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US20100256122A1 - Butyl and butynyl benzyl amine compounds - Google Patents

Butyl and butynyl benzyl amine compounds Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100256122A1
US20100256122A1 US12/820,365 US82036510A US2010256122A1 US 20100256122 A1 US20100256122 A1 US 20100256122A1 US 82036510 A US82036510 A US 82036510A US 2010256122 A1 US2010256122 A1 US 2010256122A1
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alkyl
group
disorders
substituted
methyl
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US12/820,365
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John M. Keith
Michael A. Letavic
Emily M. Stocking
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Janssen Pharmaceutica NV
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Janssen Pharmaceutica NV
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Priority to US12/820,365 priority Critical patent/US20100256122A1/en
Assigned to JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV reassignment JANSSEN PHARMACEUTICA NV ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: KEITH, JOHN M., LETAVIC, MICHAEL A., STOCKING, EMILY M.
Publication of US20100256122A1 publication Critical patent/US20100256122A1/en
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Definitions

  • the present invention relates to certain butyl and butynyl benzyl amine compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and methods of using them for the treatment of disease states, disorders, and conditions mediated by the histamine H 3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter.
  • histamine H 3 receptor is primarily expressed in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), with some minimal expression in peripheral tissues such as vascular smooth muscle.
  • CNS central nervous system
  • histamine H 3 antagonists and inverse agonists have been proposed based on animal pharmacology and other experiments with known histamine H 3 antagonists (e.g. thioperamide).
  • Histamine H 3 Receptor-A Target for New Drugs Leurs, R. and Timmerman, H., (Eds.), Elsevier, 1998; Morisset, S. et al., Nature 2000, 408, 860-864.
  • SERT serotonin transporter
  • H 3 receptor antagonists alone may not be capable of increasing serotonin levels in vivo to those required for antidepressant effects, concomitant blockade of the SERT will simultaneously decrease the neuronal reuptake of these neurotransmitter molecules, leading to enhanced concentrations of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and an enhanced therapeutic effect and a potentially reduced side effect profile as compared to a compound with SERT activity alone.
  • Histamine H 3 antagonists have been shown to have pharmacological activity relevant to several key symptoms of depression, including sleep disorders (e.g. sleep disturbances, fatigue, and lethargy) and cognitive difficulties (e.g. memory and concentration impairment), as described above. Therefore, a combined H 3 /SERT modulating compound would provide symptomatic relief for the sleep disorders, fatigue, and cognitive problems during the first weeks of treatment, before the mood-elevating effect of the SERT modulation is noticed.
  • sleep disorders e.g. sleep disturbances, fatigue, and lethargy
  • cognitive difficulties e.g. memory and concentration impairment
  • Carbon-linked substituted benzyl amine compounds have been described by Pfizer as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, in Intl. Patent Publ. Nos. WO 01/72687 and WO 02/18333, and in U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2002/0143003.
  • Heteratom-linked aryl benzamides have been described by Glaxo SmithKline, in Intl. Patent Appl. Publ. No. WO 05/040144.
  • Diphenyl ether compounds are described as monoamine reuptake inhibitors by Pfizer in Intl. Patent Publ. No. WO 2007/036781.
  • the invention relates to a compound of the following Formula (I):
  • compositions each comprising: (a) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically active metabolite thereof; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • the invention is directed to a method of treating a subject suffering from or diagnosed with a disease, disorder, or medical condition mediated by histamine H 3 receptor and/or serotonin transporter activity, comprising administering to the subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically active metabolite thereof.
  • the disease, disorder, or medical condition is selected from: cognitive disorders, sleep disorders, psychiatric disorders, and other disorders.
  • alkyl refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain.
  • alkyl groups include methyl (Me, which also may be structurally depicted by /), ethyl (Et), n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl (tBu), pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, and groups that in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples.
  • alkylene refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain, where two hydrogen atoms are removed to for a diradical.
  • alkylene groups include methylene (—CH 2 —), ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene, butylene, and groups that in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples.
  • alkenyl refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkenyl group having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain. (The double bond of the alkenyl group is formed by two sp 2 hybridized carbon atoms.)
  • Illustrative alkenyl groups include prop-2-enyl, but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, 2-methylprop-2-enyl, hex-2-enyl, and groups that in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples.
  • alkynyl refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkynyl group having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain. (The triple bond of the alkynyl group is formed by two sp hybridized carbon atoms.)
  • Illustrative alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, hexynyl, and groups that in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples.
  • cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially saturated, monocyclic, fused polycyclic, or spiro polycyclic carbocycle having from 3 to 12 ring atoms per carbocycle.
  • Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include the following entities, in the form of properly bonded moieties:
  • heterocycloalkyl refers to a monocyclic, or fused, bridged, or spiro polycyclic ring structure that is saturated or partially saturated and has from 3 to 12 ring atoms per ring structure selected from carbon atoms and up to three heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur.
  • the ring structure may optionally contain up to two oxo groups on carbon or sulfur ring members.
  • Illustrative entities, in the form of properly bonded moieties include:
  • heteroaryl refers to a monocyclic, fused bicyclic, or fused polycyclic aromatic heterocycle (ring structure having ring atoms selected from carbon atoms and up to four heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur) having from 3 to 12 ring atoms per heterocycle.
  • heteroaryl groups include the following entities, in the form of properly bonded moieties:
  • heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl groups listed or illustrated above are not exhaustive, and that additional species within the scope of these defined terms may also be selected.
  • halogen represents chlorine, fluorine, bromine or iodine.
  • halo represents chloro, fluoro, bromo or iodo.
  • substituted means that the specified group or moiety bears one or more substituents.
  • unsubstituted means that the specified group bears no substituents.
  • optionally substituted means that the specified group is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents. Where the term “substituted” is used to describe a structural system, the substitution is meant to occur at any valency-allowed position on the system. In cases where a specified moiety or group is not expressly noted as being optionally substituted or substituted with any specified substituent, it is understood that such a moiety or group is intended to be unsubstituted.
  • any formula given herein is intended to represent compounds having structures depicted by the structural formula as well as certain variations or forms.
  • compounds of any formula given herein may have asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different enantiomeric forms. All optical isomers and stereoisomers of the compounds of the general formula, and mixtures thereof, are considered within the scope of the formula.
  • any formula given herein is intended to represent a racemate, one or more enantiomeric forms, one or more diastereomeric forms, one or more atropisomeric forms, and mixtures thereof.
  • certain structures may exist as geometric isomers (i.e., cis and trans isomers), as tautomers, or as atropisomers.
  • any formula given herein is intended to embrace hydrates, solvates, and polymorphs of such compounds, and mixtures thereof.
  • any formula given herein is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number.
  • isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 11 C, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 O, 17 O, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, 36 Cl, 125 I, respectively.
  • Such isotopically labeled compounds are useful in metabolic studies (preferably with 14 C), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example 2 H or 3 H), detection or imaging techniques [such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)] including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients.
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • SPECT single-photon emission computed tomography
  • an 18 F or 11 C labeled compound may be particularly preferred for PET or SPECT studies.
  • substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2 H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements.
  • Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • the selection of a particular moiety from a list of possible species for a specified variable is not intended to define the moiety for the variable appearing elsewhere.
  • the choice of the species from a specified list is independent of the choice of the species for the same variable elsewhere in the formula.
  • R 1b is —(OH 2 ) 4 —N(R 2 )R 3 or —C ⁇ C—(CH 2 ) 2 —N(R 2 )R 3 .
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently —H; or methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl, each unsubstituted or substituted as previously described.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently —H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methylaminoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2-(cyclopropyl-methyl-amino)-ethyl, 2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 3-dimethylaminopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 are each independently —H, methyl, or cyclopropyl.
  • R a and R b are each independently —H, methyl, or cyclopropyl, or R a and R b taken together form pyrrolidinyl.
  • R 2 and R 3 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-1 ⁇ 6 -thiomorpholin-4-yl, homopiperidinyl, diazepanyl, piperazinonyl, or diazepanonyl, each unsubstituted or substituted as previously described.
  • R 2 and R 3 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form azetidinyl, 3,3-difluoroazetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-methylpyrrolidinyl, 3-hydroxypyrrolidinyl, 3-dimethylaminopyrrolidinyl, 2,5-dimethylpyrrolidinyl, 2-trifluoromethylpyrrolidinyl, 2-hydroxymethylpyrrolidinyl, 3,3-difluoropyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, 3-fluoropiperidinyl, 4-fluoropiperidinyl, 3,3-difluoropiperidinyl, 4,4-difluoropiperidinyl, 3-trifluoromethylpiperidinyl, 4-trifluoromethylpiperidinyl, 1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-8-yl, 4-cyanopiperidinyl, 4-carboethoxypiperidin
  • R 2 and R 3 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form piperidinyl, 4-fluoropiperidinyl, morpholinyl, 4-isopropyl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-cyclopropyl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-piperazin-2-onyl, 1-isopropyl-4-piperazin-2-onyl, 4-isopropyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl, or thiomorpholinyl.
  • each R d moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of: methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxyethyl, fluoro, methoxy, dimethylamino, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, acetyl, trifluoromethyl, —CO 2 H, and —CO 2 -methyl.
  • R g and R h are each independently —H, methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl, or R g and R h taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpolinyl, or thiomorpholinyl.
  • R e is selected from the group consisting of: —H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 2-fluoroethyl, hydroxyethyl, methoxypropyl, acetyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, phenyl, 4-pyridyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and piperidinyl.
  • R e is selected from the group consisting of: —H, isopropyl, and cyclopropyl.
  • R 4 is hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, pentyloxy, —CF 3 , methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl, pentyl, chloro, or fluoro.
  • R 4 is hydroxy, methyl, methoxy, fluoro, or —CF 3 .
  • m is 0 or 1.
  • Y is —O— or —S—.
  • Cyc is a phenyl or pyridyl group unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three R k moieties.
  • Cyc is a thiophenyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, or pyrazinyl group unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three R k moieties.
  • Cyc is phenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl, 4-hydroxy-3-fluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-ethoxyphenyl, 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 3-ethynylphenyl, 4-ethynylphenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-bro
  • Cyc is phenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-methanesulfanylphenyl, 3-methyl-4-methanesulfanylphenyl, 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, or 6-methyl-3-pyridinyl.
  • each R k moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of: methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, methanesulfanyl, trifluoromethanesulfanyl, cyano, and trifluoromethoxy.
  • R l and R m are each independently —H or methyl.
  • R 5 is —H or methyl. In further preferred embodiments, R 5 is —H.
  • R 6 is —H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl, each unsubstituted or substituted as previously described. In further preferred embodiments, R 6 is —H.
  • R 7 is —H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, or tert-butoxycarbonyl, each unsubstituted or substituted as previously described.
  • R 7 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl.
  • R 7 is methyl or cyclopropyl.
  • R 6 and R 7 taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-1 ⁇ 6 -thiomorpholin-4-yl, homopiperidinyl, diazepanyl, or homomorpholinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted as previously described.
  • R 6 and R 7 taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, or homomorpholinyl.
  • the compound of Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:
  • the present invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) that is a compound of the following Formula (II):
  • Y is —O—.
  • Cyc is a phenyl or pyridyl group unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three R k moieties.
  • the invention includes also pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds represented by Formula (I), preferably of those described above and of the specific compounds exemplified herein, and methods of treatment using such salts.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is intended to mean a salt of a free acid or base of a compound represented by Formula (I) that is non-toxic, biologically tolerable, or otherwise biologically suitable for administration to the subject. See, generally, S. M. Berge, et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci., 1977, 66:1-19 , and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts, Properties, Selection, and Use , Stahl and Wermuth, Eds., Wiley-VCH and VHCA, Zurich, 2002.
  • Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts are those that are pharmacologically effective and suitable for contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, or allergic response.
  • a compound of Formula (I) may possess a sufficiently acidic group, a sufficiently basic group, or both types of functional groups, and accordingly react with a number of inorganic or organic bases, and inorganic and organic acids, to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salts include sulfates, pyrosulfates, bisulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, phosphates, monohydrogen-phosphates, dihydrogenphosphates, metaphosphates, pyrophosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates, propionates, decanoates, caprylates, acrylates, formates, isobutyrates, caproates, heptanoates, propiolates, oxalates, malonates, succinates, suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates, butyne-1,4-dioates, hexyne-1,6-dioates, benzoates,
  • the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method available in the art, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, nitric acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, or with an organic acid, such as acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, propionic acid, stearic acid, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, isethionic acid, succinic acid, valeric acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, a pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid, such as mandelic acid, citric acid, or tartaric acid, an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid,
  • the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metal hydroxide, alkaline earth metal hydroxide, any compatible mixture of bases such as those given as examples herein, and any other base and mixture thereof that are regarded as equivalents or acceptable substitutes in light of the ordinary level of skill in this technology.
  • an inorganic or organic base such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metal hydroxide, alkaline earth metal hydroxide, any compatible mixture of bases such as those given as examples herein, and any other base and mixture thereof that are regarded as equivalents or acceptable substitutes in light of the ordinary level of skill in this technology.
  • suitable salts include organic salts derived from amino acids, such as glycine and arginine, ammonia, carbonates, bicarbonates, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and cyclic amines, such as benzylamines, pyrrolidines, piperidine, morpholine, and piperazine, and inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium.
  • amino acids such as glycine and arginine
  • ammonia carbonates, bicarbonates, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines
  • cyclic amines such as benzylamines, pyrrolidines, piperidine, morpholine, and piperazine
  • inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium.
  • the invention also relates to pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of the compounds of Formula (I), and treatment methods employing such pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs.
  • prodrug means a precursor of a designated compound that, following administration to a subject, yields the compound in vivo via a chemical or physiological process such as solvolysis or enzymatic cleavage, or under physiological conditions (e.g., a prodrug on being brought to physiological pH is converted to the compound of Formula (I)).
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” is a prodrug that is non-toxic, biologically tolerable, and otherwise biologically suitable for administration to the subject. Illustrative procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs”, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.
  • prodrugs include compounds having an amino acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three or four) amino acid residues, covalently joined through an amide or ester bond to a free amino, yridine, or carboxylic acid group of a compound of Formula (I).
  • amino acid residues include the twenty naturally occurring amino acids, commonly designated by three letter symbols, as well as 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine, 3-methylhistidine, norvalin, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone.
  • amides include those derived from ammonia, primary C 1-6 alkyl amines and secondary di(C 1-6 alkyl)amines. Secondary amines include 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring moieties. Examples of amides include those that are derived from ammonia, C 1-3 alkyl primary amines, and di(C 1-2 alkyl)amines. Examples of esters of the invention include C 1-7 alkyl, C 6-7 cycloalkyl, phenyl, and phenyl(C 1-6 alkyl)esters.
  • esters include methyl esters.
  • Prodrugs may also be prepared by derivatizing free hydroxy groups using groups including hemisuccinates, phosphate esters, dimethylaminoacetates, and phosphoryloxymethyloxycarbonyls, following procedures such as those outlined in Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1996, 19, 115. Carbamate derivatives of hydroxy and amino groups may also yield prodrugs. Carbonate derivatives, sulfonate esters, and sulfate esters of hydroxy groups may also provide prodrugs.
  • acyloxy groups as (acyloxy)methyl and (acyloxy)ethyl ethers, wherein the acyl group may be an alkyl ester, optionally substituted with one or more ether, amine, or carboxylic acid functionalities, or where the acyl group is an amino acid ester as described above, is also useful to yield prodrugs.
  • Prodrugs of this type may be prepared as described in J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 10. Free amines can also be derivatized as amides, sulfonamides or phosphonamides. All of these prodrug moieties may incorporate groups including ether, amine, and carboxylic acid functionalities.
  • the present invention also relates to pharmaceutically active metabolites of compounds of Formula (I), and uses of such metabolites in the methods of the invention.
  • a “pharmaceutically active metabolite” means a pharmacologically active product of metabolism in the body of a compound of Formula (I) or salt thereof.
  • Prodrugs and active metabolites of a compound may be determined using routine techniques known or available in the art. See, e.g., Bertolini, et al. J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 2011-2016; Shan, et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 86 (7), 765-767; Bagshawe, Drug Dev. Res. 1995, 34, 220-230; Bodor, Adv. Drug Res.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, and pharmaceutically active metabolites of the present invention are useful as modulators of the histamine H 3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter in the methods of the invention. Accordingly, the invention relates to methods of using the compounds of the invention to treat subjects diagnosed with or suffering from a disease, disorder, or condition mediated by histamine H 3 receptor and/or serotonin transporter activity, such as those described herein.
  • treat or “treating” as used herein is intended to refer to administration of a compound or composition of the invention to a subject for the purpose of effecting a therapeutic or prophylactic benefit through modulation of histamine H 3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter activity. Treating includes reversing, ameliorating, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, lessening the severity of, or preventing a disease, disorder, or condition, or one or more symptoms of such disease, disorder or condition mediated through modulation of histamine H 3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter activity.
  • subject refers to a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, such as a human.
  • Modules include both inhibitors and activators, where “inhibitors” refer to compounds that decrease, prevent, inactivate, desensitize or down-regulate histamine H 3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter expression or activity, and “activators” are compounds that increase, activate, facilitate, sensitize, or up-regulate histamine H 3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter expression or activity.
  • the invention relates to methods of using the compounds described herein to treat subjects diagnosed with or suffering from a disease, disorder, or condition mediated by histamine H 3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter activity, such as: cognitive disorders, sleep disorders, psychiatric disorders, and other disorders. Symptoms or disease states are intended to be included within the scope of “medical conditions, disorders, or diseases.”
  • Cognitive disorders include, for example, dementia, Alzheimer's disease (Panula, P. et al., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1995, 21, 1977), cognitive dysfunction, mild cognitive impairment (pre-dementia), attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), attention-deficit disorders, and learning and memory disorders (Barnes, J. C. et al., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1993, 19, 1813).
  • Learning and memory disorders include, for example, learning impairment, memory impairment, age-related cognitive decline, and memory loss.
  • H 3 antagonists have been shown to improve memory in a variety of memory tests, including the elevated plus maze in mice (Miyazaki, S. et al. Life Sci.
  • Sleep disorders include, for example, insomnia, disturbed sleep, narcolepsy (with or without associated cataplexy), cataplexy, disorders of sleep/wake homeostasis, idiopathic somnolence, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), circadian rhythm disorders, fatigue, lethargy, jet lag, and REM-behavioral disorder.
  • Fatigue and/or sleep impairment may be caused by or associated with various sources, such as, for example, sleep apnea, perimenopausal hormonal shifts, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), depression, chemotherapy, or shift work schedules.
  • Psychiatric disorders include, for example, schizophrenia (Schlicker, E. and Marr, I., Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 1996, 353, 290-294), bipolar disorders, manic disorders, depression (Lamberti, C. et al. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 123(7), 1331-1336; Perez-Garcia, C. et al. Psychopharmacology 1999, 142(2), 215-220) (Also see: Stark, H. et al., Drugs Future 1996, 21(5), 507-520; and Leurs, R. et al., Prog. Drug Res. 1995, 45, 107-165 and references cited therein), obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
  • disorders include, for example, motion sickness, vertigo (e.g. vertigo or benign postural vertigo), epilepsy (Yokoyama, H. et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993, 234, 129-133), migraine, neurogenic inflammation, eating disorders (Machidori, H. et al., Brain Res. 1992, 590, 180-186), obesity, substance abuse disorders, tinitus, movement disorders (e.g. restless leg syndrome), eye-related disorders (e.g. macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosis), and sexual dysfunction (including premature ejaculation).
  • vertigo e.g. vertigo or benign postural vertigo
  • epilepsy Yokoyama, H. et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993, 234, 129-133
  • migraine neurogenic inflammation
  • eating disorders Machidori, H. et al., Brain Res. 1992, 590, 180-186
  • substance abuse disorders e.g. restless leg
  • the compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment or prevention of depression, disturbed sleep, narcolepsy, fatigue, lethargy, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, memory loss, learning impairment, attention-deficit disorders, and eating disorders.
  • an effective amount of a compound according to the invention is administered to a subject suffering from or diagnosed as having such a disease, disorder, or condition.
  • An “effective amount” means an amount or dose sufficient to generally bring about the desired therapeutic or prophylactic benefit in patients in need of such treatment.
  • Effective amounts or doses of the compounds of the present invention may be ascertained by routine methods such as modeling, dose escalation studies or clinical trials, and by taking into consideration routine factors, e.g., the mode or route of administration or drug delivery, the pharmacokinetics of the agent, the severity and course of the disease, disorder, or condition, the subject's previous or ongoing therapy, the subject's health status and response to drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
  • routine methods such as modeling, dose escalation studies or clinical trials, and by taking into consideration routine factors, e.g., the mode or route of administration or drug delivery, the pharmacokinetics of the agent, the severity and course of the disease, disorder, or condition, the subject's previous or ongoing therapy, the subject's health status and response to drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician.
  • An exemplary dose is in the range of from about 0.001 to about 200 mg of compound per kg of subject's body weight per day, preferably about 0.05 to 100 mg/kg/day, or about 1 to 35 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 to 10 mg/kg daily in single or divided dosage units (e.g., BID, TID, QID).
  • a suitable dosage amount is from about 0.05 to about 7 g/day, or about 0.2 to about 2.5 g/day.
  • the dose may be adjusted for preventative or maintenance treatment.
  • the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both may be reduced as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect is maintained.
  • treatment may cease. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of symptoms.
  • additional active ingredients are those that are known or discovered to be effective in the treatment of conditions, disorders, or diseases mediated by histamine H 3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter activity or that are active against another target associated with the particular condition, disorder, or disease, such as H 1 receptor antagonists, H 2 receptor antagonists, H 3 receptor antagonists, topiramate (TopamaxTM), and neurotransmitter modulators such as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors, non-selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (NSSRIs), acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (such as tetrahydroaminoacridine, Donepezil (AriceptTM), Rivastigmine, or Galantamine (Reminy
  • compounds of the invention in combination with modafinil are useful for the treatment of narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), Alzheimer's disease, depression, attention-deficit disorders, MS-related fatigue, post-anesthesia grogginess, cognitive impairment, schizophrenia, spasticity associated with cerebral palsy, age-related memory decline, idiopathic somnolence, or jet-lag.
  • the combination method employs doses of modafinil in the range of about 20 to 300 mg per dose.
  • a pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises: (a) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically active metabolite thereof; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • a “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to a substance that is non-toxic, biologically tolerable, and otherwise biologically suitable for administration to a subject, such as an inert substance, added to a pharmacological composition or otherwise used as a vehicle, carrier, or diluent to facilitate administration of a compound of the invention and that is compatible therewith.
  • excipients include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils, and polyethylene glycols.
  • compositions containing one or more dosage units of the compounds of the invention may be prepared using suitable pharmaceutical excipients and compounding techniques now or later known or available to those skilled in the art.
  • the compositions may be administered in the inventive methods by oral, parenteral, rectal, topical, or ocular routes, or by inhalation.
  • the preparation may be in the form of tablets, capsules, sachets, dragees, powders, granules, lozenges, powders for reconstitution, liquid preparations, or suppositories.
  • the compositions are formulated for intravenous infusion, topical administration, or oral administration.
  • the compounds of the invention can be provided in the form of tablets or capsules, or as a solution, emulsion, or suspension.
  • the compounds may be formulated to yield a dosage of, e.g., from about 0.05 to about 100 mg/kg daily, or from about 0.05 to about 35 mg/kg daily, or from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg daily.
  • Oral tablets may include a compound according to the invention mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as inert diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservative agents.
  • suitable inert fillers include sodium and calcium carbonate, sodium and calcium phosphate, lactose, starch, sugar, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, sorbitol, and the like.
  • Exemplary liquid oral excipients include ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like.
  • Starch, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP), sodium starch glycolate, microcrystalline cellulose, and alginic acid are suitable disintegrating agents.
  • Binding agents may include starch and gelatin.
  • the lubricating agent if present, may be magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. If desired, the tablets may be coated with a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate to delay absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, or may be coated with an enteric coating.
  • Capsules for oral administration include hard and soft gelatin capsules.
  • compounds of the invention may be mixed with a solid, semi-solid, or liquid diluent.
  • Soft gelatin capsules may be prepared by mixing the compound of the invention with water, an oil such as peanut oil, sesame oil, or olive oil, liquid paraffin, a mixture of mono and di-glycerides of short chain fatty acids, polyethylene glycol 400, or propylene glycol.
  • Liquids for oral administration may be in the form of suspensions, solutions, emulsions or syrups or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
  • Such liquid compositions may optionally contain: pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients such as suspending agents (for example, sorbitol, methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, aluminum stearate gel and the like); non-aqueous vehicles, e.g., oil (for example, almond oil or fractionated coconut oil), propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, or water; preservatives (for example, methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid); wetting agents such as lecithin; and, if desired, flavoring or coloring agents.
  • suspending agents for example, sorbitol, methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, aluminum stearate
  • compositions may be formulated for rectal administration as a suppository.
  • parenteral use including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous routes, the compounds of the invention may be provided in sterile aqueous solutions or suspensions, buffered to an appropriate pH and isotonicity or in parenterally acceptable oil.
  • Suitable aqueous vehicles include Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride.
  • Such forms will be presented in unit-dose form such as ampules or disposable injection devices, in multi-dose forms such as vials from which the appropriate dose may be withdrawn, or in a solid form or pre-concentrate that can be used to prepare an injectable formulation.
  • Illustrative infusion doses may range from about 1 to 1000 ⁇ g/kg/minute of compound, admixed with a pharmaceutical carrier over a period ranging from several minutes to several days.
  • the compounds may be mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 10% of drug to vehicle.
  • a pharmaceutical carrier for topical administration, may be mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 10% of drug to vehicle.
  • Another mode of administering the compounds of the invention may utilize a patch formulation to affect transdermal delivery.
  • Compounds of the invention may alternatively be administered in methods of this invention by inhalation, via the nasal or oral routes, e.g., in a spray formulation also containing a suitable carrier.
  • halo-fluorobenzenes A1 where HAL is Br or I, are commercially available or are prepared according to methods known to one skilled in the art.
  • Bromides A3 are reacted with amines A4 to form benzyl amines A5 under reductive amination conditions known to one skilled in the art.
  • Preferred conditions include a reducing agent such as NaBH 4 , NaCNBH 3 , or NaBH(Oac) 3 , in a solvent such as MeOH, EtOH, or DCE, and with optional additives such as acetic acid or a Lewis acid.
  • a reducing agent such as NaBH 4 , NaCNBH 3 , or NaBH(Oac) 3
  • a solvent such as MeOH, EtOH, or DCE
  • optional additives such as acetic acid or a Lewis acid.
  • a primary amine H 2 NR 7 is used for the reductive amination
  • the resulting benzyl amine may be protected in a subsequent step with a suitable nitrogen protecting group, such as a Boc or other suitable carbamoyl group, under conditions known to one skilled in the art.
  • Coupling with alkynes A6 is accomplished under Sonogashira conditions to form phenyl alkynes A7.
  • Preferred conditions include the use of a suitable base such as Et 3 N or iPr 2 Net, a palladium catalyst such as (PPh 3 ) 2 PdCl 2 , a suitable metal catalyst such as CuI, in a solvent such as DMF, DME, or toluene, at temperatures between room temperature and the reflux temperature of the solvent.
  • Alkynes A7 are reduced to alkanes A8 in the presence of hydrogen gas or an equivalent and a metal catalyst such as palladium or platinum on carbon, in a solvent such as MeOH or EtOH.
  • group Q is a protected amino group, —OH, or —O(PG)
  • Q may be transformed into —NR 2 R 3 using general deprotection methods, such as 1) acidic or hydrogenation conditions, or 2) activation to a bromide, chloride, or tosylation and alkylation with HNR 2 R 3 , optionally followed by further alkylation or reductive amination, to prepare other embodiments of Formula (I).
  • the synthesis provides compounds where Y is —S—, oxidation to the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones (Y is —SO— or —SO 2 —) may be performed under conditions known in the art.
  • phenols or thiophenols B1 may be converted to amines B2 by reductive amination methods, optionally followed by protection of the resulting amine, as described in Scheme A.
  • Alkylation of phenols and thiophenols B2 with CycCH 2 X (B3, where X is a suitable leaving group, such as Br, Cl, Ots, or the like), in the presence of a suitable base such as K 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , NaH, or the like, in a solvent such as CH 3 CN or THF, provides aryl bromides A5, where Y is —OCH 2 —.
  • phenols or thiophenols B2 may be reacted under Mitsunobu conditions with CycCH 2 X, in the presence of PPh 3 and DEAD or DIAD, in a solvent such as CH 3 CN or THF, to form aryl bromides A5, where Y is —OCH 2 —.
  • Aromatic substitution with activated CycBr reagents may be accomplished in the presence of a suitable base such as K 2 CO 3 , Na 2 CO 3 , or Cs 2 CO 3 , in the presence of dehydryating agents such as molecular sieves or Ca 2 O or a mixture thereof, and salicylaldoxime, in a solvent such as DMF, DME, or toluene, or a mixture thereof, at temperatures between room temperature and the reflux temperature of the solvent, to form aryl bromides A5 where Y is —O— or —S—.
  • Aryl bromides A5 may be processed into compounds of Formula (I) as described in Scheme A.
  • amines of Formula (I) may be converted to their corresponding salts using methods known to those skilled in the art.
  • amines of Formula (I) may be treated with trifluoroacetic acid, HCl, or citric acid in a solvent such as Et 2 O, DCM, THF, or MeOH to provide the corresponding salt forms.
  • Compounds prepared according to the schemes described above may be obtained as single enantiomers, diastereomers, or regioisomers, by enantio-, diastero-, or regiospecific synthesis, or by resolution.
  • Compounds prepared according to the schemes above may alternately be obtained as racemic (1:1) or non-racemic (not 1:1) mixtures or as mixtures of diastereomers or regioisomers.
  • single enantiomers may be isolated using conventional separation methods known to one skilled in the art, such as chiral chromatography, recrystallization, diastereomeric salt formation, derivatization into diastereomeric adducts, biotransformation, or enzymatic transformation.
  • separation methods known to one skilled in the art, such as chiral chromatography, recrystallization, diastereomeric salt formation, derivatization into diastereomeric adducts, biotransformation, or enzymatic transformation.
  • regioisomeric or diastereomeric mixtures are obtained, single isomers may be separated using conventional methods such as chromatography or crystallization.
  • solutions or mixtures are “concentrated”, they are typically concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator.
  • HPLC high performance liquid chromatography
  • Analytical Reversed-Phase HPLC was typically performed using 1) a Hewlett Packard Series 1100 instrument with an Agilent ZORBAX® Bonus RP, 5 ⁇ m, 4.6 ⁇ 250 mm column, a flow rate of 1 mL/min, detection at 220 and 254 nm, with a 1% to 99% acetonitrile/water/0.05% TFA gradient; or 2) a Hewlett Packard HPLC instrument with an Agilent ZORBAX® Eclipse XDB-C8, 5 ⁇ m, 4.6 ⁇ 150 mm column, a flow rate of 1 mL/min, detection at 220 and 254 nm, with a 1% to 99% acetonitrile/water/0.05% TFA gradient.
