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US20100116483A1 - Heat exchange device and method of manufacturing the same - Google Patents

Heat exchange device and method of manufacturing the same Download PDF

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Publication number
US20100116483A1
US20100116483A1 US12/593,003 US59300308A US2010116483A1 US 20100116483 A1 US20100116483 A1 US 20100116483A1 US 59300308 A US59300308 A US 59300308A US 2010116483 A1 US2010116483 A1 US 2010116483A1
Authority
US
United States
Prior art keywords
connecting pipe
tubes
heat exchange
exchange device
tightly
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US12/593,003
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Kenji Tsubone
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Toyota Motor Corp
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Assigned to TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA reassignment TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TSUBONE, KENJI
Publication of US20100116483A1 publication Critical patent/US20100116483A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F9/00—Casings; Header boxes; Auxiliary supports for elements; Auxiliary members within casings
    • F28F9/02—Header boxes; End plates
    • F28F9/04—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates
    • F28F9/16—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling
    • F28F9/18—Arrangements for sealing elements into header boxes or end plates by permanent joints, e.g. by rolling by welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0008—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K1/0012—Brazing heat exchangers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/008—Soldering within a furnace
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/005—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits for only one medium being tubes having bent portions or being assembled from bent tubes or being tubes having a toroidal configuration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
    • F28D7/00—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall
    • F28D7/16—Heat-exchange apparatus having stationary tubular conduit assemblies for both heat-exchange media, the media being in contact with different sides of a conduit wall the conduits being arranged in parallel spaced relation
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F1/00—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements
    • F28F1/006—Tubular elements; Assemblies of tubular elements with variable shape, e.g. with modified tube ends, with different geometrical features
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F21/00—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials
    • F28F21/08—Constructions of heat-exchange apparatus characterised by the selection of particular materials of metal
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K2101/00—Articles made by soldering, welding or cutting
    • B23K2101/04—Tubular or hollow articles
    • B23K2101/14—Heat exchangers
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/4935—Heat exchanger or boiler making

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a heat exchange device for exchanging heat between a high temperature medium and a low temperature medium. More specifically, the present invention relates to a heat exchange device exchanging the heat through a partition wall by flowing the high temperature medium or the low temperature medium into a plurality of narrow tubes.
  • Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-233597 discloses a heat storage heat exchanger having a plurality of tubes for letting through a heat medium. According to the heat storage heat exchanger taught by Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2005-233597, both ends of the tubes are gathered and connected with connecting pipes. Therefore, heat is exchanged between the heat medium flowing through the tubes and a heat storage material.
  • the plurality of tubes are gathered at both end thereof.
  • the end portions of the gathered tubes have to be aligned more accurately.
  • the present invention has been conceived noting the technical problem thus far described, and its object is to provide a heat exchange device in which a plurality of tubes for flowing a heat medium therethrough are gathered at both ends, and a method for manufacturing the same.
  • a heat exchange device comprising: a first heat medium and a second heat medium exchanging heat mutually; and a plurality of narrow tubes for letting through one of the heat media; characterized in that: end portions of the plurality of narrow tubes is gathered to seal a clearance among the tubes liquid-tightly or air-tightly; and the gathered ends of the narrow tubes are fitted into a connecting pipe whose diameter is larger than that of the gathered tubes liquid-tightly or air-tightly.
  • the heat exchange device further comprises: a hollow header; and a plurality of holes formed on one of the surfaces of the header.
  • the connecting pipe is fitted into the hole liquid-tightly or air-tightly.
  • a method for manufacturing a heat exchange device having a plurality of narrow tubes comprising: end portions of the plurality of narrow tubes is gathered to seal a clearance among the narrow tubes liquid-tightly or air-tightly; and fitting the gathered ends of the narrow tubes into a connecting pipe liquid-tightly or air-tightly.
  • the connecting pipe is contracted in a direction opposite to a direction toward a side in which the narrow tubes are inserted.
  • the connecting pipe is contracted in a direction opposite to a direction toward a side in which the tubes are inserted by applying a tension in the axial direction of the connecting pipe.
  • the connecting pipe is fitted into a hole formed on a surface of a header.
  • the aforementioned hole comprises a circular flange so that the connecting pipe fitted therein can be held tightly.
  • the end portion of the gathered tubes is thus fitted tightly into the connecting pipe whose internal diameter is larger at the side into which the gathered tubes are inserted. Therefore, a positional accuracy of the tubes fitted into the connecting pipe can be improved. Moreover, since the narrow tubes are used for letting through the first or the second heat medium, a clearance among the tubes can be narrowed. Therefore, a heat exchange portion where heat exchange takes place between the first heat medium and the second heat medium can be downsized.
  • the plurality of connecting pipes is attached to the header. That is, in addition to the above advantages, a larger number of the narrow tubes can be attached to the header. As a result, a total surface area of the tubes for letting through the first heat medium or the second heat medium can be increased so that the heat exchange capacity of the heat exchange device can be enhanced.
  • the inner diameter of the connecting pipe at one of the end side thereof is larger than that at the other end side, and the gathered narrow tubes are fitted into the connecting pipe from the side of the larger diameter. For this reason, the narrow tubes can be inserted into the connecting pipe easily and tightly.
  • the connecting pipe After fitting the plurality of narrow tubes into the connecting pipe from the side of larger diameter, the connecting pipe is contracted with respect to the axial direction thereof. Since the connecting pipe is thus contracted with respect to the axial direction thereof, the plurality of narrow tubes fitted into the connecting pipe can be tightened easily.
  • the connecting pipe can be contracted homogeneously in the direction perpendicular to the axial direction thereof.
  • the tension will not be applied to the narrow tubes locally so that the narrow tubes can be prevented from being squeezed.
  • the contracted connecting pipe is attached to the header, a larger number of the narrow tubes can be attached to the header.
  • the heat exchange capacity of the heat exchange device can be enhanced in comparison with the conventional heat exchange devices.
  • the hole formed on the surface of the header comprises the circular flange. Therefore, in addition to the above-mentioned advantages, the connecting pipe fitted into the hole can be held tightly from an outer circumference thereof by the circular flange. For this reason, the connecting pipe can be welded easily to be attached to the header.
  • FIG. 1 is a view schematically showing a connecting pipe and tubes according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a view showing one example of the heat exchange device according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 3 is a view showing another example of the heat exchange device according to the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a view showing a connection between the header and the connecting pipe.
  • FIG. 5 is a view showing one example of attaching a plurality of the heat exchange device to the header.
  • FIG. 6 is a view showing another example of attaching a plurality of the heat exchange device to the header.
  • FIG. 7 is a view showing another example of attaching a plurality of the heat exchange device to the header.
  • FIG. 8 is a view showing another example of attaching a plurality of the heat exchange device to the header.
  • FIG. 9 is a view showing a step of fitting the tubes into the connection pipe.
  • FIG. 10 is a view showing a shape of the connection pipe to which the tubes are inserted.
  • FIG. 1 ( a ) is a conceptual diagram schematically showing a top view of a heat exchange device 1
  • FIG. 1 ( b ) is a conceptual diagram schematically showing a side view of the heat exchange device 1
  • the heat exchange device 1 comprises a plurality of narrow tubes 2 made of metal such as aluminum, and the heat exchange device 1 is adapted to exchange the heat between a first heat medium 3 or a second heat medium 4 flowing through the tubes 2 and another heat medium held in the heat exchange device 1 .
  • the first heat medium 3 is a cooling medium functioning as a thermal input medium
  • the second heat medium 4 is brine functioning as a thermal output medium.
  • the first heat medium 3 is used to flow into the tubes 2 .
  • the tubes 2 are gathered and both ends thereof are aligned.
  • the end portions of the tubes 2 are individually inserted tightly in a connecting pipe 5 to be contacted with each other, and fixed with an inner circumference of the connecting pipe 5 by a brazing method or the like.
  • the end portions of the tubes 2 are individually held in the connecting pipe 5 liquid tightly and air tightly.
  • a diameter of the connecting pipe 5 is expanded at the side of holding the tubes 2 .
  • a diameter of the connecting pipe 5 is reduced at the side of extension. Therefore, a positional accuracy of the leading ends of the tubes 2 can be improved when fitting the tubes 2 into the connecting pipe 5 .
  • the heat exchange device 1 is depicted in more detail in FIGS. 2 and 3 .
  • the plurality of narrow pipes 2 are held in a core 6 at certain intervals, and a heat medium other than the first heat medium 3 is also held in the core 6 .
  • the core 6 may also be adapted to allow the second heat medium 4 around the heat exchange device 1 flowing into the core 6 . Therefore, heat is exchanged between the first heat medium 3 and said other heat medium or the second heat medium 4 .
  • An outer shape of the core 6 should not be limited to a specific shape.
  • a shape of an intermediate portion of the core 6 may be a rectangular column. In this case, each face of both ends of the core 6 is inclined toward the connecting pipe 5 to reduce the diameter of the core 6 gradually, and a leading end of the core 6 is inserted into the connecting pipe 5 .
  • a shape of an intermediate portion of the core 6 is a cylinder. In this case, the diameter of the core 6 is reduced gradually toward the connecting pipes 5 at both ends thereof. That is, the end shape of the core 6 is a circular cone to be inserted into the connecting pipe 5 .
  • FIGS. 4 ( a ) and ( b ) An example of attaching the heat exchange device 1 to a header 7 is shown in FIGS. 4 ( a ) and ( b ).
  • the tubes 2 are held in the core 6 of the heat exchanger 1 , and the leading end of the tubes 2 is inserted into the connecting pipe 5 .
  • one or more hole(s) 8 is/are formed by pressing or the like.
  • a circular flange 9 is formed around the hole 8 .
  • the connecting pipe 5 is inserted into the hole 8 and held by the circular flange 9 . Therefore, the connecting pipe 5 can be fitted in the hole 8 certainly.
  • brazing alloy is applied to the connection between the tubes 2 and the connecting pipe 5 .
  • both of the connections between the tubes 2 and the connecting pipe 5 and between the hole 8 and the connecting pipe 5 are fixed by heating the integrated heat exchange device 1 and the header 7 in a furnace.
  • the heat exchange device 1 and the header 7 can be integrated easily without requiring any specific tool to hold the core 6 in the furnace.
  • FIGS. 5 and 6 Examples of assembling the plurality of heat exchange devices 1 and the headers 7 are shown in FIGS. 5 and 6 .
  • a plurality of holes 8 is formed on one of the surfaces of the header 7 , and the connecting pipes 5 of the heat exchange devices 1 are individually inserted therein.
  • the headers 7 are attached to both of the connecting pipes 5 , in other words, the headers 7 are attached to both ends of the heat exchange device 1 .
  • the header 7 is a hollow structured plate material, and the connecting pipe 5 and the header 7 are communicated with each other. Therefore, the second heat medium 4 flowing in the hearer 7 is allowed to flow into the tubes 2 via the connecting pipe 5 .
  • the plurality of heat exchange devices 1 holding the plurality of tubes 2 is attached to the header 7 . Therefore, the first heat medium 3 is allowed to flow into large number of the tubes 2 .
  • the second heat medium 4 intervenes in a space among the heat exchange devices 1 . Therefore, the heat is exchanged between the first heat medium 3 flowing through the tubes 2 and the second heat medium 4 existing around the heat exchange device 1 through another heat medium held in the core 6 or through the second heat medium 4 flowing into the core 6 . In case the heat is exchanged between the first heat medium 3 and said another heat medium, the heat is transmitted from the first heat medium 3 to said another heat medium, and then, transmitted from said another heat medium to the second heat medium 4 .
  • the shape of the core 6 should not be limited to the specific shape such as cylinder or column.
  • FIGS. 7 and 8 An example of accommodating the heat exchange devices 1 and the headers 7 in a casing 10 is shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 .
  • the casing 10 holds the second heat medium 4 therein.
  • the header 7 and the tubes 2 are communicated with each other through the connecting pipe 5 . Therefore, the first heat medium 3 or the second heat medium 4 flowing thorough the header 7 is allowed to flow into the tubes 2 via the connecting pipe 5 .
  • both of the connecting pipes 5 of both ends of the heat exchange device 1 are connected individually with the header 7 . Therefore, the first heat medium 3 or the second heat medium 4 flowing thorough one of the headers 7 is allowed to flow into the other header 7 through the connecting pipes 5 and the tubes 2 .
  • FIG. 9 ( a ) schematically shows a step of inserting the plurality of narrow pipes 2 into the connecting pipe 5 .
  • the plurality of narrow tubes 2 having a predetermined diameter are formed simultaneously while being aligned parallel to each other. Both ends of the tubes 2 are aligned and gathered.
  • the tubes 2 may also be formed one by one. In this case, the tubes 2 are placed in a mold to align end portions thereof.
  • the connecting pipe 5 is fitted on an outer face of each end of the tubes 2 .
  • the inner diameter of the connecting pipe 5 is larger at the side to which the tubes 2 are inserted, and smaller at the other side to which the tubes 2 are not inserted.
  • the connecting pipe 5 is then inserted into the hole 8 formed on the surface of the header 7 .
  • a plurality of the holes 8 is formed on one of the surfaces of the header 7 . Therefore, a plurality of the heat exchange devices can be attached to the header 7 . For this reason, the heat exchange device excellent in heat exchange capacity can be manufactured by the method of the present invention.
  • the connecting pipe 5 to be used in this method comprises a protrusion 12 on its inner surface. Therefore, the end portion of the tubes 2 inserted into the connecting pipe 5 is tightened by the protrusion 12 .
  • the forming procedure of the tubes 2 is identical to that in the aforementioned manufacturing method, so further explanation about the forming of the tubes 2 is omitted.
  • a brazing alloy is applied to a portion of the tubes 2 in the vicinity of the connecting pipe 5 holding the tubes 2 , and the heat exchange device 1 is heated in the furnace.
  • a clearance still exists among the tubes 2 even after tightened in the connecting pipe 5 . Therefore, the brazing alloy heated in the furnace is allowed to enter into the clearance among the tubes 2 .
  • the tubes 2 are brazed with the connecting pipe 5 , and the clearance among the tubes 2 is sealed by the brazing alloy.
  • the tool for tightening the connection pipe 5 with the tubes 2 can be reduced. Therefore, the manufacturing method can be simplified.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Geometry (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
US12/593,003 2007-04-04 2008-03-28 Heat exchange device and method of manufacturing the same Abandoned US20100116483A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2007098358A JP2008256253A (ja) 2007-04-04 2007-04-04 熱交換器及び熱交換器の製造方法
JP2007-098358 2007-04-04
PCT/JP2008/056731 WO2008123599A1 (fr) 2007-04-04 2008-03-28 Echangeur de chaleur et procédé de fabrication de celui-ci

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20100116483A1 true US20100116483A1 (en) 2010-05-13

Family

ID=39831056

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US12/593,003 Abandoned US20100116483A1 (en) 2007-04-04 2008-03-28 Heat exchange device and method of manufacturing the same

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20100116483A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP2138795A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2008256253A (fr)
CN (1) CN101652621A (fr)
WO (1) WO2008123599A1 (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102012014825A1 (de) * 2012-07-27 2014-01-30 Schmöle GmbH Flächenwärmetauscherelement
CN107178796A (zh) * 2017-06-27 2017-09-19 杨全瑞 一种热自风的散热炉散热炉芯
US20190301808A1 (en) * 2016-12-13 2019-10-03 The Texas A&M University System Sensible and Latent Heat Exchangers with Particular Application to Vapor-Compression Desalination

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2011129625A (ja) * 2009-12-16 2011-06-30 Toppan Printing Co Ltd 電子機器筐体用の樹脂材料および電子機器筐体
JP5802006B2 (ja) * 2010-11-22 2015-10-28 株式会社日本イトミック 熱交換器およびその接続方法
EP2584301B1 (fr) * 2011-10-19 2014-08-13 WS-Wärmeprozesstechnik GmbH Caloporteur à température élevée
JP6194700B2 (ja) * 2013-08-30 2017-09-13 富士通株式会社 放熱器および放熱器の製造方法

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JPS60259898A (ja) * 1984-05-29 1985-12-21 Nippon Valqua Ind Ltd 熱交換器用ｐｔｆｅ製チューブ束の製造方法
JPS6221524A (ja) * 1985-07-23 1987-01-29 Nichias Corp 熱交換器用合成樹脂チユ−ブ束の製造方法
JPS63167083U (fr) * 1987-04-17 1988-10-31
JPS6474471A (en) * 1987-09-17 1989-03-20 Fujitsu Ltd Diagnostic system
JPH01178483A (ja) * 1988-01-11 1989-07-14 Hitachi Ltd 印刷濃度管理方式
JPH01178483U (fr) * 1988-06-06 1989-12-20
JPH0387076A (ja) * 1989-08-30 1991-04-11 Nec Corp 圧電アクチュエータ及びその製造方法
JP2876548B2 (ja) * 1993-07-30 1999-03-31 新日本製鐵株式会社 ガス分離器
JP3017683B2 (ja) * 1996-07-15 2000-03-13 日本ピラー工業株式会社 熱交換器
JP2005233597A (ja) 2004-01-19 2005-09-02 Daikin Ind Ltd 蓄熱熱交換器
JP2006145130A (ja) * 2004-11-22 2006-06-08 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 熱交換器及びその製造方法

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102012014825A1 (de) * 2012-07-27 2014-01-30 Schmöle GmbH Flächenwärmetauscherelement
US20190301808A1 (en) * 2016-12-13 2019-10-03 The Texas A&M University System Sensible and Latent Heat Exchangers with Particular Application to Vapor-Compression Desalination
CN107178796A (zh) * 2017-06-27 2017-09-19 杨全瑞 一种热自风的散热炉散热炉芯

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN101652621A (zh) 2010-02-17
EP2138795A1 (fr) 2009-12-30
JP2008256253A (ja) 2008-10-23
WO2008123599A1 (fr) 2008-10-16

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Owner name: TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA,JAPAN

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:TSUBONE, KENJI;REEL/FRAME:023281/0618

Effective date: 20090821

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION