US20100132845A1 - Method of applying zinc-phosphate conversion crystal coating - Google Patents
Method of applying zinc-phosphate conversion crystal coating Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20100132845A1 US20100132845A1 US11/572,137 US57213704A US2010132845A1 US 20100132845 A1 US20100132845 A1 US 20100132845A1 US 57213704 A US57213704 A US 57213704A US 2010132845 A1 US2010132845 A1 US 2010132845A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- solution
- phosphate
- filler particles
- phosphating
- coating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 69
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 43
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 31
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 21
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H zinc phosphate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[Zn+2].[Zn+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O LRXTYHSAJDENHV-UHFFFAOYSA-H 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 229940077935 zinc phosphate Drugs 0.000 title claims description 12
- 229910000165 zinc phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 12
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 239000000945 filler Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 claims 2
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 abstract description 50
- 238000007746 phosphate conversion coating Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 52
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 37
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 18
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 11
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000007654 immersion Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010431 corundum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005554 pickling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004886 process control Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010923 batch production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000010073 coating (rubber) Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007739 conversion coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003292 diminished effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010981 drying operation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001338 liquidmetal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003472 neutralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000049 pigment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012716 precipitator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005086 pumping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036632 reaction speed Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000003746 surface roughness Effects 0.000 description 1
- JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B titanium(4+);tetraphosphate Chemical compound [Ti+4].[Ti+4].[Ti+4].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O.[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O JUWGUJSXVOBPHP-UHFFFAOYSA-B 0.000 description 1
- 239000010891 toxic waste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
- C04B28/34—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing cold phosphate binders
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C22/00—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals
- C23C22/73—Chemical surface treatment of metallic material by reaction of the surface with a reactive liquid, leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, e.g. conversion coatings, passivation of metals characterised by the process
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
- C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
- C04B2111/00—Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use
- C04B2111/00474—Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00
- C04B2111/00482—Coating or impregnation materials
- C04B2111/00525—Coating or impregnation materials for metallic surfaces
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
- Y02W30/91—Use of waste materials as fillers for mortars or concrete
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of applying phosphate conversion coating, and specifically zinc-phosphate conversion crystal coating (ZPCCC), on steel, cast iron, various metals and alloys, and on different types of Zinc coatings on metals.
- ZPCCC zinc-phosphate conversion crystal coating
- Phosphate conversion coating and specifically zinc-phosphate conversion crystal coating, is used for improving paint coatings, rubber coatings, organic, and inorganic coatings to metal surfaces.
- zinc-phosphate coating is applied to increase corrosion protection for metals, where the coating works as a carrier for the specific oil or wax film that is applied over it.
- the coating application processes are similar for the various types of phosphate solutions. Relatively small substrates are loaded into special immersion baskets, or rotated drums, and immersed in the phosphate solution baths. They are immersed for a set dwelling time, and then transferred to rinsing baths. (Several baths, containing different solutions are sometimes required.) The coated parts/substrates are then dried. Large substrates may often be immersed as they are.
- Another popular phosphate coating method is spraying the parts, with a spray solution taken from the phosphate solution tank, to coat them.
- the coating process problems include the following:
- the phosphate coating rate and phosphate crystals size depend, both, on solution composition and the surface condition of the substrate. For example, grinding or polishing the substrate surface results in small phosphate coating crystals. Small size phosphate coating provides better corrosion resistance and paint adhesion.
- phosphate coating crystal size stability is an additional phosphate coating process problem.
- Special activators such as Titanium Phosphate, are used to help create phosphate coating with specific crystals size.
- the activator stability and its lifetime in the phosphate solution depend on several parameters, including: acidity, salt concentrations, temperature, and surface roughness.
- the ZPCCC mechanism is described in the article by John Donofrio (see above).
- the main principle of this process is that the zinc-phosphate solution reactions take place in a thin layer above the metal surface.
- the solution reacts with the metal.
- the acidity in this thin layer diminishes.
- the solution is shifted from its equilibrium state, and consequently, an insoluble crystal layer is formed on the metal surface.
- the bath solution is constantly agitated. As a result, the solution, situated in the thin layer above the metal surface, is constantly renewed. Solution that has undergone reaction is mixed in with the bulk bath solution. This solution transfer process decreases the coating formation rate. It also disturbs the equilibrium of the bulk bath solution, resulting in the precipitation of insoluble phosphates in the bath solution, and its contamination.
- Thick ZPCCC layer creation requires increasing the temperature and adding special activators, which in turn increase the bath solution contamination rate.
- This method increases the bath solution lifetime and the ZPCCC process stability.
- the reactor volume must be large enough to maintain a stable process.
- the real, bulk density of steel items is usually 1-4 kg/L. Since the steel density is 7.8 kg/L, the unfilled volume of the bulk volume is, on the average, 0.7 L/kg. To provide ZPCCC process uniformity, all this volume should be filled with solution. Therefore, for a 200 kg batch of substrate, the minimal reactor volume should be 140 L, and in real industrial situations a volume of 500 L. is reasonable. Therefore, the volume of solution, required for the process, is a hundred times more than the volume of solution, actually required for ZPCCC formation. For example:
- phosphate salt concentration in bath solution is 100 g/L. Therefore, 500 L of solution contain 50,000 g phosphate salts, which is 600 times more than was needed for the ZPCCC formation.