  • trifluoroacetic acid salts were obtained from preparative reversed-phase HPLC or from deprotection of a Boc group with TFA in a final step.
  • hydrochloride salts were obtained, they were obtained by treatment of a solution of the corresponding free base in DCM with an excess of 2.5 M HCl in MeOH, and concentration of the reaction solution.
  • Mass spectra were obtained on an Agilent series 1100 MSD using electrospray ionization (ESI) in either positive or negative modes as indicated.
  • ESI electrospray ionization
  • NMR spectra were obtained on either a Bruker model DPX400 (400 MHz), DPX500 (500 MHz), DRX600 (600 MHz) spectrometer.
  • the format of the 1 H NMR data below is: chemical shift in ppm down field of the tetramethylsilane reference (multiplicity, coupling constant J in Hz, integration).
  • Step A 5-Bromo-2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-benzaldehyde.
  • DMF 25 mL
  • K 2 CO 3 7.15 g, 51.8 mmol
  • 3,4-dichloro-phenol 4.67 g, 28.8 mmol
  • the mixture was heated at 90° C. for 24 h and then was allowed to cool to room temperature (rt). Water was added and the mixture was extracted with Et 2 O. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO 4 ) and concentrated.
  • Step B [5-Bromo-2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine.
  • MeOH 250 mL
  • MeNH 2 50% aq.; 20 mL, 260 mmol
  • the mixture was cooled to 0° C. and treated with NaBH 4 (1.05 g, 27.8 mmol) portionwise. After 24 h, the mixture was concentrated and the residue was diluted with 1 N NaOH and extracted with DCM.
  • Step C [5-Bromo-2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • Step D [2-(3,4-Dichloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • Step E To a solution of [2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (95.6 mg, 0.18 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (1 mL). After 30 min, the mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by FCC to give the desired product (67.7 mg, 89%). MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C 22 H 24 Cl 2 N 2 O 2 , 418.12; m/z found, 419.3 [M+H] + .
  • Examples 2-29 were prepared by a sequence similar to that described in Example 1.
  • Step A 4-Bromo-2-methylaminomethyl-phenol.
  • the title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step B, using 5-bromo-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde.
  • Step B (5-Bromo-2-hydroxy-benzyl)-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • the title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step C (8.11 g, 67% over 2 steps).
  • Step C [5-Bromo-2-(pyridine-2-yloxy)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • a mixture of (5-bromo-2-hydroxy-benzyl)-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (581 mg, 1.22 mmol), 2-bromopyridine (238 ⁇ L, 2.44 mmol), Cs 2 CO 3 (795 mg, 2.44 mmol), powdered 3 ⁇ molecular sieves (366 mg), salicylaldoxime (33.5 mg, 0.244 mmol), Ca 2 O (9 mg, 0.06 mmol), and DMF (3 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 24 h.
  • Step D Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(pyridine-2-yloxy)-benzyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • the title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step D.
  • Step E The title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step E.
  • Step A 5-Bromo-2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzaldehyde.
  • the title compound was prepared in a similar fashion as Example 1, Step A, using 4-chloro-benzenethiol.
  • Step B [5-Bromo-2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine.
  • the title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step B, using 5-bromo-2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzaldehyde.
  • Step C [5-Bromo-2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • the title compound was prepared in a similar fashion as Example 1, Step C, beginning with [5-bromo-2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine.
  • Step D The title compound was prepared in a similar fashion as Example 1, Steps D and E, beginning with [5-bromo-2-(3,4-dichloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • Step A [5-[4-(4-Cyclopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-butyl]-2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester.
  • Step B The title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step E.
  • Examples 33-34 were prepared by a sequence similar to that described in Example 32.
  • a rat brain without cerebellum (Zivic Laboratories, Inc. —Pittsburgh, Pa.) was homogenized in a 52.6 mM Tris pH 8/126.4 mM NaCl/5.26 mM KCl mixture and centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was removed and re-centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 30 min. Pellets were re-homogenized in a 52.6 mM Tris pH8/126.4 mM NaCl/5.26 mM KCl mixture. Membranes were incubated with 0.6 nM [ 3 H]-Citalopram plus/minus test compounds for 60 min at 25° C.
  • HEK293 Human Embryonic Kidney membranes expressing the human SERT were incubated with 3 H-citalopram (SERT) at rt for 1 h in 50 mM Tris, 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl (pH 7.4). Nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 10 ⁇ M fluoxetine for the SERT. The membranes were washed and the radioactivity was counted as above. Calculations for K i at the SERT were based on a K d value for 3 H-citalopram and a ligand concentration of 3.1 nM. Data for compounds tested in this assay are presented in Table 2.
  • Sublines of SK-N-MC cells were created that expressed a reporter construct and the human H 3 receptor.
  • the reporter gene (3-galactosidase) is under the control of multiple cyclic AMP responsive elements.
  • histamine was added directly to the cell media followed 5 min later by an addition of forskolin (5 ⁇ M final concentration). When appropriate, antagonists were added 10 min prior to agonist addition. After a 6-h incubation at 37° C., the media was aspirated and the cells washed with 200 ⁇ L of phosphate-buffered saline followed by a second aspiration.

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Abstract

Certain substituted butyl and butynyl benzyl amine compounds are histamine H3 receptor and/or serotonin transporter modulators useful in the treatment of histamine H3 receptor- and/or serotonin-mediated diseases.

Description

    CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
  • This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application 60/806,165, filed Jun. 29, 2006, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The present invention relates to certain butyl and butynyl benzyl amine compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing them, and methods of using them for the treatment of disease states, disorders, and conditions mediated by the histamine H3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • The histamine H3 receptor is primarily expressed in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS), with some minimal expression in peripheral tissues such as vascular smooth muscle. Several indications for histamine H3 antagonists and inverse agonists have been proposed based on animal pharmacology and other experiments with known histamine H3 antagonists (e.g. thioperamide). (See: “The Histamine H3 Receptor-A Target for New Drugs”, Leurs, R. and Timmerman, H., (Eds.), Elsevier, 1998; Morisset, S. et al., Nature 2000, 408, 860-864.) These include conditions such as cognitive disorders, sleep disorders, psychiatric disorders, and other disorders.
  • Compounds that possess histamine H3 receptor activity and serotonin transporter (SERT) activity may be useful in the treatment of SERT-mediated disorders such as substance abuse disorders and sexual dysfunction (including premature ejaculation), and particularly beneficial in the treatment of depression. Activation of the H3 receptor on neurons by histamine or an agonist decreases the release of several neurotransmitters including noradrenaline and serotonin, key neurotransmitters involved in depression (Hill, S. J. et al. Pharmacol. Rev. 1997, 49(3), 253-278). Although H3 receptor antagonists alone may not be capable of increasing serotonin levels in vivo to those required for antidepressant effects, concomitant blockade of the SERT will simultaneously decrease the neuronal reuptake of these neurotransmitter molecules, leading to enhanced concentrations of serotonin in the synaptic cleft and an enhanced therapeutic effect and a potentially reduced side effect profile as compared to a compound with SERT activity alone.
  • Histamine H3 antagonists have been shown to have pharmacological activity relevant to several key symptoms of depression, including sleep disorders (e.g. sleep disturbances, fatigue, and lethargy) and cognitive difficulties (e.g. memory and concentration impairment), as described above. Therefore, a combined H3/SERT modulating compound would provide symptomatic relief for the sleep disorders, fatigue, and cognitive problems during the first weeks of treatment, before the mood-elevating effect of the SERT modulation is noticed.
  • Carbon-linked substituted benzyl amine compounds have been described by Pfizer as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, in Intl. Patent Publ. Nos. WO 01/72687 and WO 02/18333, and in U.S. Patent Appl. Publ. No. 2002/0143003. Heteratom-linked aryl benzamides have been described by Glaxo SmithKline, in Intl. Patent Appl. Publ. No. WO 05/040144. Diphenyl ether compounds are described as monoamine reuptake inhibitors by Pfizer in Intl. Patent Publ. No. WO 2007/036781.
  • Compounds that have H3 receptor activity and SERT activity have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Publ. US 2006/0194837 A1 (published Aug. 31, 2006; based on U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/300,880), U.S. Pat. Publ. US 2006/0293316 A1 (published Dec. 28, 2006; based on U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/424,734), and U.S. Pat. Publ. US 2006/0287292 A1 (published Dec. 21, 2006; based on U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/424,751), each of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • However, there remains a need for potent histamine H3 receptor and/or serotonin transporter modulators with desirable pharmaceutical properties.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • Certain butyl and butynyl benzyl amine derivatives have now been found to have histamine H3 receptor and/or serotonin transporter modulating activity. Thus, the invention is directed to the general and preferred embodiments defined, respectively, by the independent and dependent claims appended hereto, which are incorporated by reference herein.
  • In one general aspect the invention relates to a compound of the following Formula (I):
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00001
  • wherein
    • one of R1a and R1b is
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00002
  • and the other is —H;
    • R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: —H; a —C1-6alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, —NH2, —N(Ra)Rb, or —F; —CO2C1-4alkyl; and a monocyclic cycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with —C1-4alkyl, —OH, halo, or —CF3;
      • where Ra and Rb are each independently —H, —C1-6alkyl, or monocyclic cycloalkyl, or Ra and Rb taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group;
      • provided that R2 and R3 are not both H;
    • or, alternatively,
    • R2 and R3 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a saturated monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted on a carbon ring member with one, two, or three Rd moieties and substituted on a nitrogen ring member with an Re moiety;
      • where each Rd moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of: —C1-6alkyl; —C1-4alkyl-OH; halo; —OH; —OC1-6alkyl; ipso-substituted —OC2-3alkylO—; —CN; —NO2; —N(Rg)Rh; —C(O)N(Rg)Rh; —N(Rg)SO2C1-6alkyl; —C(O)C1-6alkyl; —S(O)0-2—C1-6alkyl; —SO2N(Rg)Rh; —SCF3; —CF3; —OCF3; —CO2H; and —CO2C1-6alkyl;
        • where Rg and Rh are each independently —H or —C1-6alkyl, or Rg and Rh taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group; and
      • where Re is selected from the group consisting of: —H; a —C1-6alkyl or —C(O)C1-6alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with halo, —CN, —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, or —CF3; —C(O)CF3; —S(O)0-2—C1-6alkyl; —CO2C1-6alkyl; and a phenyl, monocyclic carbon-linked heteroaryl, monocyclic cycloalkyl, or monocyclic carbon-linked heterocycloalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with —C1-4alkyl, halo, —CN, —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, or —CF3;
    • R4 is —OH, —OC1-6alkyl, —CF3, —C1-6alkyl, or halo;
    • m is 0 or 1;
    • Y is —O—, —OCH2—, —S—, —SO—, or —SO2—;
    • Cyc is a phenyl or monocyclic carbon-linked heteroaryl group, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three Rk moieties;
      • where each Rk moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of: —C1-6alkyl, —CHF2, —CF3, —C2-6alkenyl, —C2-6alkynyl, —OH, —OC1-6alkyl, —OCHF2, —OCF3, —OC3-6alkenyl, —OC3-6alkynyl, —CN, —NO2, —N(Rl)Rm, —N(Rl)C(O)Rm, —N(Rl)SO2C1-6alkyl, —C(O)C1-6alkyl, —S(O)0-2—C1-6alkyl, —C(O)N(Rl)Rm, —SO2N(Rl)Rm, —SCF3, halo, —CO2H, and —CO2C1-6alkyl; or two Rk moieties on adjacent carbon atoms of attachment together are —OC1-4alkyleneO- to form a cyclic ring which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two fluoro substituents;
        • where Rl and Rm are each independently —H or —C1-6alkyl;
    • R5 is —H or —C1-6alkyl;
    • R6 is —H; or —C1-6alkyl, —C3-6alkenyl, —C3-6alkynyl, monocyclic cycloalkyl, or —C1-6alkyl-(monocyclic cycloalkyl), each unsubstituted or substituted with —C1-4alkyl, —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, halo, —NH2, —NH(C1-4alkyl), —N(C1-4alkyl)2, —CN, —CO2H, or —CO2C1-4alkyl; and
    • R7 is —H; or —C1-6alkyl, —C3-6alkenyl, —C3-6alkynyl, monocyclic cycloalkyl, —C1-6alkyl-(monocyclic cycloalkyl), or —CO2C1-4alkyl, each unsubstituted or substituted with —C1-4alkyl, —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, halo, —NH2, —NH(C1-4alkyl), —N(C1-4alkyl)2, —CN, —CO2H, or —CO2C1-4alkyl;
    • or R6 and R7 taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form a saturated monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with —C1-4alkyl, —OC1-4alkyl, or halo;
    • or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, a pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug,
      or a pharmaceutically active metabolite thereof.
  • In a further general aspect, the invention relates to pharmaceutical compositions each comprising: (a) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically active metabolite thereof; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • In another general aspect, the invention is directed to a method of treating a subject suffering from or diagnosed with a disease, disorder, or medical condition mediated by histamine H3 receptor and/or serotonin transporter activity, comprising administering to the subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically active metabolite thereof.
  • In certain preferred embodiments of the inventive method, the disease, disorder, or medical condition is selected from: cognitive disorders, sleep disorders, psychiatric disorders, and other disorders.
  • Additional embodiments, features, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and through practice of the invention.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION
  • The invention may be more fully appreciated by reference to the following description, including the following glossary of terms and the concluding examples. For the sake of brevity, the disclosures of the publications, including patents, cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference.
  • As used herein, the terms “including”, “containing” and “comprising” are used herein in their open, non-limiting sense.
  • The term “alkyl” refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl (Me, which also may be structurally depicted by /), ethyl (Et), n-propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl (tBu), pentyl, isopentyl, tert-pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, and groups that in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples.
  • The term “alkylene” refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkyl group having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain, where two hydrogen atoms are removed to for a diradical. Examples of alkylene groups include methylene (—CH2—), ethylene, n-propylene, isopropylene, butylene, and groups that in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples.
  • The term “alkenyl” refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkenyl group having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain. (The double bond of the alkenyl group is formed by two sp2 hybridized carbon atoms.) Illustrative alkenyl groups include prop-2-enyl, but-2-enyl, but-3-enyl, 2-methylprop-2-enyl, hex-2-enyl, and groups that in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples.
  • The term “alkynyl” refers to a straight- or branched-chain alkynyl group having from 2 to 12 carbon atoms in the chain. (The triple bond of the alkynyl group is formed by two sp hybridized carbon atoms.) Illustrative alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, hexynyl, and groups that in light of the ordinary skill in the art and the teachings provided herein would be considered equivalent to any one of the foregoing examples.
  • The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a saturated or partially saturated, monocyclic, fused polycyclic, or spiro polycyclic carbocycle having from 3 to 12 ring atoms per carbocycle. Illustrative examples of cycloalkyl groups include the following entities, in the form of properly bonded moieties:
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00003
  • A “heterocycloalkyl” refers to a monocyclic, or fused, bridged, or spiro polycyclic ring structure that is saturated or partially saturated and has from 3 to 12 ring atoms per ring structure selected from carbon atoms and up to three heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. The ring structure may optionally contain up to two oxo groups on carbon or sulfur ring members. Illustrative entities, in the form of properly bonded moieties, include:
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00004
  • The term “heteroaryl” refers to a monocyclic, fused bicyclic, or fused polycyclic aromatic heterocycle (ring structure having ring atoms selected from carbon atoms and up to four heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur) having from 3 to 12 ring atoms per heterocycle. Illustrative examples of heteroaryl groups include the following entities, in the form of properly bonded moieties:
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00005
  • Those skilled in the art will recognize that the species of heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkyl groups listed or illustrated above are not exhaustive, and that additional species within the scope of these defined terms may also be selected.
