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US20080199425A1 - Sensitization of Immune System Against Haptenized Melanoma Antigens - Google Patents

Sensitization of Immune System Against Haptenized Melanoma Antigens Download PDF

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US20080199425A1
US20080199425A1 US11/996,753 US99675305A US2008199425A1 US 20080199425 A1 US20080199425 A1 US 20080199425A1 US 99675305 A US99675305 A US 99675305A US 2008199425 A1 US2008199425 A1 US 2008199425A1
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tyrosinase
cells
compounds
benzenediol
melanoma
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Wiete Westerhof
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ACADEMISCH ZIEKENHUIS BIJ DE UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM (50% PART INTEREST)
ACADEMISCH ZIEKENHUIS LEIDEN (50% PART INTEREST)
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/135—Amines having aromatic rings, e.g. ketamine, nortriptyline
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/05—Phenols
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/045—Hydroxy compounds, e.g. alcohols; Salts thereof, e.g. alcoholates
    • A61K31/065—Diphenyl-substituted acyclic alcohols
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/04—Immunostimulants

Definitions

  • the invention relates to the field of medicine, in particular to the fields of immunology, autoimmunity and autoantigens.
  • the invention further relates to chemical modification of antigens and methods and means for treatment of neoplastic disease, in particular melanoma.
  • immunotherapy can be categorized as either active or passive.
  • Passive immunotherapy is the use of either antibodies or cells that have previously been sensitized to host tumor antigens. The host need not mount an immune response, the agent will directly or indirectly mediate tumor killing.
  • Active immunotherapy on the other hand is the use of agents that will cause the host to mount an immune response. This can further be broken down to nonspecific and specific active immunotherapies. Nonspecific agents are those that stimulate the immune system globally, but do not recruit specific effector cells.
  • Specific active immunotherapy is designed to elicit an immune response to one or more tumor antigens.
  • Vitiligo is one such acquired depigmenting disorder, and is characterized by the loss of melanocytes from the epidermis.
  • Several types of vitiligo are distinguished according to the distribution of the achromic lesions.
  • One or more lesions in a quasidermatomal pattern are characteristic for unilateral vitiligo while this unilateral distribution is absent in focal vitiligo.
  • Both are localized types of vitiligo.
  • Generalized vitiligo is characterized by multiple scattered lesions in a symmetrical distribution pattern. The course of the disease is unpredictable but is often progressive with phases of stabilized depigmentation (9).
  • An extending vitiligo with enlarging lesions or development of new lesions is defined as active vitiligo.
  • the association with autoimmune disorders and organ specific antibodies as well as the fact that non-surgical repigmenting therapies have immune-modulating effects also support the idea of an autoimmune pathogenesis of the disease.
  • the humoral antibodies are generally considered to be an epiphenomenon.
  • Progress in the understanding of the pathogenesis of vitiligo emerges from studies on the local phenomena leading to or related with the process of depigmentation.
  • the normal appearing skin adjacent to the depigmented area is histologically characterized by degenerative changes in melanocytes, vacuolar changes of basal cells, the presence of a lymphocytic infiltration in epidermis and dermis as well as melanophages in the upper dermis (10-12).
  • Perilesional T-cell clones derived from patients with vitiligo exhibited a predominant Type-1-like cytokine secretion profile, whereas the degree of Type-1 polarization in uninvolved skin-derived TCC correlated with the process of microscopically observed melanocyte destruction in situ.
  • Detailed analysis of broad spectrum of cytokines produced by perilesional- and nonlesional-derived CD4+ and CD8+ TCC confirmed polarization toward Type-1-like in both CD4 and CD8 compartments, which paralleled depigmentation process observed locally in the skin.
  • CD8+ TCC derived from two patients also were analyzed for reactivity against autologous melanocytes.
  • vitiligo One distinctive form of vitiligo is contact or occupational vitiligo (17,18). This form is unique in that its onset correlates with exposure to certain chemicals that induce chemical leukoderma. Contact/occupational vitiligo is distinct from chemical leukoderma in that the initial cutaneous depigmentation extends from the site of chemical contact and subsequently develops into progressive, generalized vitiligo (19). There is anecdotal and experimental evidence demonstrating that certain environmental chemicals are selectively toxic to melanocytes, both in culture and in vivo (20,21,22) and are thus responsible for instigating vitiligo (19).
  • toxins are aromatic or aliphatic derivatives of monophenols and benzenediols, containing a phenylring substituted with 1 or 2 hydroxyl moieties, which may be in the ortho-(1 and 2, catechols), meta-(1 and 3; 1,3 bezenediol is also referred to as resorcinols) and para-(1 and 4) configurations, such as para-hydroxybenzene, also referred to as hydroquinone ( FIG. 1 ).
  • Table 1 lists a selection of preferred monophenols, benzenediols and/or catechols (or 1,2 dihydroxyphenyl compounds) and sulfhydryls capable of depigmenting skin and/or instigating vitiligo. Some of these compounds have been added to bleaching creams, products used to remove hyperpigmented lesions. Interestingly, these creams are not toxic to melanocytes from all individuals. Even at high dosages only a subset of humans depigment in response to application.
  • MBEH Monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone
  • TBP 4-tert-butylphenol
  • TBC 4-tert-butylcatechol
  • MBEH, TBP, TBC and other monophenols or benzenediols are substrate analogs that can be oxidized by enzymes having tyrosinase activity, yielding quinones and in particular orthoquinone intermediates, compounds that are highly reactive and which rapidly react with cystein and/or histidine moieties in proteins.
  • some high reactive orthoquinones will immediately react with cysteine or preferably histidine residues moieties in the vicinity of or more preferably within the catalytic site of the tyrosinase enzyme.
  • phase II single-institution studies were encouraging, phase III multicenter studies have reported conflicting results, which overall have been predominantly negative.
  • IL-2 and IFN administration are associated with multiple side effects, and only physicians experienced in the management of such therapies should administer them.
  • Novel strategies are clearly needed to improve the clinical outcome of melanoma.
  • the use of the autoantigens responsible for the autoimmune disorder vitiligo for the induction of an anti-tumor response has since long been investigated. So far, this has not yielded improved therapies and medicaments for the treatment of melanoma.
  • the studies of Riley and others concerning the use of compounds capable of inducing occupational vitiligo and cytotoxicity against melanocytes for the treatment of melanoma have not been successful.
  • the current inventors aimed to overcome the current status quo.
  • the current invention is based on new insights in how antigens present in melanocytes may be chemically modified and activated in situ, providing new methods and means for the treatment of tyrosinase expressing malignancies such as melanoma.
  • phenols comprising monophenols, in particular para-hydroxylated, meta-hydroxylated, ortho-hydroxylated monophenols and benzenediols, more in particular catechols (ortho: 1,2), recorcinols (meta: 1,3) and hydroquinones (para: 1,4), also possibly substituted with side chains.
  • catechols ortho: 1,2
  • recorcinols metal: 1,3
  • hydroquinones para: 1,4
  • phenol compounds of the invention by definition must he able to function as substrate analogs for tyrosinase, for the treatment of melanocyte related diseases such as hyper-pigmentary disorders, and have been assayed by several scientists and clinicians (see table 1).
  • Adrenalin, noradrenalin and semiquinones of estrogens are also known to be substrate for tyrosinase enzymes.
  • 4-Hydroxyanisole was used in the treatment of metastatic melanoma, the intra arterial infusion of high doses of 4-Hydroxyanisole was proven not effective and lead to severe toxic events.
  • the intra arterial infusion of monophenols and benzediols bypasses the melanocyte in the skin or the melanoma cell in the skin or in the malignant lesion.
  • the current invention is based in part on the observation that monophenols or benzenediols need to be metabolized into reactive quinones, in particular ortho-quinones and related reactive intermediates, which is brought about by oxidation of monophenols and benzenediols by proteins exhibiting tyrosinase activity, such as human tyrosinase and the related proteins TRP1 and TRP2.
  • the substances and the produced reactive intermediates are toxic and can induce cell death directly, it is more relevant according to this invention that they function as haptens that become covalently bound to the tyrosinase enzymes, in particular to histidine moieties, and to a lesser extent cystein moieties, in or near the catalytic site of proteins exhibiting tyrosinase activity, i.e. tyrosinase, TRP1 and TRP2.
  • a thousand fold lower systemic concentration is achieved in the current invention by local application of the active compounds on the lesions or injection in the melanoma lesion, to evoke sensitization of the immune system against melanoma cells.
  • the invention comprises the use of ‘haptenized’ proteins, in particular proteins exhibiting a tyrosinase activity and fragments of those proteins, which may be applied for eliciting immune responses in vivo or in vitro and for the manufacture of medicaments or vaccines.
  • the reaction of the immune system of a subject to be treated for pigment cell malignancies such as melanoma is further stimulated by immune modulators applied on or in the lesion, for instance compounds eliciting a local inflammatory response.
  • the method and medicaments of the invention are applied in conjunction with steps to decrease the presence or the activity of regulatory T cells.
  • Regulatory T cells function to prevent autoimmunity and hamper attempts to elicit an immunogenic response against auto-antigens derived from melanocytes such as tyrosinase and tyrosinase related proteins TRP1 and TRP2.
  • the invention provides different optional measures and steps to minimize the obstruction of regulatory T cells in the process of generating a cellular immunogenic response against the modified autoantigens of the invention.
  • the syndrome of occupational vitiligo provides information about autoantigens that may aid in mounting an effective immune response against any cell comprising tyrosinase activity and/or a melanin metabolism, in particular malignant melanoma cells, involving T cell and optionally B cell responses.
  • Tyrosinase exhibits unusual kinetics, the oxidation of its primary substrate, the monohydric phenol tyrosine, is characterized by a lag period (30), which is extended with increasing substrate concentration. The attainment of the maximum velocity of reaction is dependent on the recruitment of enzyme in the met state. In the met enzyme the two copper atoms at the active site are in the Cu(II) form and are unable to form a complex with molecular oxygen (31). The process of “recruitment” involves reduction of the active site copper atoms to the Cu(I) form, which permits the binding of oxygen in a peroxy conformation (32).
  • This oxy enzyme is able to catalyze the oxidation of monohydric phenol substrates such as tyrosine.
  • monohydric phenol substrates such as tyrosine.
  • alternative reductants are known (33,34,35)
  • reduction of active site copper atoms is most efficiently brought about by dihydric phenol (such as catecholic) substrates such as 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, which are oxidized to the corresponding orthoquinone in the process (dopaquinone).
  • dihydric phenol such as catecholic
  • 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
  • TRP1 and TRP2 proteins exhibit different substrate specificities and kinetics from tyrosinase. They have also reported to use different cofactors such as Zn 2+ or Fe 2+ .
  • tyrosinase catalyzes the rate-limiting generation of L-dopaquinone from L-tyrosine and is also able to oxidize L-DOPA to L-dopaquinone
  • the mouse TRP1 but not tyrosinase, catalyzes the oxidation of the indolic intermediate 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid (DHICA) into the corresponding 5,6-indolequinone-2-carboxylic acid, thus promoting the incorporation of DHICA units into eumelanin.
  • DHICA indolic intermediate 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid
  • TRP1 and TRP2 show reactivity towards most or all of the monophenols and benzenediols, in particular catechols, that are also tyrosine substrate analogs that can be metabolized by tyrosinase.