- the preferred embodiment of the present invention deals with corrosion resistance phosphate coatings that require 10 g/m2 and more.
- a process reactor volume containing a quantity of relatively small, chemical inert filler particles.
- the shape and size of these filler particles may be varied according to the application.
- the particle size ranges between 1 to 20 mm (usually 2-5 mm).
- the quantity of phosphate solution, required for the modified ZPCCC process depends on the filler's solution absorption ability.
- the modified ZPCCC process is performed, using either continuous or periodic movement of treated parts and filler particles, continually exposing substrate surfaces to fresh solution.
- This method is herein described as Absorbed Solution Layer Phosphating (ASLP).
- the required filler volume should be 140 L., and the filler particles are present as spheres having a 3 mm diameter.
- the phosphate solution volume, absorbed on this quantity of filler is approximately 3-5 L.
- This volume of phosphate liquid contains enough phosphate salts for providing the required thickness of ZPCCC.
- the ZPCCC reaction is carried out in a small volume of solution, in an interface layer between the treated substrate and the filler particle. The solution reacts rapidly not only on the border between the solution and the substrate, but also in all the interface layer volume. During the period of time when there is movement of treated parts relative to filler particles, fresh phosphate solution is introduced to the interface layer, enabling rapid coating layer creation and uniform coating thickness.
- a thick, uniform ZPCCC layer may be created without having to add any special activators.
- ASLP is carried out in a reactor, which provides either continuous or periodic movement of treated parts and filler particles.
- the simplest types of reactors use a drum rotated at a speed of 0.2-1 r.p.m., or a vibrating machine.
- Other mixing options involve using the magnetic properties of treated substrates being passed through the filler.
- Units for reactor loading and reloading, and for phosphate solution addition and removal/exchange are generally required.
- FIG. 1 shows the ASLP batch process diagram
- the ASLP process performs consistently in a wide range of varying phosphating solution compositions (Experiments #7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 17, 19), varying phosphating time (Experiments #10, 13, 14), varying filling grains size (Experiments #2, 8, 10, 20), varying speeds of substrate and filler movement (Experiments #2, 3, 5, 10).
- the process without adding activators, obtains a very good thickness of phosphate layer (up to 15 g/cm 2 ), small sizes of crystals (1 micron and less) and high corrosion stability (336 hours in SST).
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Chemical Treatment Of Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/IL2004/000631 WO2006006141A1 (fr) | 2004-07-14 | 2004-07-14 | Procede d'application de revetement cristallin par conversion zinc-phosphate |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US20100132845A1 true US20100132845A1 (en) | 2010-06-03 |
Family
ID=35783558
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US11/572,137 Abandoned US20100132845A1 (en) | 2004-07-14 | 2004-07-14 | Method of applying zinc-phosphate conversion crystal coating |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20100132845A1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2006006141A1 (fr) |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3869894A (en) * | 1972-11-07 | 1975-03-11 | Oxy Metal Finishing Corp | Method of treating iron and steel workpieces prior to cold working |
| US5047095A (en) * | 1988-01-14 | 1991-09-10 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Process for simultaneous smoothing, cleaning, and surface protection of metal objects |
| US5117370A (en) * | 1988-12-22 | 1992-05-26 | Ford Motor Company | Detection system for chemical analysis of zinc phosphate coating solutions |
| US5140783A (en) * | 1990-06-26 | 1992-08-25 | Hoffman Steve E | Method for surface finishing of articles |
| US5399208A (en) * | 1989-12-19 | 1995-03-21 | Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. | Method for phosphating metal surface with zinc phosphate |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3847951A (en) * | 1972-02-28 | 1974-11-12 | Chevron Res | Insecticidal n-thio-substituted carbamates of dihydrobenzofuranols |
-
2004
- 2004-07-14 US US11/572,137 patent/US20100132845A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-07-14 WO PCT/IL2004/000631 patent/WO2006006141A1/fr not_active Ceased
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3869894A (en) * | 1972-11-07 | 1975-03-11 | Oxy Metal Finishing Corp | Method of treating iron and steel workpieces prior to cold working |
| US5047095A (en) * | 1988-01-14 | 1991-09-10 | Henkel Kommanditgesellschaft Auf Aktien | Process for simultaneous smoothing, cleaning, and surface protection of metal objects |
| US5117370A (en) * | 1988-12-22 | 1992-05-26 | Ford Motor Company | Detection system for chemical analysis of zinc phosphate coating solutions |
| US5399208A (en) * | 1989-12-19 | 1995-03-21 | Nippon Paint Co., Ltd. | Method for phosphating metal surface with zinc phosphate |
| US5140783A (en) * | 1990-06-26 | 1992-08-25 | Hoffman Steve E | Method for surface finishing of articles |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2006006141A1 (fr) | 2006-01-19 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| STCB | Information on status: application discontinuation |
Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION |