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US20100249367A1 - Benzotriazole containing donor-acceptor type polymer as a multi-purpose material - Google Patents

Benzotriazole containing donor-acceptor type polymer as a multi-purpose material Download PDF

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US20100249367A1
US20100249367A1 US12/749,894 US74989410A US2010249367A1 US 20100249367 A1 US20100249367 A1 US 20100249367A1 US 74989410 A US74989410 A US 74989410A US 2010249367 A1 US2010249367 A1 US 2010249367A1
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Levent Kamil Toppare
Abidin Balan
Derya Baran
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Definitions

  • This invention is about a material which provides to observe all colors necessary for display technologies in a very small potential range.
  • the material is a derivative of benzotriazole containing donor acceptor type conducting polymer which is soluble, fluorescent and can be used in LEDs, solar cells, electrochromic devices, smart windows to and many other technologies.
  • Multicolors can be achieved with minor structural variations on the material.
  • Multichromic polymers have become a major field of research due their potential use in many different applications like display systems and smart windows.
  • n-doped semiconducting polymers will have a great impact since it will open the way for the fabrication of light emitting diodes, bipolar transistors, and polymeric analogue of silicon weld effective transistors. [16, 17]
  • the polymers synthesized up to date mainly absorb/reflect blue and red colors in the reduced state. Conversely, to obtain a green colored polymer in the reduced state, one should have two absorption bands centered at the blue and red regions of the visible spectrum and moreover, these absorption bands should be manipulated in the same manner at applied potentials that have been disclosed.
  • FIG. 1 Repeated potential-scan electropolymerization of TBT in 0.1 M ACN/TBAPF 6 solvent-electrolyte system at a scan rate of 100 mVs ⁇ 1 on ITO electrode.
  • FIG. 2 Scan rate dependence of PI film in ACN/TBAPF 6 at: (a) 100, (b) 150, (c) 200, (d) 250 and (e) 300 mVs ⁇ 1
  • FIG. 3 Electronic absorption spectra and the colors of PI film on ITO coated glass slide in monomer free 0.1M TBAPF 6 /ACN electrolyte-solvent couple at applied potentials (V).
  • V Electrolyte-solvent couple at applied potentials
  • n-doping (a) ⁇ 1.84, (b) ⁇ 1.85, (c) ⁇ 1.86, (d) ⁇ 1.87, (e) ⁇ 1.88, (f) ⁇ 1.89 V.
  • FIG. 4 Electrochromic switching: optical absorbance change monitored at 503, 700 and 1271 nm for PI in 0.1 M TBAPF 6 /ACN while switching between its fully reduced and oxidized states.
  • FIG. 5 Emission spectra of TBT, PI and PII solutions in chloroform and emission photographs when solutions were exposed to a standard UV lamp (366 nm).
  • FIG. 6 Chemical structure of monomer, TBT.
  • FIG. S- 1 Single scan cyclic voltammetry of PII on an ITO electrode at 100 mV s ⁇ 1 in 0.1M TBAPF 6 /ACN.
  • FIG. S- 2 Scan rate dependence of PII film on ITO, in TBAPF 6 /ACN at: (a) 100, (b) 150, (c) 200, (d) 250 and (e) 300 mV s ⁇ 1
  • FIG. S- 3 Electronic absorption spectra of PII film on ITO coated glass slide in monomer free, 0.1M TBAPF 6 /ACN electrolyte-solvent couple at applied potentials (V). 1) p-doping (a) 0.850, (b) 0.875, (c) 0.900, (d) 0.950, (e) 1.00, (f) 1.05, (g) 1.10, (h) 1.15, (i) 1.20, (j) 1.25, (k) 1.30, (l) 1.35 and (m) 1.40V. 2) n-doping (a) ⁇ 1.84, (b) ⁇ 1.85, (c) ⁇ 1.86, (d) ⁇ 1.87, (e) ⁇ 1.88.
  • FIG. S- 4 Electrochromic switching: optical absorbance change monitored at 525, 750 and 1250 nm for PII in 0.1 M TBAPF 6 /ACN while switching between its fully reduced and oxidized states.
  • FIG. S- 5 Solution optical absorbance spectra of TBT, PI, PII in CHCl 3 .
  • FIG. S- 6 Chronoamperometry experiment for PI on ITO glass in 0.1 M TBAPF 6 /ACN while switching between reduced and oxidized states. The first four cycles and the ones after the 1000 th cycle are presented. Each interval on the x axes stands for 5 s.
  • the basic idea was to enhance the electrochromic characteristics of the homopolymer of the donor unit, polythiophene.
  • the resulting polymer has shown tremendous advancement compare to polythiophene and revealed numerous and exciting new properties that have not been observed previously for any polymer.
  • the resulting polymer has six distinct colors, which is a very rare and unique property for homopolymers [19] .
  • the polymer also was shown to be both p and n-dopable by cyclic voltammetry and spectroelectrochemistry experiments. The optical contrast and switching time of the polymer were greatly improved. In addition, the polymer is highly fluorescent which makes it a potential candidate for LED applications. Finally, the polymer is soluble in many different organic solvents with a strong absorption in the visible region which brings out the possible use of this material as an active layer in solar cells.
  • the monomer is designed to provide a strong donor-acceptor interaction and high solubility for the corresponding polymer.
  • benzotriazole was alkylated with dodecyl bromide to enhance the solubility.
  • the alkylated benzotriazole was brominated in the presence of hydrobromic acid.
  • Thiophene was stanylated in the presence of n-BuLi and tributyltin chloride.
  • the final coupling reaction was achieved by Stille coupling reaction using Pd(PPh 3 ) 2 Cl 2 as the catalyst. Utilizing this process, variable donor units can be coupled with benzotriazole derivatives in order to achieve donor-acceptor (D-A-D) type materials those may show similar or better results. Different derivatives are shown below.
  • AR1-D2R1 and AR1-D3R1 was synthesized previously. [18a, 18b] All others can be synthesized by the process of this invention.
  • TBT 2-dodecyl-4,7-di(thiophen-2-yl)-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole
  • PI was successfully produced by oxidative electropolymerization from an acetonitrile (ACN) solution containing 10 ⁇ 2 M TBT and 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF 6 ) on indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass slides.
  • ACN acetonitrile
  • TBT 0.1 M tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate
  • ITO indium tin oxide
  • the monomer oxidation occurs at 1.2 V vs. Ag wire pseudo reference electrode (0.35 V vs. SCE).
  • a reversible redox couple evolved at potentials 1.0 V and 0.6 V as the electroactive PI deposits on ITO surface ( FIG. 1 ).
  • the optoelectrochemistry of the polymer revealed an absorption maximum at 503 nm corresponding to the ⁇ *, transition of the polymer and the band gap of the polymer was calculated to be 1.65 eV from this transition. ( FIG. 3 )
  • the polymer is deep red in its neutral state. Upon oxidation the absorption at 503 nm depletes and a new absorption band forms at 700 nm due to the formation of polaron band. Since the polaron band of the polymer is still in the visible region during the depletion of ⁇ *, the polymer reveals several distinct colors. Upon oxidation, the deep red color of the polymer turns into brown. Further oxidation results in black which is a rare and significant property for an electrochromic polymer. Having black color in any state makes the polymer a significant candidate for smart window applications. [20] A green color was observed as the doping proceeds.
  • FIG. 4 The polymer film coated on ITO glass showed a 37% optical contrast at 503 nm when switched between its reduced and oxidized states. The optical contrast value is significantly higher than the optical contrast of polythiophene.
  • the switching time of the polymer was calculated as 2 s. This time period is the duration for switching among five different colors and hence, does not refer to switching between two colors which is the usual way of reporting switching times. That is to say, the reported time (2 s) cannot be considered as a long one since it stands for the time required for five color transitions. Thus, it is reasonable to claim that the switching time between any two colors is about 0.5 s on the average.
  • the optical contrast of the polymer in NIR region was found to be 74% with a switching time of 0.6 s which makes this polymer also a powerful candidate for NIR electrochromic applications.
  • the NIR applicable materials are of particular interest since they are used for optical data transmission and the NIR dyes.
  • Fluorescence spectra obtained for TBT, PI and PII are depicted in FIG. 5 .
  • the solutions of TBT, PI and PII in chloroform were excited at 380 nm, 447 nm, and 496 nm at around their absorption maxima and maximum emission wavelengths of 454 nm, 542 nm and 569 nm were obtained respectively.
  • Qualitative comparison suggests that the red shifted emission intensities are decreasing with increasing repeating unit.
  • Difference in molecular weight between polymers leads to a longer absorption maximum wavelength for PII than that of PI (FIG. S- 5 ).
  • PI is orange-red in solution whereas PII is red.
  • polymeric electrochromes can be used in memory device applications due to their small power requirements for optical changes and abilities to have different tones of colors in different oxidation states.
  • Color variation is the major parameter that can enhance the capacity of such devices. According to the color mixing theory, it is possible to obtain all colors by three primary additive colors, red, green and blue. [28] Up to date, this was possible via using different polymers which have a transmissive state to obtain these colors. [15,29,30] Now, both PI and PII make it possible to obtain all colors required for commercial electrochromic applications of conjugated polymers via using the same polymer in its different oxidation states, with the advantage of working in a very small potential range. This makes them outstanding candidates for data storage applications.
  • (DAD) structured compound of Formula I was dissolved in an organic solvent. Then FeCl 3 were suspended in an organic solvent and slowly added to the DAD solution. The mixture is stirred and added into an alcohol. The precipitate was dissolved in an organic solvent and extracted with water or brine several times. Organic phase was dried with a drying agent and evaporated. Then the residue was dissolved in an organic solvent and the mixture was stirred with a reducing agent in order to de-dope polymer completely. The organic solvent was evaporated under reduced pressure. The organic solvent was added to the residue and organic phase was extracted with water or brine. Combined organic phases were evaporated and the residue was stirred in acetone or alcohol to remove unreacted monomers. In the final step, the polymer was filtered and dried under vacuum.
  • organic solvent is selected from, chloroform, dichloromethane, nitromethane, chlorobenzene, dichlorobenzene, THF, DMF, DMSO, diethyl ether and reducing agent is selected from, hydrazine or hydrated hydrazine, hydroxy bases, metals.
  • Chemical polymer is also synthesized via coupling based polymerization such as Stille coupling or Suzuki coupling.
  • DAD donor-acceptor-donor
  • TBT 100 mg TBT (DAD) was dissolved in 10 mL of CHCl 3 under argon atmosphere. FeCl 3 (142 mg) were suspended in 10 mL of nitromethane and slowly added to the monomer solution. Yellow solution slowly turned to deep green and finally deep blue. The mixture was stirred for 4 h and then added into 200 mL methanol. The precipitate was dissolved in CHCl 3 and extracted with water several times. The organic phase was dried with magnesium sulfate and evaporated. Residue was dissolved in 50 mL THF and 50 mL hydrazine monohydrate was added. In order to de-dope the polymer completely, mixture was stirred for 12 h and during this period solution turned to dark red.
  • both PI and PII combine unique properties in a single material and represent a very promising multifunctional electrochromic polymer.
  • the material reveals multichromism with six distinct colors and high stability.
  • the polymers have shown to be both p- and n-dopable. The spectroelectrochemistry of the n-doped state could be studied at ambient conditions, which signifies it as one of the most stable n-doped polymers in the literature.
  • the polymers revealed very good optical contrast and switching times compared to the homopolymer of the donor unit (polythiophene).
  • the polymers reveal black color upon oxidation, and are highly transparent in completely reduced state implying that they can be excellent candidates for highly efficient smart windows.
  • PI also revealed 75% optical contrast in the NIR region which makes it a significant candidate for NIR electrochromic device applications.
  • PII has shown identical properties with PI which is important for large scale commercial applications. One of the most significant properties was to be able to observe all three primary colors in a single material. The saturation of the colors can be improved with small modifications in the polymer backbone and with intelligent engineering hence; a single component electrochromic display device can be realized.
  • the polymer reveals highly efficient emission upon irradiation (LED applications). Strong absorption in the visible region makes this polymer a promising candidate for solar cell applications. We believe that PTBT will be a multipurpose material that will receive a great deal of the attention from industry.

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US20110319573A1 (en) * 2008-10-22 2011-12-29 Eni S.P.A. Pi-conjugated low-band-gap copolymers containing benzotriazole units
US8680231B2 (en) * 2008-10-22 2014-03-25 Eni S.P.A. π-conjugated low-band-gap copolymers containing benzotriazole units
US9287419B2 (en) 2011-01-05 2016-03-15 Nitto Denko Corporation Wavelength conversion perylene diester chromophores and luminescent films
US9382424B2 (en) 2011-09-26 2016-07-05 Nitto Denko Corporation Highly-fluorescent and photo-stable chromophores for enhanced solar harvesting efficiency
US9394479B2 (en) 2011-10-05 2016-07-19 Nitto Denko Corporation Wavelength conversion film having pressure sensitive adhesive layer to enhance solar harvesting efficiency
WO2013085607A1 (fr) * 2011-12-06 2013-06-13 Nitto Denko Corporation Matériau de conversion de longueur d'onde destiné à encapsuler des systèmes de module solaire pour améliorer l'efficacité de récupération de l'énergie solaire
US9399730B2 (en) 2011-12-06 2016-07-26 Nitto Denko Corporation Wavelength conversion material as encapsulate for solar module systems to enhance solar harvesting efficiency

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