  • the current inventors observed the histology of skin of vitiligo patients undergoing depigmentation therapy with Monobenzone (monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone or p-(benzyloxy)phenol) and noticed a dense infiltrate consisting of mainly CD8 + cells and macrophages indicating a delayed type cell mediated immune response and no granulocytes, which would have been there in case of a toxic (orthoergic) reaction.
  • Monobenzone monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone or p-(benzyloxy)phenol
  • a dense infiltrate consisting of mainly CD8 + cells and macrophages indicating a delayed type cell mediated immune response and no granulocytes, which would have been there in case of a toxic (orthoergic) reaction.
  • In vitro melanocytes and keratinocytes are equally sensitive to the toxic effects of Monobenzone but in vivo it is observed that an inflammatory response with erythema, e
  • B and T cells undergo positive and negative selection in the primary lymphoid organs, in particular in the thymus. Positive selection requires signaling through the antigen receptor for the cell to survive. Developing B cells are positively selected when the pre-B receptor binds its ligand. Developing T cells are positively selected for their ability to bind MHC as well as peptide. Negative selection means that binding to the receptor results in cell death. Both immature B and T cells are negatively selected if they bind self antigen. Therefore, in order to stage an effective immune response against autoantigens one approach would be to slightly change or modify an autoantigen.
  • MBEH monobenzone
  • MBEH and other related compounds are substrates of tyrosinases, capable of reacting at the catalytic site of the enzyme, and culminating in a ‘suicide’ reaction with the enzymes catalytic site.
  • the monobenzone is oxidized into an orthoquinone (benzyl oxy orthoquinone). This extremely reactive compound binds covalently with histidine residues at the mammalian enzyme's active site (42).
  • the current invention is based on the observation that the complex of the enzyme and phenol; monophenol or benzenephenol, can subsequently be metabolized inside a proteasome of a cell comprising tyrosinase activity and treated with the monophenol or benzenediol, such as a melanocyte, and will be displayed by MHC class I molecules on its surface.
  • Cytotoxic CD8 + cells are then generated, which have homing properties, staging the immune response in the original area defined by receptors on endothelial cells of small blood vessels causing the extravasations of these cytotoxic T-cells. Vitiligo-like depigmentation will then ensue in the region by the attack of the cellular immune system against cells displaying the modified autoantigens.
  • the T-cell mediated cytotoxicity will be directed toward cells displaying the modified autoantigens, such as melanocytes, especially when the compound is applied topically on the lesion or injected intralesionally at relatively low doses. It will be particularly advantageous to repeat the administration to provide a continuous exposure of modified antigen to the immune system and thereby boost the immune response. More preferably, a slow release formulation of the phenol or catechol may be applied, providing a prolonged and sustained exposure, while at the same time avoiding the toxicity of high peak doses of the compound to be used.
  • the current invention provides medicaments for the treatment of melanoma and diseases, in particular neoplastic diseases, caused by melanocytes and melanocytic nevus cells exhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity.
  • the invention teaches the use of phenols, in particular certain monophenols and benzenediols compounds that can function as substrate analogues of tyrosine and that are capable of reacting with enzymes exhibiting tyrosinase activity via reactive intermediates, especially ortho-quinones and will inactivate tyrosinase or related proteins and modify it through covalent binding.
  • the monophenols and benzenediols can be used for the manufacture of medicaments for the treatment of malignancies exhibiting tyrosinase enzyme activity, such as but not limited to melanoma cells and melanocytic nevus cells, whereby the medicament is suitable for direct topical administration on the lesions comprising the cells with tyrosinase activity.
  • Topical administration is an essential feature of the invention, in order to bring the proteins involved in melanin metabolism, such as tyrosinase, TRP1 and TRP2, in direct contact with the substance(s). Topical administration may take place directly on the skin, on healthy or normal skin or preferably on, in or around lesions on or in the skin, i.e.
  • systemic administration would require higher and potentially toxic doses of the active compounds and would result in severe side effects caused by premature reaction and interaction of the drug in body parts, organs and tissues where this is not desirable or helpful. Moreover, systemic administration may lead to premature metabolisation of the compounds and/or the compounds will be cleared from circulation, as it will be removed by the liver and the kidney (first pass effect), and thereby never reach it's target cells having tyrosinase activity and residing predominantly in, on or under the skin. More distant metastases of melanomas will be reached by the CTL response, throughout the body.
  • the method and compositions according to the invention are primarily aimed at the treatment of melanoma, but may also be applied to treat pre-melanoma lesions, congenital melanocytic nevi (e.g. Giant Hairy nevus), melanocytic nevi e.g atypical or dysplastic nevi, cellular blue nevus and Becker's nevus, all of which are known to be capable of becoming malignant.
  • congenital melanocytic nevi e.g. Giant Hairy nevus
  • melanocytic nevi e.g. atypical or dysplastic nevi
  • cellular blue nevus cellular blue nevus
  • Becker's nevus all of which are known to be capable of becoming malignant.
  • the phenol compound to be used may be selected from the groups of mono-phenols, benzenediols and especially catechols that are known in the art to be capable of inducing vitiligo and are known to be substrates of tyrosinase, TRP1 and/or TRP2. Many of these compounds have been described in the art. Monophenols and benzenediols or dihydroxybenzenes are aromatic chemical compounds in which one or two hydroxyl groups are substituted onto a benzene ring. Because they have at least one hydroxyl group covalently bonded directly to a carbon atom in a benzene ring, they are in a class of organic compounds called phenols. There are three isomers of bezenediols, each of which a has its own common or non-systematic name as shown in the table 2 below. Various other ways of naming these three chemical compounds are also shown:
  • benzenediols ortho isomer meta isomer para isomer 1,2-benzenediol 1,3-benzenediol 1,4-benzenediol o-benzenediol m-benzenediol p-benzenediol 1,2-dihydroxybenzene 1,3-dihydroxybenzene 1,4-dihydroxybenzene o-dihydroxybenzene p-dihydroxybenzene chatechol (or catechol) resorcinol hydroquinone pyrochatechol All three of these compounds are colorless to white granular solids at room temperature and pressure, but upon exposure to oxygen they may darken.
  • Hydroquinone can undergo mild oxidation to convert to the compound parabenzoquinone, C 6 H 4 O 2 , often called p-quinone or simply quinone. Reduction of quinone reverses this reaction back to hydroquinone.
  • Some biochemical compounds in nature have this sort of hydroquinone or quinone section in their structures, such as Coenzyme Q, and can undergo similar redox interconversions.
  • Hydroquinone has a variety of uses principally associated with its action as a reducing agent which is soluble in water. It is a major component in most photographic developers where, with the compound Metol, it reduces silver halides to elemental silver.
  • the monophenols and dihydroxybenezenes that can function as substrate analogues for tyrosinase may have one or more substituents of the phenyl ring, which will alter the reactivity and specificity of the compound for its tyrosinase target enzyme.
  • Substituents may comprise methoxy, ethoxy, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, amino, carbonyl, phenyl, sulfhydryl, halogens and many other chemical groups or substituents.
  • the various compounds may differ in their (bio)chemical reactivity, stability, toxicity and most importantly their immunogenicity as a hapten on tyrosinase, A selection of suitable examples of vitiligo inducing compounds is listed in table 1 in this specification.
  • phenol compounds are preferred for haptenization of tyrosinase enzymes: from the group of monophenols and benzenediols; phenol, catechol, hydroquinone, 4-tertiary butylphenol, 4-tertiary amylphenol, 4-tertiarybutylcatechol, monomethyl ether of hydroquinone, monoethyl ether of hydroquinone, 4-tertiary amylphenol, monobenzyl ether of hydroquinone, 4-phenylphenol, 4-octylphenol, 4-nonylphenol, 4-isopropylcatechol, 4-methylcatechol, p-cresol, 1,2-benzenediol, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, 4-S-cysteaminylphenol, N-acetyl-4-S-cysteaminylphenol.
