally rather than all at once. Taking an example of a 300 m deep upwelling pump, in the prior inventions, the water parcels are moved inside the flexible tube up to the surface, without intermediate mixing. This could represent a shock to the upper ecosystem, using as an example the much colder temperature of the deep water—perhaps 5 to 10 degrees C.—arriving en masse in the surface waters measuring perhaps 25 degrees C.
  • the virtual tube design allows some intermediate mixing as the contiguous water parcels move upward, presenting much less instantaneous change upon arriving at the surface.
  • the present application offers multiple sets of rotating panels (equivalent to the valve flappers in the prior filings), greatly reducing risk of failure since the upwelling action is likely to occur even if some of the panels cease to operate.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Animal Husbandry (AREA)
  • Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
US12/991,998 2008-05-16 2009-05-18 Methods and Apparatus For Increasing Upper-Level Fish Populations Abandoned US20110067641A1 (en)

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US5399508P 2008-05-16 2008-05-16
US7701208P 2008-06-30 2008-06-30
PCT/US2009/044392 WO2009140689A2 (fr) 2008-05-16 2009-05-18 Procédé et appareil pour augmenter des populations de poissons de niveau supérieur
US12/991,998 US20110067641A1 (en) 2008-05-16 2009-05-18 Methods and Apparatus For Increasing Upper-Level Fish Populations

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