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US20100142934A1 - Advanced Capillary Force Vaporizers - Google Patents

Advanced Capillary Force Vaporizers Download PDF

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US20100142934A1
US20100142934A1 US12/095,481 US9548106A US2010142934A1 US 20100142934 A1 US20100142934 A1 US 20100142934A1 US 9548106 A US9548106 A US 9548106A US 2010142934 A1 US2010142934 A1 US 2010142934A1
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liquid
vapor
cfv
porous member
pressure
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Charles Howard Sellers
Warren Saul Breslau
Erick Matthew Davidson
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Vapore Inc
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Vapore Inc
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Assigned to VAPORE, INC. reassignment VAPORE, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SELLERS, CHARLES H., PHD
Assigned to VAPORE, INC. reassignment VAPORE, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: BRESLAU, WARREN S., MR., DAVIDSON, ERICK M., MR.
Assigned to VAPORE, INC. reassignment VAPORE, INC. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SELLERS, CHARLES H., BRESLAU, WARREN S., DAVIDSON, ERICK M.
Publication of US20100142934A1 publication Critical patent/US20100142934A1/en
Assigned to VAPORE, INC. reassignment VAPORE, INC. CHANGE OF ADDRESS Assignors: VAPORE, INC.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/28—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method in boilers heated electrically

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the vaporization of liquids and the pressurization of vapors in capillary force vaporizers. More particularly, the invention relates to new developments in the assembly and configuration of capillary force vaporizers, as well as systems and methods that incorporate these new features.
  • Vaporization devices have been designed to vaporize liquids and release the resulting vapor under pressure.
  • prior art devices generally require that liquid be supplied to the device under pressure, or that the vapor is otherwise pressurized by external means.
  • liquids are generally required to be supplied under at least as much pressure as that of the produced vapor.
  • Pressurized liquid sources are usually inconvenient to use, heavy to transport, potentially explosive, and prone to leakage. It is desirable, for many applications, to produce pressurized vapor streams directly from liquids that are either at or near atmospheric pressure.
  • capillary pumps capillary vaporization modules or capillary force vaporizers.
  • These devices all generate pressurized vapor directly from unpressurized liquid by applying heat to cause liquid to boil within a capillary member, and by at least partially constraining the evolved vapor to allow pressure to increase. Vapor exits the device through one or more orifices as a high velocity jet.
  • Other features, which these devices have in common, are that they all are thermally powered, compact, and generally have no moving parts, thereby offering certain advantages over other techniques used for liquid vaporization and vapor pressurization.
  • capillary pumps capillary vaporization modules, capillary force vaporizers as well as devices and systems in which they may be incorporated are variously described in: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,162,046, 6,347,936 and 6,585,509 to Young, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,634,864 to Young, et al.; U.S. Ser. No. 10/6981,067 to Young, et al.; U.S. Ser. No. 11/355,461 to Rabin, et al.; and PCT/US2006/018696 to Rabin, et al.
  • the foregoing devices are primarily intended for use in converting non-pressurized liquid into vapor, where the vapor that is generated by the capillary device is ejected at pressures that are near atmospheric pressure.
  • the ability to generate vapor at pressures higher than atmospheric pressure is desirable for a number of reasons.
  • the present invention therefore, provides advanced capillary force vaporizers for use in various types of environments under a variety of operating parameters.
  • the present invention seeks to overcome certain limitations of, and provide advanced features over prior art capillary force vaporizers (CFVs) for the vaporization of liquids and the generation of pressurized vapor.
  • CFVs capillary force vaporizers
  • the CFVs described herein are suitable for use under a variety of operating parameters. These operating parameters include, but are not necessarily limited to: reliability over time in cases where a CFV device is used intermittently; increases in time intervals during which a CFV is in active operation; variations in power density to the CFV; using different liquid feed or feed combinations; changes in environmental operating conditions; and so on.
  • the capillary force vaporizers of the present invention also feature novel operating parameters that provide better reliability and improved responses to changes in input heat and power, in addition to offering other advantages over prior art devices as will be discussed in greater detail below.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph of bubble point versus flow rate for water through a variety of monolithic materials evaluated according to the present invention at a feed pressure of about 0.14 kg-f/cm 2 (2 psi);
  • FIG. 2 is a bar graph showing maximum power test results for various monolithic porous materials evaluated according to the present invention
  • FIG. 3 is a plot of heater temperature versus time for a non-preferred CFV operating at 100 Watts
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic cross sectional view of a capillary force vaporizer according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic cross sectional view of a capillary force vaporizer according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic cross sectional view of a capillary force vaporizer according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
  • a liquid was fed into or positioned within the device at or near atmospheric pressure.
  • the liquid feed was generally a fuel or combustible material, and the purpose for the capillary pump or capillary vaporization module was the generation of flames for cooking or for providing light. Accordingly, the devices were typically operated at temperatures that exhibited flame temperatures up to about 1090° C. (2000° F.), with the surface of the device reaching temperatures in excess of about 350° C. (660° F.).
  • these prior art devices were prone to failure modes due to combustion of the very materials they attempted to vaporize and burn. Often, the devices would become clogged with the liquid fuel feed being used. Worse yet, many devices were prone to cracking due to constraints placed upon device components by the very nature of the peripheral glaze used in attempts to seal and pressurize the device.
  • capillary force vaporizers (referred to herein as CFVs) have surprisingly been shown to be amenable for use in a larger variety of application areas. Many of these involve operation at temperatures much lower than capillary devices of the prior art, namely at temperatures of 250° C., preferably below 200° C. and often below about 150° C.
  • CFV devices have been shown to be useful with non-fuel feedstocks such as: triethylene glycol; insecticides such as allethrin and transflutherin; inhalation wellness compounds such as eucalyptus oil, menthol and camphor oil; water; perfumes, fragrances, fragrance mixtures and scenting compositions; solvents such as isopropyl alcohol, toluene and acetone; mixtures for fuel cell feedstocks such as methanol-water mixtures; and saline solutions.
  • non-fuel feedstocks such as: triethylene glycol; insecticides such as allethrin and transflutherin; inhalation wellness compounds such as eucalyptus oil, menthol and camphor oil; water; perfumes, fragrances, fragrance mixtures and scenting compositions; solvents such as isopropyl alcohol, toluene and acetone; mixtures for fuel cell feedstocks such as methanol-water mixtures; and saline solutions.
  • non-fuel feedstocks which may also be used with CFVs of the present invention include, but are not necessarily limited to: nicotine formulations, for example, those used for smoking cessation as well as for tobacco alternative applications; formulations containing morphine, tetrahydrocannabinol or THC, and other pain management compounds; formulations containing substances traditionally inhaled or ingested through smoking; various glycol ethers formulations such as those used, for example, in eye wetting and eye lubrication applications; as well as various antihistamine formulations, for example, those containing loratadine, which may be useful in treating allergic rhinitis, conjunctivitis and pink eye; as well as combinations of any of the foregoing. Feedstocks in addition to those enumerated above may also be used with CFVs of the present invention. Accordingly, the preceding list is intended to provide representative examples of CFV feedstocks and should not be regarded as exhaustive.
  • a CFV comprises a porous member and a heat source such as a heater.
  • the porous member further comprises an insulator and an optional vaporizer.
  • the heater further comprises one or more orifices for the release of vapor, and a grooved surface in heat-exchanging contact with the porous member for the collection of vapor and the concomitant increase in vapor pressure.
  • a CFV may also comprise a mechanical force generator or retainer useful for maintaining the porous member and heater in heat-exchanging contact.
  • the type of retainer contemplated for use herein may comprise: tensioning devices such as spring clips, clamps and clamping devices; friction fittings; snap closures; bayonet attachments; threaded screw closures; twist-lock closures; as well as the various types of spring systems known to those skilled in the art, including conical washers, wavy washers, bent leaf springs and coil springs; welding; chemical, physical or mechanical bonding; sintering; chemical reaction; as well as combinations of any of the foregoing.
  • tensioning devices such as spring clips, clamps and clamping devices
  • friction fittings such as snap closures; bayonet attachments; threaded screw closures; twist-lock closures
  • threaded screw closures such as spring clips, clamps and clamping devices
  • friction fittings such as spring clips, clamps and clamping devices
  • snap closures such as bayonet attachments; threaded screw closures; twist-lock closures; as well as the various types of spring systems known to those skilled in the art, including conical washers,
  • gravity in the form of the earth's gravitational forces may also comprise one form of retainer acceptable for use with the CFVs of the present invention.
  • retainer acceptable for use with the CFVs of the present invention.
  • a CFV as contemplated herein may also optionally comprise a housing.
  • a housing may be useful for situating the CFV within or as part of a larger instrument, device, engine or apparatus; for ease in positioning a CFV in close proximity to heater control components; for convenience in situating a CFV in a particular location within a room; and so on.
  • Various types of devices that may incorporate a CFV according to the present invention, particularly with respect to inline humidification, are described in U.S. Ser. No. 00/000,000 to Weinstein, et al., filed 30 Nov. 2006 for Inline Vaporizer.
  • capillary forces transport a liquid towards a heat source.
  • the heat source vaporizes the liquid, such that it is emitted from the CFV at or slightly above atmospheric pressure. Liquid must be delivered to the heat source such that vaporization can occur in a controlled fashion. At the same time, heat and excessive vapor must be prevented from migrating from the heat source to the liquid to prevent failure of the CFV.
  • Early prior art capillary devices that were used with combustible liquid feeds for heating, lighting and cooking applications comprised a wicking member and a heat source. The wicking member delivered the fuel to the heat source, but these early prior art devices produced insufficient fuel vapor for the intended application(s). It was postulated that the wicking member was unable to prevent excessive heat and pressurized vapor from traveling from the heater towards the direction of incoming liquid feed, thus resulting in diminished amounts of vapor being generated for combustion purposes.
  • the wicking member was fashioned from material having smaller pores. It was postulated that the smaller pores would result in higher capillary pressures realized in the wicking member and thereby prevent excessive vapor from migrating from the heater towards the liquid feed. However, the pores of these wicking members were too small, resulting in unacceptably higher capillary forces. The result was that the capillary devices that incorporated such wicking members essentially transmitted fuel at insufficient rates.
  • the region of the insulator that is contacted by the heater serves as the region in which vaporization of the liquid feed occurs within the capillary pores of the insulator.
  • the absence of a vaporizer layer is not the most efficient technique for blocking gas generated from the liquid feed from moving away from the heater and through the insulator towards the incoming liquid feed.
  • the vapor generated by a CFV exhibits less homogeneity in vapor form and droplet size. Sputtering and emission of nonvaporized liquid may also occur.
  • a device for the generation of pressurized vapor from unpressurized liquid comprises:
  • the bubble point of a material refers to a specific test in which air is forced through a porous material that has been saturated with a liquid.
  • the pressure at which a bubble of the liquid starts to form at a surface of the porous material due to gas permeation of the saturated material is known as the bubble point.
  • Common porous materials include simple paper filters, gas diffusers, construction materials such as bricks, etc. The foregoing have very large pores and it is very easy to force a liquid through them. This is because any surface tension due to wetting of the pores by a liquid passing through the pores is relatively easily overcome. In these instances, the pressure required to initiate gas flow through the porous material can be very low.
  • Newark, NY 4 AF15 Moderately porous alumina with a mean pore size of Refractron approximately 14 microns, used for liquid filtration Technologies Corp.
  • Newark, NY 5 AF30 Moderately porous alumina with a mean pore size of Refractron approximately 30 microns, used for liquid filtration Technologies Corp.
  • Newark, NY 6 AF50 Moderately porous alumina with a mean pore size of Refractron approximately 50 microns, used for liquid filtration Technologies Corp.
  • Newark, NY 7 MeAF1 Composite porous alumina with 2 distinct layers, each Refractron having a different mean pore size (approximately 1 and Technologies Corp.
  • FIG. 1 The results of bubble point studies for several of the foregoing materials are shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the sample numbers and corresponding data for the materials evaluated in FIG. 1 are provided in Table 2 below.
  • the evaluations were carried out at a pressure of about 0.14 kg-f/cm 2 (2 psi) with water as the liquid feed.
  • the materials were evaluated in the form of monolithic disks shaped 2 cm in diameter with a height of 1 cm.
  • bubble points on the order of about several tenths kg-f/cm 2 are suitable for use with certain CFV applications, such as with aqueous systems.
  • a relatively small area of FIG. 1 can describe optimal operating properties for CFVs.
  • samples having areas of about 3 cm 2 which were used for the vaporization of water, the region of interest in FIG.
  • 1 lies between flow rates of 0.01 to 10 cm 3 /sec, more preferably between 0.1 and 5 cm 3 /sec, and most preferably between 0.5 and 3 cm 3 /sec having bubble points of 0.001 to 10 kg-f/cm 2 , more preferably 0.01 to 0.5 kg-f/cm 2 , and most preferably between 0.025 to 0.2 kg-f/cm 2 .
  • bubble point and flow rate may be desirable.
  • certain humidification applications require a bubble point on the order of about 0.01 to 0.15 kg-f/cm 2 and a flow rate or permeability of 1 cm 3 /sec when a pressure of 1400 kg/m 2 is applied to a disk 2 cm in diameter and 1 cm thick.
  • the bubble point of a material does not depend upon the thickness of the material, but rather on the maximum through pore size.
  • the permeability generally diminishes as the thickness of the material is increased.
  • the thickness of a material can be manipulated. This is one reason why different vaporizer thicknesses may be used where it is desirable to prevent the buildup of too much backpressure within a porous member. See the discussions above describing the use of CFVs with fuels and combustible liquids.
  • an insulator In the case of an insulator, by contrast, regardless of the material chosen, the insulator cannot be too thin or the temperature of the CFV will be excessive.
  • An appropriate length for an insulator is that which, when fluid passes through it during vaporization, it can provide sufficient cooling to allow the CFV to remain at a temperature well below the boiling point of the fluid. In this manner, vapor should be produced only near the heat source and the vapor generated by the CFV is ejected mostly through the orifice.
  • the optimal thickness chosen for a particular insulator will necessarily depend upon such parameters as the nature of the fluid to be vaporized, the duration of operation for the CFV, the liquid flow rate and necessary power level required, and the thermal conductivity of the material.
  • a CFV can be fashioned with more than one material comprising the porous member, as in the combination of an insulator and optional vaporizer, discussed above for fuel and combustible liquids. It should be noted that the proper combination of materials for insulator and vaporizer can be achieved in various ways using one or more components which vary in pore size distribution and other properties.
  • porous members comprising insulators and optionally, vaporizers
  • Materials with finer pores, and therefore higher bubble points are situated adjacent to the heat source while materials having larger pores, and thus higher permeability, are situated remotely from the heat source.
  • the finer pore region can supply the necessary capillary force and provide sufficient permeability even when relatively thin in comparison to the insulator thickness at a given diameter.
  • the larger pore region tends to be thicker, so as to provide adequate thermal insulation.
  • Porous members may therefore comprise materials with constant pore sizes as well as materials with varying pore sizes, such as graded materials, in which pore sizes vary when transversing from a first surface to a second surface across the material.
  • Composite structures that contain combinations of fine poor and large poor regions can arise, for example, from a single material containing a distribution of pore sizes that may be introduced during the manufacturing process. The result is a “graded” material, as there is a gradient in the pore size distribution in moving through the material. Graded materials may also be created in a multi-step process in which fine pore material is integrally bonded to the larger pore material. Alternately, the same result may be achieved by using two distinct components that are in intimate contact with each other.
  • Permeability and bubble point alone are not sufficient parameters for predicting suitability for components in all CFVs, but they can be used to evaluate materials as new materials are developed. Other parameters that may be important factors can include evaluation of energy densities that a material can accommodate for high performance CFV applications, for instance.
  • FIG. 2 Several monolithic materials that were evaluated for maximum sustainable power levels are shown in FIG. 2 . The materials were evaluated in the form of 20 mm diameter discs with a height of 10 mm. Note that replicates of trials are included in FIG. 2 for samples numbered four and eight.
  • Table 3 The materials that were evaluated for inclusion in Table 3 are: ZAL-45AA; Mott Grade 5; AF6; AF15; AF30; AF50; and MeAF3; additional information for which can be found in Table 1 above.
  • the results provided above in Table 3 indicate that not all porous materials are equally suitable for the development of high performance CFVs. Those samples that demonstrated the most favorable characteristics in Table 3 above include samples 5 and 8, which correspond to AF30 and MeAF3, respectively.
  • a capillary device for the generation of pressurized vapor from unpressurized liquid comprises an insulator characterized by material selected from among: ZAL-45AA, Mott Grade 5, AF6, AF15, AF30, AF50, MeAF3, Micromass, T-Cast, P-10-C, P-16-C, P-40-C and P-55-C; more preferably selected from among: ZAL-45AA, Mott Grade 5, AF15, AF30, AF50, MeAF3, Micromass, T-Cast, P-40-C and P-55-C; and most preferably selected from among: AF30 and MeAF3.
  • FIG. 3 shows what can happen in instances where a CFV is inadequately vented.
  • the graph shown in FIG. 3 is a plot of heater temperature versus time for a CFV operating at 100 Watts.
  • the increase in CFV heater temperature was accompanied by the formation of bubbles over time. Note that the heater temperature climbed while a constant power level was maintained, until the bubbles had a chance to escape. The temperature then immediately dropped and new bubbles started to accumulate.
  • This thermal cycling process is detrimental to good control of the vaporization process, and can produce unnecessary strain on the power supply and control circuit. It can cause undesirable stress on CFV components, as well as place the CFV at risk for overheating and ultimately, failure.
  • CFV CFV
  • CFV porous member CFV porous member
  • a region can be provided between the porous member and the housing that is either continuous or discontinuous, such that evolving bubbles can be directed or channeled out of the CFV as quickly as possible. This may be accomplished, for example, by creating channels or gaps in continuous or selected portions of the device containment perimeter.
  • the gap can be either fluid filled or contain a gas.
  • a wide variety of configurations can be used to remedy the situation of bubble formation. Additionally, there may be features on the CFV housing, adjacent to the lower portion of the porous member or insulator thereof, which direct bubbles forming here to the device perimeter, so that they can escape. Another alternative approach is to reduce the height of the CFV container or housing, so that it does not entirely cover the peripheral area of the CFV, so that gas bubbles are easily dispersed into the ambient environment, away from the CFV.
  • FIG. 4 An example of a non-vented CFV is shown schematically in FIG. 4 at 400
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic of a vented CFV at 500 according to one embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 6 An alternate example of a CFV according to another embodiment of the present invention is shown schematically in FIG. 6 at 600 .
  • FIG. 4 An example of a non-vented CFV is shown schematically in FIG. 4 at 400
  • FIG. 5 shows a schematic of a vented CFV at 500 according to one embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 An alternate example of a CFV according to another embodiment of the present invention is shown schematically in FIG. 6 at 600 .
  • FIG. 6 An alternate example of a CFV according to another embodiment of the present invention is shown schematically in FIG. 6 at 600 .
  • a porous member for the delivery of liquid feed via capillary forces comprises insulator 404 and optional vaporizer 402 .
  • the porous member is in intimate contact with a heater, which further comprises heating element 406 and heat exchanger 408 .
  • Heating element 406 is in intimate contact with heat exchanger 408 , which includes orifice 410 for the emission of pressurized vapor from vapor that collects and becomes pressurized at vapor collection channels 412 , situated at the interface between the porous member and the heater (not labeled).
  • Electrical leads 414 connect heating element 406 to a power supply (not shown).
  • housing 420 is in continuous and intimate contact with the heater and porous member components of device 400 along housing wall 422 .
  • housing 420 differs slightly from that shown for device 400 in FIG. 4 .
  • housing walls 422 of housing 420 are disposed at a distance somewhat remote from the porous member and heater components of 500 , resulting in the inclusion of an opening or gap 524 therebetween.
  • gap 524 has surprisingly afforded significant advantages in operability and longevity for device 500 over device 400 and similar capillary force vaporizers of the prior art, as described above.
  • gap 524 need not be very large in order to impart significant operating enhancements to a CFV as compared devices that lacks a gap.
  • a gap comprising a total spacing of between approximately 3 mm, preferably 2 mm, and most preferably 1 mm between a CFV and housing wall 422 has been found to be adequate for those applications in which housings are needed, used or desired. If the gap is too large, there tends to be insufficient surface tension of the bubbles that may arise from within the CFV. The result is that the bubbles are unable to bridge gap 524 between the CFV and housing wall 422 . This can result in a tendency for feed liquid to leak out of the device if placed in an inverted position, especially where water is the liquid feed.
  • gap 524 is shown schematically in FIG. 5 , it should be recognized that no one particular shape or configuration of spacing between a CFV and housing wall is contemplated, and the shape, placement and dimensions of gap 524 in FIG. 5 are for purposes of illustration only. In fact, a number of different configurations have been tried and evaluated. If viewed from above the CFV, that is, along an imaginary line in the plane of the paper from the top to the bottom of the illustration in. FIG. 5 , the configuration can best be described as: concentric circles; a circular array of 3 or 4 channels similar to a 3- or 4-leafed clover; a circular array comprised of many channels; and so forth. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, housing wall 422 and gap 524 are disposed in concentric configuration about a central CFV device, respectively.
  • FIG. 6 An alternate embodiment for a CFV is illustrated at 600 in FIG. 6 .
  • This device differs from 500 in FIG. 5 in that housing wall 622 is shorter and therefore does not conceal or shield as much of the CFV as compared to housing wall 422 of FIG. 5 .
  • housing wall 622 can have a null height. That is, housing 420 may comprise a disk with ledge 418 upon which a CFV is situated. In such a case, there is no gap, and the CFV has an essentially infinitely open configuration. The only requirement in this case is that there be some point of attachment or anchor means for providing the necessary mechanical force to hold the various CFV components together.
  • a device for the generation of pressurized vapor from unpressurized liquid may comprise:
  • a CFV may be regarded as comprising a porous member, a heater and a retainer or mechanical force generator to place the heater and porous member in intimate heat-exchanging contact with one another.
  • the porous member further comprises an insulator and an optional vaporizer and the heater further comprises a vapor collection region and at least one orifice for the release of vapor.
  • a capillary force vaporizer may comprise:
  • the retainer may be selected from among: the gravitational force of the earth; tensioning devices such as spring clips, clamps and clamping devices; friction fittings; snap closures; bayonet attachments; threaded screw closures; twist-lock closures; as well as the various types of spring systems known to those skilled in the art, including conical washers, wavy washers, bent leaf springs and coil springs; welding; chemical, physical or mechanical bonding; sintering; glazing; chemical reaction; as well as combinations of any of the foregoing.
  • tensioning devices such as spring clips, clamps and clamping devices
  • friction fittings such as spring clips, clamps and clamping devices
  • snap closures such as bayonet attachments
  • threaded screw closures threaded screw closures
  • twist-lock closures as well as the various types of spring systems known to those skilled in the art, including conical washers, wavy washers, bent leaf springs and coil springs; welding; chemical, physical or mechanical bonding; sintering; glazing; chemical reaction; as
  • capillary forces transport a liquid feed towards a heat source, which vaporizes the liquid such that it is emitted from the CFV at or slightly above atmospheric pressure.
  • a heat source which vaporizes the liquid such that it is emitted from the CFV at or slightly above atmospheric pressure.
  • the CFV device functioned normally. However, if the CFV was operated in elevated atmospheres, back pressure on the CFV device would ultimately drive the feed liquid back into the device and prevent the successful emission of vaporized liquid.
  • an apparatus for the generation of a vapor jet from a liquid for use in an environment having pressure at a first pressure above atmospheric pressure comprises:
  • a technique for the generation of pressurized vapor in environments having pressures at a first pressure above atmospheric pressure comprising the steps of:

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  • Electromagnetic Pumps, Or The Like (AREA)
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US20070193533A1 (en) * 2006-02-21 2007-08-23 Casio Computer Co., Ltd. Vaporizer, fuel cell having vaporizer, and vaporizing method
US20110210458A1 (en) * 2006-05-15 2011-09-01 Vapore, Inc. Thin Film Capillary Vaporization: Device and Methods
US20120161747A1 (en) * 2010-11-26 2012-06-28 Commissariat A I'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives Evaporation device
WO2013066919A2 (fr) 2011-10-31 2013-05-10 Zhang Henian Systèmes et procédés de protection de la santé des seins ou des mamelles
US8602025B2 (en) 2006-04-10 2013-12-10 Somnetics Global Pte. Ltd. Apparatus and methods for providing humidity in respiratory therapy
US9375546B2 (en) 2012-06-26 2016-06-28 William Henry Ruff Personal airway humidification and oxygen-enrichment apparatus and method
US9717880B2 (en) 2012-02-24 2017-08-01 William Henry Ruff Personal airway humidification apparatus and method
US10119703B2 (en) 2013-03-14 2018-11-06 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Army Method for low power non-coking liquid hydrocarbon fuel vaporization and supercritical phase change
WO2020069030A1 (fr) * 2018-09-26 2020-04-02 Barfod Lars Vaporisation capillaire sur couche mince améliorée : dispositif et procédés
US11724050B2 (en) 2013-12-17 2023-08-15 Somnetics International, Inc. Humidification system and positive airway pressure apparatus incorporating same

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WO2010014824A2 (fr) 2008-07-30 2010-02-04 Hydrate, Inc. Vaporiseur en ligne
CN109342273B (zh) * 2018-10-26 2021-07-02 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 毛管力对pvt影响的临界孔隙半径确定方法及装置

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