  • Most preferred compounds are monobenzone (MBEH) and 4-PTB (4-paratertiary butylphenol) which have a very high potency of inducing vitiligo.
  • sulfhydryls such as mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride (cysteamine), N-(2-mercaptoethyl)-dimethylamine hydrochloride, cystamine dihydrochloride, 3-mercaptopropylamine hydrochloride and sulfonic acid are most suitable for use according to this invention.
  • two or more compounds of the group of monophenols and benzenediols may be used in combination, simultaneously in one composition or in separate compositions, simultaneously or sequentially applied to the lesion in situ.
  • the use of several compounds has the advantage that the auto-antigen providing proteins that have tyrosinase activity, will be modified with several compounds and/or reactive intermediates. Thereby several different ‘haptens’ on the tyrosinase enzymes will provide immune systems of treated subjects with a wider range of potential antigens that can be taken up and displayed by HLA molecules. Since the ‘fit’ of an antigen is among other factors highly dependent on HLA isotypes, this broadened approach will boost the potential immune response significantly.
  • Proteins known to be specific for melanocytes and melanoma cells and proteins which are known to be involved in the autoimmune disorder vitiligo, and can function as auto-antigens comprise at least tyrosinase (E.C.1.14.18.1), tyrosinase related proteins 1 and 2 (TRP1 and TRP2), but may also comprise other, yet to be identified proteins that are also capable of exhibiting tyrosinase activity or enzymatic activity further down stream in the melanogenesis pathway ( FIG. 2 ).
  • the invention thus provides melanocyte and/or melanoma cell specific ‘haptenized’ auto-antigens.
  • the induction of an immune response against these haptenized auto-antigens according to the invention may be enhanced, accelerated, prolonged by the prior, simultaneous or subsequent use of immune modifying compounds.
  • the use of compounds or compositions that are able to recruit lymphocytes to the treated lesion, activate professional antigen presenting cells (such as dendritic cells or langerhans cells), may be combined with the treatment and the compositions according to the invention.
  • TLR activating compounds and/or adjuvants such as LPS, lipid A, peptidoglycans, flagellins, dsRNA, ssRNA, CpG DNA, Pam3Cys or immunemodifyers such as imiquimod or resiquimod, CD40 ligands or activating antibodies may be systemically, but preferably topically, applied to stimulate a local inflammatory response in the lesion treated according to the invention.
  • Adjuvants may also be advantageously used in combination with the invention.
  • compounds such as cytokines (interleukins), chemokines and interferons that stimulate, enhance or prolong an immune response against the modified or ‘haptenized’ autoantigens of the invention may be applied.
  • interferon gamma and interleukins may be used to stimulate the generation of a cellular and humoral immune response against the antigens of the invention, in particular by recruitment and activation of professional antigen presenting cells.
  • the method of treatment comprising the sensitization against haptenized tyrosinases by chemical modification is combined with steps to reduce or abolish the function of regulatory T cells.
  • Regulatory T cells actively suppress the induction of autoimmune responses.
  • the skilled person can choose from several methods and compounds that are capable of inhibiting regulatory T cells (CD47 + /CD25 + T-cells).
  • fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and related chemotherapeutic compounds are preferred means for reducing the number and the activity of regulatory T cells and the breaking of tolerance for the modified auto-antigens according to this invention.
  • CTLA-4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4
  • melanocyte-specific haptenized antigens of the invention Prior treatment with CTLA-4 before with the melanocyte-specific haptenized antigens of the invention is particularly preferred.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable composition according to the invention comprises at least one monophenol or benzenediol compound that can function as a substrate analogue of tyrosine and is capable of reacting with proteins exhibiting tyrosinase activity; tyrosinase proteins or tyrosinase related proteins 1 and 2, or which can be activated by these enzymes into a reactive intermediate which can subsequently react with tyrosinase or other related proteins.