  • The term “halogen” represents chlorine, fluorine, bromine or iodine. The term “halo” represents chloro, fluoro, bromo or iodo.
  • The term “substituted” means that the specified group or moiety bears one or more substituents. The term “unsubstituted” means that the specified group bears no substituents. The term “optionally substituted” means that the specified group is unsubstituted or substituted by one or more substituents. Where the term “substituted” is used to describe a structural system, the substitution is meant to occur at any valency-allowed position on the system. In cases where a specified moiety or group is not expressly noted as being optionally substituted or substituted with any specified substituent, it is understood that such a moiety or group is intended to be unsubstituted.
  • Any formula given herein is intended to represent compounds having structures depicted by the structural formula as well as certain variations or forms. In particular, compounds of any formula given herein may have asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different enantiomeric forms. All optical isomers and stereoisomers of the compounds of the general formula, and mixtures thereof, are considered within the scope of the formula. Thus, any formula given herein is intended to represent a racemate, one or more enantiomeric forms, one or more diastereomeric forms, one or more atropisomeric forms, and mixtures thereof. Furthermore, certain structures may exist as geometric isomers (i.e., cis and trans isomers), as tautomers, or as atropisomers. Additionally, any formula given herein is intended to embrace hydrates, solvates, and polymorphs of such compounds, and mixtures thereof.
  • Any formula given herein is also intended to represent unlabeled forms as well as isotopically labeled forms of the compounds. Isotopically labeled compounds have structures depicted by the formulas given herein except that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having a selected atomic mass or mass number. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine, and chlorine, such as 2H, 3H, 11C, 13C, 14C, 15N, 18O, 17O, 31P, 32P, 35S, 18F, 36Cl, 125I, respectively. Such isotopically labeled compounds are useful in metabolic studies (preferably with 14C), reaction kinetic studies (with, for example 2H or 3H), detection or imaging techniques [such as positron emission tomography (PET) or single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)] including drug or substrate tissue distribution assays, or in radioactive treatment of patients. In particular, an 18F or 11C labeled compound may be particularly preferred for PET or SPECT studies. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium (i.e., 2H) may afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements. Isotopically labeled compounds of this invention and prodrugs thereof can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the schemes or in the examples and preparations described below by substituting a readily available isotopically labeled reagent for a non-isotopically labeled reagent.
  • When referring to any formula given herein, the selection of a particular moiety from a list of possible species for a specified variable is not intended to define the moiety for the variable appearing elsewhere. In other words, where a variable appears more than once, the choice of the species from a specified list is independent of the choice of the species for the same variable elsewhere in the formula.
  • In preferred embodiments of Formula (I), R1b is —(OH2)4—N(R2)R3 or —C≡C—(CH2)2—N(R2)R3.
  • In preferred embodiments, R2 and R3 are each independently —H; or methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, 2-methylpropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl, each unsubstituted or substituted as previously described. In further preferred embodiments, R2 and R3 are each independently —H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-methoxyethyl, 2-methylaminoethyl, 2-dimethylaminoethyl, 2-(cyclopropyl-methyl-amino)-ethyl, 2-pyrrolidin-1-yl-ethyl, 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropyl, 3-dimethylaminopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl. In still further preferred embodiments, R2 and R3 are each independently —H, methyl, or cyclopropyl.
  • In preferred embodiments, Ra and Rb are each independently —H, methyl, or cyclopropyl, or Ra and Rb taken together form pyrrolidinyl.
  • In alternative embodiments, R2 and R3 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-1λ6-thiomorpholin-4-yl, homopiperidinyl, diazepanyl, piperazinonyl, or diazepanonyl, each unsubstituted or substituted as previously described. In certain preferred embodiments, R2 and R3 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form azetidinyl, 3,3-difluoroazetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, 2-methylpyrrolidinyl, 3-hydroxypyrrolidinyl, 3-dimethylaminopyrrolidinyl, 2,5-dimethylpyrrolidinyl, 2-trifluoromethylpyrrolidinyl, 2-hydroxymethylpyrrolidinyl, 3,3-difluoropyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, 3-fluoropiperidinyl, 4-fluoropiperidinyl, 3,3-difluoropiperidinyl, 4,4-difluoropiperidinyl, 3-trifluoromethylpiperidinyl, 4-trifluoromethylpiperidinyl, 1,4-dioxa-8-aza-spiro[4.5]dec-8-yl, 4-cyanopiperidinyl, 4-carboethoxypiperidinyl, 3-hydroxypiperidinyl, 4-hydroxypiperidinyl, 2-hydroxymethylpiperidinyl, 3-hydroxymethylpiperidinyl, 4-hydroxymethylpiperidinyl, 3-hydroxyethylpiperidinyl, 4-hydroxyethylpiperidinyl, 4-dimethylaminopiperidinyl, 4-morpholin-4-yl-piperidin-1-yl, morpholinyl, 2-methylmorpholin-4-yl, 3-methylmorpholin-4-yl, 2,6-dimethylmorpholin-4-yl, 3-hydroxymethylmorpholin-4-yl, 2-hydroxymethylmorpholin-4-yl, piperazinyl, 4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-ethyl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-(2-fluoroethyl)-piperazin-1-yl, 4-isopropyl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-cyclopropyl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-cyclobutyl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-cyclopentyl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl, 4-(2-methoxyethyl)-piperazin-1-yl, 4-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)piperazin-1-yl, 4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl, 4-(2-hydroxyphenyl)piperazinyl, 4-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl, 4-thiazol-2-yl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-(2-thiophenyl)piperazinyl, 4-pyridin-4-yl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl, 4-isobutyryl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-piperazin-2-onyl, 1-isopropyl-4-piperazin-2-onyl, 1-cyclopropyl-4-piperazin-2-onyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-1λ6-thiomorpholin-4-yl, 4-isopropyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl, 4-cyclopropyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl, 1-isopropyl-4-diazepan-5-onyl, or 1-cyclopropyl-4-diazepan-5-onyl. In further preferred embodiments, R2 and R3 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form piperidinyl, 4-fluoropiperidinyl, morpholinyl, 4-isopropyl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-cyclopropyl-piperazin-1-yl, 4-piperazin-2-onyl, 1-isopropyl-4-piperazin-2-onyl, 4-isopropyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl, or thiomorpholinyl.
  • In preferred embodiments, each Rd moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of: methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxyethyl, fluoro, methoxy, dimethylamino, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, acetyl, trifluoromethyl, —CO2H, and —CO2-methyl.
  • In preferred embodiments, Rg and Rh are each independently —H, methyl, ethyl, or isopropyl, or Rg and Rh taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpolinyl, or thiomorpholinyl.
  • In preferred embodiments, Re is selected from the group consisting of: —H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, 2-fluoroethyl, hydroxyethyl, methoxypropyl, acetyl, tert-butoxycarbonyl, phenyl, 4-pyridyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and piperidinyl. In further preferred embodiments, Re is selected from the group consisting of: —H, isopropyl, and cyclopropyl.
  • Preferably, R4 is hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, pentyloxy, —CF3, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isobutyl, pentyl, chloro, or fluoro.
  • More preferably, R4 is hydroxy, methyl, methoxy, fluoro, or —CF3.
  • Preferably, m is 0 or 1.
  • In preferred embodiments, Y is —O— or —S—.
  • In preferred embodiments, Cyc is a phenyl or pyridyl group unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three Rk moieties. In further preferred embodiments, Cyc is a thiophenyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, or pyrazinyl group unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three Rk moieties.
  • In further preferred embodiments, Cyc is phenyl, 2-hydroxyphenyl, 3-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, 4-hydroxy-2-methylphenyl, 4-hydroxy-3-fluorophenyl, 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl, 2-methoxyphenyl, 3-methoxyphenyl, 4-methoxyphenyl, 4-ethoxyphenyl, 2,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 2,5-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,5-dimethoxyphenyl, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl, 2-methylphenyl, 3-methylphenyl, 4-methylphenyl, 4-ethylphenyl, 3-ethynylphenyl, 4-ethynylphenyl, 2-chlorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 2-fluorophenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 3-bromophenyl, 4-bromophenyl, 3-iodophenyl, 4-iodophenyl, 2,3-difluorophenyl, 2,4-difluorophenyl, 3,4-difluorophenyl, 2,3-dichlorophenyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, 2,5-dichlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 3,5-dichlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-3-chlorophenyl, 2-fluoro-4-chlorophenyl, 2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-fluoro-4-chlorophenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl, 3-chloro-4-methoxyphenyl, 2-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 3-fluoro-4-methoxyphenyl, 3-chloro-4-difluoromethoxyphenyl, 4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 2-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 4-trifluoromethoxyphenyl, 4-difluoromethoxyphenyl, 2-cyanophenyl, 3-cyanophenyl, 4-cyanophenyl, 3-acetylphenyl, 4-acetylphenyl, 3-nitrophenyl, 4-nitrophenyl, 4-aminophenyl, 4-dimethylaminophenyl, 4-carbamoylphenyl, 4-methanesulfanylphenyl, 4-methanesulfinylphenyl, 4-methanesulfonylphenyl, 4-trifluoromethanesulfanylphenyl, 3-methyl-4-methylsulfanylphenyl, benzo[1,3]dioxol-4-yl, benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl, thiophen-2-yl, thiophen-3-yl, oxazol-5-yl, thiazol-5-yl, thiazol-2-yl, 2H-pyrazol-3-yl, 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, 4-pyridinyl, 4-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-yl, 2,6-dimethyl-pyridin-3-yl, 6-methyl-pyridin-3-yl, 2-chloro-5-pyridinyl, 2-dimethylamino-5-pyridinyl, 6-methoxy-pyridin-3-yl, 6-methylsulfanyl-pyridin-3-yl, 2-hydroxy-5-pyridinyl, 6-bromo-pyridin-3-yl, or pyrazin-2-yl.
  • In certain particular embodiments, Cyc is phenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 4-chlorophenyl, 3,4-dichlorophenyl, 2-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 4-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-chloro-3-trifluoromethylphenyl, 4-methanesulfanylphenyl, 3-methyl-4-methanesulfanylphenyl, 2-pyridinyl, 3-pyridinyl, or 6-methyl-3-pyridinyl.
  • In preferred embodiments, each Rk moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of: methyl, methoxy, fluoro, chloro, trifluoromethyl, methanesulfanyl, trifluoromethanesulfanyl, cyano, and trifluoromethoxy.
  • In preferred embodiments, Rl and Rm are each independently —H or methyl.
  • In preferred embodiments, R5 is —H or methyl. In further preferred embodiments, R5 is —H.
  • In preferred embodiments, R6 is —H, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl, each unsubstituted or substituted as previously described. In further preferred embodiments, R6 is —H.
  • In preferred embodiments, R7 is —H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, or tert-butoxycarbonyl, each unsubstituted or substituted as previously described. In further preferred embodiments, R7 is methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, or cyclopentyl. In still further preferred embodiments, R7 is methyl or cyclopropyl.
  • In alternative embodiments, R6 and R7 taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiomorpholinyl, 1,1-dioxo-1λ6-thiomorpholin-4-yl, homopiperidinyl, diazepanyl, or homomorpholinyl, each unsubstituted or substituted as previously described. In further preferred embodiments, R6 and R7 taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form piperidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, morpholinyl, or homomorpholinyl.
  • In certain preferred embodiments, the compound of Formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of:
  • Ex. Chemical Name
    1 [2-(3,4-Dichloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-
    benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    2 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-piperidin-1-yl-
    but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-amine;
    3 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-
    but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-amine;
    4 Methyl-[2-(3-methyl-4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-
    4-yl-but-1 -ynyl)-benzyl]-amine;
    5 [2-(4-Chloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-
    methyl- amine;
    6 Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-phenoxy-benzyl]-amine;
    7 Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(4-
    trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-amine;
    8 [2-(3-Fluoro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-
    benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    9 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-thiomorpholin-4-
    yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-amine;
    10 [5-[4-(4-lsopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-but-1-ynyl]-2-
    (4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    11 [5-[4-(4-Fluoro-piperidin-1-yl)-but-1-ynyl]-2-
    (4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    12 [2-(3-Chloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-
    benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    13 [5-[4-(4-Cyclopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-but-1-ynyl]-2-
    (4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    14 Cyclopropyl-{4-[3-methylaminomethyl-4-(4-methylsulfanyl-
    phenoxy)-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-amine;
    15 Cyclopropyl-{4-[4-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-3-
    methylaminomethyl-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-amine;
    16 Cyclopropyl-methyl-{4-[3-methylaminomethyl-4-(4-
    methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-amine;
    17 N,N-Dicyclopropyl-{4-[4-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-3-
    methylaminomethyl-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-amine;
    18 Cyclopropyl-{4-[4-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-3-
    methylaminomethyl-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-methyl-amine;
    19 4-{4-[3-Methylaminomethyl-4-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-
    phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-piperazin-2-one;
    20 [5-[4-(4-Isopropyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-but-1-ynyl]-
    2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    21 Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(pyridin-3-yloxy)-
    benzyl]-amine;
    22 [2-(4-Chloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-
    benzyl]-cyclopropyl-amine;
    23 Cyclopropyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(pyridin-
    3-yloxy)-benzyl]-amine;
    24 Methyl-[2-(6-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-
    yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-amine;
    25 1-Isopropyl-4-{4-[3-methylaminomethyl-4-(4-methylsulfanyl-
    phenoxy)-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-piperazin-2-one;
    26 [2-(3,4-Dichloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-thiomorpholin-4-yl-but-1-
    ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    27 [2-(4-Chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-
    4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    28 [2-(2-Chloro-4-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-
    4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    29 {2-(3,4-Dichloro-phenoxy)-5-[4-(4-fluoro-piperidin-1-yl)-
    but-1-ynyl]-benzyl}-methyl-amine;
    30 Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(pyridin-2-yloxy)-
    benzyl]-amine;
    31 [2-(4-Chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-
    benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    32 [5-[4-(4-Cyclopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-butyl]-2-
    (4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    33 [5-[4-(4-Isopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-butyl]-2-
    (4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine;
    34 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-thiomorpholin-
    4-yl-butyl)-benzyl]-amine;
    35 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-piperidin-1-
    yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester;
    36 Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-
    pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl)-benzyl]-amine; and
    37 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-4-(4-morpholin-4-
    yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-amine;

    and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
  • The present invention also relates to a compound of Formula (I) that is a compound of the following Formula (II):
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00006
  • wherein
    • R2 and R3 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a saturated monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted on a carbon ring member with one, two, or three Rd moieties and substituted on a nitrogen ring member with an Re moiety;
      • where each Rd moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of: —C1-6alkyl; —C1-4alkyl-OH; halo; —OH; —OC1-6alkyl; ipso-substituted —OC2-3alkylO—; —CN; —NO2; —N(Rg)Rh; —C(O)N(Rg)Rh; —N(Rg)SO2C1-6alkyl; —C(O)C1-6alkyl; —S(O)0-2—C1-6alkyl; —SO2N(Rg)Rh; —SCF3; —CF3; —OCF3; —CO2H; and —CO2C1-6alkyl;
        • where Rg and Rh are each independently —H or —C1-6alkyl, or Rg and Rh taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group; and
      • where Re is selected from the group consisting of: —H; a —C1-6alkyl or —C(O)C1-6alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with halo, —CN, —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, or —CF3; —C(O)CF3; —S(O)0-2—C1-6alkyl; —CO2C1-6alkyl; and a phenyl, monocyclic carbon-linked heteroaryl, monocyclic cycloalkyl, or monocyclic carbon-linked heterocycloalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with —C1-4alkyl, halo, —CN, —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, or —CF3;
        and Cyc, Y, R5, R6, and R7 are defined as for Formula (I);
        or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically active metabolite of such compound.
  • In preferred embodiments of Formula (II), Y is —O—. In further preferred embodiments, Cyc is a phenyl or pyridyl group unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three Rk moieties.
  • The invention includes also pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds represented by Formula (I), preferably of those described above and of the specific compounds exemplified herein, and methods of treatment using such salts.
  • A “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” is intended to mean a salt of a free acid or base of a compound represented by Formula (I) that is non-toxic, biologically tolerable, or otherwise biologically suitable for administration to the subject. See, generally, S. M. Berge, et al., “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci., 1977, 66:1-19, and Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts, Properties, Selection, and Use, Stahl and Wermuth, Eds., Wiley-VCH and VHCA, Zurich, 2002. Preferred pharmaceutically acceptable salts are those that are pharmacologically effective and suitable for contact with the tissues of patients without undue toxicity, irritation, or allergic response. A compound of Formula (I) may possess a sufficiently acidic group, a sufficiently basic group, or both types of functional groups, and accordingly react with a number of inorganic or organic bases, and inorganic and organic acids, to form a pharmaceutically acceptable salt. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts include sulfates, pyrosulfates, bisulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, phosphates, monohydrogen-phosphates, dihydrogenphosphates, metaphosphates, pyrophosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates, propionates, decanoates, caprylates, acrylates, formates, isobutyrates, caproates, heptanoates, propiolates, oxalates, malonates, succinates, suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates, butyne-1,4-dioates, hexyne-1,6-dioates, benzoates, chlorobenzoates, methyl benzoates, dinitrobenzoates, hydroxybenzoates, methoxybenzoates, phthalates, sulfonates, xylenesulfonates, phenylacetates, phenylpropionates, phenylbutyrates, citrates, lactates, γ-hydroxybutyrates, glycolates, tartrates, methane-sulfonates, propanesulfonates, naphthalene-1-sulfonates, naphthalene-2-sulfonates, and mandelates.
  • If the compound of Formula (I) contains a basic nitrogen, the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method available in the art, for example, treatment of the free base with an inorganic acid, such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, sulfamic acid, nitric acid, boric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like, or with an organic acid, such as acetic acid, phenylacetic acid, propionic acid, stearic acid, lactic acid, ascorbic acid, maleic acid, hydroxymaleic acid, isethionic acid, succinic acid, valeric acid, fumaric acid, malonic acid, pyruvic acid, oxalic acid, glycolic acid, salicylic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, a pyranosidyl acid, such as glucuronic acid or galacturonic acid, an alpha-hydroxy acid, such as mandelic acid, citric acid, or tartaric acid, an amino acid, such as aspartic acid or glutamic acid, an aromatic acid, such as benzoic acid, 2-acetoxybenzoic acid, naphthoic acid, or cinnamic acid, a sulfonic acid, such as laurylsulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, any compatible mixture of acids such as those given as examples herein, and any other acid and mixture thereof that are regarded as equivalents or acceptable substitutes in light of the ordinary level of skill in this technology.
  • If the compound of Formula (I) is an acid, such as a carboxylic acid or sulfonic acid, the desired pharmaceutically acceptable salt may be prepared by any suitable method, for example, treatment of the free acid with an inorganic or organic base, such as an amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metal hydroxide, alkaline earth metal hydroxide, any compatible mixture of bases such as those given as examples herein, and any other base and mixture thereof that are regarded as equivalents or acceptable substitutes in light of the ordinary level of skill in this technology. Illustrative examples of suitable salts include organic salts derived from amino acids, such as glycine and arginine, ammonia, carbonates, bicarbonates, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, and cyclic amines, such as benzylamines, pyrrolidines, piperidine, morpholine, and piperazine, and inorganic salts derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese, iron, copper, zinc, aluminum, and lithium.
  • The invention also relates to pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs of the compounds of Formula (I), and treatment methods employing such pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs. The term “prodrug” means a precursor of a designated compound that, following administration to a subject, yields the compound in vivo via a chemical or physiological process such as solvolysis or enzymatic cleavage, or under physiological conditions (e.g., a prodrug on being brought to physiological pH is converted to the compound of Formula (I)). A “pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug” is a prodrug that is non-toxic, biologically tolerable, and otherwise biologically suitable for administration to the subject. Illustrative procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in “Design of Prodrugs”, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.
  • Examples of prodrugs include compounds having an amino acid residue, or a polypeptide chain of two or more (e.g., two, three or four) amino acid residues, covalently joined through an amide or ester bond to a free amino, yridine, or carboxylic acid group of a compound of Formula (I). Examples of amino acid residues include the twenty naturally occurring amino acids, commonly designated by three letter symbols, as well as 4-hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, demosine, isodemosine, 3-methylhistidine, norvalin, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, citrulline, homocysteine, homoserine, ornithine and methionine sulfone.
  • Additional types of prodrugs may be produced, for instance, by derivatizing free carboxyl groups of structures of Formula (I) as amides or alkyl esters. Examples of amides include those derived from ammonia, primary C1-6alkyl amines and secondary di(C1-6alkyl)amines. Secondary amines include 5- or 6-membered heterocycloalkyl or heteroaryl ring moieties. Examples of amides include those that are derived from ammonia, C1-3alkyl primary amines, and di(C1-2alkyl)amines. Examples of esters of the invention include C1-7alkyl, C6-7cycloalkyl, phenyl, and phenyl(C1-6alkyl)esters. Preferred esters include methyl esters. Prodrugs may also be prepared by derivatizing free hydroxy groups using groups including hemisuccinates, phosphate esters, dimethylaminoacetates, and phosphoryloxymethyloxycarbonyls, following procedures such as those outlined in Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 1996, 19, 115. Carbamate derivatives of hydroxy and amino groups may also yield prodrugs. Carbonate derivatives, sulfonate esters, and sulfate esters of hydroxy groups may also provide prodrugs. Derivatization of hydroxy groups as (acyloxy)methyl and (acyloxy)ethyl ethers, wherein the acyl group may be an alkyl ester, optionally substituted with one or more ether, amine, or carboxylic acid functionalities, or where the acyl group is an amino acid ester as described above, is also useful to yield prodrugs. Prodrugs of this type may be prepared as described in J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 10. Free amines can also be derivatized as amides, sulfonamides or phosphonamides. All of these prodrug moieties may incorporate groups including ether, amine, and carboxylic acid functionalities.
  • The present invention also relates to pharmaceutically active metabolites of compounds of Formula (I), and uses of such metabolites in the methods of the invention. A “pharmaceutically active metabolite” means a pharmacologically active product of metabolism in the body of a compound of Formula (I) or salt thereof. Prodrugs and active metabolites of a compound may be determined using routine techniques known or available in the art. See, e.g., Bertolini, et al. J. Med. Chem. 1997, 40, 2011-2016; Shan, et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 1997, 86 (7), 765-767; Bagshawe, Drug Dev. Res. 1995, 34, 220-230; Bodor, Adv. Drug Res. 1984, 13, 224-331; Bundgaard, Design of Prodrugs (Elsevier Press, 1985); and Larsen, Design and Application of Prodrugs, Drug Design and Development (Krogsgaard-Larsen, et al., eds., Harwood Academic Publishers, 1991).
  • The compounds of Formula (I) and their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrugs, and pharmaceutically active metabolites of the present invention are useful as modulators of the histamine H3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter in the methods of the invention. Accordingly, the invention relates to methods of using the compounds of the invention to treat subjects diagnosed with or suffering from a disease, disorder, or condition mediated by histamine H3 receptor and/or serotonin transporter activity, such as those described herein.
  • The term “treat” or “treating” as used herein is intended to refer to administration of a compound or composition of the invention to a subject for the purpose of effecting a therapeutic or prophylactic benefit through modulation of histamine H3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter activity. Treating includes reversing, ameliorating, alleviating, inhibiting the progress of, lessening the severity of, or preventing a disease, disorder, or condition, or one or more symptoms of such disease, disorder or condition mediated through modulation of histamine H3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter activity. The term “subject” refers to a mammalian patient in need of such treatment, such as a human. “Modulators” include both inhibitors and activators, where “inhibitors” refer to compounds that decrease, prevent, inactivate, desensitize or down-regulate histamine H3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter expression or activity, and “activators” are compounds that increase, activate, facilitate, sensitize, or up-regulate histamine H3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter expression or activity.
  • Accordingly, the invention relates to methods of using the compounds described herein to treat subjects diagnosed with or suffering from a disease, disorder, or condition mediated by histamine H3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter activity, such as: cognitive disorders, sleep disorders, psychiatric disorders, and other disorders. Symptoms or disease states are intended to be included within the scope of “medical conditions, disorders, or diseases.”
  • Cognitive disorders include, for example, dementia, Alzheimer's disease (Panula, P. et al., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1995, 21, 1977), cognitive dysfunction, mild cognitive impairment (pre-dementia), attention deficit hyperactivity disorders (ADHD), attention-deficit disorders, and learning and memory disorders (Barnes, J. C. et al., Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 1993, 19, 1813). Learning and memory disorders include, for example, learning impairment, memory impairment, age-related cognitive decline, and memory loss. H3 antagonists have been shown to improve memory in a variety of memory tests, including the elevated plus maze in mice (Miyazaki, S. et al. Life Sci. 1995, 57(23), 2137-2144), a two-trial place recognition task (Orsetti, M. et al. Behav. Brain Res. 2001, 124(2), 235-242), the passive avoidance test in mice (Miyazaki, S. et al. Meth. Find. Exp. Clin. Pharmacol. 1995, 17(10), 653-658) and the radial maze in rats (Chen, Z. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. 2000, 21(10), 905-910). Also, in the spontaneously hypertensive rat, an animal model for the learning impairments in attention-deficit disorders, H3 antagonists were shown to improve memory (Fox, G. B. et al. Behav. Brain Res. 2002, 131(1-2), 151-161).
  • Sleep disorders include, for example, insomnia, disturbed sleep, narcolepsy (with or without associated cataplexy), cataplexy, disorders of sleep/wake homeostasis, idiopathic somnolence, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), circadian rhythm disorders, fatigue, lethargy, jet lag, and REM-behavioral disorder. Fatigue and/or sleep impairment may be caused by or associated with various sources, such as, for example, sleep apnea, perimenopausal hormonal shifts, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), depression, chemotherapy, or shift work schedules.
  • Psychiatric disorders include, for example, schizophrenia (Schlicker, E. and Marr, I., Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch. Pharmacol. 1996, 353, 290-294), bipolar disorders, manic disorders, depression (Lamberti, C. et al. Br. J. Pharmacol. 1998, 123(7), 1331-1336; Perez-Garcia, C. et al. Psychopharmacology 1999, 142(2), 215-220) (Also see: Stark, H. et al., Drugs Future 1996, 21(5), 507-520; and Leurs, R. et al., Prog. Drug Res. 1995, 45, 107-165 and references cited therein), obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
  • Other disorders include, for example, motion sickness, vertigo (e.g. vertigo or benign postural vertigo), epilepsy (Yokoyama, H. et al., Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1993, 234, 129-133), migraine, neurogenic inflammation, eating disorders (Machidori, H. et al., Brain Res. 1992, 590, 180-186), obesity, substance abuse disorders, tinitus, movement disorders (e.g. restless leg syndrome), eye-related disorders (e.g. macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosis), and sexual dysfunction (including premature ejaculation).
  • Particularly, as modulators of the histamine H3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter, the compounds of the present invention are useful in the treatment or prevention of depression, disturbed sleep, narcolepsy, fatigue, lethargy, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, memory loss, learning impairment, attention-deficit disorders, and eating disorders.
  • In a treatment method according to the invention, an effective amount of a compound according to the invention is administered to a subject suffering from or diagnosed as having such a disease, disorder, or condition. An “effective amount” means an amount or dose sufficient to generally bring about the desired therapeutic or prophylactic benefit in patients in need of such treatment.
  • Effective amounts or doses of the compounds of the present invention may be ascertained by routine methods such as modeling, dose escalation studies or clinical trials, and by taking into consideration routine factors, e.g., the mode or route of administration or drug delivery, the pharmacokinetics of the agent, the severity and course of the disease, disorder, or condition, the subject's previous or ongoing therapy, the subject's health status and response to drugs, and the judgment of the treating physician. An exemplary dose is in the range of from about 0.001 to about 200 mg of compound per kg of subject's body weight per day, preferably about 0.05 to 100 mg/kg/day, or about 1 to 35 mg/kg/day, or about 0.1 to 10 mg/kg daily in single or divided dosage units (e.g., BID, TID, QID). For a 70-kg human, an illustrative range for a suitable dosage amount is from about 0.05 to about 7 g/day, or about 0.2 to about 2.5 g/day.
  • Once improvement of the patient's disease, disorder, or condition has occurred, the dose may be adjusted for preventative or maintenance treatment. For example, the dosage or the frequency of administration, or both, may be reduced as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect is maintained. Of course, if symptoms have been alleviated to an appropriate level, treatment may cease. Patients may, however, require intermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence of symptoms.
  • In addition, the compounds of the invention may be used in combination with additional active ingredients in the treatment of the above conditions. In an exemplary embodiment, additional active ingredients are those that are known or discovered to be effective in the treatment of conditions, disorders, or diseases mediated by histamine H3 receptor and/or the serotonin transporter activity or that are active against another target associated with the particular condition, disorder, or disease, such as H1 receptor antagonists, H2 receptor antagonists, H3 receptor antagonists, topiramate (Topamax™), and neurotransmitter modulators such as serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), noradrenergic reuptake inhibitors, non-selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (NSSRIs), acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (such as tetrahydroaminoacridine, Donepezil (Aricept™), Rivastigmine, or Galantamine (Reminyl™)), or modafinil. The combination may serve to increase efficacy (e.g., by including in the combination a compound potentiating the potency or effectiveness of a compound according to the invention), decrease one or more side effects, or decrease the required dose of the compound according to the invention.
  • More particularly, compounds of the invention in combination with modafinil are useful for the treatment of narcolepsy, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), Alzheimer's disease, depression, attention-deficit disorders, MS-related fatigue, post-anesthesia grogginess, cognitive impairment, schizophrenia, spasticity associated with cerebral palsy, age-related memory decline, idiopathic somnolence, or jet-lag. Preferably, the combination method employs doses of modafinil in the range of about 20 to 300 mg per dose.
  • The compounds of the invention are used, alone or in combination with one or more other active ingredients, to formulate pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. A pharmaceutical composition of the invention comprises: (a) an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug, or pharmaceutically active metabolite thereof; and (b) a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
  • A “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to a substance that is non-toxic, biologically tolerable, and otherwise biologically suitable for administration to a subject, such as an inert substance, added to a pharmacological composition or otherwise used as a vehicle, carrier, or diluent to facilitate administration of a compound of the invention and that is compatible therewith. Examples of excipients include calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils, and polyethylene glycols.
  • Delivery forms of the pharmaceutical compositions containing one or more dosage units of the compounds of the invention may be prepared using suitable pharmaceutical excipients and compounding techniques now or later known or available to those skilled in the art. The compositions may be administered in the inventive methods by oral, parenteral, rectal, topical, or ocular routes, or by inhalation.
  • The preparation may be in the form of tablets, capsules, sachets, dragees, powders, granules, lozenges, powders for reconstitution, liquid preparations, or suppositories. Preferably, the compositions are formulated for intravenous infusion, topical administration, or oral administration.
  • For oral administration, the compounds of the invention can be provided in the form of tablets or capsules, or as a solution, emulsion, or suspension. To prepare the oral compositions, the compounds may be formulated to yield a dosage of, e.g., from about 0.05 to about 100 mg/kg daily, or from about 0.05 to about 35 mg/kg daily, or from about 0.1 to about 10 mg/kg daily.
  • Oral tablets may include a compound according to the invention mixed with pharmaceutically acceptable excipients such as inert diluents, disintegrating agents, binding agents, lubricating agents, sweetening agents, flavoring agents, coloring agents and preservative agents. Suitable inert fillers include sodium and calcium carbonate, sodium and calcium phosphate, lactose, starch, sugar, glucose, methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, mannitol, sorbitol, and the like. Exemplary liquid oral excipients include ethanol, glycerol, water, and the like. Starch, polyvinyl-pyrrolidone (PVP), sodium starch glycolate, microcrystalline cellulose, and alginic acid are suitable disintegrating agents. Binding agents may include starch and gelatin. The lubricating agent, if present, may be magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. If desired, the tablets may be coated with a material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate to delay absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, or may be coated with an enteric coating.
  • Capsules for oral administration include hard and soft gelatin capsules. To prepare hard gelatin capsules, compounds of the invention may be mixed with a solid, semi-solid, or liquid diluent. Soft gelatin capsules may be prepared by mixing the compound of the invention with water, an oil such as peanut oil, sesame oil, or olive oil, liquid paraffin, a mixture of mono and di-glycerides of short chain fatty acids, polyethylene glycol 400, or propylene glycol.
  • Liquids for oral administration may be in the form of suspensions, solutions, emulsions or syrups or may be presented as a dry product for reconstitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use. Such liquid compositions may optionally contain: pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients such as suspending agents (for example, sorbitol, methyl cellulose, sodium alginate, gelatin, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, aluminum stearate gel and the like); non-aqueous vehicles, e.g., oil (for example, almond oil or fractionated coconut oil), propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, or water; preservatives (for example, methyl or propyl p-hydroxybenzoate or sorbic acid); wetting agents such as lecithin; and, if desired, flavoring or coloring agents.
  • The compounds of this invention may also be administered by non-oral routes. For example, the compositions may be formulated for rectal administration as a suppository. For parenteral use, including intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or subcutaneous routes, the compounds of the invention may be provided in sterile aqueous solutions or suspensions, buffered to an appropriate pH and isotonicity or in parenterally acceptable oil. Suitable aqueous vehicles include Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride. Such forms will be presented in unit-dose form such as ampules or disposable injection devices, in multi-dose forms such as vials from which the appropriate dose may be withdrawn, or in a solid form or pre-concentrate that can be used to prepare an injectable formulation. Illustrative infusion doses may range from about 1 to 1000 μg/kg/minute of compound, admixed with a pharmaceutical carrier over a period ranging from several minutes to several days.
  • For topical administration, the compounds may be mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier at a concentration of about 0.1% to about 10% of drug to vehicle. Another mode of administering the compounds of the invention may utilize a patch formulation to affect transdermal delivery.
  • Compounds of the invention may alternatively be administered in methods of this invention by inhalation, via the nasal or oral routes, e.g., in a spray formulation also containing a suitable carrier.
  • Exemplary compounds useful in methods of the invention will now be described by reference to the illustrative synthetic schemes for their general preparation below and the specific examples that follow. Artisans will recognize that, to obtain the various compounds herein, starting materials may be suitably selected so that the ultimately desired substituents will be carried through the reaction scheme with or without protection as appropriate to yield the desired product. Alternatively, it may be necessary or desirable to employ, in the place of the ultimately desired substituent, a suitable group that may be carried through the reaction scheme and replaced as appropriate with the desired substituent. Unless otherwise specified, the variables are as defined above in reference to Formula (I). Reactions may be performed between the melting point and the reflux temperature of the solvent, and preferably between 0° C. and the reflux temperature of the solvent.
  • Table of Acronyms and Abbreviations
    Term Acronym or Abbreviation
    tert-Butoxycarbonyl Boc
    Dichloromethane DCM
    1,2-Dichloroethane DCE
    Diethyl azodicarboxylate DEAD
    Diisopropyl azodicarboxylate DIAD
    N,N-Dimethylformamide DMF
    Diethyl ether Et2O
    Ethanol EtOH
    Ethyl acetate EtOAc
    Ethylene glycol dimethyl ether DME
    Methanol MeOH
    Tetrahydrofuran THF
    Trifluoroacetic acid TFA
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00007
  • Referring to Scheme A, halo-fluorobenzenes A1, where HAL is Br or I, are commercially available or are prepared according to methods known to one skilled in the art. Aromatic substitution of compounds A1 with Cyc-YH in the presence of a suitable base such as K2CO3, Na2CO3, or Cs2CO3, in a solvent such as DMF, DME, or toluene, or a mixture thereof, at temperatures between room temperature and the reflux temperature of the solvent, provides aryl bromides A3. Bromides A3 are reacted with amines A4 to form benzyl amines A5 under reductive amination conditions known to one skilled in the art. Preferred conditions include a reducing agent such as NaBH4, NaCNBH3, or NaBH(Oac)3, in a solvent such as MeOH, EtOH, or DCE, and with optional additives such as acetic acid or a Lewis acid. Where a primary amine H2NR7 is used for the reductive amination, the resulting benzyl amine may be protected in a subsequent step with a suitable nitrogen protecting group, such as a Boc or other suitable carbamoyl group, under conditions known to one skilled in the art. Coupling with alkynes A6 (where group Q is —NR2R3, a protected amino group, or surrogate such as —OH or a protected hydroxyl (where PG is a suitable protecting group)), is accomplished under Sonogashira conditions to form phenyl alkynes A7. Preferred conditions include the use of a suitable base such as Et3N or iPr2Net, a palladium catalyst such as (PPh3)2PdCl2, a suitable metal catalyst such as CuI, in a solvent such as DMF, DME, or toluene, at temperatures between room temperature and the reflux temperature of the solvent. Alkynes A7 are reduced to alkanes A8 in the presence of hydrogen gas or an equivalent and a metal catalyst such as palladium or platinum on carbon, in a solvent such as MeOH or EtOH. Where group Q is a protected amino group, —OH, or —O(PG), one skilled in the art will recognize that Q may be transformed into —NR2R3 using general deprotection methods, such as 1) acidic or hydrogenation conditions, or 2) activation to a bromide, chloride, or tosylation and alkylation with HNR2R3, optionally followed by further alkylation or reductive amination, to prepare other embodiments of Formula (I). Where the synthesis provides compounds where Y is —S—, oxidation to the corresponding sulfoxides and sulfones (Y is —SO— or —SO2—) may be performed under conditions known in the art.
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00008
  • Referring to Scheme B, phenols or thiophenols B1 may be converted to amines B2 by reductive amination methods, optionally followed by protection of the resulting amine, as described in Scheme A. Alkylation of phenols and thiophenols B2 with CycCH2X (B3, where X is a suitable leaving group, such as Br, Cl, Ots, or the like), in the presence of a suitable base such as K2CO3, Na2CO3, NaH, or the like, in a solvent such as CH3CN or THF, provides aryl bromides A5, where Y is —OCH2—. In another embodiment, phenols or thiophenols B2 may be reacted under Mitsunobu conditions with CycCH2X, in the presence of PPh3 and DEAD or DIAD, in a solvent such as CH3CN or THF, to form aryl bromides A5, where Y is —OCH2—. Aromatic substitution with activated CycBr reagents (where Cyc is a suitable heteroaryl group) may be accomplished in the presence of a suitable base such as K2CO3, Na2CO3, or Cs2CO3, in the presence of dehydryating agents such as molecular sieves or Ca2O or a mixture thereof, and salicylaldoxime, in a solvent such as DMF, DME, or toluene, or a mixture thereof, at temperatures between room temperature and the reflux temperature of the solvent, to form aryl bromides A5 where Y is —O— or —S—. Aryl bromides A5 may be processed into compounds of Formula (I) as described in Scheme A.
  • One skilled in the art will recognize that several of the chemical transformations depicted in the above Schemes may be performed in a different order than that shown above. One skilled in the art will also recognize that compounds A7 and A8 where Q is —NR2R3 are within the scope of Formula (I).
  • Additional applicable methodologies are described in U.S. Pat. Publ. US 2006/0194837 A1, U.S. Pat. Publ. US 2006/0293316 A1, and U.S. Pat. Publ. US 2006/0287292 A1.
  • Compounds of Formula (I) may be converted to their corresponding salts using methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, amines of Formula (I) may be treated with trifluoroacetic acid, HCl, or citric acid in a solvent such as Et2O, DCM, THF, or MeOH to provide the corresponding salt forms.
  • Compounds prepared according to the schemes described above may be obtained as single enantiomers, diastereomers, or regioisomers, by enantio-, diastero-, or regiospecific synthesis, or by resolution. Compounds prepared according to the schemes above may alternately be obtained as racemic (1:1) or non-racemic (not 1:1) mixtures or as mixtures of diastereomers or regioisomers. Where racemic and non-racemic mixtures of enantiomers are obtained, single enantiomers may be isolated using conventional separation methods known to one skilled in the art, such as chiral chromatography, recrystallization, diastereomeric salt formation, derivatization into diastereomeric adducts, biotransformation, or enzymatic transformation. Where regioisomeric or diastereomeric mixtures are obtained, single isomers may be separated using conventional methods such as chromatography or crystallization.
  • The following examples are provided to further illustrate the invention and various preferred embodiments.
    • EXAMPLES Chemistry
  • Where solutions or mixtures are “concentrated”, they are typically concentrated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator.
  • Normal phase flash column chromatography (FCC) was typically performed with RediSep® silica gel columns using 2 M NH3 in MeOH/DCM as eluent, unless otherwise indicated.
  • Preparative Reversed-Phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was typically performed using a Gilson® instrument with a YMC-Pack ODS-A, 5 μm, 75×30 mm column, a flow rate of 25 mL/min, detection at 220 and 254 nm, with a 15% to 99% acetonitrile/water/0.05% TFA gradient.
  • Analytical Reversed-Phase HPLC was typically performed using 1) a Hewlett Packard Series 1100 instrument with an Agilent ZORBAX® Bonus RP, 5 μm, 4.6×250 mm column, a flow rate of 1 mL/min, detection at 220 and 254 nm, with a 1% to 99% acetonitrile/water/0.05% TFA gradient; or 2) a Hewlett Packard HPLC instrument with an Agilent ZORBAX® Eclipse XDB-C8, 5 μm, 4.6×150 mm column, a flow rate of 1 mL/min, detection at 220 and 254 nm, with a 1% to 99% acetonitrile/water/0.05% TFA gradient.
  • Where trifluoroacetic acid salts were obtained, they were obtained from preparative reversed-phase HPLC or from deprotection of a Boc group with TFA in a final step. Where hydrochloride salts were obtained, they were obtained by treatment of a solution of the corresponding free base in DCM with an excess of 2.5 M HCl in MeOH, and concentration of the reaction solution.
  • In obtaining the characterization data described in the examples below, the following analytical protocols were followed as indicated.
  • Mass spectra were obtained on an Agilent series 1100 MSD using electrospray ionization (ESI) in either positive or negative modes as indicated.
  • Calculated mass corresponds to the exact mass.
  • NMR spectra were obtained on either a Bruker model DPX400 (400 MHz), DPX500 (500 MHz), DRX600 (600 MHz) spectrometer. The format of the 1H NMR data below is: chemical shift in ppm down field of the tetramethylsilane reference (multiplicity, coupling constant J in Hz, integration).
  • Chemical names were generated using ChemDraw Ultra 6.0.2 (CambridgeSoft Corp., Cambridge, Mass.).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00009
    • Example 1 [2-(3,4-Dichloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • Step A: 5-Bromo-2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-benzaldehyde. To a solution of 5-bromo-2-fluoro-benzaldehyde (5.13 g, 25.4 mmol) in DMF (25 mL) were added K2CO3 (7.15 g, 51.8 mmol) and 3,4-dichloro-phenol (4.67 g, 28.8 mmol). The mixture was heated at 90° C. for 24 h and then was allowed to cool to room temperature (rt). Water was added and the mixture was extracted with Et2O. The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO4) and concentrated. The residue was diluted with DCM and hexanes and the resulting solid was collected by vacuum filtration to provide the desired product (4.74 g, 54%). 1H NMR (CDCl3): 10.36 (s, 1H), 8.06 (d, J=2.5, 1H), 7.67 (dd, J=8.8, 2.6, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 7.17 (d, J=2.8, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J=8.8, 2.8, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.8, 1H).
  • Step B: [5-Bromo-2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine. To a mixture of 5-bromo-2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-benzaldehyde (4.74 g, 13.8 mmol) in MeOH (250 mL) was added MeNH2 (40% aq.; 20 mL, 260 mmol), and the resulting mixture was stirred at rt until homogeneous. The mixture was cooled to 0° C. and treated with NaBH4 (1.05 g, 27.8 mmol) portionwise. After 24 h, the mixture was concentrated and the residue was diluted with 1 N NaOH and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The crude product was purified by FCC to provide the desired product (4.80 g, 97%). MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C14H12BrCl2NO, 358.95; m/z found, 360.1 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.61 (d, J=2.5, 1H), 7.40-7.37 (m, 2H), 7.03 (d, J=2.8, 1H), 6.82-6.79 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.30-1.21 (m, 1H).
  • Step C: [5-Bromo-2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. To a solution of [5-bromo-2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine (4.61 g, 12.8 mmol) in DCM (250 mL) were added Et3N (3.6 mL, 25.8 mmol) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (3.44 g, 15.8 mmol). After 1 h, the mixture was diluted with 1 N NaOH and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The crude material was carried forward without purification (6.35 g, >100%). 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.47-7.31 (m, 3H), 7.03 (d, J=2.8, 1H), 6.80-6.74 (m, 2H), 4.46-4.32 (m, 2H), 2.93-2.78 (m, 3H), 1.45 (br s, 9H).
  • Step D: [2-(3,4-Dichloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. A mixture of [5-bromo-2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (291 mg, 0.63 mmol), Et3N (1.0 mL, 73 mmol), (PPh3)2PdCl2 (53.2 mg, 0.0758 mmol), CuI (45 mg, 0.24 mmol), and 4-but-3-ynyl-morpholine (300 μL, 2.15 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was heated for 2 h at 100° C., cooled to rt, and concentrated. Purification by FCC gave the desired product along with a small amount of triphenylphosphine oxide. The material was used directly in the next step.
  • Step E. To a solution of [2-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (95.6 mg, 0.18 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (1 mL). After 30 min, the mixture was concentrated and the residue was purified by FCC to give the desired product (67.7 mg, 89%). MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H24Cl2N2O2, 418.12; m/z found, 419.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.49-7.47 (m, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 7.27 (dd, J=8.3, 2.0, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=2.8, 1H), 6.82-6.78 (m, 2H), 3.75-3.69 (m, 6H), 2.70-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.51 (m, 4H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 1.80-1.69 (m, 1H).
  • The compounds in Examples 2-29 were prepared by a sequence similar to that described in Example 1.
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00010
    • Example 2 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-piperidin-1-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C24H30N2OS, 394.21; m/z found, 395.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.43 (d, J=2.5, 1H), 7.27-7.21 (m, 3H), 6.89 (d, J=9.3, 2H), 6.74 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 2.70-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.63-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.53-2.46 (m, 7H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 1.65-1.58 (m, 4H), 1.49-1.41 (m, 2H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00011
    • Example 3 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C23H28N2O2S, 396.19; m/z found, 397.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.43 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.27-7.20 (m, 3H), 6.89 (d, J=8.7, 2H), 6.75 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.75-3.72 (m, 6H), 2.68-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.61-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.51 (m, 4H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.42 (s, 3H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00012
    • Example 4 Methyl-[2-(3-methyl-4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C24H30N2O2S, 410.20; m/z found, 411.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.43 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1, 1H), 7.18-7.14 (m, 1H), 6.82-6.77 (m, 2H), 6.73 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.81 (s, 2H), 3.75-3.70 (m, 4H), 2.69-2.56 (m, 4H), 2.55-2.50 (m, 4H), 2.46-2.43 (m, 6H), 2.32 (s, 3H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00013
    • Example 5 [2-(4-Chloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H26ClN2O2, 384.16; m/z found, 385.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.46 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=8.9, 2H), 7.26 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.9, 2H), 6.76 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.76-3.73 (m, 4H), 2.70-2.65 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.58 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.52 (m, 4H), 2.46 (s, 3H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00014
    • Example 6 Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-phenoxy-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H26N2O2, 350.20; m/z found, 351.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.44 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.35-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.23 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1, 1H), 7.13-7.07 (m, 1H), 6.97-6.92 (m, 2H), 6.77 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.76 (s, 2H), 3.75-3.71 (m, 4H), 2.68-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.50 (m, 4H), 2.42 (s, 3H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00015
    • Example 7 Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C23H25F3N2O2, 418.19; m/z found, 419.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.57 (d, J=8.6, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.30 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1, 1H), 7.00 (d, J=8.5, 2H), 6.84 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.76-3.72 (m, 6H), 2.69-2.59 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.51 (m, 4H), 2.43 (s, 3H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00016
    • Example 8 [2-(3-Fluoro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H25FN2O2, 368.19; m/z found, 369.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.47 (d, J=2.3, 1H), 7.30-7.23 (m, 2H), 6.85-6.77 (m, 2H), 6.74-6.70 (m, 1H), 6.67-6.63 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.71 (m, 6H), 2.69-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.63-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.51 (m, 4H), 2.43 (s, 3H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00017
    • Example 9 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-thiomorpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C23H28N2OS2, 412.16; m/z found, 413.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.43 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.29-7.20 (m, 3H), 6.89 (d, J=8.8, 2H), 6.74 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 2.83-2.78 (m, 4H), 2.73-2.66 (m, 6H), 2.58-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.00 (br s, 1H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00018
    • Example 10 [5-[4-(4-Isopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-but-1-ynyl]-2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C26H35N3OS, 437.25; m/z found, 438.9 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.43 (d, J=1.9, 1H), 7.27-7.20 (m, 3H), 6.89 (d, J=8.7, 2H), 6.74 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 2.71-2.64 (m, 4H), 2.63-2.52 (m, 9H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.02 (br s, 1H), 1.06 (d, J=6.5, 6H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00019
    • Example 11 [5-[4-(4-Fluoro-piperidin-1-yl)-but-1-ynyl]-2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C24H29FN2OS, 412.20; m/z found, 413.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.44 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.27 (d, J=9.3, 2H), 7.24 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.7, 2H), 6.76 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 4.77-4.62 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 2.71-2.65 (m, 4H), 2.61-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.51-2.45 (m, 5H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.00-1.86 (m, 4H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00020
    • Example 12 [2-(3-Chloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H25ClN2O2, 384.16; m/z found, 385.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.47 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 2H), 7.10-7.06 (m, 1H), 6.95-6.93 (m, 1H), 6.86-6.82 (m, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 3.78-3.71 (m, 6H), 2.70-2.51 (m, 8H), 2.44 (s, 3H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00021
    • Example 13 [5-[4-(4-Cyclopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-but-1-ynyl]-2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C26H33N3OS, 435.23; m/z found, 436.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.41 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.27-7.20 (m, 3H), 8.89 (d, J=8.8, 2H), 6.74 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.74 (br s, 2H), 2.72-2.64 (m, 6H), 2.61-2.50 (m, 5H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.43-2.39 (m, 3H), 1.82-1.70 (m, 6H), 1.64-1.59 (m, 1H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00022
    • Example 14 Cyclopropyl-{4-[3-methylaminomethyl-4-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-Phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H26N2OS, 366.18; m/z found, 367.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.44 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.26-7.21 (m, 3H), 6.89 (d, J=8.8, 2H), 6.74 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 2.92 (t, J=6.7, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=6.6, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.22-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.78 (m, 2H), 0.48-0.40 (m, 2H), 0.39-0.34 (m, 2H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00023
    • Example 15 Cyclopropyl-{4-[4-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-3-methylaminomethyl-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C21H22Cl2N2O, 388.11; m/z found, 389.2 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.50 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=2.8, 1H), 6.83-6.80 (m, 2H), 3.72 (s, 2H), 2.95 (t, J=6.7, 2H), 2.64 (t, J=6.6, 2H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.27-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.75 (m, 2H), 0.50-0.46 (m, 2H), 0.41-0.37 (m, 2H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00024
    • Example 16 Cyclopropyl-methyl-{4-[3-methylaminomethyl-4-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C23H28N2OS, 380.19; m/z found, 381.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.43 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.26-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.43 (dd, J=8.3, 2.1, 1H), 6.91-6.84 (m, 2H), 6.73 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.79 (5, 2H), 2.83 (t, J=7.3, 2H), 2.70 (br s, 1H), 2.59 (t, J=8.1, 2H), 2.47 (5, 3H), 2.43 (5, 3H), 2.39 (5, 3H), 1.89-1.69 (m, 1H), 0.50-0.46 (m, 2H), 0.44-0.41 (m, 2H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00025
    • Example 17 N,N-Dicyclopropyl-{4-[4-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-3-methylaminomethyl-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C24H28Cl2N2O, 428.14; m/z found, 428.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.47 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.36 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 7.27 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1, 1H), 7.03 (d, J=2.8, 1H), 6.82-6.79 (m, 2H), 3.71 (5, 2H), 3.03-2.99 (m, 2H), 2.71-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.42 (5, 3H), 2.01-1.96 (m, 2H), 0.50-0.45 (m, 4H), 0.44-0.40 (m, 4H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00026
    • Example 18 Cyclopropyl-{4-[4-(3,4-dichloro-phenoxy)-3-methylaminomethyl-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H24Cl2N2O, 402.13; m/z found, 403.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.48 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.38 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 7.29 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=2.8, 1H), 6.84 (dd, J=8.8, 2.8, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 4.28 (br s, 1H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 2.85 (t, J=7.2, 2H), 2.61 (t, J=8.1, 2H), 2.45 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.72-1.67 (m, 1H), 0.52-0.41 (m, 4H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00027
    • Example 19 4-{4-[3-Methylaminomethyl-4-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-piperazin-2-one
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C23H27N3O2S, 409.18; m/z found, 410.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.41 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.26-7.19 (m, 2H), 6.88 (d, J=8.8, 2H), 6.73 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 6.66 (br s, 1H), 3.74 (s, 2H), 3.39-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.22 (s, 2H), 2.76-2.69 (m, 4H), 2.62-2.56 (m, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 1.91 (br s, 2H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00028
    • Example 20 [5-[4-(4-Isopropyl-[1,4]diazepan-1-yl)-but-1-ynyl]-2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C27H37N3OS, 451.27; m/z found, 452.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.43 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.26 (d, J=8.8, 2H), 7.22 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.7, 2H), 6.74 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 3.27-3.18 (m, 1H), 3.01-2.89 (m, 6H), 2.88-2.79 (m, 5H), 2.57 (t, J=7.4, 2H), 2.48 (s, 3H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 2.00-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.15 (d, J=6.6, 6H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00029
    • Example 21 Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(pyridine-3-yloxy)-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C21H25N3O2, 351.19; m/z found, 352.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 8.38-8.36 (m, 2H), 7.48 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.29-7.24 (m, 3H), 6.78 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.77 (5, 2H), 3.75-3.72 (m, 4H), 2.70-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.51 (m, 4H), 2.44 (5, 3H), 1.76-1.65 (m, 1H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00030
    • Example 22 [2-(4-Chloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-cyclopropyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C24H27ClN2O2, 410.18; m/z found, 411.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.44 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.29 (d, J=9.0, 2H), 7.24 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.9, 2H), 6.75 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.87 (5, 2H), 3.76-3.71 (m, 5H), 2.72-2.66 (m, 2H), 2.63-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.59-2.54 (m, 4H), 2.52-2.48 (m, 1H), 0.48-0.43 (m, 4H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00031
    • Example 23 Cyclopropyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(pyridine-3-yloxy)-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C23H27N3O2, 377.21; m/z found, 378.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (MeOD): 8.85-8.64 (m, 2H), 8.27 (dd, J=8.7, 1.9, 1H), 8.07-8.03 (m, 1H), 7.76 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.56 (dd, J=8.6, 2.0, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 4.43 (s, 2H), 4.11-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.89-3.78 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.47 (t, J=7.2, 2H), 3.30-3.19 (m, 2H), 3.04-2.99 (t, J=7.2, 2H), 2.84-2.80 (m, 1H), 0.97-0.88 (m, 4H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00032
    • Example 24 Methyl-[2-(6-methyl-pyridin-3-yloxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H27N3O2, 365.21; m/z found, 366.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 8.23 (d, J=2.7, 1H), 7.42 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.21 (dd, J=8.4, 2.1, 1H), 7.14 (dd, J=8.5, 2.8, 1H), 7.09 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 6.69 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.75 (s, 2H), 3.72-3.68 (m, 4H), 2.65-2.61 (m, 2H), 2.58-2.49 (m, 2H), 2.51 (s, 3H), 2.51-2.48 (m, 4H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 2.07 (br s, 1H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00033
    • Example 25 1-Isopropyl-4-{4-[3-methylaminomethyl-4-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-phenyl]-but-3-ynyl}-piperazin-2-one
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C26H33N3O2S, 451.23; m/z found, 452.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.44 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.26 (d, J=8.7, 2H), 7.23 (dd, J=8.4, 2.2, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.7, 2H), 6.74 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 4.90-4.83 (m, 1H), 3.78 (s, 2H), 3.26-3.22 (m, 4H), 2.77-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.71-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.61-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.47 (s, 3H), 2.44 (s, 3H), 1.92-1.78 (m, 1H), 1.13 (d, J=6.9, 6H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00034
    • Example 26 [2-(3,4-Dichloro-phenoxy)-5-(4-thiomorpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H24Cl2N2OS, 434.10; m/z found, 435.7 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.47 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 7.27 (dd, J=10.5, 2.1, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=2.8, 1H), 6.82-6.78 (m, 2H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 2.84-2.79 (m, 4H), 2.75-2.67 (m, 6H), 2.60-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 1.59 (br s, 1H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00035
    • Example 27 [2-(4-Chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C23H24ClF3N2O2, 452.15; m/z found, 453.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.49 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 7.31-7.27 (m, 2H), 7.04 (dd, J=8.8, 2.9, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=8.4, 1H), 3.77 (s, 2H), 3.75-3.71 (m, 4H), 2.68-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.61-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.55-2.51 (m, 4H), 2.45 (s, 3H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00036
    • Example 28 [2-(2-Chloro-4-fluoro-phenoxy)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H24ClFN2O2, 402.15; m/z found, 403.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.45 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.24-7.20 (m, 2H), 7.07-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.49 (d, J=8.5, 1H), 3.94 (s, 2H), 3.74-3.70 (m, 4H), 2.68-2.62 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.55 (m, 2H), 2.54-2.50 (m, 7H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00037
    • Example 29 {2-(3,4-Dichloro-phenoxy)-5-[4-(4-fluoro-piperidin-1-yl)-but-1-ynyl]-benzyl}-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C23H25Cl2FN2O, 434.13; m/z found, 435.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.44 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.8, 1H), 7.24 (dd, J=8.3, 2.1, 1H), 7.00 (d, J=2.8, 1H), 6.79-6.74 (m, 2H), 4.72-4.57 (m, 1H), 3.70 (s, 2H), 2.76 (br s, 1H), 2.66-2.59 (m, 4H), 2.57-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.39 (s, 3H), 1.94-1.82 (m, 4H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00038
    • Example 30 Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(pyridine-2-yloxy)-benzyl]-amine
  • Step A: 4-Bromo-2-methylaminomethyl-phenol. The title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step B, using 5-bromo-2-hydroxy-benzaldehyde. MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C8H10BrNO, 214.99; m/z found, 216.2, 218.2 [M+H]+.
  • Step B: (5-Bromo-2-hydroxy-benzyl)-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. The title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step C (8.11 g, 67% over 2 steps). 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.29 (dd, J=8.6, 2.5, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=2.5, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 4.25 (s, 2H), 2.88 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 9H).
  • Step C: [5-Bromo-2-(pyridine-2-yloxy)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. A mixture of (5-bromo-2-hydroxy-benzyl)-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (581 mg, 1.22 mmol), 2-bromopyridine (238 μL, 2.44 mmol), Cs2CO3 (795 mg, 2.44 mmol), powdered 3 Å molecular sieves (366 mg), salicylaldoxime (33.5 mg, 0.244 mmol), Ca2O (9 mg, 0.06 mmol), and DMF (3 mL) was heated at 100° C. for 24 h. After cooling to rt, the mixture was diluted with DCM, filtered through diatomaceous earth, and concentrated. FCC purification (EtOAc/hexanes) gave the desired product (321 mg, 67%). 1H NMR (CDCl3, mixture of rotamers): 8.17-8.12 (m, 1H), 7.74-7.66 (m, 1H), 7.44-7.38 (m, 2H), 7.04-6.90 (m, 3H), 4.44-4.32 (m, 2H), 2.88-2.75 (m, 3H), 1.52-1.40 (m, 9H).
  • Step D: Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(pyridine-2-yloxy)-benzyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. The title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step D. 1H NMR (CDCl3, mixture of rotamers): 8.17-8.13 (m, 1H), 7.73-7.64 (m, 1H), 7.36-7.30 (m, 2H), 7.02-6.96 (m, 2H), 6.89 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 4.44-4.34 (m, 2H), 3.75-3.71 (m, 4H), 2.88-2.72 (m, 3H), 2.68-2.63 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.51 (m, 4H), 1.50-1.39 (m, 9H).
  • Step E. The title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step E. MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C21H25N3O2, 351.19; m/z found, 352.7 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 8.16 (ddd, J=5.0, 2.0, 0.70, 1H), 7.72-7.67 (m, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.31 (dd, J=8.3, 2.1, 1H), 7.02-6.95 (m, 2H), 6.93-6.90 (m, 1H), 3.76-3.71 (m, 4H), 3.67 (s, 2H), 2.69-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.51 (m, 4H), 2.38 (s, 3H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00039
    • Example 31 [2-(4-Chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • Step A: 5-Bromo-2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzaldehyde. The title compound was prepared in a similar fashion as Example 1, Step A, using 4-chloro-benzenethiol. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 10.30 (s, 1H), 7.99 (d, J=2.3, 1H), 7.52 (dd, J=8.5, 2.3, 1H), 7.40-7.33 (m, 4H), 6.95 (d, J=8.5, 1H).
  • Step B: [5-Bromo-2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine. The title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step B, using 5-bromo-2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzaldehyde. MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C14H13BrClNS, 340.96; m/z found, 342.1 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.59 (d, J=2.2, 1H), 7.32 (dd, J=8.3, 2.3, 1H), 7.26-7.23 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.13 (m, 2H), 7.11 (d, J=8.3, 1H), 3.80 (s, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H).
  • Step C: [5-Bromo-2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. The title compound was prepared in a similar fashion as Example 1, Step C, beginning with [5-bromo-2-(4-chloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzyl]-methyl-amine. 1H NMR (CDCl3, mixture of rotamers): 7.39-7.34 (m, 2H), 7.26-7.17 (m, 3H), 7.12-7.06 (m, 2H), 4.59-4.41 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.75 (m, 3H), 1.55-1.37 (m, 9H).
  • Step D. The title compound was prepared in a similar fashion as Example 1, Steps D and E, beginning with [5-bromo-2-(3,4-dichloro-phenylsulfanyl)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H25ClN2OS, 400.14; m/z found, 401.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.51-7.48 (m, 1H), 7.28-7.23 (m, 3H), 7.19-7.14 (m, 3H), 4.00-3.96 (m, 2H), 3.75-3.71 (m, 4H), 2.69-2.56 (m, 4H), 2.56-2.50 (m, 7H), 2.17 (s, 1H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00040
    • Example 32 [5-[4-(4-Cyclopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-butyl]-2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • Step A: [5-[4-(4-Cyclopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-butyl]-2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester. To a degassed solution of [5-[4-(4-cyclopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-butyl]-2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (68.0 mg, 0.127 mmol) {prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Steps A-D} in MeON (2 mL) was added 5% Pd/C (84 mg). A H2 balloon was fitted to the flask and the mixture was stirred overnight. The mixture was filtered through diatomaceous earth and the filtrate was concentrated. Purification by FCC followed by reverse phase chromatography gave the desired product (33.6 mg, 49%). MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C31H45N3O3S, 539.32; m/z found, 540.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.21 (d, J=8.6, 2H), 7.10-6.98 (m, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=8.7, 2H), 6.77 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 4.45-4.36 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.75 (m, 4H), 2.71-2.54 (m, 6H), 2.51-2.35 (m, 6H), 2.34-2.30 (m, 2H), 1.63-1.48 (m, 5H), 1.46-1.38 (m, 9H), 0.43-0.36 (m, 4H).
  • Step B. The title compound was prepared in an analogous fashion to Example 1, Step E. MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C26H37N3OS, 439.27; m/z found, 440.9 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.23 (d, J=8.8, 2H), 7.18 (d, J=2.1, 1H), 7.00 (dd, J=8.2, 2.2, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=8.8, 2H), 6.78 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 3.71 (5, 2H), 2.70-2.57 (m, 6H), 2.45 (5, 4H), 2.41 (5, 4H), 2.36-2.31 (m, 3H), 1.84-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.66-1.57 (m, 3H), 1.55-1.48 (m, 2H), 0.45-0.38 (m, 4H).
  • The compounds in Examples 33-34 were prepared by a sequence similar to that described in Example 32.
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00041
    • Example 33 [5-[4-(4-Isopropyl-piperazin-1-yl)-butyl]-2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-benzyl]-methyl-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C26H39N3OS, 441.28; m/z found, 442.4 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.24 (d, J=8.8, 2H), 7.19 (d, J=2.0, 1H), 7.02 (dd, J=8.3, 2.2, 1H), 6.87 (d, J=8.8, 2H), 6.79 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 3.71 (5, 2H), 2.68-2.50 (m, 8H), 2.47 (5, 3H), 2.41 (5, 3H), 2.38-2.32 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.69 (m, 4H), 1.67-1.49 (m, 4H), 1.05 (d, J=6.5, 6H).
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00042
    • Example 34 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-thiomorpholin-4-yl-butyl)-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C23H32N2OS2, 416.20; m/z found, 417.3 [M+H]+. 1H NMR (CDCl3): 7.24 (d, J=8.8, 2H), 7.18 (d, J=1.9, 1H), 7.01 (dd, J=8.2, 1.9, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=8.8, 2H), 6.78 (d, J=8.2, 1H), 3.71 (s, 2H), 2.70-2.65 (m, 8H), 2.60 (t, J=7.3, 2H), 2.46 (s, 3H), 2.41 (br s, 2H), 2.36 (t, J=7.5, 2H), 1.79 (br s, 2H), 1.63-1.58 (m, 2H), 1.54-1.49 (m, 2H).
  • The compounds in Examples 35-36 were prepared using methods analogous to those described in the preceding examples.
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00043
    • Example 35 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-5-(4-piperidin-1-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-carbamic acid tert-butyl ester
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C29H38N2O3S, 494.26; m/z found, 495.4 [M+H]+.
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00044
    • Example 36 Methyl-[5-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-2-(4-trifluoromethyl-pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl)-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C22H24F3N3OS, 435.16; m/z found, 436.8 [M+H]+.
  • Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00045
    • Example 37 Methyl-[2-(4-methylsulfanyl-phenoxy)-4-(4-morpholin-4-yl-but-1-ynyl)-benzyl]-amine
  • MS (ESI): mass calcd. for C28H32N2O2S, 396.19; m/z found, 397.3 [M+H]+.
    • Biological Methods:
  • Compounds were generally tested as the free base, hydrochloride salt, TFA salt, or citrate salt form.
    • H3 Receptor Binding
  • Binding of compounds to the cloned human and rat H3 receptors, stably expressed in SK-N-MC cells, was performed as described by Barbier, A. J. et al. (Br. J. Pharmacol. 2004, 143(5), 649-661). Data for compounds tested in this assay are presented in Table 1.
    • Rat Brain SERT
  • A rat brain without cerebellum (Zivic Laboratories, Inc. —Pittsburgh, Pa.) was homogenized in a 52.6 mM Tris pH 8/126.4 mM NaCl/5.26 mM KCl mixture and centrifuged at 1,000 rpm for 5 min. The supernatant was removed and re-centrifuged at 15,000 rpm for 30 min. Pellets were re-homogenized in a 52.6 mM Tris pH8/126.4 mM NaCl/5.26 mM KCl mixture. Membranes were incubated with 0.6 nM [3H]-Citalopram plus/minus test compounds for 60 min at 25° C. and harvested by rapid filtration over GF/C glass fiber filters (pretreated with 0.3% polyethylenimine) followed by four washes with ice-cold buffer. Nonspecific binding was defined in the presence of 100 μM fluoxetine. IC50 values were determined by a single site curve-fitting program (GraphPad, San Diego, Calif.) and converted to K values based on a [3H]-Citalopram Kd of 0.6 nM and a ligand concentration of 0.6 nM. Data for compounds tested in this assay are presented in Table 1 (NT=not tested).
  • TABLE 1
    Human H3 Rat SERT
    EX Ki (nM) Ki (nM)
    1 11 2.4
    2 1.7 0.7
    3 11 0.9
    4 11 1.8
    5 7 1.1
    6 5.7 11
    7 7.3 2.0
    8 3 10
    9 5.4 0.9
    10 31 0.5
    11 6.0 0.6
    12 3.0 3.0
    13 52 2.0
    14 17 0.3
    15 17 1.8
    16 6.1 1.3
    17 100 40
    18 9.7 6.4
    19 864 0.4
    20 93 0.7
    21 2 7
    22 10 5
    23 0.7 18
    24 4 1.9
    25 1867 1.0
    26 13 5.7
    27 13 7.3
    28 6.0 3.4
    29 14 2.1
    30 6 200
    31 32 1
    32 4.7 0.6
    33 5.2 0.4
    34 9.7 0.9
    35 46 24
    36 190 32
    37 423 1.8
    • Human SERT
  • Homogenized HEK293 (Human Embryonic Kidney) membranes expressing the human SERT were incubated with 3H-citalopram (SERT) at rt for 1 h in 50 mM Tris, 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl (pH 7.4). Nonspecific binding was determined in the presence of 10 μM fluoxetine for the SERT. The membranes were washed and the radioactivity was counted as above. Calculations for Ki at the SERT were based on a Kd value for 3H-citalopram and a ligand concentration of 3.1 nM. Data for compounds tested in this assay are presented in Table 2.
  • TABLE 2
    Human SERT
    EX Ki (nM)
    1 1.8
    2 0.7
    3 0.8
    4 1.9
    5 1.2
    6 30
    7 2.7
    8 24
    9 2.5
    10 13
    11 0.9
    12 7.3
    13 3.5
    14 12
    15 1.4
    16 1.1
    18 5.9
    19 1.6
    20 3.6
    23 58
    24 5
    25 1.2
    26 6.7
    27 17
    28 3.6
    29 27
    32 2.0
    33 1.4
    34 1.9
    37 3.4
    • Cyclic AMP Accumulation
  • Sublines of SK-N-MC cells were created that expressed a reporter construct and the human H3 receptor. The reporter gene (3-galactosidase) is under the control of multiple cyclic AMP responsive elements. In 96-well plates, histamine was added directly to the cell media followed 5 min later by an addition of forskolin (5 μM final concentration). When appropriate, antagonists were added 10 min prior to agonist addition. After a 6-h incubation at 37° C., the media was aspirated and the cells washed with 200 μL of phosphate-buffered saline followed by a second aspiration. Cells were lysed with 25 μL 0.1× assay buffer (10 mM Na-phosphate, pH 8, 0.2 mM MgSO4, 0.01 mM MnCl2) and incubated at rt for 10 min. Cells were then incubated for 10 min with 100 μL of 1× assay buffer containing 0.5% Triton and 40 mM J3-mercaptoethanol. Color was developed using 25 μL of 1 mg/mL substrate solution (chlorophenolred 13-D galactopyranoside; Roche Molecular Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Ind.). Color was quantitated on a microplate reader at absorbance 570 nM. The pA2 values were calculated by Schild regression analysis of the pEC50 values and are presented for compounds tested in Table 3.
  • TABLE 3
    EX pA2
    2 8.61
    3 7.95
    5 7.97
    6 8.14
    7 7.90
    8 8.45
    11 8.12
    12 8.58
    16 9.10
    23 9.6
    27 7.89
    28 8.78
    30 8.5

Claims (12)

1-38. (canceled)
39. A method of treating a subject suffering from or diagnosed with a disease, disorder, or medical condition mediated by histamine H3 receptor and/or serotonin transporter activity, comprising administering to the subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I):
Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00046
wherein
one of R1a and R1b is
Figure US20100256122A1-20101007-C00047
 and the other is —H;
R2 and R3 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: —H; a —C1-6alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, —NH2, —N(Ra)Rb, or —F; —CO2C1-4alkyl; and a monocyclic cycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with —C1-4alkyl, —OH, halo, or —CF3;
where Ra and Rb are each independently —H, —C1-6alkyl, or monocyclic cycloalkyl, or Ra and Rb taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group;
provided that R2 and R3 are not both H;
or, alternatively,
R2 and R3 taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached form a saturated monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted on a carbon ring member with one, two, or three Rd moieties and substituted on a nitrogen ring member with an Re moiety;
where each Rd moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of: —C1-6alkyl; —C1-4alkyl-OH; halo; —OH; —OC1-6alkyl; ipso-substituted —OC2-3alkylO—; —CN; —NO2; —N(Rg)Rh; —C(O)N(Rg)Rh; —N(Rg)SO2C1-6alkyl; —C(O)C1-6alkyl; —S(O)0-2—C1-6alkyl; —SO2N(Rg)Rh; —SCF3; —CF3; —OCF3; —CO2H; and —CO2C1-6alkyl;
where Rg and Rh are each independently —H or —C1-6alkyl, or Rg and Rh taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group; and
where Re is selected from the group consisting of: —H; a —C1-6alkyl or —C(O)C1-6alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with halo, —CN, —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, or —CF3; —C(O)CF3; —S(O)0-2—C1-6alkyl; —CO2C1-6alkyl; and a phenyl, monocyclic carbon-linked heteroaryl, monocyclic cycloalkyl, or monocyclic carbon-linked heterocycloalkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with —C1-4alkyl, halo, —ON, —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, or —CF3;
R4 is —OH, —OC1-6alkyl, —CF3, —C1-6alkyl, or halo;
m is 0 or 1;
Y is —O—, —OCH2—, —S—, —SO—, or —SO2—;
Cyc is a phenyl or monocyclic carbon-linked heteroaryl group, unsubstituted or substituted with one, two, or three Rk moieties;
where each Rk moiety is independently selected from the group consisting of: —C1-6alkyl, —CHF2, —CF3, —C2-6alkenyl, —C2-6alkynyl, —OH, —OC1-6alkyl, —OCHF2, —OCF3, —OC3-6alkenyl, —OC3-6alkynyl, —ON, —NO2, —N(Rl)Rm, —N(Rl)C(O)Rm, —N(Rl)SO2C1-6alkyl, —C(O)C1-6alkyl, —C(O)N(Rl)Rm, —SO2N(Rl)Rm, —SCF3, halo, —CO2H, and —CO2C1-6alkyl; or two Rk moieties on adjacent carbon atoms of attachment together are —OC1-4alkyleneO- to form a cyclic ring which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or two fluoro substituents;
where Rl and Rm are each independently —H or —C1-6alkyl;
R5 is —H or —C1-6alkyl;
R6 is —H; or —C1-6alkyl, —C3-6alkenyl, —C3-6alkynyl, monocyclic cycloalkyl, or —C1-6alkyl-(monocyclic cycloalkyl), each unsubstituted or substituted with —C1-4alkyl, —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, halo, —NH2, —NH(C1-4alkyl), —N(C1-4alkyl)2, —CN, —CO2H, or —CO2C1-4alkyl; and
R7 is —H; or —C1-6alkyl, —C3-6alkenyl, —C3-6alkynyl, monocyclic cycloalkyl, —C1-6alkyl-(monocyclic cycloalkyl), or —CO2C1-4alkyl, each unsubstituted or substituted with —C1-4alkyl, —OH, —OC1-4alkyl, halo, —NH2, —NH(C1-4alkyl), —N(C1-4alkyl)2, —CN, —CO2H, or —CO2C1-4alkyl;
or R6 and R7 taken together with their nitrogen of attachment form a saturated monocyclic heterocycloalkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with —C1-4alkyl, —OC1-4alkyl, or halo;
or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or pharmaceutically acceptable prodrug thereof.
40. The method according to claim 39, wherein the disease, disorder, or medical condition is selected from the group consisting of: cognitive disorders, sleep disorders, psychiatric disorders, and other disorders.
41. The method according to claim 39, wherein the disease, disorder, or medical condition is selected from the group consisting of: dementia, Alzheimer's disease, cognitive dysfunction, mild cognitive impairment, pre-dementia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorders, attention-deficit disorders, and learning and memory disorders.
42. The method according to claim 39, wherein the disease, disorder, or medical condition is selected from the group consisting of: learning impairment, memory impairment, and memory loss.
43. The method according to claim 39, wherein the disease, disorder, or medical condition is selected from the group consisting of: insomnia, disturbed sleep, narcolepsy with or without associated cataplexy, cataplexy, disorders of sleep/wake homeostasis, idiopathic somnolence, excessive daytime sleepiness, circadian rhythm disorders, fatigue, lethargy, and jet lag.
44. The method according to claim 39, wherein the disease, disorder, or medical condition is selected from the group consisting of: sleep apnea, perimenopausal hormonal shifts, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, depression, chemotherapy, and shift work schedules.
45. The method according to claim 39, wherein the disease, disorder, or medical condition is selected from the group consisting of: schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, manic disorders, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
46. The method according to claim 39, wherein the disease, disorder, or medical condition is selected from the group consisting of: motion sickness, vertigo, epilepsy, migraine, neurogenic inflammation, eating disorders, obesity, substance abuse disorders, and sexual dysfunction.
47. The method according to claim 39, wherein the disease, disorder, or medical condition is selected from the group consisting of: depression, disturbed sleep, fatigue, lethargy, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, memory loss, learning impairment, attention-deficit disorders, and eating disorders.
48. (canceled)
49. The method according to claim 39, wherein the disease, disorder, or medical condition is selected from the group consisting of: age-related cognitive decline, REM-behavioral disorder, benign postural vertigo, tinitus, movement disorders, restless leg syndrome, eye-related disorders, macular degeneration, and retinitis pigmentosis.
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