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US20070125394A1 - Apparatus for conditioning of organic materials - Google Patents

Apparatus for conditioning of organic materials Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070125394A1
US20070125394A1 US11/634,205 US63420506A US2007125394A1 US 20070125394 A1 US20070125394 A1 US 20070125394A1 US 63420506 A US63420506 A US 63420506A US 2007125394 A1 US2007125394 A1 US 2007125394A1
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
conditioning
thermodynamic medium
conditioning chamber
organic material
chamber
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Abandoned
Application number
US11/634,205
Inventor
Marek Sieredzinski
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
International Tobacco Machinery Poland Sp zoo
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Assigned to INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO MACHINERY POLAND LTD. reassignment INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO MACHINERY POLAND LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: SIEREDZINSKI, MAREK
Publication of US20070125394A1 publication Critical patent/US20070125394A1/en
Assigned to INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO MACHINERY POLAND SP. Z O.O. reassignment INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO MACHINERY POLAND SP. Z O.O. CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO MACHINERY POLAND LTD.
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A24—TOBACCO; CIGARS; CIGARETTES; SIMULATED SMOKING DEVICES; SMOKERS' REQUISITES
    • A24B—MANUFACTURE OR PREPARATION OF TOBACCO FOR SMOKING OR CHEWING; TOBACCO; SNUFF
    • A24B3/00—Preparing tobacco in the factory
    • A24B3/04—Humidifying or drying tobacco bunches or cut tobacco
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F26—DRYING
    • F26B—DRYING SOLID MATERIALS OR OBJECTS BY REMOVING LIQUID THEREFROM
    • F26B17/00—Machines or apparatus for drying materials in loose, plastic, or fluidised form, e.g. granules, staple fibres, with progressive movement
    • F26B17/10—Machines or apparatus for drying materials in loose, plastic, or fluidised form, e.g. granules, staple fibres, with progressive movement with movement performed by fluid currents, e.g. issuing from a nozzle, e.g. pneumatic, flash, vortex or entrainment dryers
    • F26B17/107—Machines or apparatus for drying materials in loose, plastic, or fluidised form, e.g. granules, staple fibres, with progressive movement with movement performed by fluid currents, e.g. issuing from a nozzle, e.g. pneumatic, flash, vortex or entrainment dryers pneumatically inducing within the drying enclosure a curved flow path, e.g. circular, spiral, helical; Cyclone or Vortex dryers

Definitions

  • Present invention relates to the apparatus for conditioning of organic materials.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5 , 908 , 032 discloses a method and apparatus for expansion of tobacco, which is using a channel in a form of letter C, wherein tobacco is transported by hot gaseous medium.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5 , 711 , 086 discloses an apparatus for continuous drying in a superheated steam.
  • Apparatus disclosed comprises a drying chamber and an assembly of the conveyor belts transporting material being dried.
  • Superheated steam is generated inside the drying chamber from the moisture coming from the material being dried, as a result of exposing the material to hot gas or the moisture is introduced into to the chamber from the external source of the superheated steam.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,780 discloses an apparatus for expanding in volume of the cut tobacco, the apparatus comprises first unit increasing tobacco temperature and humidity to the state where tobacco particles open. Such apparatus comprises additionally separate unit for creating a thin layer of opened organic material particles in the gas atmosphere and a unit for rapid cooling.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,185,843 discloses a dryer where the transport of the organic material is carried out using pneumatic means.
  • the shape of the inlet channel is decreasing the contact of the tobacco particles with a internal surfaces of the transport channel.
  • EP patent No. 1,033,081 discloses a method of expanding the food products or tobacco using superheated steam as transport medium.
  • apparatus for conditioning of organic materials comprises supplying channel connected with an inlet gate leading to the spreader placed in the conditioning chamber, the conditioning chamber is connected with outlet gate. Further the conditioning chamber is provided with channels supplying thermodynamic medium, the conditioning chamber comprises also a set o nozzles giving to the thermodynamic medium angular motion, additionally the conditioning chamber comprises an outlet discharging thermodynamic medium outside the apparatus.
  • Apparatus according the invention comprises nozzles having form of slots.
  • Apparatus according to the invention comprises chamber provided with a spreader of the rotary type.
  • FIG. 1 a shows in a plan view in a cross section apparatus according to the invention
  • FIG. 1 b shows in a side view in a cross section apparatus according to the invention
  • FIG. 1 c shows in a perspective view apparatus according to the invention.
  • the apparatus comprises inlet gate 1 a transporting an organic material to the spreader 2 .
  • Spreader 2 preferably is a spreader of the rotary type, which uses centrifugal force to throw an organic material into the conditioning chamber 8 with a high speed.
  • Apparatus is additionally provided with the outlet gate 1 b placed at the bottom of the apparatus for conditioning to discharge the organic material into the channel 7 and further outside the apparatus for conditioning.
  • Apparatus for conditioning is further provided with unit 4 , 5 , 10 supplying the thermodynamic medium into the conditioning chamber and with outlet 3 discharging an excess of thermodynamic medium outside apparatus for conditioning.
  • Thermodynamic medium is supplied through channels 4 , 5 from an external source (not shown) under pressure, preferably in a range of 100 Pa to 1.0 MPa, in particular in a range of 100 Pa to 0.5 MPa.
  • Thermodynamic medium is directed by the set of nozzles in a form of slots 10 , which additionally intensify the movement of the thermodynamic medium stream inside the conditioning chamber 8 and give to the flow of the thermodynamic medium angular movement of high speed.
  • Thermodynamic medium is discharged from the conditioning chamber 8 through the outlet 3 .
  • FIGS. 1 a , 1 b , 1 c operate as described below.
  • An organic material for example tobacco is introduced into the conditioning apparatus through the channel 6 and inlet gate 1 a .
  • An organic material gets on spreader 2 , for example rotary spreader, which throws an organic material to be conditioned into the conditioning chamber 8 , and give to the organic material particles required speed and direction.
  • the organic material particles hit the stream of thermodynamic medium of parameters being essential for exchange of the heat and mass (for example water), and change direction under the inertial force, gravity and hydrodynamic forces.
  • An organic material falls into a swirl motion and gets to the outlet gate 1 b .
  • the outlet gate 1 b allows controllable discharging of the conditioned material outside the apparatus for conditioning.
  • Apparatus for conditioning of organic material is supplied, via inlet channels 4 , 5 and set of nozzles in a form of slots 10 , with the thermodynamic medium of parameters defined by the person skilled in the art of organic material conditioning.
  • Thermodynamic medium inside the conditioning chamber swirls, and the main component of the process stream (conditioning stream) is preferably parallel (tangential) to the walls of the chamber.
  • the thermodynamic medium is a gas, preferably steam in any form, including superheated steam in the temperature of 120° C. to 320° C., preferably in a range of 170° C. to 270° C.
  • Thermodynamic medium can be air, preferably hot air in the temperature of 80° C. to 280° C.
  • Thermodynamic medium may be also any combination of aerosols and/or chemical vapors, as well as gases, for example argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide etc, which may favorably influence the conditioning process and/or give specific organoleptic properties to the conditioned material.
  • An apparatus for conditioning may be supplied with different thermodynamic medium at the same time, for example if the thermodynamic medium is air alone, preferably low humidity air, than the apparatus for conditioning being a drier.
  • Speed of drying increases with the increase of the relative speed between organic material and thermodynamic medium.
  • the Nusselt number increases which intensifies exchange heat and mass (for example water) between thermodynamic medium and organic material. Described above process parameters can be controlled by adjusting speed of circulation for thermodynamic medium or by adjusting time period of exposing the organic material to thermodynamic medium.
  • Thermodynamic medium could be chosen from the group comprising nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide or other non reactive gas, then apart from intensive drying the thermodynamic medium can be heated to the temperature above ignition point of the organic material being dried, this allows not only drying but also allows expansion (swelling) of the organic material.
  • thermodynamic medium is a steam with a small addition of air
  • organic material after introducing into an apparatus is moistened to the point where no condensation appears. This leads to increase of the humidity of an organic material.
  • the organic material can be expanded, and than dried to achieve final humidity.
  • the additional steam can be supplied by additional set of nozzles (not shown) placed just behind the inlet gate 1 a.
  • An apparatus for conditioning of organic materials may be supplied with many different thermodynamic mediums in many different conditioning processes or can be supplied with many different thermodynamic mediums in a single conditioning process.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Drying Of Solid Materials (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Working-Up Tar And Pitch (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Apparatuses For Bulk Treatment Of Fruits And Vegetables And Apparatuses For Preparing Feeds (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)
  • Formation And Processing Of Food Products (AREA)
  • Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)

Abstract

Apparatus for conditioning of organic materials comprising supplying channel (6) connected with an inlet gate (1 a) leading to the spreader (2) placed in the conditioning chamber (8). The conditioning chamber (8) is connected with outlet gate (1 b). Further the conditioning chamber (8) is provided with channels (4, 5) supplying thermodynamic medium, the conditioning chamber (8) comprises a set o nozzles (10) giving to the thermodynamic medium angular motion, further conditioning chamber (8) comprises outlet (3) discharging thermodynamic medium outside the apparatus.

Description

  • Present invention relates to the apparatus for conditioning of organic materials.
  • In the process of conditioning of organic materials, for example tobacco, it is extremely important to precisely control parameters of the conditioning process. This is particularly difficult in a case of the fine particles of the organic material exposed to the thermodynamic medium of high relative speed in relation to the particles being conditioned. The main problem in such process is controlling the parameters of swirling mass consisting of particles of the conditioned organic material, in respect to the particular particles of the organic material.
  • There are several apparatus for conditioning of organic materials known in the state of the art. U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,032 discloses a method and apparatus for expansion of tobacco, which is using a channel in a form of letter C, wherein tobacco is transported by hot gaseous medium.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 5,711,086 discloses an apparatus for continuous drying in a superheated steam. Apparatus disclosed comprises a drying chamber and an assembly of the conveyor belts transporting material being dried. Superheated steam is generated inside the drying chamber from the moisture coming from the material being dried, as a result of exposing the material to hot gas or the moisture is introduced into to the chamber from the external source of the superheated steam.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 4,044,780 discloses an apparatus for expanding in volume of the cut tobacco, the apparatus comprises first unit increasing tobacco temperature and humidity to the state where tobacco particles open. Such apparatus comprises additionally separate unit for creating a thin layer of opened organic material particles in the gas atmosphere and a unit for rapid cooling.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 6,185,843 discloses a dryer where the transport of the organic material is carried out using pneumatic means. The shape of the inlet channel is decreasing the contact of the tobacco particles with a internal surfaces of the transport channel.
  • EP patent No. 1,033,081 discloses a method of expanding the food products or tobacco using superheated steam as transport medium.
  • According to the invention apparatus for conditioning of organic materials comprises supplying channel connected with an inlet gate leading to the spreader placed in the conditioning chamber, the conditioning chamber is connected with outlet gate. Further the conditioning chamber is provided with channels supplying thermodynamic medium, the conditioning chamber comprises also a set o nozzles giving to the thermodynamic medium angular motion, additionally the conditioning chamber comprises an outlet discharging thermodynamic medium outside the apparatus.
  • Apparatus according the invention comprises nozzles having form of slots.
  • Apparatus according to the invention comprises chamber provided with a spreader of the rotary type.
  • Present invention has been described in detail below in relation to the preferred embodiment disclosed on figure attached to the description, where:
  • FIG. 1 a shows in a plan view in a cross section apparatus according to the invention;
  • FIG. 1 b shows in a side view in a cross section apparatus according to the invention;
  • FIG. 1 c shows in a perspective view apparatus according to the invention.
  • In a preferred embodiment according to the invention shown in the FIGS. 1 a, 1 b, 1 c, the apparatus comprises inlet gate 1 a transporting an organic material to the spreader 2. Spreader 2 preferably is a spreader of the rotary type, which uses centrifugal force to throw an organic material into the conditioning chamber 8 with a high speed.
  • Apparatus is additionally provided with the outlet gate 1 b placed at the bottom of the apparatus for conditioning to discharge the organic material into the channel 7 and further outside the apparatus for conditioning.
  • Apparatus for conditioning is further provided with unit 4, 5, 10 supplying the thermodynamic medium into the conditioning chamber and with outlet 3 discharging an excess of thermodynamic medium outside apparatus for conditioning.
  • Thermodynamic medium is supplied through channels 4, 5 from an external source (not shown) under pressure, preferably in a range of 100 Pa to 1.0 MPa, in particular in a range of 100 Pa to 0.5 MPa. Thermodynamic medium is directed by the set of nozzles in a form of slots 10, which additionally intensify the movement of the thermodynamic medium stream inside the conditioning chamber 8 and give to the flow of the thermodynamic medium angular movement of high speed. Thermodynamic medium is discharged from the conditioning chamber 8 through the outlet 3.
  • The apparatus according to the invention disclosed on FIGS. 1 a, 1 b, 1 c operates as described below.
  • An organic material for example tobacco, is introduced into the conditioning apparatus through the channel 6 and inlet gate 1 a. An organic material gets on spreader 2, for example rotary spreader, which throws an organic material to be conditioned into the conditioning chamber 8, and give to the organic material particles required speed and direction. The organic material particles hit the stream of thermodynamic medium of parameters being essential for exchange of the heat and mass (for example water), and change direction under the inertial force, gravity and hydrodynamic forces. An organic material falls into a swirl motion and gets to the outlet gate 1 b. The outlet gate 1 b allows controllable discharging of the conditioned material outside the apparatus for conditioning.
  • Apparatus for conditioning of organic material is supplied, via inlet channels 4, 5 and set of nozzles in a form of slots 10, with the thermodynamic medium of parameters defined by the person skilled in the art of organic material conditioning. Thermodynamic medium inside the conditioning chamber swirls, and the main component of the process stream (conditioning stream) is preferably parallel (tangential) to the walls of the chamber.
  • The thermodynamic medium is a gas, preferably steam in any form, including superheated steam in the temperature of 120° C. to 320° C., preferably in a range of 170° C. to 270° C. Thermodynamic medium can be air, preferably hot air in the temperature of 80° C. to 280° C. Thermodynamic medium may be also any combination of aerosols and/or chemical vapors, as well as gases, for example argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide etc, which may favorably influence the conditioning process and/or give specific organoleptic properties to the conditioned material.
  • An apparatus for conditioning may be supplied with different thermodynamic medium at the same time, for example if the thermodynamic medium is air alone, preferably low humidity air, than the apparatus for conditioning being a drier. Speed of drying increases with the increase of the relative speed between organic material and thermodynamic medium. Along with increase of the relative speed the Nusselt number increases which intensifies exchange heat and mass (for example water) between thermodynamic medium and organic material. Described above process parameters can be controlled by adjusting speed of circulation for thermodynamic medium or by adjusting time period of exposing the organic material to thermodynamic medium.
  • Thermodynamic medium could be chosen from the group comprising nitrogen, argon, carbon dioxide or other non reactive gas, then apart from intensive drying the thermodynamic medium can be heated to the temperature above ignition point of the organic material being dried, this allows not only drying but also allows expansion (swelling) of the organic material.
  • In a case when thermodynamic medium is a steam with a small addition of air, organic material after introducing into an apparatus is moistened to the point where no condensation appears. This leads to increase of the humidity of an organic material. Keeping an organic material longer in the area of exposing to thermodynamic medium or increasing temperature (considerably higher than the saturation temperature), the organic material can be expanded, and than dried to achieve final humidity. To increase expansion of the material additional steam can be used, the additional steam can be supplied by additional set of nozzles (not shown) placed just behind the inlet gate 1 a.
  • An apparatus for conditioning of organic materials may be supplied with many different thermodynamic mediums in many different conditioning processes or can be supplied with many different thermodynamic mediums in a single conditioning process.

Claims (3)

1. Apparatus for conditioning of organic materials comprising supplying channel connected with an inlet gate leading to the spreader placed in the conditioning chamber, conditioning chamber is connected with outlet gate characterized in that the conditioning chamber (8) is provided with channels (4, 5) supplying thermodynamic medium, and the conditioning chamber (8) comprises a set o nozzles (10) giving to the thermodynamic medium angular motion, further conditioning chamber (8) comprises outlet (3) discharging thermodynamic medium outside the apparatus.
2. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that nozzles (10) are having form of slots.
3. Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that chamber (8) comprises a spreader (2) of the rotary type.
US11/634,205 2005-12-06 2006-12-06 Apparatus for conditioning of organic materials Abandoned US20070125394A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL378286 2005-12-06
PL378286A PL378286A1 (en) 2005-12-06 2005-12-06 Vegetable origin material conditioning device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20070125394A1 true US20070125394A1 (en) 2007-06-07

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US11/634,205 Abandoned US20070125394A1 (en) 2005-12-06 2006-12-06 Apparatus for conditioning of organic materials

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US (1) US20070125394A1 (en)
EP (1) EP1795842B1 (en)
AT (1) ATE463708T1 (en)
DE (1) DE602006013393D1 (en)
PL (2) PL378286A1 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9889978B2 (en) 2013-12-17 2018-02-13 Aptar Radolfzell Gmbh Protective cap for a dispenser and dispenser for discharging pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic liquids
US11351315B2 (en) * 2016-08-10 2022-06-07 Gary Stephen Shuster Vaporizer improvements

Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3494047A (en) * 1967-01-25 1970-02-10 Schilde Ag Method and apparatus for carrying out physical and chemical reactions
US3600817A (en) * 1969-11-28 1971-08-24 Siemens Ag Processing apparatus for effecting interaction between, and subsequent separation or gaseous and solid or liquid particulate substances
US4253474A (en) * 1978-03-31 1981-03-03 American Brands, Inc. Method for expanding tobacco
US4454661A (en) * 1981-03-09 1984-06-19 Kraftwerk Union Aktiengesellschaft Tornado flow separator for the thermal treatment of fine-grain or granular material
US4532155A (en) * 1983-08-08 1985-07-30 G. D. Searle & Co. Apparatus and process for coating, granulating and/or drying particles
US4599809A (en) * 1984-09-13 1986-07-15 Shivvers, Incorporated Grain dryer system
US4791942A (en) * 1986-08-01 1988-12-20 The American Tobacco Company Process and apparatus for the expansion of tobacco
US4880163A (en) * 1987-01-27 1989-11-14 Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. Gas feeding nozzle for a chemical vapor deposition apparatus
US4945930A (en) * 1987-07-02 1990-08-07 Gbe International Plc Apparatus for expanding and/or drying particulate material
US6221413B1 (en) * 1995-06-10 2001-04-24 Rudolf Bichsel Device and method for puffing products such as foodstuffs and tobacco
US6779527B2 (en) * 2000-08-04 2004-08-24 British American Tobacco (Germany) Gmbh Device for conditioning comminuted tobacco material

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DE69633192T2 (en) * 1995-12-30 2005-08-18 Nara Machinery Co. Ltd. METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DRYING POWDERED MATERIAL
IT1295858B1 (en) * 1997-11-10 1999-05-28 Anna Mastrolilli PLANT FOR TANNING THE TRICIATE TOBACCO (LEAF AND RIB) AND THE FRASAMI, LEAF PARTICLES HAVING EQUAL OR LESS DIMENSIONS
US6158145A (en) * 1998-02-27 2000-12-12 Landon; Frank D. Method for a high turbulence cyclonic dryer
GB2355058A (en) * 1999-09-25 2001-04-11 J E Elsworth Ltd Dryer having rotary base and stationary cylindrical walls for drying coated small particles
DE10197285B4 (en) * 2001-12-03 2015-12-31 Mars Inc. Coating and drying device

Patent Citations (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3494047A (en) * 1967-01-25 1970-02-10 Schilde Ag Method and apparatus for carrying out physical and chemical reactions
US3600817A (en) * 1969-11-28 1971-08-24 Siemens Ag Processing apparatus for effecting interaction between, and subsequent separation or gaseous and solid or liquid particulate substances
US4253474A (en) * 1978-03-31 1981-03-03 American Brands, Inc. Method for expanding tobacco
US4454661A (en) * 1981-03-09 1984-06-19 Kraftwerk Union Aktiengesellschaft Tornado flow separator for the thermal treatment of fine-grain or granular material
US4532155A (en) * 1983-08-08 1985-07-30 G. D. Searle & Co. Apparatus and process for coating, granulating and/or drying particles
US4599809A (en) * 1984-09-13 1986-07-15 Shivvers, Incorporated Grain dryer system
US4791942A (en) * 1986-08-01 1988-12-20 The American Tobacco Company Process and apparatus for the expansion of tobacco
US4880163A (en) * 1987-01-27 1989-11-14 Asahi Glass Company, Ltd. Gas feeding nozzle for a chemical vapor deposition apparatus
US4945930A (en) * 1987-07-02 1990-08-07 Gbe International Plc Apparatus for expanding and/or drying particulate material
US6221413B1 (en) * 1995-06-10 2001-04-24 Rudolf Bichsel Device and method for puffing products such as foodstuffs and tobacco
US6779527B2 (en) * 2000-08-04 2004-08-24 British American Tobacco (Germany) Gmbh Device for conditioning comminuted tobacco material

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US9889978B2 (en) 2013-12-17 2018-02-13 Aptar Radolfzell Gmbh Protective cap for a dispenser and dispenser for discharging pharmaceutical and/or cosmetic liquids
US11351315B2 (en) * 2016-08-10 2022-06-07 Gary Stephen Shuster Vaporizer improvements

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE602006013393D1 (en) 2010-05-20
PL1795842T3 (en) 2010-09-30
EP1795842B1 (en) 2010-04-07
PL378286A1 (en) 2007-06-11
ATE463708T1 (en) 2010-04-15
EP1795842A1 (en) 2007-06-13

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AS Assignment

Owner name: INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO MACHINERY POLAND LTD., POLAN

Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:SIEREDZINSKI, MAREK;REEL/FRAME:018853/0989

Effective date: 20070108

AS Assignment

Owner name: INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO MACHINERY POLAND SP. Z O.O.,

Free format text: CHANGE OF NAME;ASSIGNOR:INTERNATIONAL TOBACCO MACHINERY POLAND LTD.;REEL/FRAME:023678/0651

Effective date: 20090731

STCB Information on status: application discontinuation

Free format text: ABANDONED -- FAILURE TO RESPOND TO AN OFFICE ACTION