  • the composition may comprise one or more compounds selected from immune modifying compounds, immunogenic adjuvants and pharmaceutical excipients.
  • Pharmaceutical excipients may comprise any excipient known and customary in the art and for instance described in Remington; The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21 nd Edition 2005, University of Sciences in Philadelphia.
  • compositions and medicaments of the invention may thus comprise binders such as lactose, cellulose and derivatives thereof, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), humectants, disintegration promoters, lubricants, disintegrants, starch and derivatives thereof, sugar solubilizers, anti-oxidants, preservatives, immuno-stimulatory adjuvants or other excipients.
  • binders such as lactose, cellulose and derivatives thereof, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), humectants, disintegration promoters, lubricants, disintegrants, starch and derivatives thereof, sugar solubilizers, anti-oxidants, preservatives, immuno-stimulatory adjuvants or other excipients.
  • the composition is preferably a composition that is optimized for trans-epidermal delivery, and may comprise skin penetrants or permeators and skin-permeation enhancers such as organic solvents such as DMSO, ethanol, or propylene glycol, whereby the resulting medium (skin/solvent) may have an increased partition coefficient for the therapeutic compound(s).
  • the composition is a so called slow release formulation, which are known per se in the art of pharmacy, and may for instance comprise a release controlling polymer, -gel or -matrix, forming a depository of the active compound(s) (i.e.
  • Topical delivery compositions comprise ointments, pastes, gels, medicated powders, creams, lotions, aerosols, sprays, foams and medicated adhesives.
  • Medicated adhesives such as depositories on patches, allow a sustained delivery of the drug over days in many cases at a constant rate.
  • the composition may also comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable liquid formulation which may be injected directly into the lesion.
  • the invention provides modified or 'haptenized'proteins and antigens.
  • the haptenized proteins according to the invention may be isolated from in vitro sources or in vivo sources, i.e. isolated from eukaryotic expression in cells or from (skin-)tissues, or from expression in transgenic micro-organisms cells.
  • the proteins may be modified in vivo but also in vitro bringing them in contact with the phenol and catechol compounds described before, under conditions conducive to reacting with the tyrosinase or related proteins, to provide a source of haptenized proteins.
  • haptenized proteins in particular tyrosinase enzymes and fragments thereof, will be useful for the manufacture of melanoma vaccination compositions and medicaments.
  • Such medicaments are directed at vaccination strategies and are capable of eliciting immune responses against these haptenized autoantigens in a subject.
  • the haptenized proteins or fragments thereof may be incorporated in vaccine compositions, suitable for administration to subjects suffering from melanoma or at risk of developing melanomas, in which an autoimmune response against melanocytes and/or malignant melanoma cells is to be raised.
  • the current invention provides T cells and T cell receptors, that are specific for the haptenized antigens of the invention.
  • T cells and T cell receptors may be isolated from subjects treated with the methods and medicaments according to this invention.
  • the isolated T cells may be propagated in vitro, optionally immortalised, via standard laboratory techniques.
  • the genes encoding these T cell receptors may be cloned from these T cells via standard recombinant DNA techniques known in the art (Sambrook, Molecular Cloning, 3 rd edition, CSH press 2001, Ausubel et al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley & Sons, 4th edition, 1999).
  • T cell receptors can be readily transferred to autologous T cells from any subject to be treated for melanomas or other malignancies involving cells with a melanin metabolism.
  • T cell transfer techniques are well documented in the art.
  • T cells specific for melanoma antigens obtained directly from subjects treated according to the invention, or obtained after transfer of the gene encoding the T cell receptor, may be used for compositions to treat subjects suffering from malignancies expressing tyrosinase, such as (primary melanoma's) and/or metastases from melanoma's.
  • FIG. 1 Monophenols and benzenediols are structurally similar to tyrosine, the substrate for tyrosinase that initiates the biochemical pathway for melanin synthesis.
  • FIG. 2 Symplified scheme of melanin metabolism.
  • Injection fluid 1-5% Monobenzone was dissolved in ethanol and subsequently diluted in water. The composition was injected inside the melanoma tumor or metastases or in a melanocytic nevus and reapplication every 2 weeks during 3 months to booster the response.
  • Any other monophenol or benzenediol (surrogate substrates) metabolized by tyrosinase into an orthoquinone can replace Monobenzone as the active ingredient.
  • a mixture of two ore more surrogate substrates could be utilized for the sensitizing formulation.
  • the concentration of the active constituents may vary from 0.1% to 20%.
  • the formulated cream and injection fluid can be replaced by all other known carrier substances and application methods.
  • the cream may for instance comprise a mixture of water, cetyl alcohol, propylene glycol, sodium lauryl sulfate and wax.
  • the time schedule of the application procedure for inducing sentization against melanoma or melanocytic nevi may be readily adapted by the treating physician according to the clinical response and results, but in general preferably comprises a daily administration of the active compound for at least 1 week, preferably 2 to 8 weeks.

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US4895727A (en) * 1985-05-03 1990-01-23 Chemex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Pharmaceutical vehicles for exhancing penetration and retention in the skin
US5702694A (en) * 1993-08-17 1997-12-30 Schering-Plough Healthcare Products, Inc. Compositions for treating corns, calluses and warts
US20020137961A1 (en) * 2000-09-21 2002-09-26 Pfizer Resorcinol derivatives
US6528051B2 (en) * 1997-11-10 2003-03-04 Cytimmune Sciences, Inc. Methods and compositions for enhancing immune response
US6562363B1 (en) * 1997-09-26 2003-05-13 Noven Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bioadhesive compositions and methods for topical administration of active agents

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CA2015197C (fr) * 1990-04-23 1999-08-24 Kowichi Jimbow Amide phenolique depigmentante et antimelanome
US5395611A (en) * 1990-04-24 1995-03-07 The Governors Of The University Of Alberta Phenolic amine depigmenting and antimelanoma agents
IL106347A (en) * 1992-07-15 1999-07-14 Univ Alberta Pharmaceutical compositions of noble derivatives of phenolic thioetherum for the treatment of pigmented diseases, such compounds and their use
WO1997001333A1 (fr) * 1995-06-29 1997-01-16 Liliana Leontopol Composition medicamenteuse synergique anticancereuse contenant plusieurs phenols parasubstitues
AUPN814496A0 (en) * 1996-02-19 1996-03-14 Monash University Dermal penetration enhancer
DE19954040A1 (de) * 1998-10-30 2000-05-04 Gerhard Bundschuh Mittel mit proliferationshemmender Wirkung auf Tumorzellen

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4895727A (en) * 1985-05-03 1990-01-23 Chemex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Pharmaceutical vehicles for exhancing penetration and retention in the skin
US5702694A (en) * 1993-08-17 1997-12-30 Schering-Plough Healthcare Products, Inc. Compositions for treating corns, calluses and warts
US6562363B1 (en) * 1997-09-26 2003-05-13 Noven Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bioadhesive compositions and methods for topical administration of active agents
US6528051B2 (en) * 1997-11-10 2003-03-04 Cytimmune Sciences, Inc. Methods and compositions for enhancing immune response
US20020137961A1 (en) * 2000-09-21 2002-09-26 Pfizer Resorcinol derivatives

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HUE036189T2 (hu) 2018-06-28
US20120315304A1 (en) 2012-12-13
ES2661169T3 (es) 2018-03-27
WO2007013793A1 (fr) 2007-02-01
US9393219B2 (en) 2016-07-19
EP1909778A1 (fr) 2008-04-16
CA2615710C (fr) 2017-09-12
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AU2005334836A1 (en) 2007-02-01
EP1909778B1 (fr) 2017-12-13

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