US20080202939A1 - Process For the Electrolysis of Aluminiumsulfide - Google Patents
Process For the Electrolysis of Aluminiumsulfide Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US20080202939A1 US20080202939A1 US10/550,678 US55067804A US2008202939A1 US 20080202939 A1 US20080202939 A1 US 20080202939A1 US 55067804 A US55067804 A US 55067804A US 2008202939 A1 US2008202939 A1 US 2008202939A1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- bath
- process according
- electrolysis
- cryolite
- anode
- Prior art date
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- Abandoned
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 56
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 54
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 42
- COOGPNLGKIHLSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium sulfide Chemical compound [Al+3].[Al+3].[S-2].[S-2].[S-2] COOGPNLGKIHLSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 4
- 150000003841 chloride salts Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910001610 cryolite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 43
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 21
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium chloride Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Cl-].[Cl-] TWRXJAOTZQYOKJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 10
- -1 fluoride compound Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium chloride Inorganic materials [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001514 alkali metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 13
- VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K aluminium trichloride Chemical compound Cl[Al](Cl)Cl VSCWAEJMTAWNJL-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 30
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 26
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 18
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 17
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 16
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 16
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 15
- PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium fluoride Chemical compound [F-].[Na+] PUZPDOWCWNUUKD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 15
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Fluoride anion Chemical compound [F-] KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 14
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 14
- 238000009626 Hall-Héroult process Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 10
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000005496 eutectics Effects 0.000 description 7
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 7
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 150000001805 chlorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000000536 complexating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 238000005363 electrowinning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002222 fluorine compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000008092 positive effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000001399 aluminium compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229940077746 antacid containing aluminium compound Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- BUKHSQBUKZIMLB-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium;sodium;dichloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-].[Cl-].[K+] BUKHSQBUKZIMLB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005486 sulfidation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 2
- UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Cl-].[Ca+2] UXVMQQNJUSDDNG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002730 additional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001110 calcium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001628 calcium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DXHPZXWIPWDXHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbon monosulfide Chemical compound [S+]#[C-] DXHPZXWIPWDXHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002542 deteriorative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006471 dimerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005518 electrochemistry Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000013213 extrapolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005381 potential energy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009790 rate-determining step (RDS) Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011833 salt mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004434 sulfur atom Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
- C25C3/18—Electrolytes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C3/00—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts
- C25C3/06—Electrolytic production, recovery or refining of metals by electrolysis of melts of aluminium
Definitions
- the invention relates to a process for the electrolysis of Al 2 S 3 , using a bath of molten salt, preferably a bath of molten chloride salt, in which Al 2 S 3 is dissolved.
- Hall-Héroult process consumes about 13-15 MWh of electrical energy per tonne of aluminum.
- the anodes are consumed during the process and have to be changed periodically.
- the Hall-Héroult process gives rise to green house emissions such as CF 4 and C 2 F 6 , which should be removed from the off-gas in compliance with environmental legislation.
- aluminium oxide is converted in a sulfidation step into aluminium sulfide Al 2 S 3 by a reaction with carbonsulfide CS 2 .
- CAPP Compact Aluminium Production Process
- the aluminum metal can be extracted from Al 2 S 3 by electrolysis, producing sulfur gas at the anode, preferably a graphite anode. The sulfur gas will be collected and recycled to produce CS 2 , which is used in the sulfidation step, which is of particular advantage in combination with the CAPP-process.
- the simplified reactions (assuming no complexions) of the electrolysis process are:
- FIG. 1 shows the decomposition potential of various aluminium compounds to produce aluminium by electrolysis and shows immediately that the electrolysis of Al 2 S 3 is very advantageous with regard to energy consumption, i.e. it has the lowest decomposition potential.
- the first bar is a theoretical value for comparison.
- the second bar represents a process wherein Al 2 O 3 is converted into AlCl 3 which is decomposed.
- the fourth bar represents the alternative sulfide process and the third bar represents the actual Hall-Héroult process.
- the theoretical value of the decomposition potential is determined by:
- E 0 ⁇ - ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ G 0 nF
- n ⁇ the ⁇ ⁇ valency ⁇ ⁇ of ⁇ ⁇ the ⁇ ⁇ ion ⁇ ⁇ ( 3 ⁇ ⁇ for ⁇ ⁇ aluminium )
- F ⁇ Faraday ' ⁇ s ⁇ ⁇ constant ( 4. )
- a problem with the sulfide process is the low current density that can be achieved in the known molten chloride bath.
- the eutectic composition of a MgCl 2 —NaCl—KCl mixture (50-30-20 mole %) has been proposed previously as an appropriate electrolyte for the electrolyses of Al 2 S 3 (see N. Q. Minh, R. O. Loutfy, N. P. Yao, “The Electrolysis of Al 2 S 3 in AlCl 3 —MgCl 2 —NaCl—KCl Melts”, J. Appl. Electrochem, Vol 12, 1982, 653-658; R. O. Loutfy, N. Q. Ming, C. Hsu, N. P.
- a limiting current density of 0.3 A/cm 2 at the saturation solubility of Al 2 S 3 ( ⁇ 3 wt %) and of 0.2 A/cm 2 in the MgCl 2 —NaCl—KCl eutectic composition containing about 2 wt % Al 2 S 3 was measured.
- the current efficiency i.e. the percentage of the current that is actually used for the electrolysis was determined to be about 80% at a current destiny of 0.2 A/cm 2 , a cell potential of about 1.5 V and an interelectrode gap between anode and cathode of 3 cm.
- the normal current density at which the Hall-Héroult process is carried out is about 0.8 A/cm 2 .
- the achievable current density in the electrolysis of Al 2 S 3 in a eutectic MgCl 2 —NaCl—KCl bath is about 0.3 A/cm 2 . This means that the cell area, when applying the sulfide process should be about three times larger then required for the Hall-Héroult process. This makes the sulfide process not an attractive alternative despite the drawbacks associated with the Hall-Héroult process.
- AlCl 3 allows current densities of up to 2 A/cm 2 , but the use of AlCl 3 is not a viable alternative. Even though the eutectic temperature of a MgCl 2 —NaCl—KCl mixture is relatively low, the high vapour pressure of AlCl 3 causes a considerable amount of AlCl 3 to volatise.
- AlCl 3 was used to enhance the electrowinning process. Since AlCl 3 is readily volatilized from the melt and has to be separated from sulfur downstream to recycle it to the electrowinning process, it was discarded as being impractical.
- the present inventors have found that the solubility of Al 2 S 3 in a bath of molten salt having an appropriate composition is not the limiting factor in the achievable current density.
- the cell potential of an electrolysis cell is built up of thermodynamic, kinetic (activation potential and mass transfer limitations) and ohmic contributions.
- the inventors have taken a different approach and found a nearly linear relationship between current density and cell potential which indicates that the electrolysis process, at least above a minimum concentration of dissolved Al 2 S 3 , is not diffusion controlled, but has ohmic limitations.
- an increased solubility of Al 2 S 3 does not result in a substantial enhancement of the cell performance.
- the relationship between cell potential and current density is nearly linear, which means that this relation is determined by an ohmic relation. Consequently the allowable current density can be increased by improving the electrical conductivity of the bath.
- the conductivity is improved in an embodiment of the invention in which the measures comprise adding an additive to the bath.
- the additives are selected so as to increase the overall electrical conductivity in the bath of molten salt. As an additional effect the additives may increase the activity of both aluminium and sulfur and also the solubility of Al 2 S 3 . As described above AlCl 3 is not a preferred addition.
- a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention is characterised in that the additive comprises, preferably mainly consists of a fluoride compound.
- This embodiment is based on the insight that the amount of fluoride has a positive effect on the electrolysis process resulting from a higher activity of AlF n m ⁇ than AlS + species. Also, as complexing of aluminium with fluor is favoured over complexing of aluminium with sulfur, the concentration of sulfur ions is higher when fluoride is added, favouring the anodic reaction.
- a further preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention is characterised in that the fluoride compound is cryolite.
- cryolite shows a larger improvement of the conductivity than the addition of other fluorides such as NaF, although the specific conductivity of NaF is much higher.
- cryolite has a high melting point (1012° C. and therefore much higher than the boiling point of AlCl 3 ) and volatilization of cryolite at the normal operating temperature of the electrolysis cell is assumed to be negligible.
- cryolite is relatively small and operating temperatures are only about 700° C., compared to about 950° C. for the conventional Hall-Héroult process. Thus the vapor pressure of fluorides will be very low.
- the anode effect can be avoided, because sulfur reacts at the anode.
- the electrowinning can be carried out in a closed system, providing improved off-gas capturing.
- concentration of the cryolite is in the range of 5-30 wt %, preferably 7-15 wt %, more preferably about 10 wt %. Test have shown that relatively low concentrations of cryolite are sufficient to obtain the desired increase in conductivity with an optimum concentration of about 10 wt %.
- the process according to the invention is also improved in a embodiment which is characterised in that the measures comprise enhancing the effective area of an anode extending into the bath by reducing the amount and/or size of gas bubbles covering the anode.
- a preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention is characterised in that the bath of molten salt mainly comprises alkali metal chlorides, preferably KCl and NaCl.
- a particular advantageous embodiment of the process according to the invention is characterised in that the bath of molten metal is substantially free of earth alkaline chlorides.
- the bath of molten salt is substantially free of earth alkaline chlorides.
- the electrolysis is carried out at a bath temperature of between 600° C. and 850° C., preferably between 700° C. and 800° C.
- MgCl 2 is added to the bath of molten salt to increase the solubility of Al 2 O 3 and to lower the melting temperature of the bath so that AlCl 3 can be added to increase solubility.
- the melting temperature of the bath is increased, but that is acceptable since the melting point of cryolite is much higher than the proposed bath temperatures. Further it has to be recognised that the melting temperature of the NaCl—KCl eutect is still substantially lower than proposed bath temperature.
- a still further preferred embodiment of the process according to the invention is characterised in that the electrolysis is carried out in a multi-polar electrolysis cell.
- the interelectrode gap can be reduced and kept constant and a multi-polar cell operation is possible, which will increase productivity, reduce energy consumption and reduce capital costs
- FIG. 1 shows the decomposition potential of aluminium compounds to produce aluminium by electrolysis.
- FIG. 2 shows a schematic view of an experimental electrolysis cell.
- FIG. 3 shows a plot of cathodic current density as a function of the cell potential for the electrolysis of aluminium from Al 2 S 3 in a MgCl 2 —NaCl—KCl electrolyte of 50-30-20 mole % at 725° C. using cryolite as an additive (flux).
- FIG. 4 shows a plot of cathodic current density as a functions of the cell potential for the electrolysis of aluminium from 4 wt % Al 2 S 3 in a MgCl 2 —NaCl—KCl electrolyte of 50-30-20 mole % at 725° C. using different amounts of cryolite as an additive (flux).
- FIG. 5 shows a plot of the cathodic current density as a function of the cell potential for the electrolysis of aluminium from 4 wt % Al 2 S 3 in a MgCl 2 —NaCl—KCl electrolyte of 50-30-20 mole % of 725° C. using NaF as an additive (flux).
- FIG. 1 has been described above.
- the electrolysis of aluminum from aluminum sulfide is carried out in a two electrode system.
- a schematic view of the experimental cell is depicted in FIG. 2 .
- the cathode is a pool of molten aluminum ( 1 ) (effective area 8.1 cm 2 ), which is polarized by a graphite block ( 2 ) connected by a rod of stainless steel ( 3 ) shielded by a quartz tube ( 4 ).
- the anode is constructed of a graphite block ( 5 ) of 1 cm 2 , 5 cm high, which is immersed 2 cm into the electrolyte and is connected by a stainless steel rod ( 7 ).
- the interelectrode gap is 2 cm.
- the anode acts as the reference electrode, thus the cell potential is measured during the electrolysis.
- the electrochemical cell is constructed of sintered Al 2 O 3 (Alsint) walls ( 10 ).
- the melt is protected by an inert Ar atmosphere.
- Argon is introduced through inlet ( 8 ) and leaves the cell through outlet ( 9 ).
- the cell is externally heated by a 2100 W cylindrical furnace equipped with heating elements (not shown).
- the maximum operating temperature is 1400° C.
- the temperature is measured and controlled by type S thermocouples and a control unit (not shown).
- the potential is measured with a potentiostat/galvanostat, which was used in combination with a current booster, to enable a high current throughput (20 A range).
- the electrochemical measurement system is fully computer controlled.
- FIG. 3 shows the major improvement of the electrolysis performance, because of the addition of Na 3 AlF 6 .
- the electrolyte composition changes to a quaternary mixture of 48-29-19-4 mole % of MgCl 2 —NaCl—KCl—Na 3 AlF 6 .
- the current density is more than 3 times larger at a given cell potential.
- the Nernst equation indicates that the activity of Al 2 S 3 in a melt with cryolite addition approaches unity. Further increase of the Al 2 S 3 concentration in the melt did not produce a significant effect (compare experiments C and D).
- FIG. 4 depicts a graph showing the influence of the amount of cryolite added to the melt. There seems to be an optimum at about 10 wt. % cryolite addition.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03075948 | 2003-03-31 | ||
| EP03075948.4 | 2003-03-31 | ||
| PCT/EP2004/003625 WO2004088000A2 (fr) | 2003-03-31 | 2004-03-31 | Procede d'electrolyse de sulfure d'aluminium |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US20080202939A1 true US20080202939A1 (en) | 2008-08-28 |
Family
ID=33104133
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US10/550,678 Abandoned US20080202939A1 (en) | 2003-03-31 | 2004-03-31 | Process For the Electrolysis of Aluminiumsulfide |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20080202939A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1625245A2 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP4975431B2 (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU2004225794B8 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2520798C (fr) |
| NO (1) | NO20055027L (fr) |
| RU (1) | RU2341591C2 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2004088000A2 (fr) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20130289329A1 (en) * | 2012-04-25 | 2013-10-31 | Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute | Decontamination method of cladding hull wastes generated from spent nuclear fuel and apparatus thereof |
| WO2019094921A1 (fr) * | 2017-11-13 | 2019-05-16 | Chromalox, Inc. | Réchauffeur de sel fondu à moyenne tension et système d'accumulation d'énergie thermique à sel fondu comprenant celui-ci |
Families Citing this family (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ATE466974T1 (de) * | 2005-03-31 | 2010-05-15 | Aleris Aluminum Koblenz Gmbh | Verfahren und vorrichtung zur produktion von aluminium |
| US7867373B2 (en) | 2005-04-01 | 2011-01-11 | Aleris Aluminum Koblenz Gmbh | Method and apparatus for the production of aluminum |
| JP2014237873A (ja) * | 2013-06-07 | 2014-12-18 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 溶融塩の製造方法、溶融塩及びアルミニウムの製造方法 |
| RU2567429C1 (ru) * | 2013-07-09 | 2015-11-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Объединенная Компания РУСАЛ Инженерно-технологический центр" | Электролит для получения алюминия электролизом расплавов |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2939824A (en) * | 1957-07-26 | 1960-06-07 | Kaiser Aluminium Chem Corp | Method and apparatus for the production of aluminum |
| US4133727A (en) * | 1977-05-17 | 1979-01-09 | Aluminum Company Of America | Method for extracting heat from a chamber containing a molten salt |
| US4265716A (en) * | 1979-06-14 | 1981-05-05 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method of winning aluminum metal from aluminous ore |
| US4464234A (en) * | 1982-04-01 | 1984-08-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Production of aluminum metal by electrolysis of aluminum sulfide |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB484014A (en) * | 1936-12-04 | 1938-04-29 | Daniel Gardner | Improvements in or relating to electrolytic processes for the manufacture of aluminium |
| GB1483193A (en) * | 1974-11-29 | 1977-08-17 | Courtaulds Ltd | Process for the manufacture of carbon disulphide |
| JPS54114410A (en) * | 1978-02-27 | 1979-09-06 | Shirou Yoshizawa | Production of metal aluminium |
| DE3412114A1 (de) * | 1984-03-31 | 1985-10-10 | Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim | Verfahren zur herstellung von aluminium |
| DE69927605T2 (de) * | 1998-12-18 | 2006-08-03 | Corus Aluminium Walzprodukte Gmbh | Verfahren zur erzeugung von aluminium aus aluminiumoxid via aluminiumsulfidprozess |
-
2004
- 2004-03-31 CA CA002520798A patent/CA2520798C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-03-31 AU AU2004225794A patent/AU2004225794B8/en not_active Ceased
- 2004-03-31 US US10/550,678 patent/US20080202939A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-03-31 WO PCT/EP2004/003625 patent/WO2004088000A2/fr not_active Ceased
- 2004-03-31 EP EP04724605A patent/EP1625245A2/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2004-03-31 RU RU2005133440/02A patent/RU2341591C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2004-03-31 JP JP2006505009A patent/JP4975431B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-10-28 NO NO20055027A patent/NO20055027L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2939824A (en) * | 1957-07-26 | 1960-06-07 | Kaiser Aluminium Chem Corp | Method and apparatus for the production of aluminum |
| US4133727A (en) * | 1977-05-17 | 1979-01-09 | Aluminum Company Of America | Method for extracting heat from a chamber containing a molten salt |
| US4265716A (en) * | 1979-06-14 | 1981-05-05 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Method of winning aluminum metal from aluminous ore |
| US4464234A (en) * | 1982-04-01 | 1984-08-07 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy | Production of aluminum metal by electrolysis of aluminum sulfide |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20130289329A1 (en) * | 2012-04-25 | 2013-10-31 | Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute | Decontamination method of cladding hull wastes generated from spent nuclear fuel and apparatus thereof |
| WO2019094921A1 (fr) * | 2017-11-13 | 2019-05-16 | Chromalox, Inc. | Réchauffeur de sel fondu à moyenne tension et système d'accumulation d'énergie thermique à sel fondu comprenant celui-ci |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| AU2004225794A1 (en) | 2004-10-14 |
| WO2004088000A2 (fr) | 2004-10-14 |
| RU2005133440A (ru) | 2006-06-10 |
| EP1625245A2 (fr) | 2006-02-15 |
| CA2520798C (fr) | 2009-06-16 |
| JP2006522220A (ja) | 2006-09-28 |
| RU2341591C2 (ru) | 2008-12-20 |
| JP4975431B2 (ja) | 2012-07-11 |
| NO20055027L (no) | 2005-10-28 |
| WO2004088000A3 (fr) | 2005-01-13 |
| AU2004225794A8 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
| AU2004225794B8 (en) | 2009-10-22 |
| AU2004225794B2 (en) | 2009-08-20 |
| CA2520798A1 (fr) | 2004-10-14 |
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